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  • Genetics  (1,669)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1,596)
  • Springer  (73)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1995-1999  (621)
  • 1990-1994  (1,048)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Genetics ; evolution ; host adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When populations are exposed to different environments, evolutionary processes can lead either to genetically differentiated strains or to the appearance of increased generalism at the individual level. For evolution to occur, genetic variability in performance in different environments is required. Here, intraspecific genetic variation across environments was estimated in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) by comparing the responses of two strains of T. castaneum to different flour types. Replicated groups from each strain were allowed to develop on either the standard whole wheat medium or on one of four novel flours (wheat, rice, corn and oat). In several of the novel flours, clear differences in mean development time or population size of one or both strains were seen relative to performance in the standard medium. Moreover, the strains differed significantly in their phenotypic responses to the flours. One strain did particularly poorly on oat flour. Reduced oviposition, reduced larval survivorship and increased larval cannibalism were examined as possible causes of the low productivity on oat flour. These three factors accounted for about 70% of the reduction in population size when this strain oviposited and developed in oat flour. The difference between these two outbred strains in response to these five flours suggests that genetic variation in resource use is present within T. castaneum and may also be present within strains and natural populations in grain storage facilities. Such variation would permit an evolutionary response to selection in multiple environments (flours). This process has agricultural implications when several types of grain are stored in a single location because it could eventually lead to the evolution of highly generalized populations of T. castaneum, an important pest of stored products.
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  • 2
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    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 579-587 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Genetics ; polymorphism ; reproductive isolation ; hovering behavior ; Tabanus nigrovittatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The salt marsh horse fly, Tabanus nigrovittatusMacquart, exhibits two nonoverlapping daily periods of hovering and mating activity, which are correlated with different environmental temperatures. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of hovering males collected during the two periods were compared by electrophoresis of three polymorphic enzyme loci. Approximately 26% of early-hovering males possessed a Pgmallozyme that was absent in our sample of late-hovering males. However, based on other allozyme loci, we found no evidence for reproductive isolation between early and late hoverers. All the genetic data are consistent with the hypothesis that the Pgmpolymorphism is associated with behaviorally and physiologically distinct groups of males that, by all other criteria, form a single Mendelian population.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Iron transport ; Siderophores ; Pseudomonas putida ; Genetics ; Receptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Root-colonizingPseudomonas putida WCS358 enhances growth of potato in part by producing under iron-limiting conditions a yellow-green, fluorescent siderophore designated pseudobactin 358. This siderophore efficiently complexes iron(III) in the rhizosphere, making it less available to certain endemic microorganisms, including phytopathogens, thus inhibiting their growth. At least 15 genes distributed over five gene clusters are required for the biosynthesis of pseudobactin 358. High-affinity iron(III) transport in strain WCS358 is initiated by an 86-kDa outer membrane receptor protein (PupA) which appears to be specific for ferric pseudobactin 358. PupA shares strong similarity with TonB-dependent receptor proteins ofEscherichia coli, which suggests a TonB-like protein in strain WCS358 is required for iron(III) transport. Strain WCS358 possesses a second uptake system for ferric pseudobactin 358 and structurally diverse ferric siderophores produced by other microorganisms. A second receptor gene (pupB) responsible for iron transport from pseudobactin BN7 or pseudobactin BN8 has been identified. The production of this and certain other ferric siderophore receptor proteins requires that strain WCS358 be grown in the presence of these siderophores. An apparent regulatory gene required for the expression ofpupB is located adjacent topupB. Two positive regulatory genes have been identified which can independently activate, under low-iron(III) conditions, transcription of genes coding for the biosynthesis of pseudobactin 358.
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  • 4
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 429-437 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Genetics ; ecology ; DNA-transfer ; conjugation ; transformation ; transduction ; transposons ; dormant cells ; epilithon ; microbial colonisation ; symbiosis ; virus resistance ; biosafety ; release of genes ; insults to humanity ; evolution ; biodiversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic ecology is the extension of our modern knowledge in molecular genetics to studies of viability, gene expression and gene movements in natural environments like soils, aquifers and digestive tracts. In such milieux, the horizontal transfer of plasmid-borne genes between phylogenetically distant species has already been found to be much more frequent than had been expected from laboratory experience. For the study of exchanges involving chromosomally-located genes, more has to be learned about the behaviour of transposons in such environments. The results expected from studies in genetic ecology are relevant for considerations of evolution, biodiversity and biosafety. The role of this new field of research in restoring popular confidence in science and in its biotechnological applications is stressed.
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  • 5
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    Journal of biomedical science 1 (1994), S. 201-203 
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Hypertension ; Eicosanoid ; Rat ; Genetics ; Kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present paper reviews the evidence for a possible involvement of renal eicosanoids in the pathophysiology of high blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats of the Lyon strain. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that an increased ability to synthesize the vasoconstrictor prostaglandin H2 and/or thromboxane A2 in renal vessels (1) acts as an autocrine amplifier of pressor agents and (2) may contribute to resetting the pressure natriuresis curve which is a prerequisite for the development and maintenance of hypertension.
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  • 6
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    Journal of biomedical science 5 (1998), S. 28-30 
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Genetics ; Schizophrenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Evidence for genetic factors in schizophrenia is reviewed with regard to family, twin and adoption studies, and recent advances in molecular genetic technology are applied to explore possible gene loci susceptible to schizophrenia. Application of neuropsychological and neuroimaging methodologies are also reviewed with an aim to develop criteria for defining phenotypes for genetic studies.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Tax ; HTLV-1 ; Trans-activation ; Phosphorylation ; Mutagenesis ; Transcription ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax is a phosphoprotein, however, the contribution of phosphorylation to Tax activity is unknown. Previous studies have shown that phosphorylation of Tax occurs on serine residue(s), within one tryptic fragment, in response to 4β-phorbol-12β-myristate-13α-acetate, in both mouse and human cells. Studies were conducted in multiple cell lines to identify the specific phosphorylated serines as a prelude to functional analysis. The phosphorylation pattern of Tax was found to be different in 293T and COS-7 cells in comparison with MT-4 and Px-1 cells. However, one tryptic fragment remained consistent in comigration analyses among all cell lines. Using selected Tax serine mutants a tryptic fragment containing a serine at residue 113 believed to be the site of phosphorylation of Tax did not comigrate with the common phosphorylated tryptic fragment. Analysis of selected Tax mutants for ability totrans-activate the cytomegalovirus promoter demonstrated mutation of serine 77 to alanine reducedtrans-activation by 90% compared to wild-type Tax. However, examination of the phosphorylation pattern of the serine 77 mutant demonstrated that it is not the site of phosphorylation. These studies demonstrate the importance of using relevant cell lines to characterize the role of phosphorylation in protein function.
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  • 8
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    Oecologia 108 (1996), S. 419-423 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Barnyard grass ; Seed dormancy ; Geographic variation ; Genetics ; Ecophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1991–1993, we investigated the incidence of seed dormancy in 25 local populations of barnyard grass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv., in the western Czech Republic. The percentage of germination after 4 months afterripening of dry seeds at 25°C varied between 0.0 and 83.6%. Although there were significant annual differences in the percentage of germination at some localities, typical proportions of dormant seeds persisted over 3 years at field sites where the seed bank was not disturbed. One-way ANOVA (using data from 14 cultivated or abandoned fields) revealed that 73.0% of variance in seed dormancy incidence could be attributed to the effect of locality (P〈0.001). Incidence of dormancy was not correlated with mother plant stature (dry above-ground biomass, number of tillers, maximal stem height) nor seed mass. There was a significant correlation (r 2=0.403, P〈0.005) between dormancy incidence at natural localities in 1991 and in F1 offspring sown at experimental grounds at Praha-Ruzyně in 1992. The results indicate that heredity is important in maintaining local variation in seed dormancy, probably favoured by the self-pollinating reproduction of barnyard grass.
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  • 9
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    Oecologia 86 (1991), S. 243-250 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Daphnia ; Life-history ; Genetics ; Variation ; Maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Life-history traits of 101 clones from two populations of Daphnia magna were measured under controlled environmental conditions in the laboratory. Some individuals had four juvenile instars, others had five. This depended on their length at birth and on the population they came from. Females in the group with five juvenile instars were smaller at birth but larger and older at maturity than those with four juvenile instars. Within groups of females with equal numbers of preadult instars (instar groups) age and size at maturity increased with size at birth. This relationship differed significantly among instar groups for both age and size at maturity. Significant differences in age and size at maturity between two populations became non-significant when size at birth was used as a covariable in AN-COVA. Within populations, size at birth depended on the clone and on the parity of the clutch. First-clutch offspring were considerably smaller than those from later clutches. The results suggest that variability in life-history traits is common within and between clones, but that most of this variation can be accounted for by size at birth and the number of pre-adult instars.
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  • 10
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    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 290-296 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; Polyembryony ; Chromosome mosaics ; Rye ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have obtained one plant regenerated from rye tissue culture which showed a high percentage of polyembryonic seeds in its progeny. The mutation inducing the development of extra embryos is also influencing erroneous cell division, mitosis and meiosis. The genetic analysis indicated that the aptitude for polyembryonic seed formation is a heritable trait controlled by a dominant gene. However, for expression of the phenotype the female parent should have a specific cytoplasm.
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  • 11
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    Sexual plant reproduction 10 (1997), S. 13-21 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Soybean ; Male sterility ; Genetics ; Callase ; Callose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic and cytological studies were conducted with a new male-sterile, female-fertile soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] mutant. This mutant was completely male sterile and was inherited as a single-recessive gene. No differences in female or male gamete transmission of the recessive allele were observed between reciprocal cross-pollinations in the F1 or F2 generations. This mutant was not allelic to any previously identified soybean genic male-sterile mutants: ms1, ms2, ms3, ms4, ms5, or ms6. No linkage was detected between sterility and flower color (W1 locus), or between sterility and pubescence color (T1 locus). Light microscopic and cytological observations of microsporogenesis in fertile and sterile anthers were conducted. The structure of microspore mother cells (MMC) in male-sterile plants was identical to the MMCs in male-fertile plants. Enzyme extraction analyses showed that there was no callase activity in male-sterile anthers, and this suggests that sterility was caused by retention of the callose walls, which normally are degraded around tetrads at the late tetrad stage. The tapetum from male-sterile anthers also showed abnormalities at the tetrad stage and later stages, which were expressed by an unusual formation of vacuoles, and by accumulation of densely staining material. At maturity, anthers from sterile plants were devoid of pollen grains.
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  • 12
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    Sexual plant reproduction 3 (1990), S. 31-34 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Mucoraceae ; Zygomycetes ; Homothallic ; Genetics ; Nutritional complementation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Auxotrophic strains of Mucor genevensis and Zygorhynchus exponens were crossed and the resulting zygospores germinated. The presence of a true sexual cycle in both species was demonstrated by the recovery of recombinant genotypes. Expected Mendelian ratios were not realized, however. The presence of selfed zygospores among those isolated makes this observation understandable. It was possible to demonstrate nutritional complementation when young mating mycelium was transferred to minimal medium and forced heterokaryons were recovered.
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  • 13
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    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 129-132 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Sex control ; Disomic segregation ; Dioecy Kiwifruit ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sex segregation ratio was checked in bi-parental families of Actinidia deliciosa (2n=6x=174) obtained by crossing four females (A12, Mo3, Br4, Hw1) with two males (T2, M1) and one fruiting male (M3h, subandroecious) according to a factorial mating design. The M3h fruiting male was also selfed. The sex ratio was checked in maternal families of A. kolomikta (2n=2x) and A. chinensis (2n=2x) as well as in A. deliciosa. Seedlings of both diploid species took 3–4 years to progress beyond juvenility, whereas a noticeable number of seedlings from biparental crosses of A. deliciosa involving A12 and Hw1 as seed parents were still non-flowering after seven growing seasons. Open-pollinated families of both diploid and hexaploid species as well as most families from biparental crosses showed a sex segregation ratio approaching 1∶1. Subandroecious lines with different degrees of ovary and pistil development appeared in proportions of 0–4.2%, depending on the cross, but only 6 of the 2567 male vines checked were capable of setting fruit. No case of self-fertility or apomixis was detected among 1866 bagged female vines. Selfed M3h progenies gave only female and male phenotypes in a ratio of 1 female to 3 males. No off-type vines were found among these progenies. The same disomic sex segregation ratio seems to be operating at different ploidy levels in the genus Actinidia. Since selfed fruiting males produced both female and male individuals, the male sex appears to be the heterogametic one. Such evidence indicates that a monofactorial system based on one or more linked genes or on an X/Y chromosome set must be controlling sex expression. How a monofactorial sex-determining mechanism could operate in polyploids to give a 1∶1 female: male ratio is discussed. Minor modifying gene(s) seem to be responsible for the feminization of males, and their expression appears enhanced by environmental conditions. Masculinizing gene(s) seem to be lacking in female genotypes.
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  • 14
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    Current genetics 35 (1999), S. 571-584 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Cytokinesis ; Kinase ; Mitosis ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Cell division ; Phosphatase ; Mutant ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe provides a simple eukaryotic model for the study of cytokinesis. S. pombe cells are rod-shaped, grow mainly by elongation at their tips, and divide by binary fission after forming a centrally placed division septum. Analysis of mutants has begun to shed light upon how septum formation and cytokinesis are regulated both spatially and temporally. Some of the proteins involved in these events have been functionally conserved throughout eukaryotic evolution, suggesting that aspects of this control will be common to all eukaryotic cells.
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  • 15
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    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1990), S. 545-552 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Honeybees ; Learning ; Classical conditioning ; Selection ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four strains of the honeybee (Apis mellifera capensis), which were selected for high (N=2) or low (N=2) performance levels in classic conditioning of olfactory and mechanosensory stimuli, were examined in two instrumental visual learning tasks. Bees were trained to coloured cardboards either at the hive entrance or at the feeding station. Positive correlations were detected between olfactory/mechanosensory conditioning and visual learning. Good and poor learners from strains selected for olfactory conditioning differed significantly in their visual learning values. These strain differences reflect genetic differences in a common learning system rather than task specific differences in sensory, motor or motivational components. Parameters that were influenced by activity of the colony (duration of stay at the feeding place, time between visits) also differed among selected strains. These effects were not due to selection. Instead, they reflect a specific genetic background produced in each strain independently of selection. The results indicate that associative learning has a genetic basis which is independent of the sensory stimuli associated with reward, the learning procedure (classical conditioning or instrumental learning) or the motor patterns used to execute the learned behavior (proboscis extension, control for flight behavior, open field orientation).
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Carboxydotrophic bacteria ; Ribulosebis-phosphate carboxylase ; Phosphoribulokinase ; Hybridization ; Plasmids ; Genetics ; CO2 fixation ; Alcaligenes eutrophus ; Pseudomonas carboxydovorans ; Rhodospirillum rubrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Heterologous gene probes derived from cfxLp and cfxPp genes of Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 revealed the presence of structural genes encoding ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) and phosphoribulokinase (PRK) on the genome of carboxydotrophic bacteria. The two genes were found to be rather conserved. In Pseudomonas carboxydovorans OM5 cfx genes reside on the plasmid pHCG3 and the chromosome as well, indicating that they are duplicated. Also in all plasmidharboring carboxydotrophic bacteria cfxL and cfxP structural genes were found to be plasmid-coded. Our results extend the list of carboxydotrophy structural genes residing on the plasmid pHCG3 and strongly support the idea that the components essential for the chemolithoautotrophic utilization of CO by Pseudomonas carboxydovorans OM5 are plasmid-coded. A cfxL gene probe from Rhodospirillum rubrum did not detectably hybridize with DNA from any of the carboxydotrophic bacteria examined.
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  • 17
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    Journal of mathematical biology 35 (1997), S. 294-320 
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Key words: Natural selection ; Homoclinic chaos ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract.  We modify a simple mathematical model for natural selection originally formulated by Robert M. May in 1983 by permitting one homozygote to have a larger selective advantage when rare than the other, and show that the new model exhibits dynamical chaos. We determine an open region of parameter space associated with homoclinic points, and prove that there are infinite sequences of period-doubling bifurcations along selected paths through parameter space. We also discuss the possibility of chaos arising from imbalance in the homozygote fitnesses in more realistic biological situations, beyond the constraints of the model.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-1343
    Keywords: Analysis of variance ; Choropleth map ; Ecology ; Genetics ; Geography ; Permutation test ; Spatial autocorrelation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cet article présente une solution au problème de l'analyse de variance, pour certains cas où la variable à analyser est spatialement autocorr élée alors que le critère de classification représente des sous-régions connexes du territoire à l'étude. On sait que les méthodes classiques d'analyse de variance ne sont pas applicables dans ce type de situation puisque la condition d'indépendance des échantillons n'est pas respectée; l'autocorrélation positive réduit la variabilité intragroupe, si bien que la quantité relative de variabilité intergroupe s'en trouve artificiellement augmentée. Cette situation correspond en réalité à une vaste catégorie de problèmes en génétique des populations, en écologie et dans d'autres branches de la biologie, ainsi qu'en épidémiologie, en géographie, en géologie, en science économique, en science politique et en sociologie. Ce nouveau test appartient à la famille des tests par permutation. Nous calculons la somme des dispersions intragroupes et testons contre une distribution de référence obtenue en permutant les régions géographiques un grand nombre de fois sur la carte. La véritable difficulté de ce test est d'ordre algorithmique, puisqu'il n'est pas facile de permuter des régions sur une carte, de façon à ce que chaque groupe demeure connexe, et que la carte permutée occupe le même espace total que la carte d'origine. Cet article présente la théorie, les algorithmes, ainsi que des résultats obtenus par cette méthode. Un programme écrit en PASCAL est disponible.
    Notes: Abstract The classical method for analysis of variance of data divided in geographic regions is impaired if the data are spatially autocorrelated within regions, because the condition of independence of the observations is not met. Positive autocorrelation reduces within-group variability, thus artificially increasing the relative amount of among-group variance. Negative autocorrelation may produce the opposite effect. This difficulty can be viewed as a loss of an unknown number of degrees of freedom. Such problems can be found in population genetics, in ecology and in other branches of biology, as well as in economics, epidemiology, geography, geology, marketing, political science, and sociology. A computer-intensive method has been developed to overcome this problem in certain cases. It is based on the computation of pooled within-group sums of squares for sampled permutations of internally connected areas on a map. The paper presents the theory, the algorithms, and results obtained using this method. A computer program, written in PASCAL, is available.
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  • 19
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    Journal of comparative physiology 182 (1998), S. 489-500 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Honey bee ; Behavior ; Genetics ; Neurobiology ; Foraging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Honey bee foragers were tested for their proboscis extension response (PER) to water and varying solutions of sucrose. Returning pollen and nectar foragers were collected at the entrance of a colony and were assayed in the laboratory. Pollen foragers had a significantly higher probability of responding to water and to lower concentrations of sucrose. Bees derived from artificially selected high- and low-pollen-hoarding strains were also tested using the proboscis extension assay. Returning foragers were captured and tested for PERs to 30% sucrose. Results demonstrated a genotypic effect on PERs of returning foragers. The PERs of departing high- and low-strain foragers were consistent with those of returning foragers. The PERs were related to nectar and water reward perception of foragers. High strain bees were more likely to return with loads of water and lower concentrations of sucrose than foragers from the low pollen strain. Low-strain bees were more likely to return empty. We identified a previously mapped genomic region that contains a variable quantitative trait locus that appears to influence sucrose response thresholds. These studies demonstrate a gene-brain-behavior pathway that can be altered as a consequence of colony-level selection for quantities of stored food.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Symbiosis ; Nitrogen fixation ; Coevolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To determine the relationship between nodulation restriction by the Rj4 allele of soybean, rhizobitoxine-induced chlorosis, and taxonomic grouping of bradyrhizobia, 119 bradyrhizobial isolates were tested in Leonard jar culture for nodulation response and chlorosis induction. In addition to strain USDA 61, the strain originally reported as defining the Rj4 response, eight other isolates (i.e., USDA 62, 83, 94, 238, 252, 259, 260, and 340) were discovered to elicit the nodulation interdiction of the Rj4 allele. Only 16% of all the bradyrhizobial strains tested induced chlorosis, but seven of the nine strains (78%) interdicted by the Rj4 allele were chlorosis-inducing strains. Furthermore, in tests for antibiotic resistance profile, eight of the nine interdicted strains (89%) were classed in DNA homology group II. This evidence suggests that the Rj4 allele has a positive value to the host plant in shielding it from nodulation by certain chlorosis-inducing bradyrhizobia of a DNA homology group with impaired efficiency of nitrogen fixation with soybean.
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  • 21
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1991), S. 24-32 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Growth curve ; Body weight ; Chickens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetic improvement in growth of poultry has traditionally proceeded via selection for body weight at a fixed age. Due to increased maintenance costs and reproductive problems of adult broiler breeders, the potential for genetic manipulation of the growth curve has been receiving increased interest. Research of both male and female progeny of a three-way diallel cross was used to investigate the inheritance of growth curve parameters. The Laird form of the Gompertz equation was used to determine growth curve parameters, and was suited to the juvenile growth data frequently collected from meat-type chickens. Growth rate exhibited significant heterosis due to both autosomes and the sex chromosomes. Age at inflection point also exhibited significant average heterosis, though only among females. Growth rate was also influenced by average line effects, as was age at inflection point. Maternal effects had no influence on growth curve parameters, while additive sex linkage was observed for growth rate. Phenotypic and genetic correlations were calculated among the growth curve parameters and suggest that specific breeding programs could alter the growth trajectory of the contemporary broiler chicken. Moderate heritabilities were observed for the growth curve parameters and support the hypothesis that the growth curve could be altered via genetic manipulation of early postnatal growth, especially during the first 14 days post-hatch.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) ; Qualitative and quantitative inheritance ; Plant breeding ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and one morphological marker were used to investigate quantitative trait loci (QTL) for morphological and physiological traits evaluated on 150 F2∶3 maize (Zea mays L.) lines derived from the cross of elite U.S. Corn Belt inbreds Mo17 and H99. F2∶3 lines were grown in a replicated experiment and evaluated for plant and ear heights and flowering traits. QTL were identified for each trait, and genetic effects were determined. Estimated gene action for the flowering traits was predominantly overdominance. Both parents contributed toward increased values for anthesis and silk emergence. QTL for increased plant and ear heights were usually contributed by the taller parent, Mo17. Estimated gene action for these traits was mainly partial to overdominance. QTL for plant height were located in the vicinity of loci defined by alleles with qualitative effects on plant height.
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  • 23
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 959-963 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sugarcane ; Polyploidy ; Genetics ; Evolution ; Breeding ; DNA markers ; Arbitrarily primed PCR ; RAPD markers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Recent work has revealed random chromosome pairing and assortment in Saccharum spontaneum L., the most widely distributed, and morphologically and cytologically variable of the species of Saccharum. This conclusion was based on the analysis of a segregating population from across between S. spontaneum ‘SES 208’ and a spontaneously-doubled haploid of itself, derived from anther culture. To determine whether polysomic inheritance is common in Saccharum and whether it is observed in a typical biparental cross, we studied chromosome pairing and assortment in 44 progeny of a cross between euploid, meiotically regular, 2n=80 forms of Saccharum officinarum ‘LA Purple’ and Saccharum robustum ‘ Mol 5829’. Papuan 2n=80 forms of S. robustum have been suggested as the immediate progenitor species for cultivated sugarcane (S. officinarum). A total of 738 loci in LA Purple and 720 loci in Mol 5829 were amplified and typed in the progeny by arbitrarily primed PCR using 45 primers. Fifty and 33 single-dose polymorphisms were identified in the S. officinarum and S. robustum genomes, respectively (χ 2 at 98%). Linkage analysis of single-dose polymorphisms in both genomes revealed linkages in repulsion and coupling phases. In the S. officinarum genome, a map hypothesis gave 7 linkage groups with 17 linked and 33 unlinked markers. Four of 13 pairwise linkages were in repulsion phase and 9 were in coupling phase. In the S. robustum genome, a map hypothesis gave 5 linkage groups, defined by 12 markers, with 21 markers unlinked, and 2 of 9 pairwise linkages were in repulsion phase. Therefore, complete polysomic inheritance was not observed in either species, suggesting that chromosomal behavior is different from that observed by linkage analysis of over 500 markers in the S. spontaneum map. Implications of this finding for evolution and breeding are discussed.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 313-317 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Rice ; Phosphorousefficiency ; Diallel analysis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The inheritance of phosphorous (P) — deficiency tolerance in rice was investigated by a sevenparent diallel. The parent materials involved were four P-efficient (IR20, IR54, IR28, and Mahsuri), one moderately P-efficient (TN1), and two P-inefficient (IR31406333-1 and IR34686-179-1-2-1), genotypes. Relative tilering ability (RTA) under P-deficient and P-supplemented soil conditions was the parameter used in determining the tolerance level of the different genotypes. Diallel graph analysis revealed that tolerant parents have an excess of recessive genes, while moderate and susceptible parents possess more dominant genes. Genetic-component analysis suggested that both additive and dominance gene effects are involved in the inheritance of P-deficiency tolerance in rice. The trait exhibited over doiminance as confirmed by the graphical analysis. Narrow-sense heritability of the trait was moderate (0.50) and environmental effects were low. Both the general combining ability (GCA) and the specific combining ability (SCA) were significant, but GCA was more prevalent than SCA. Tolerant parents exhibited a high GCA whereas susceptibles have a very poor GCA, suggesting that tolerant parents were mostly enriched in additive genes and susceptible parents in non-additive genes. Crosses involving two high general combiners showed low SCA effects whereas crosses between poor general combiners manifested highly-significant SCA values.
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  • 25
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 639-646 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Gene introgression ; Genetics ; Linkage ; Taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wild tetraploid (2n=28) oat species Avena magna and A. murphyi have been domesticated by having been transferred from the common oat, A sativa (2n=42), the characteristics of non-shedding spikelets glabrous and yellow lemma, and reduced awn formation. Domestication has been achieved by crossing the common oat with either of the tetraploid species and then backcrossing the pentaploid hybrids with pollen of the tetraploid wild parent. Among the BC plants obtained only a few produced some seeds. Fertile tetraploids exhibiting the domesticated syndrome have been selected for in the F2 generation. Although morphologically they were almost indistinguishable from the common oat, they were tetraploids. Wild x domesticated A. magna hybrids were vigorous and fertile. They retained their spikelets at maturity, lemma color and pubescence were intermediate between the parental lines, and awns were formed only on the lower floret of the spikelet. Each of these characteristics segregated in a 3∶1 fashion, indicating single gene control, as in the common oat. These four characteristics formed a linkage group in one F2 family and two linkage groups in the other two families. The usefulness of the domesticated tetraploids for oat research and production has been discussed. Taxonomically, the domesticated tetraploids were ranked as subspecies: A. magna ssp. domestica, and A. murphyi ssp. rigida.
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  • 26
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 382-387 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Blacking resistance ; Brassica napus ; Brassica juncea ; Leptosphaeria maculans
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic control of adult-plant blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) resistance in a Brassica napus line (579NO48-109-DG-1589), designated “R13” possessing Brassica juncea-like resistance (JR), was elucidated by the analysis of segregation ratios in F2 and F3 populations from a cross between “R13” and the highly blackleg-susceptible B. napus cultivar “Tower”. The F2 segregration ratios were bimodal, demonstrating that blackleg resistance in “R13” was controlled by major genes. Analysis of the segregation ratios for 13 F3 families indicated that blackleg resistance in these families was controlled by three nuclear genes, which exhibited a complex interaction. Randomly sampled plants of F3 progeny all had the normal diploid somatic chromosome number for B. napus. The similarities between the action of the three genes found in this study with those controlling blackleg resistance in B. juncea is discussed.
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  • 27
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 817-826 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Zea mays ; RFLPs ; Plant breeding ; Genetics ; Recombination
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to compare maize quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection for grain yield and yield components in F2∶3 and F6∶7 recombinant inbred (RI) lines from the same population. One hundred and eighty-six F6∶7 RIs from a Mo17×H99 population were grown in a replicated field experiment and analyzed at 101 loci detected by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Single-factor analysis of variance was conducted for each locus-trait combination to identify QTL. For grain yield, 6 QTL were detected accounting for 22% of the phenotypic variation. A total of 63 QTL were identified for the seven grain yield components with alleles from both parents contributing to increased trait values. Several genetic regions were associated with more than one trait, indicating possible linked and/or pleiotropic effects. In a comparison with 150 F2∶3 lines from the same population, the same genetic regions and parental effects were detected across generations despite being evaluated under diverse environmental conditions. Some of the QTL detected in the F2∶3 seem to be dissected into multiple, linked QTL in the F6∶7 generation, indicating better genetic resolution for QTL detection with RIs. Also, genetic effects at QTL are smaller in the F6∶7 generation for all traits.
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  • 28
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 932-940 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Adult-plant ; Blackleg resistance ; Brassica napus ; Leptosphaeria maculans ; Australian cultivar
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic control of adult-plant blackleg [Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et De Not.] resistance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was studied in the F2 and first-backcross populations of the cross “Maluka” (blackleg-resistant) x “Niklas” (highly susceptible). A L. maculans isolate possessing high levels of host specificity (MB2) was used in all inoculations. Resistance/susceptibility was evaluated using three separate measures of crown-canker size, i.e. the percentage of crown girdled (%G), external lesion length (E) and internal lesion area (%II). Disease severity scores for the F2 and first-backcross populations based on E and %II gave discontinuous distributions, indicating major-gene control for these measures of resistance; but those for %G were continuous, indicating quantitative genetic control for this measure. Chi-square tests performed on the (poorly-defined) resistance classes, based on E, in the F2 and first-backcross populations indicated the likelihood for resistance being governed by a single, incompletely dominant major gene. Although the distributions of the F2 and first-backcross populations, based on%II, were clearly discontinuous, the observed segregation ratios for resistance and susceptibility did not fit any of the numerous Mendelian ratios which were considered. Differences in inheritance of resistance according to the assessment method and blackleg isolate used, were discussed.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 301-306 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leptosphaeria maculans ; Brassica napus ; Blackleg ; Genetics ; Virulence
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of virulence of 24 isolates of L. maculans collected from various sites throughout south-eastern and south-western Australia were studied using five clone-lines of B. napus. The experimental design allowed the estimation of the environmental and genetic components of variance using a standard analysis of variance. Virulence of these isolates (as measured by the percentage of stem girdling, %G) on the clonelines NCII and Tap was found to be most likely controlled by a small number of genes; the broad-sense heritabilities were 79.7% and 67.5% for virulence on NCII and Tap, respectively. The significance of these results in relation to the potential of L. maculans in adapting to new resistant B. napus cultivars is discussed.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 761-764 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rye ; Male sterility ; Genetics ; Gene location ; Trisomies
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    Notes: Summary The genetics and relationships between the genes in rye located in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the male sterility of the G-type were investigated. A factor inducing male sterility was found in the cytoplasms or rye cv Schlägler alt and rye cv Norddeutscher Champagner. Monogenic inheritance was observed in linkage tests. Using primary trisomies of rye cv Esto, the nuclear gene ms1 was found to be located on chromosome 4R. Modifying genes, probably masked in normal cytoplasm but expressed in male-sterility-inducing cytoplasm together with gene ms1, were located on chromosomes 3R (ms2) and 6R (ms3). Mono-, di-, and trigenic inheritance types were found in backcross progenies of trisomies.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 86 (1993), S. 333-338 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Rice ; Salinity ; Tolerance ; Na-Kratio ; Diallel
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    Notes: Summary The genetics of salinity tolerance in rice was investigated by a nine-parent complete diallel including reciprocals. Test materials involved susceptible (IR28, IR29, and MI-48), moderately tolerant (IR4595-4-1-13, IR9884-54-3-1E-P1, and IR10206-29-2-1), and tolerant (“Nona Bokra”, “Pokkali”, and SR26B) parents. Twoweek-old seedlings were grown in a salinized (EC = 12 dS/m) culture solution for 19 days under controlled conditions in the IRRI phytotron. Typical characteristics of salinity tolerance in rice were found to be Na+ exclusion and an increased absorption of K+ to maintain a good Na-K balance in the shoot. Genetic component analysis (GCA) revealed that a low Na-K ratio is governed by both additive and dominance gene effects. The trait exhibited overdominance, and two groups of genes were detected. Environmental effects were large, and the heritability of the trait was low. Our findings suggest that when breeding for salt tolerance, selection must be done in a later generation and under controlled conditions in order to minimize environmental effects. Modified bulk and single-seed descent would be the suitable breeding methods. Combining ability analysis revealed that both GCA and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were important in the genetics of salt tolerance. Moderately tolerant parents — e.g., IR4595-4-1-13 and IR9884-54-3-1E-P1 — were the best general combiners. Most of the best combinations had susceptible parents crossed either to moderate or tolerant parents. The presence of reciprocal effects among crosses necessitates the use of susceptible parents as males in hybridization programs. Large heterotic effects suggest the potential of hybrid rice for salt-affected lands.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 754-758 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Potato breeding ; Potato leaf roll virus ; Virus resistance ; Major gene resistance ; Genetics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), as measured by a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in the foliage of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) of cv ‘Maris Piper’ with secondary infection was 2900 ng/g leaf, whereas in clones G7445(1) and G7032(5) it was 180 ng/g leaf and 120 ng/g leaf, respectively. To examine the genetic control of resistance to PLRV multiplication, reciprocal crosses were made between the susceptible cultivar ‘Maris Piper’ and the two resistant clones, and the three parents were selfed. Seedling progenies of these families were grown to generate tubers of individual genotypes (clones). Clonally propagated plants were graft-inoculated, and their daughter tubers were collected and used to grow plants with secondary infection in which PLRV concentration was estimated. The expression of resistance to PLRV multiplication had a bimodal distribution in progenies from crosses between ‘Maris Piper’ and either resistant clone, and also in progeny from selfing the resistant parents, with genotypes segregating into high and low virus titre groups. Only the progeny obtained from selfing ‘Maris Piper’ did not segregate, all genotypes being susceptible to PLRV multiplication. The pattern of segregation obtained from these progenies fits more closely with the genetical hypothesis that resistance to PLRV multiplication is controlled by two unlinked dominant complementary genes, both of which are required for resistance, than with the simpler hypothesis that resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene, as published previously.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 267-272 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cerrado ; Savannah ; Acid soils ; Hydroponics ; Nutrient ; Variety ; Genetics ; Inheritance
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    Notes: Abstract The soybean is a major crop in the agricultural systems of the Brazilian Cerrados (Savannahs), whose soils are acidic, devoid of nutrients and need to be amended before they are cultivated. However, below the ploughed layer there is a scarcity of nutrients and toxic aluminium (Al). These limit root growth, subsequently causing nutritional imbalance and drought stress. Our aim in the investigation described here was to identify genetic differences in the aluminium tolerance of soybeans by a 9 × 9 diallel cross among contrasting varieties grown in high-Al areas and in hydroponics. Combining ability analysis indicated predominantly additive gene effects, and the additive-dominance model explained most of the genetic differences in this germ plasm for mineral element absorption and root growth under aluminium stress. The relationship between the two factors suggest that conjugation hydroponics and field evaluations in breeding programmes would further improve soybeans with respect to yield stability under tropical cultivation conditions.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 707-713 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mineral stress ; Nutrient efficiency ; Aluminium tolerance ; Inheritance ; Genetics ; Breeding
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    Notes: Abstract The Brazilian tropical adapted soybeans contains, in addition to superior morphological characters, genetic factors for tolerance to cultivation in acidic, mineral-stressed soils. However, the selection process for these hindrances has been empirical, and information on the genetics of mineral element uptake by the plant is necessary. The objective of this investigation was to identify the mode of inheritance for the absorption of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminium, manganese, zinc and copper in a 9 × 9 diallel cross. General combining ability (GCA) was higher than specific combining ability (SCA), with the exception of copper, manganese and zinc, indicating predominantly additive effects. The ratios of GCA/SCA varied between 3.4 (calcium) and 8.5 (magnesium). The regression of covariance (Wr) on variance (Vr) showed that the additive-dominance model explained the genetic differences in this germ plasm. However, the detection of overdominance could be related to possible heterozygosity in the parental varieties for mineral absorption. Broad-sense heritability values were higher than narrow sense heritability values for aluminium, iron, potassium, calcium and magnesium, being in the range of 67.9–86.9% and 42.0–56.6%, respectively. This is an indication that soybeans can be further improved to efficient utilisation of nutrients and to tolerate toxic factors in the soil.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 817-826 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Zea mays ; RFLPs ; Plant breeding ; Genetics ; Recombination ; Abbreviations  RFLPs Restriction fragment length polymorphisms ; QTL quantitative trait loci ; RIs recombinant inbreds
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    Notes: Abstract   This study was conducted to compare maize quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection for grain yield and yield components in F2:3 and F6:7 recombinant inbred (RI) lines from the same population. One hundred and eighty-six F6:7 RIs from a Mo17×H99 population were grown in a replicated field experiment and analyzed at 101 loci detected by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Single-factor analysis of variance was conducted for each locus-trait combination to identify QTL. For grain yield, 6 QTL were detected accounting for 22% of the phenotypic variation. A total of 63 QTL were identified for the seven grain yield components with alleles from both parents contributing to increased trait values. Several genetic regions were associated with more than one trait, indicating possible linked and/or pleiotropic effects. In a comparison with 150 F2:3 lines from the same population, the same genetic regions and parental effects were detected across generations despite being evaluated under diverse environmental conditions. Some of the QTL detected in the F2:3 seem to be dissected into multiple, linked QTL in the F6:7 generation, indicating better genetic resolution for QTL detection with RIs. Also, genetic effects at QTL are smaller in the F6:7 generation for all traits.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Aluminum toxicity ; Diallel analysis ; Genetics ; Rice ; Variability
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    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to investigate the variability among lowland rice cultivars and the mode of gene action of aluminum (Al) toxicity tolerance in rice. Pregerminated seeds were grown in a nutrient solution containing 30 ppm Al and in normal nutrient solution, and relative root length (RRL) was determined at the 14-day-old stage to characterize genotypes for tolerance. Sixty-two traditional rice cultivars grown on lowland acid sulfate soil areas of Asia and West Africa were tested. Tolerant varieties ‘Azucena’, ‘IRAT104’, and ‘Moroberekan’, moderately sensitive ‘IR29’ and ‘IR43’, and sensitive ‘IR45’ and ‘IR1552’ were used to investigate the genetics of tolerance by diallel analysis. Of the 62 cultivars tested, only 3 were found to be sensitive to A l toxicity. Among the tolerant cultivars identified, 11 (‘Siyam Kuning’, ‘Gudabang Putih’, ‘Siyam’, ‘Lemo’, ‘Khao Daeng’, ‘Siyamhalus’, ‘Bjm-12’, ‘Ketan’, ‘Seribu Gantang’, ‘Bayer Raden Rati’, and ‘Padi Kanji’) were found to possess higher levels of tolerance than the improved tolerant upland cultivar ‘IRAT104’. Diallel analysis revealed that high RRL is governed by both additive and dominance effects with a preponderance of additive effects. The trait exhibited partial dominance, and one group of genes was detected. Heritability was high, and environmenal effects were low. Findings suggest that when breeding for A1 toxicity tolerance, selection can be made in early generations. The pedigree method of breeding would be suitable. Combining ability analysis revealed the importance of both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in the genetics of A1 toxicity tolerance in rice. GCA was more prevalent than SCA. Tolerant parens ‘Azucena’, ‘IRAT104’, and ‘Moroberekan’ were the best general combiners. The presence of reciprocal effects among crosses suggested the proper choice of parents in hybridization programs. Results indicated that ‘Azucena’, ‘IRAT 104’, and ‘Moroberekan’ should be used as the female in crosses for A1 toxicity tolerance.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Cupressus sempervirens ; Cytology ; Megasporogenesis ; Megagametogenesis ; Genetics
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    Notes: Abstract  The processes of megasporogenesis and early megagametogenesis were cytologically investigated in Cupressus sempervirens L. in order to elucidate, at the cellular level, the origin of the megagametophyte. After pollination, sporogenous tissue developed in the chalazal region of the nucellus, but only one megaspore mother cell differentiated and divided meiotically without cell-wall formation. This led to the development of a cell with four nuclei which directly functioned as a megaspore. The C. sempervirens megagametophyte is thus tetrasporic, in contrast to the majority of conifers where the megagametophyte is monosporic. The consequenses of this observation are discussed from a genetics point of view.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1269-1278 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Simple sequence repeat (SSR) ; Microsatellites ; Molecular markers ; Genetics ; Kiwifruit
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have isolated and sequenced 263 microsatellite-containing clones from two small insert libraries of Actinidia chinensis enriched for (AC/GT) and (AG/CT) repeats, respectively. Primer pairs were designed for 203 microsatellite loci and successfully amplified from both plasmid and A. chinensis genomic DNA. In this paper we report the sequences of 40 primer pairs for which we have demonstrated Mendelian segregation in the progeny from controlled crosses. The polymorphism of ten microsatellites of each type was evaluated in four diploid and six tetraploid genotypes of A. chinensis. All microsatellites proved to be polymorphic, the number of alleles per locus detected in polyacrylamide sequencing gels ranging from 9 to 17. The high degree of polymorphism in Actinidia renders these markers useful either for mapping in A. chinensis or for fingerprinting cultivars of both domesticated kiwifruit species (A. chinensis and A. deliciosa). While most primer pairs produced single amplification products, about 20% generated banding patterns consistent with the amplification of two different loci. This supports the hypothesis that diploid species of Actinidia (2n=2x=58) are polyploid in origin with a basic chromosome number x=14/15 and that chromosome duplication may have occurred during the evolution of the genus. Finally, we have assayed the cross-species transportability of primer pairs designed from A. chinensis sequences and have found extensive cross-species amplification within the genus Actinidia; 75% of primer pairs gave successful amplification in the eight species assayed (A. arguta, A. rufa, A. polygama, A. chrysantha, A. callosa, A. hemsleyana, A. eriantha, and A. deliciosa), which are representative of the four sections into which the genus is currently split.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 146-149 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Capsicum chinense ; Resistance gene ; Genetics ; Pepper ; Tomato spotted wilt virus ; Tospoviruses
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) has been reported to be an important reservoir of resistance genes to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). The genes for TSWV resistance present in three C. chinense lines (‘PI 152225’, ‘PI 159236’ and ‘Panca’) were investigated for allelism. All resistant lines were crossed with each other. Parents, F1, backcrosses and F2 populations (including reciprocals) developed from those crosses were mechanically inoculated with a highly virulent TSWV isolate. Susceptible C. annuum cv ‘Magda’ was used to check inoculum virulence. Fifty plants of the F1 hybrids; ‘Magda’ x ‘PI 152225’, ‘Magda’ x ‘PI 159236’, and ‘Magda’ x 'Panca, were also inoculated with the TSWV isolate. The resistance response in all C. chinense sources was associated with a localized, hypersensitive-like reaction that was phenotypically expressed as a prompt formation of large local lesions accompanied by premature leaf abscission. All F1 generations presented a final score of resistant; indicating that the expression of resistance to TSWV is conditioned by a dominant gene regardless of the source. The absence of segregation for resistance to TSWV that was observed in all generations of the crosses between C. chinense lines indicated that either a tightly linked group of genes exists or that the resistance is governed by the same single major gene (probably the already described Tsw gene). Previous reports have indicated that the Tsw gene is not effective against tospovirus members of serogroup II, i.e. tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) and groundnut ring spot virus (GRSV). In the assay described here, all of the C. chinense lines showed, after mechanical inoculation, an identical susceptibility response to the TCSV and GRSV isolates.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 380-388 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Breeding ; Sorghum bicolor Zea mays
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to use restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) to determine the genetic location and effects of genomic regions controlling plant height in sorghum. F2 plants (152) from the cross CK60 x PI229828 were used. Genomic and cDNA clones (106) identified 111 loci distributed among ten linkage groups covering 1299 cM. Interval mapping identified four regions, each in a separate linkage group. These regions may correspond to loci (dw) previously identified by alleles with qualitative effects. Also, these regions identified in sorghum may be orthologous to those previously reported for plant height in maize. Gene effects and gene action varied among genomic regions. In each region, PI229828 alleles resulted in increased plant height. Each region accounted for 9.2–28.7% of the phenotypic variation. Positive, additive effects ranged from 15 to 32cm. Tallness was dominant or overdominant and conferred by alleles from PI229828 for three quantitative trait loci (QTL). At the fourth QTL, PI229828 contributed to increased plant height, but short stature was partially dominant. One digenic interaction was significant. The presence of a PI229828 allele at one region diminished the effects of the other region. A multiple model indicated that these four regions collectively accounted for 63.4% of the total phenotypic variation. The utility of this information for germplasm conversion through backcross breeding is discussed.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Extreme virus resistance ; Potyviruses ; Genetics ; Genes Ry and Ra ; New gene
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    Notes: Abstract Extreme resistance in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) to potato viruses Y and A (PVY and PVA) conditioned by the presence of Ry genes introduced from Solanum stoloniferum was described by Cockerham (1970). Cockerham detailed a number of genes which controlled a variety of reactions, including extreme resistance to both viruses (i.e. little or no visible reaction of plants and no viral replication following graft and manual inoculation) controlled by gene Ry sto. In the present study, cvs ‘Pirola’ and ‘Barbara’, which contain a Ry gene, were found to have extreme resistance to PVY isolates from the ordinary (PVY°), veinal necrosis (PVYN) and potato tuber necrotic ringspot (PVYNTN) subgroups, and PVA. The inheritance of this phenotype was examined in seedling progenies obtained by crossing ‘Barbara’ and ‘Pirola’ with susceptible cultivars. Segregation data for resistance to PVY and PVA in a progeny involving cv ‘Pirola’ best fitted a genetical model of one gene controlling extreme resistance to both PVY and PVA, although the possibility that there are two genes, each controlling resistance to one virus but closely linked, cannot be excluded. Segregation data from progenies involving cv ‘Barbara’ best fitted a genetical model in which there are two independent genes, one controlling extreme resistance to PVA and PVY and a second gene controlling extreme resistance to PVA but not to PVY. This previously unrecognised gene conferring extreme resistance to PVA only, should be given the notation Ra in keeping with nomenclature used for other resistance genes.
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Stress proteins ; Heat tolerance ; Chloroplast ; Genetics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have used a combination of molecular and classical genetic approaches to delineate the relationship between a specific HSP member and cell viability under heat stress. Using recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of wheat, derived from a cross of the thermotolerant cultivar ‘Mustang’ and the thermosusceptible cultivar ‘Sturdy,’ we have identified a unique HSP and a differentially expressed cDNA sequence, both related to the plastid-localized HSP26 gene family, that are closely associated with acquired thermotolerance in wheat. An isoform of HSP26 was synthesized under heat stress in all examined thermotolerant RILs and ‘Mustang’, and was absent in all examined thermosusceptible RILs and ‘Sturdy.’ Using a modified differential-display method, we have also identified a gene-specific cDNA sequence that is similar to other known members of the wheat HSP26 gene family and is selectively expressed in ‘Mustang’ and most of the examined thermotolerant RILs, but not expressed in ‘Sturdy’ and all the thermosusceptible RILs. These results suggest a genetic linkage between the acquired thermotolerance trait and the differential expression of a unique member of the HSP26 gene family.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Passiflora ; Self-incompatibility ; Genetics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The self-incompatibility in yellow passion fruit was previously described as homomorphic sporophytic with monofactorial inheritance. Five progenies were obtained by bud-selfing. The plants of these progenies were selfed, reciprocally crossed within each progeny and crossed with known incompatible phenotypes to identify their phenotypic group. Fruit set was evaluated at the 7th day after pollination. Two progenies consisted of two self-incompatible groups, the other three formed three suck groups. The groups were identified as S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6. The results provide evidence that the self-incompatibility of passion fruit is controlled by two loci, the S-gene and another, whose expression needs to be investigated.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Extreme virus resistance ; Potyviruses ; Genetics ; Genes Rysto and Ra ; Broad-spectrum resistance
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Extreme resistance to the potato V potyvirus (PVV) was found in four potato cultivars that contain Ry genes from Solanum stoloniferum. When plants of these cultivars, were inoculated by grafting in shoot tips from PVV-infected tomato plants, necrotic symptoms developed in some cultivars, although a full hypersensitive reaction was not elicited, while other cultivars were symptomless. PVV replication was not detected in any of the inoculated plants by ELISA, an infectivity assay of leaf extracts by manual inoculation to Nicotiana benthamiana indicator plants, or by ‘return grafting’ of shoot tips taken from newly developed shoots of the potato plants to virus-free indicator plants of tomato. These methods readily detected PVV infection in inoculated plants of cv ‘Flourball’, which does not contain an Ry gene and is susceptible, and in cvs ‘Maris Piper’ and ‘Dr Macintosh’, which contain gene Nv conditioning a hypersensitive reaction to inoculation. One of the Ry-containing cultivars, ‘Barbara’, has been previously shown to contain two genes that control extreme resistance, defined as no viral replication in intact plants, to the potyviruses potato viruses Y and A (PVY and PVA). These genes are: Ry sto , which conditions resistance to PVY and PVA, and gene Ra, which conditions resistance to PVA only. It was found that in genotypes from a progeny of the cross ‘Barbara’ (Ry sto /Ra)בFlourball’ (ry/ra), extreme resistance to PVV segregated with gene Ry sto . It is proposed that either gene Ry sto conditions broad-spectrum extreme resistance to the distinct potyviruses PVY, PVA, and PVV or that Ry sto represents a family of genetically closely linked genes each controlling resistance to a specific virus.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Beta vulgaris ; Sugar beet ; Isozymes ; Genetics ; Linkage ; Pollen fertility restorer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The NADP-specific malate dehydrogenase isozymes were controlled by multiple gene systems. Three genes coding for dimeric enzymes segregated in a dependent fashion (NADP-Mdh 1, NADP-Mdh 2, NADP-Mdh 3). A fourth gene (NADP-Mdh 4), also coded for dimers, but was not polymorphic in B. vulgaris. A fifth gene (NADP-Me 1) coded for enzymes active as monomers. Two genes were found to control the main zone of NAD-specific malate dehydrogenase: one coded for dimers (Mdh 1), while a second (Mdh 2) was not polymorphic in the assessions studied. 6-P-Gluconate dehydrogenase was not polymorphic in B. vulgaris; the two types detected on SGE1 electrophoresis were due to developmental expression of the different systems. No genetical segregations could be detected in progeny of crosses of the distinct phenotypes. A shikimate dehydrogenase gene (Skdh 1) that coded for monomers was identified. The diaphorase system was rather complex, but one gene (Dia 1) coding for monomeric enzymes could be identified. Aconitase was found to be controlled by two independent genes (Aco 1, Aco 2), both polymorphic and coding for proteins active as monomers. Tight linkage was found between the genes NADP-Mdh 1, NADP-Mdh 2 and NADP-Mdh 3. Linkage was also found between a pollen fertility restorer (Z) and the Mdh 1 gene. The identification of linkage with Aco 1 needs further investigation. R segregated independently from Mdh 1, Aco 1 and Dia 1. Independent segregations were scored for isozyme genes Pgm 2, Icd 1, Ak 1, Gpi 1, Aco 1 and Dia 1.
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  • 46
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 81 (1991), S. 50-58 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Vicia faba ; Legumin ; Vicilin ; Structure ; Genetics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Legumin and vicilin were purified from seeds of Vicia faba L. var. Scuro, characterized in different electrophoretic systems, and used to produce polyclonal antibodies in rabbits. Two-dimensional electrophoretic studies showed a wide range of heterogeneity in the subunits of both legumin and vicilin. Legumin was found to be composed of 29 disulphide-linked subunit pairs with different molecular weight and/or isoelectric point. Western blot analysis of legumin of several mutants revealed molecular polymorphism based on a corresponding gene family. Three different α-major legumin patterns were found, and inheritance studies showed that the 34.3-kD legumin polypeptide is the product of one locus, Lg-1α, which is the first legumin genetic locus described in Vicia faba. Vicilin was found to be composed of as many as 59 subunits distributed in a molecular weight range of 65.7 to 42.8 kD (major polypeptides) and 37.2 to 15.2 kD (minor polypeptides), with different isoelectric points. A model is proposed that explains the possible formation of the minor subunits and the major subunits of 48.2 and 46 kD molecular weight (MW) from proteolytic cleavages and/or glycosilation of precursor polypeptides. Ten different vicilin electrophoretic patterns were observed among the analyzed accessions, which showed large molecular polymorphism that proved to be under genetic control.
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  • 47
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 82 (1991), S. 771-776 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; RFLP ; α-Amylase ; Genetics ; Isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Rye α-Amy1, α-Amy2, and α-Amy3 genes were studied in the cross between inbred lines using wheat α-amylase cDNA probes. The α-Amy1 and α-Amy2 probes uncovered considerable restriction fragment length polymorphism, whereas the α-Amy3 region was much more conserved. The numbers of restriction fragments found and the F2 segregation data suggest that there are three α-Amy1 genes, two or three α-Amy2 genes, and three α-Amy3 genes in rye. These conclusions were supported by a simultaneous study of α-amylase isozyme polymorphism. The F2 data showed the three individual α-Amy1 genes to span a distance of 3cM at the locus on chromosome 6RL. The genes were mapped relative to other RFLP markers on 6RL. On chromosome 7RL two α-Amy2 genes were shown to be separated by 5 cM. Linkage data within α-Amy3 on 5RL were not obtained since RFLP could be detected at only one of the genes.
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  • 48
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 84 (1992), S. 714-719 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Salinity ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Accessions of Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. (D genome donor to hexaploid wheat) vary in salt tolerance and in the rate that Na+ accumulates in leaves. The aim of this study was to determine whether these differences in salt tolerance and leaf Na+ concentration would be expressed in hexaploid wheat. Synthetic hexaploids were produced from five T. tauschii accessions varying in salt tolerance and two salt-sensitive T. turgidum cultivars. The degree of salt tolerance of the hexaploids was evaluated as the grain yield per plant in 150 mol m-3 NaCl relative to grain yield in 1 mol m-3 NaCl (control). Sodium concentration in leaf 5 was measured after the leaf was fully expanded. The salt tolerance of the genotypes correlated negatively with the concentration of Na+ in leaf 5. The salt tolerance of the synthetic hexaploids was greater than the tetraploid parents primarily due to the maintenance of kernel weight under saline conditions. Synthetic hexaploids varied in salt tolerance with the source of their D genome which demonstrates that genes for salt tolerance from the diploid are expressed at the hexaploid level.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Disease ; Mapping ; Breeding
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Molecular markers at 103 loci were used to identify the location of quantitative sources of resistance to Exserohilum turcicum in 150 F2∶3 lines of a B52/Mo17 maize population. Host-plant response was measured in terms of the average number of lesions per leaf, the average percent leaf tissue diseased (severity), and the average size of lesions. The location of quantitative trait loci were compared with three loci having known qualitative effects, namely Ht1, Ht2 and bx1. Chromosomal regions containing the Ht1 and Ht2 loci showed a small contribution in determining lesion size, even though alleles with dominant, qualitative effects at these loci have never been reported in either inbred parent. Similar effects were not observed for the number of lesions or for disease severity. Likewise, some contribution was observed for chromosomal regions encompassing the bx1 locus in determining lesion size but not the number of lesions or disease severity. Overall the contribution of loci in the vicinity of Ht1, Ht2 and bx1 was small relative to variation attributable to loci with quantitative effects identified in this study. Molecular-marker-facilitated mapping concurred with previous reciprocal translocation mapping studies on the importance of chromosomes 3, 5 and 7, despite the fact that these studies utilized diverse sources of resistant germplasm.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Breeding ; Helminthosporium turcicum ; RFLP ; QTLs ; Disease-resistance ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RFLPs were used to investigate components of host-plant response to Exserohilum turcicum in 150 unselected F2∶3 lines of a B52/Mo17 maize population. Following inoculation with spore suspensions of the pathogen (race 0), components of disease development were measured and then quantitative trait mapping was performed to identify the location and effects of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) determining host-plant response. Components of interest were the average number of lesions per leaf, the average percent leaf tissue diseased (severity) and the average size of lesions (cm2). Based on a LOD threshold of 2.31 (P〈0.05), the number of lesions appears to be associated with QTLs on chromosomes 1S, 3L, 5S. Severity was associated with analogous regions and, in addition, QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 8L. Most QTLs, for either of these two components, involve additive gene action and partial dominance or overdominance. In contrast, lesion size was associated with QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 5L; recessive gene action may be involved at 7L.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Disease resistance ; Monocots
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    Notes: Abstract An F2 oat population was produced by crossing the diploid (n=7) species Avena strigosa (CI 3815) with A. wiestii (CI 1994), resistant and susceptible, respectively, to 40 isolates of Puccinia coronata, the causal agent of crown rust. Eighty-eight F2 individuals were used to construct an RFLP linkage map representing the A genome of cultivated hexaploid oat. Two hundred and eight RFLP loci have been placed into 10 linkage groups. This map covers 2416 cM, with an average of 12 cM between RFLP loci. Eighty-eight F3 lines, derived from F2 individuals used to construct the map, were screened for resistance to 9 isolates of P. coronata. One locus, Pca, was found to confer a dominant resistance phenotype to isolates 203, 258, 263, 264B, 290, 298, 325A, and 345. Pca also conferred resistance to isolate 276; however, an unlinked second gene may also be involved.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Simple sequence repeat (SSR) ; Microsatellites ; Molecular markers ; Genetics ; Fingerprinting
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We report the sequences of 17 primer pairs of microsatellite loci, which we have cloned and sequenced from two genomic libraries of peach [Prunus persica (L) Batsch] ‘Redhaven’, enriched for AC/GT and AG/CT repeats respectively. For ten of these microsatellite loci we were able to demonstrate Mendelian inheritance in a segregating back-cross population; the remainder did not segregate. The polymorphism of the microsatellites was evaluated in a panel of ten peach genotypes, including true-to-type peaches, nectarines and one canning-peach. Fifteen microsatellites (88%) were polymorphic showing 2–4 alleles each. The mean heterozygosity, averaged over all loci, was 0.32 and significantly higher than that reported in the literature for isozymes and molecular markers, such as RFLPs and RAPDs. We have also assayed the cross-species transportability and found that ten microsatellite (59%) gave apparently correct amplification in all Prunus species surveyed, namely P. domestica (European plum), P. salicina (Japanese plum), P. armeniaca (apricot), P. dulcis (almond), P. persica var. vulgaris (peach), P. persica var. laevis (nectarine), P. avium (sweet cherry) and P. cerasus (sour cherry), with three of them also being amplified in Malus (apple). The remaining microsatellites gave less-extensive amplification. Because of their appreciable polymorphism and wide cross-species transportability, most of these new markers can be integrated into the linkage maps which are currently being constructed in peach, as well as in other stone fruit crops, such as almond, apricot, cherry and plum.
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  • 53
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 588-601 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Fruit trees ; Genetics ; Almond ; Prunus amygdalus ; Breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The large size and the long generation time of fruit trees generally reduce the possibilities of obtaining genetic information on the transmission and heritability of useful agronomic traits in these species. However, from breeding work carried out with fruit trees, an important amount of data is now available, although large differences are apparent among the different species. There is not much information known about almond compared to what is available on other Prunus fruit species, but more data have been accumulated on it than on most of the other nut trees, thus making almond special among all the temperate fruit and nut species. Only five qualitative traits have been described in almond, with an additional two also possibly qualitative. Heritabilities have been estimated for an important number of quantitative traits, mainly phenological times and fruit characters. Important information is available on molecular markers, including enzymes, RFLPs, RAPDs and other recently developed markers. Linkages, however, have only been established among molecular markers, allowing accurate genetic maps to be built but not yet enabling agronomical characters to be located in these maps, probably because the latter have not been sufficiently studied. The effectiveness of the application of genetic maps in plant breeding will depend on the accuracy of the study of different agronomic traits and their expression, implying more field work and recognition of this work. Ultimately, any new fruit cultivar has to be grown in the field and has to allow the grower to make a profit.
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  • 54
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 800-810 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Almond ; Compatibility ; Genetics ; Prunus dulcis ; Ribonucleases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Six almond progenies, each the product of a cross between a self-compatible and a self-incompatible parent, were analysed for stylar ribonucleases. Proteins were extracted and separated using non-equilibrium pH gradient electrofocusing (NEPHGE), and the gels were stained for ribonuclease activity. Most seedlings showed either two principal bands, interpreted as corresponding to two incompatibility alleles, or a single band. The seedlings were also bagged in the field at flowering time to determine fruit set after selfing, and some were also examined for the growth of pollen-tubes in selfed styles using UV fluorescence microscopy. With very few exceptions, those seedlings showing single-banded zymograms were found to be self-compatible according to field and microscope studies, and those with two bands were found to be self-incompatible. We conclude that the allele for self-compatibility in almond does not code for ribonuclease activity and that the ribonuclease isoenzyme assay is a convenient technique for predicting self-compatibility in segregating progenies. A novel band in two derivatives of ’Ferrastar’ was ascribed to a new incompatibility allele, S 10 .
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  • 55
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 1092-1096 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Fragaria×ananassa ; Genetics ; Inheritance ; Red core ; Red stele
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Phytophthora fragariae var. fragariae is the causal agent of red stele (red core) root rot in strawberry (Fragaria spp.). The inheritance of resistance to one isolate of this fungus was studied in 12 segregating populations of F.×ananassa derived from crosses between four resistant cultivars (‘Climax’, ‘Redgauntlet’, ‘Siletz’, and ‘Sparkle’) and three susceptible cultivars (‘Blakemore’, ‘Glasa’, and ‘Senga’ Sengana’). The analysis clearly supports the hypothesis of a single segregating dominant resistance gene. It is proposed that this gene be designated Rpf2.
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  • 56
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    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 117-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Social insects ; Apis mellifera ; Division of labor ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variability exists among worker honey bees for components of division of labor. These components are of two types, those that affect foraging behavior and those that affect life-history characteristics of workers. Variable foraging behavior components are: the probability that foraging workers collect (1) pollen only; (2) nectar only; and (3) pollen and nectar on the same trip. Life history components are: (1) the age the workers initiate foraging behavior; (2) the length of the foraging life of a worker; and (3) worker length of life. We show how these components may interact to change the social organization of honey bee colonies and the lifetime foraging productivity of individual workers. Selection acting on foraging behavior components may result in changes in the proportion of workers collecting pollen and nectar. Selection acting on life-history components may affect the size of the foraging population and the distribution of workers between within nest and foraging activities. We suggest that these components define possible sociogenic “pathways” through which colony-level natural selection can change social organization. These pathways may be analogous to developmental pathways in the morphogenesis of individual organisms because small changes in behavioral or life history components of individual workers may lead to major changes in the organizational structure of colonies.
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    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Apis mellifera ; Genetics ; Drone production ; Allozymes ; Reproductive conflict
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously we reported that there are subfamily differences in drone production in queenless honey bee colonies, but these biases are not always explained by subfamily differences in oviposition behavior. Here we determine whether these puzzling results are best explained by either inadequate sampling of the laying worker population or reproductive conflict among workers resulting in differential treatment of eggs and larvae. Using colonies composed of workers from electrophoretically distinct subfamilies, we collected samples of adult bees engaged in the following behavior: “true” egg laying, “false” egg laying, indeterminate egg laying, egg cannibalism, or nursing (contact with larvae). We also collected samples of drone brood at four different ages: 0 to 2.5-h-old eggs, 0 to 24-h-old eggs, 3 to 8-day-old larvae, and 9 to 14-day-old larvae and pupae. Allozyme analyses revealed significant subfamily differences in the likelihood of exhibiting egg laying, egg cannibalism, and nursing behavior, as well as significant subfamily differences in drone production. There were no subfamily differences among the different types of laying workers collected from each colony, suggesting that discrepancies between subfamily biases in egg-laying behavior and drone production are not due to inadequate sampling of the laying worker population. Subfamily biases in drone brood production within a colony changed significantly with brood age. Laying workers had significantly more developed ovaries than either egg cannibals or nurses, establishing a physiological correlate for the observed behavioral genetic differences. These results suggest there is reproductive conflict among subfamilies and individuals within queenless colonies of honey bees. The implications of these results for the evolution of reproductive conflict, in both queenright and queenless contexts, are discussed.
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    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Social insects ; Apis mellifera ; Division of labor ; Genetics ; Nepotism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three experiments were performed to determine whether brood care in honey bee colonies is influenced by colony genetic structure and by social context. In experiment 1, there were significant genotypic biases in the relative likelihood of rearing queens or workers, based on observations of individually labeled workers of known age belonging to two visually distinguishable subfamilies. In experiment 2, no genotypic biases in the relative likelihood of rearing drones or workers was detected, in the same colonies that were used in experiment 1. In experiment 3, there again were significant genotypic differences in the likelihood of rearing queens or workers, based on electrophoretic analyses of workers from a set of colonies with allozyme subfamily markers. There also was an overall significant trend for colonies to show greater subfamily differences in queen rearing when the queens were sisters (half- and super-sisters) rather than unrelated, but these differences were not consistent from trial to trial for some colonies. Results of experiments 1 and 3 demonstrate genotypic differences in queen rearing, which has been reported previously based on more limited behavioral observations. Results from all three experiments suggest that genotypic differences in brood care are influenced by social context and may be more pronounced when workers have a theoretical opportunity to practice nepotism. Finally, we failed to detect persistent interindividual differences in bees from either subfamily in the tendency to rear queen brood, using two different statistical tests. This indicates that the probability of queen rearing was influenced by genotypic differences but not by the effect of prior queen-rearing experience. These results suggest that subfamilies within a colony can specialize on a particular task, such as queen rearing, without individual workers performing that task for extended periods of time.
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    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 43 (1998), S. 191-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Honeybees ; Scouting ; Division of labor ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Every recruitment system in social insects requires some individuals that serve as scouts, foragers that search independently for food sources. It is not well understood which factors influence whether an individual becomes a scout or a recruit, nor how the division of labor between the two forager groups is regulated. It is shown here for honeybees (Apis mellifera), using two different molecular techniques, that there is a genetically based difference in the probability that individuals will scout independently for food. In contrast to earlier suggestions, experimental tests showed that the age of a bee does not seem to influence its probability of becoming a scout or a recruit. Furthermore, scout bees do not search opportunistically for either pollen or nectar but, rather, individuals have preferences that are genetically based. These findings are discussed in the framework of foraging regulation by specialization in honeybees and the adaptive significance of polyandry.
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    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 46 (1999), S. 171-179 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Honeybee ; Apis mellifera ; Division of labor ; Genetics ; Pollen foraging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A fundamental requirement of task regulation in social groups is that it must allow colony flexibility. We tested assumptions of three task regulation models for how honeybee colonies respond to graded changes in need for a specific task, pollen foraging. We gradually changed colony pollen stores and measured behavioral and genotypic changes in the foraging population. Colonies did not respond in a graded manner, but in six of seven cases showed a stepwise change in foraging activity as pollen storage levels moved beyond a set point. Changes in colony performance resulted from changes in recruitment of new foragers to pollen collection, rather than from changes in individual foraging effort. Where we were able to track genotypic variation, increases in pollen foraging were accompanied by a corresponding increase in the genotypic diversity of pollen foragers. Our data support previous findings that genotypic variation plays an important role in task regulation. However, the stepwise change in colony behavior suggests that colony foraging flexibility is best explained by an integrated model incorporating genotypic variation in task choice, but in which colony response is amplified by social interactions.
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    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 35 (1994), S. 99-107 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Apis mellifera ; Genetics ; Drone production ; Allozymes ; Reproductive conflict
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previously we reported that there are subfamily differences in drone production in queenless honey bee colonies, but these biases are not always explained by subfamily differences in oviposition behavior. Here we determine whether these puzzling results are best explained by either inadequate sampling of the laying worker population or reproductive conflict among workers resulting in differential treatment of eggs and larvae. Using colonies composed of workers from electrophoretically distinct subfamilies, we collected samples of adult bees engaged in the following behavior: “true” egg laying, “false” egg laying, indeterminate egg laying, egg cannibalism, or nursing (contact with larvae). We also collected samples of drone brood at four different ages: 0 to 2.5-h-old eggs, 0 to 24-h-old eggs, 3 to 8-day-old larvae, and 9 to 14-day-old larvae and pupae. Allozyme analyses revealed significant subfamily differences in the likelihood of exhibiting egg laying, egg cannibalism, and nursing behavior, as well as significant subfamily differences in drone production. There were no subfamily differences among the different types of laying workers collected from each colony, suggesting that discrepancies between subfamily biases in egg-laying behavior and drone production are not due to inadequate sampling of the laying worker population. Subfamily biases in drone brood production within a colony changed significantly with brood age. Laying workers had significantly more developed ovaries than either egg cannibals or nurses, establishing a physiological correlate for the observed behavioral genetic differences. These results suggest there is reproductive conflict among subfamilies and individuals within queenless colonies of honey bees. The implications of these results for the evolution of reproductive conflict, in both queenright and queenless contexts, are discussed.
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    Protoplasma 176 (1993), S. 53-63 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Acetabularia acetabulum ; Gamete release ; Mating efficiency ; Mating physiology ; Gamete half-life ; Genetics
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have improved zygote recovery 11–1,000 fold by optimizing the physiology of gamete release and mating inAcetabularia acetabulum. Gamete release was affected by agar purity, concentration, and volume/gametangial pair. Cold pre-treatment of gametangia (14–30 d at 10°C in the dark) synchronized subsequent gamete release at 21°C in the light. Cold pre-treatment was nearly twice as effective in synchronizing subsequent gamete release when intact, gametangia-bearing caps rather than isolated gametangia were pretreated. Synchronizing gamete release doubled mating efficiency. In a wild-type laboratory strain ofA. acetabulum, there were 1,561±207 gametes/gametangium which had half-lives of 14.5 d in 0.1% seawater-agar. We recovered 48–93% of the expected numbers of zygotes from a mass mating of 8 to 1,226 gametangia and 11–128% of the expected numbers of zygotes from mating single gametangial pairs: the large range in the calculated mating efficiency may be attributable to the variation in the numbers of gametes made per gametangium. Zygote recovery from single gametangial pairs was highly dependent on the volume of mating matrix. In addition, most zygotes recovered were unattached to any other zygotes in the subsequent generation (〉 95% single cells from matings of 1–500 gametangial pairs). Our improvements in mating conditions and zygote recovery (1) have facilitated cell manipulation and culture ofA. acetabulum in the laboratory; and (2) have made controlled crosses for selection and genetic analysis of mutants feasible. These advances have removed a major barrier to genetic analysis of development inAcetabularia.
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    Biology and philosophy 5 (1990), S. 349-371 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Genetics ; gene structure ; hereditary unit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Definitions of the term ‘gene’ typically superimpose molecular genetics onto Mendelism. What emerges are persistent attempts to regard the gene as a ‘unit’ of structure and/or function, language that creates multiple meanings for the term and fails to acknowledge the diversity of gene architecture. I argue that coherence at the molecular level requires abandonment of the classical unit concept and recognition that a gene is constructed from an assemblage of domains. Hence, a domain set (1) conforms more closely to empirical evidence for genetic organization of DNA regions capable of transcription and (2) has ontological properties lacking in the traditional unit definition.
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    Behavior genetics 28 (1998), S. 265-278 
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Genetics ; body mass index ; adolescents ; race ; sex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The present study uses a behavioral genetic design to investigate the genetic and environmental influences on variation in adolescent body mass index (BMI) and to determine whether the relative influences of genetic and environmental factors on variation in BMI are similar across racial groups and sexes. Data for the present study come from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health (Add Health), a large, nationally representative study of adolescent health and health-related behaviors. The Add Health sample contains a subset of sibling pairs that differs in levels of genetic relatedness, making it well suited for behavioral genetics analyses. The present study examines whether genetic and environmental influences on adolescent BMI are the same for males and females and for Black and White adolescents. Results indicate that genetic factors contribute substantially to individual differences in adolescent BMI, explaining between 45 and 85% of the variance in BMI. Furthermore, based on an analysis of opposite-sex sibling pairs, the genes that influence variation in adolescent BMI are similar for males and females. However, the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences on variation in BMI differs for males and females and for Blacks and Whites. Although parameter estimates could be constrained to be equal for Black and White males, they could not be constrained to be equal for Black and White females. Moreover, the best-fitting model for Black females was an ADE model, for White females it was an ACE model, and for males it was an AE model. Thus, shared environmental influences are significant for White female adolescents, but not for Black females or males. Likewise, nonadditive genetic influences are indicated for Black females, but not for White females or males. Implications of these results are discussed.
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Gene regulation ; Ribozyme ; npt-gene ; Transgenic tobacco ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A chimeric gene encoding a ribozyme under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter was introduced into transgenic tobacco plants. In vivo activity of this ribozyme, which was designed to cleave npt mRNA, was previously demonstrated by transient expression assays in plant protoplasts. The ribozyme gene was transferred into transgenic tobacco plants expressing an rbcS-npt chimeric gene as an indicator. Five double transformants out of sixteen exhibited a reduction in the amount of active NPT enzyme. To measure the amount of ribozyme produced, in the absence of its target, the ribozyme and target genes were separated by genetic segregation. The steady-state concentrations of ribozyme and target RNA were shown to be similar in the resulting single transformants. Direct evidence for a correlation between reduced npt gene expression and ribozyme expression was provided by crossing a plant containing only the ribozyme gene with a transgenic plant expressing the npt gene under control of the 35S promoter, i.e. the same promoter used to direct ribozyme expression. The expression of npt was reduced in all progeny containing both transgenes. Both steady-state levels of npt mRNA and amounts of active NPT enzyme are decreased. In addition, our data indicate that, at least in stable transformants, a large excess of ribozyme over target is not a prerequisite for achieving a significant reduction in target gene expression.
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    Molecular genetics and genomics 228 (1991), S. 361-371 
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Plant ; Hormone ; Genetics ; Hypocotyl ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have isolated nine independent auxin-resistant mutants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia by culturing M2 seedlings in the presence of indole-3-acetic acid ethyl ester or 1-naphthaleneacetic acid at concentrations which significantly inhibit hypocotyl elongation of the wild type. The mutations were induced by treating seed with ethyl methanesulphonate and were found in the course of screening 10 000 individual M2 families. Auxin resistance was in all cases the result of a mutation at a single, nuclear locus. The dominance relationships of two of the mutants could be defined as recessive or dominant; all other mutants showed partial dominance. In contrast to previously described mutants of Arabidopsis and N. plumbaginifolia, all of the present mutants were specifically resistant to auxin; the mutants were cross-resistant to several auxins, but showed no increased resistance to cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene or 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. The importance of the choice of the selection criterion for the isolation of specific resistance traits is discussed.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Demography ; Genetics ; Geographic variation ; Stochasticity ; Fluctuating environments ; Allele frequencies ; River ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of unpredictable environmental fluctuations on the demographic and genetic structure of Fundulus zebrinus populations. Collections of F. zebrinus were taken from three rivers in the Arkansas River basin: the Arkansas, Chikaskia, and Ninnescah. Fish were sampled from three sites on each river on nine collection dates throughout 1984 and 1985. Totals of 2100 fish and 6000 fish were included in electrophoretic and demographic analyses, respectively. The results of the study indicate that within a limited geographic region (i.e. within rivers) spatial differences and temporal changes in both demographic and genetic population characteristics occur frequently and are primarily stochastic. However, on a larger spatial scale (i.e. across rivers), general trends emerge for demographic and especially for genetic population characteristics. These results illustrate the importance of sampling scale for conclusions of life-history evolution in fluctuating environments. In addition, it was found that regulation of Fundulus zebrinus populations includes an important density-independent component. Stochastic demographic differences across space and changes through time and spatially and temporally heterogeneous allele frequencies, are both indicative of density-independent regulation. Variation in population parameters, both demographic and genetic, was observed between populations sampled from each river. These population differences were attributed to differences between the rivers themselves.
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1995), S. 355-364 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Transformation ; Fungi ; Yeast ; Genetics ; Biotechnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The genetic investigation of fungi has been extended substantially by DNA-mediated transformation, providing a supplement to more conventional genetic approaches based upon sexual and parasexual processes. Initial transformation studies with the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae provided the model for transformation systems in other fungi with regard to methodology, vector construction and selection strategies. There are, however, certain differences betweenS. cerevisiae and filamentous fungi with regard to type of genomic insertion and the availability of shuttle vectors. Single-site linked insertions are common in yeast due to the high level of homology required for recombination between vectored and genomic sequences, whereas mycelial fungi often show a high frequency of heterologous and unlinked insertions, often in the form of random and multiple-site integrations. While extrachromosomally-maintained or replicative vectors are readily available for use with yeasts, such vectors have been difficult to construct for use with filamentous fungi. The development of vectors for replicative transformation with these fungi awaits further study. It is proposed that replicative vectors may be inherently less efficient for use with mycelial fungi relative to yeasts, since the mycelium, as an extended and semicontinuous network of cells, may delimit an adequate diffusion of the vector carrying the selectable gene, thus leading to a high frequency of abortive or unstable transformants.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2935-2946 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Genetics ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni ; cabbage looper moth ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of interpopulational differences in the pheromone blend emitted by the cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), was examined by crossing individuals from a field-derived population (P1) with individuals from a long-maintained laboratory colony (P2). These colonies differed in the emission rate and relative proportions of four of the five known minor pheromone components, but not in the emission rate of the major component, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12∶Ac). These differences in pheromone blend were quantitatively small but biologically significant, because in the field, males responded preferentially to traps baited with a pheromone blend that is similar to that emitted by P1 females relative to a blend similar to that emitted by P2 females. In initial crosses, variation in the quantity and quality of pheromone blends among families of P1, P2, and F1 hybrid females was examined. In F1 females the relative proportions (quantity relative to the major component) of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate (Z5-12∶Ac) and (Z)-7-tetradecenyl acetate (Z7-14∶Ac) were intermediate to parental lines. In a second more extensive set of crosses, analyses included P1, P2, F1, F2, and selected backcrosses. The relative proportion of Z5-12∶Ac, Z7-14∶Ac, and Z9-14∶Ac emitted by F1 females were intermediate to parental lines. The frequency distributions of relative proportions of these components emitted by females were not consistent with those expected under a single autosomal or sex-linked gene hypothesis, suggesting that more than one gene is involved in the quantitative differences in the pheromone blend.
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    Journal of biological physics 24 (1998), S. 41-58 
    ISSN: 1573-0689
    Keywords: Neural networks ; Associative memory ; Brain functions ; Disordered systems ; Genetics ; Synergetics ; Self-organization ; Vitreous state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Non-spin glasses possess a number of specific features which, in structural and dynamic aspects, are close to conditions necessary for neural networks to function. In a disordered network there exists a plurality of structural parameters and a number of two-level states defined by double-well potentials. Their characteristics are specified by the conditions of glass formation, i.e. by genesis. The thermodynamic description of glass as a self-organizing system (that does not require introducing an interacting potential model) leads to an unambiguous conclusion that its frequency spectrum is predetermined by the structure, which is characterized by zero-point entropy. Glass is a natural system of oscillators which form a disordered network. In this sense, glass conforms to a known model of a disordered neural network formed by interconnected oscillators. If one assumes that in living organisms the structure of a neural network (the brain) is inherited according to a genetic mechanism, the quickness of learning and recognition of patterns, the stability of associative memory and other capabilities have to be inherited genetically. The more ordered a neural network formed by distinguishable neurons, the better its capabilities.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica oleracea ; Cauliflower ; Stalk rot ; Screening ; Genetics ; Resistance ; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of resistance in cauliflower to stalk rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary) was investigated in population from six generations of six crosses. Disease incidence was recorded on 4 parents, 6 Fs 1, 6 Fs 2 and 12 back-crosses in a screenhouse under artificially created epiphytotic conditions. Resistance to stalk rot in this set of parents was found to be polygenic and under the control of recessive genes and due primarily to additive gene action. A breeding strategy emphasizing recurrent selection should lead to improvement in resistance.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 43 (1995), S. 1-27 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Conservation ; Extinction ; Rarity ; Biodiversity ; Breeding guilds ; Endemism ; Speciation ; Habitat degradation ; Environmental management ; Invasive fishes ; Genetics ; Ecology ; Stenotopy ; Captive propagation ; Legislation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The conservation status and factors threatening fishes worldwide are reviewed in order to introduce a series of one-page articles on ‘Threatened fishes of the world’, and to encourage the incorporation of information on threatened fishes into international conservation programmes. Information on fish extinction and threat rates are compared with those of other animal groups, and the unique characteristics of fish conservation problems are highlighted. At present 979 species of fishes are listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List and at least 36 species and three subspecies are listed as recently extinct. It is argued that these figures are probably gross underestimates and that they may mislead conservation authorities and resource users about the seriousness of the situation. Freshwater fishes may be the most threatened group of vertebrates after the Amphibia. Urgent action is required to save many narrowly endemic, stenotopic species from extinction, especially in Africa, Asia and South America. The conservation of common species that drive essential ecological processes is also important. Anthropogenic pressures, especially habitat degradation, the introduction of invasive species and pollution, on inland and coastal waters are particularly severe and many major fish communities are threatened with elimination throughout the world. The conservation of marine fishes is complicated by the fact that it is difficult to ascertain their rarity. The importance of the retention of genetic variation is highlighted, and both orthodox and innovative conservation measures are encouraged. Further research on minimum viable populations, genetics, and the factors that cause fishes to become vulnerable to extinction, is urgently required.
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    Primates 34 (1993), S. 333-346 
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Genetics ; Pedigrees ; Molecular evolution ; Pan ; Hylobates ; Macaca ; DNA sequences ; Microsatellite loci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using DNA amplified from shed or plucked hair follicles it is now possible to genotype individual primates at many nuclear and mitochondrial gene loci. Sequence specific primers and the polymerase chain reaction permit the rapid production of sufficient DNA from a single hair for numerous analyses. The direct sequencing of relatively conservative mtDNA sequences like cytochromeb is proving useful in establishing species and subspecies-level relationships. More variable sequences (e.g. the mtDNA control region or D-loop) are useful at the population and social community levels. Paternity exclusion, pedigree relationships, and community structure can be determined using simple sequence length polymorphisms (SSLPs) of multiple hypervariable nuclear microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. Studies involving captive and free-ranging chimpanzees, gibbons, and macaques illustrate the resolving power of these new non-invasive molecular genetic genotyping techniques.
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    Molecular Reproduction and Development 27 (1990), S. 168-172 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Motility ; Genetics ; Sex chromosome ratio ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In this study, we address the relationship between motility and genetic content of mouse sperm. The chromosome complements of highly motile mouse sperm, selected using the swim-up technique, were analyzed after in vitro fertilization, at the first cleavage state. They were compared to those of unselected sperm. Identification of male and female chromosome sets was possible because of their differential condensation at the first mitotic division. In vitro fertilization, swim-up separation, chromosome preparation, and staining were carried out using standard techniques. The results indicate that highly motile mouse sperm did not differ in types and frequencies of chromosomal abnormalities from those not selected for motility. Moreover, separation of motile sperm does not deviate the sex ratio from the theoretical 1:1.
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    Electrophoresis 16 (1995), S. 186-196 
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Genetics ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; Denaturing gradient electrophoresis ; Cystic fibrosis ; Mutation ; Breast cancer ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A major effort in the analysis of DNA currently focuses on identifying genes and their pathological variants underlying disease. Once such disease genes have been isolated a major task of molecular medicine is to identify the spectrum of DNA sequence variations responsible for the aberrant function of such genes. These efforts, however, are hindered by the vast amount of genetic information to scan for variations and the limited capacity of analytical techniques in terms of accuracy and speed. Recently, a number of techniques were developed, so-called “genome scanning” techniques, which allow complete genomes to be analyzed for sequence variation in parallel, i.e., at multiple sites or loci simultaneously rather than serially at predefined loci. Here we present the background and applications of a particular electrophoretic parallel processing approach, generically termed two-dimensional DNA typing. The approach is based on separating DNA fragments by two-dimensional electrophoresis [1], including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, thus allowing hundreds of fragments to be simultaneously assessed by comparative analysis for variations in size and sequence. The method is suitable for hybridization analysis with locus-specific and multilocus probes of genomic DNA restriction fragments derived from human and other DNA, and for analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments derived from large genes. Two-dimensional DNA typing has been applied, e.g., in linkage analysis of pedigrees, analysis of tumor genomes for rearrangements, and to scan the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene for sequence variations such as point mutations.
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    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 133-142 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Group I introns ; intron homing ; rDNA inheritance in Tetrahymena ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have previously argued from phylogenetic sequence data that the group I intron in the rRNA genes of Tetrahymena was acquired by different Tetrahymena species at different times during evolution. We have now approached the question of intron mobility experimentally by crossing intron+ and intron- strains looking for a strong polarity in the inheritance of the intron (intron homing). Based on the genetic analysis we find that the intron in T. pigmentosa is inherited as a neutral character and that intron+ and intron- alleles segregate in a Mendelian fashion with no sign of intron homing. In an analysis of vegetatively growing cells containing intron+ and intron- rDNA, initially in the same macronucleus, we similarly find no evidence of intron homing.During the course of this work, we observed to our surprise that progeny clones from some crosses contained three types of rDNA. One possible explanation is that T. pigmentosa has two rdn loci in contrast to the single locus found in T. thermophila. Some of the progeny clones from the genetic analysis were expanded for several hundred generations, and allelic assortment of the rDNA was demonstrated by subcloning analysis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 151-159 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Tetrahymena ; mutants ; secretion ; mucocysts ; immunofluorescence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Dense-core granules represent an adaptation of specialized secretory cell to facilitate stimulus-regulated release of stored proteins. Such granules are a prominent feature of mammalian neuroendocrine and exocrine cells and are also well developed in the ciliates. In Tet-rahymena thermophila, the ability to generate mutants in dense-core granule biosynthesis and fusion presents a versatile system for dissecting steps in regulated exocytosis. We have previously shown that defective granules in such mutants could be characterized by several biochemical criteria, including buoyant density, which increases during maturation, and the degree of proteolytic processing of the content precursors. We have now used indirect immunofluorescence, taking advantage of a monoclonal antibody directed against a granule protein, to visualize the morphology and distribution of both granules and putative granule intermediates in mutant and wild-type cells. The results are consistent with the biochemical analysis and extend our characterization of the mutants, allowing us to distinguish four classes. In addition, the assay represents a powerful technique for diagnosis of new mutants. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 174-179 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Conjugation rescue ; Tetrahymena ; nonexcitable mutant ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Tetrahymena nonreversal (TNR) mutants of Tetrahymena thermophila are behavioral mutants with nonexcitable membranes. When cells of the tnrB mutant were mated with wild type, a phenotypic change occurred about l h after pair formation. The pairs began to lose their heterotypic character in stimulation solution containing high potassium and, within 1 1/2h, they were not distinguishable from the wild-type homotypic pairs. On the contrary, although pairs of the tnrA and wild type also lost their heterotypic character about 1 1/2 h after pair formation, they never showed a full response as wild-type homotypic pairs. When tnrA was mated with tnrB more than 50% of pairs expressed a heterotypic pair character 2 h after pair formation, consistent with the tnrB defect having been rescued but not the tnrA defect. Thus, conjugation rescue of the mutant phenotype is locus dependent and probably reflects the nature of the gene products controlling voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 194-202 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Cellular morphogenesis ; polyphos-photidylinositide cycle ; myo-inositol ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The long-known teratogenic effects (dorsalisation) of lithium on amphibian embryos has recently raised renewed interest. As it is known that lithium blocks the polyphosphoinositide (PI) cycle, causing a depressed level of myo-inositol, and as injections of myo-inostiol have been shown to rescue the effects of Li+, it was postulated that Li+ causes a flattening of gradients of PI cycle activity underlying the developmental polarities. We have studied the effect of Li+ on the morphogenesis of the unicellular organism, Paramecium. We show (1) that exposure to 25 mM Li+ during division yields precise distorsions of the cortical pattern that can be explained by a uniformisation of surface growth i.e. partial suppression of the right/left and antero/posterior asymmetries and (2) that Li+ effects are rescued by injection of myo- inositol. These results suggest that spatially graded activity of the PI cycle (ensuring in turn a spatially graded distribution of secondary messengers directly involved in the morphogenetic processes) appeared early in evolution. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 216-222 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Tetrahymena ; partial cytokinesis ; Positioning ; cdaA1 mutant ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During cytokinesis, furrowing creates new boundaries for daughter cells. Following a shift to a restrictive temperature, cells of the temperature-sensitive cell-division-arrest (cdaA1) mutant of Tetrahymena thermophila complete development of the oral apparatus for the prospective posterior daughter cell before becoming arrested in cytokinesis. When maintained under weak restrictive conditions (35°C), some of the chains were arrested prior to the start of fission line formation (D-shaped chains), whereas others manifested rudimentary unilateral furrowing on the ventral side (B-shaped chains). In their second cell cycle following the temperature shift, the D-shaped chains usually formed only one oral primordium, at a position highly correlated with the length of the entire chain. The B-shaped chains always produced two separate oral primordia, located at irregular positions anterior and posterior to the division furrow, often close to the posterior oral apparatus produced during the first cycle. These results suggest that the formation of the fission line sets a reference boundary to assess the number of oral primordia and influence their position, that appear during subsequent morphogenetic episodes. They also indicate that, during cell division cycles, pre-existing oral apparatuses do not strongly inhibit the formation of new oral apparatuses in their close vicinity. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Micronucleus ; macronucleus ; conjugation ; oral apparatus ; nuclear transplantation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Paramecium caudatum loses the ability to form food vacuoles at the crescent stage of the micronucleus from 5 to 6 hr after the initiation of conjugation and regains it immediately after the third division of the zygotic nucleus. To assess the micronuclear function in the development of the oral apparatus after coniugation, prezygotic micronuclei was removed from cells at various stages of conjugation, and their ability to form food vacuoles were examined. (1) When all of the prezygotic micronuclear derivatives were eliminated before the stage of formation of the zygotic nucleus, the exconjugant did not regain its ability. (2) When a zygotic nucleus or postzygotic nuclei were removed, in some cases the cell formed as many food vacuoles as did nonoperated cells after conjugation, while in other operated cells the number of food vacuoles was subnormal. (3) When a micronucleus from a cell at vegetative phase (G1) was transplanted into a cell of an amicronucleate mating pair at the stage between 8 and 9 hr after the initiation of conjugation, the implanted cell regained the ability to form food vacuoles. However, no cell regained the ability when the implantation was carried out within 1 hr after the separation of the mates. The results show that the micronucleus plays an indispensable role in the development of the oral apparatus at the stages of exchange of gametic nuclei and fertilization and that the micronucleus transplanted from asexual cells can fulfill this function. On the other hand, removal of the macronucleus from exconjugants showed that the maternal macronucleus also has an indispensable function in regaining the ability to form food Vacuoles. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Lembadion-factor ; cell-transformation ; Euplotes octocarinatus ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A morphogenetically active substance released by the predatory ciliate Lem-badion bullinum is recognized by ciliates of the genus Euplotes, which are potential prey organisms of Lembadion. The substance (L-factor) induces cells of the genus Euplotes to become less compact, which reduces their likelihood of becoming engulfed. Under the influence of this Lembadion- derived signal, E. octocarinatus develops extended wings and dorsal and ventral ridges and transforms within a few hours from its typical ovoid morph into an enlarged circular morph. This takes place without cell division. We have isolated the L-factor and report that it is a protein with a mass of 31,500 Da. The factor has been purified to chromatographic and electrophoretic homogeneity and was found to be active at concentrations as low as 10-12 mol/L. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Micronuclei ; laser tweezers ; micro-manipulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have constructed a laser optical force trap (“laser tweezers”) by coupling an Nd:YAG laser to an optical microscope with a high numerical aperture objective. The laser beam (approximately 0.1 W power) is focused to a diffraction-limited spot at the specimen plane of the objective: the wavelength chosen (1,064 nm) is not strongly absorbed by most biological materials and is thus not ablative. Because the intensity of the laser beam increases towards the center of the focal spot, small particles brought near the spot will be attracted to the center and held there. Movement of the laser beam will tend to move any trapped particles with it. The laser tweezers can permit precise, nondestructive repositioning of small structures inside a living cell, without recourse to micromanipulators. Initial work has involved the use of laser tweezers on cells of Paramecium tet-raurelia held by a rotocompressor. We have been able to trap and reposition small organelles, especially the highly refractile structures known as crystals. Using a trapped crystal as a “tool”, we have been able to push micronuclei and other structures for many micrometers to virtually any desired location in a cell. In spite of extended exposure of specific structures and of individual cells to the laser beam, no damage has been detectible. Exposed cells, which were removed from the rotocompres-sor and cultured, showed complete viabilty. The laser tweezers technique shows tremendous potential for applications to the study of many fundamental cellular and developmental phenomena in paramecia and other ciliates. For example, we intend to use this technique to investigate temporal and spatial characteristics of nuclear determining regions during sexual reorganization in Paramecium. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 84
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    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 256-263 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Minute mutations ; oogenesis ; Drosophila ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Antisense RNAs have been used for gene interference experiments in many cell types and organisms. However, relatively few experiments have been conducted with antisense genes integrated into the germ line. In Drosophila reduced ribosomal protein (r-protein) gene function has been hypothesized to result in a Minute phenotype. In this report we examine the effects of antisense r-protein 49 expression, a gene known to correspond to a Minute mutation An antisense rp49 gene driven by a strong and inducible promoter was transformed into the Drosophila germ line. Induction of this gene led to the development of flies with weak Minute phenotypes and to the transient arrest of oogenesis. Parameters that may affect the success of antisense gene inactivation are discussed. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Zea mays ; endosperm development ; in situ hybridization ; zein spatial expression ; highlysine mutants ; Opaque-2 transcript localization ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Endosperm development in maize seed involves the multiplication, enlargement, and differentiation of cells with consequent accumulation of storage products. The storage protein genes, encoding zeins, and glutelins (multigene families) are expressed and developmentally regulated by different loci. Wild-type lines and genotypes carrying mutations at loci affecting zein synthesis (o2, o7, fl2, and prol) were characterized at the molecular level and investigated by Northern analysis in order to define the expression of structural and regulatory genes. In situ hybridization in both wild-type and mutant lines was performed to visualize the spatial distribution of transcripts representing each gene family, during endosperm development. The zein and glutelin mRNAs are expressed in all endosperm cells, except for the aleurone layer. However, each mRNA type accumulates at a different level in the various endosperm regions, thus allowing to recognize specific territories of expression for each storage protein mRNA within the tissue. The spatial expression patterns appear early for each gene type and are maintained during the course of endosperm development. Also, the quantitative distribution of the same transcripts in endosperm of mutant lines is specific for each mutant and different from that of the wild-type. Furthermore, the amount of the O2 transcript, present in the nucleus and cytoplasm of wild-type cells, varies substantially in the different o2 mutations considered, in one mutant almost exclusively confined within the nucleus. These data suggest a specific control of the spatial expression of storage protein genes and a heterogeneous molecular composition of protein bodies throughout the endosperm tissue. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Thyroid hormone ; carbamyl phosphate synthetase ; Rana catesbeiana ; metamorphosis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: During both spontaneous and thyroid hormone (TH)-induced metamorphosis, the Rana catesbeiana tadpole undergoes postembryonic developmental changes in its liver which are necessary for its transition from an ammonotelic larva to a ureotelic adult. Although this transition ultimately results from marked increases in the activities and/or de novo synthesis of the urea cycle enzymes, the precise molecular means by which TH exerts this tissue-specific response are presently unknown. Recent reports, using RNA from whole Xenopus laevis tadpole homogenates and indirect means of measuring TH receptor (TR) mRNAs, suggest a correlation between the up-regulation of TRβ-mRNAs and the general morphological changes occurring during amphibian metamorphosis. To assess whether or not this same relationship exists in a TH-responsive tissue, such as liver, we isolated and characterized a cDNA clone containing the complete nucleotide sequence for a R. catesbeiana urea cycle enzyme, ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), as well as a genomic clone containing a portion of the hormone-binding domain of a R. catesbeiana TRβ gene. Through use of these homologous sequences and a heterologous cDNA fragment encoding rat carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), we directly determined the relative levels of the TRβ, OTC, and CPS mRNAs in liver from spontaneous and TH-induced tadpoles. Our results establish that TH affects an up-regulation of mRNAs for its own receptor prior to up-regulating CPS and OTC mRNAs. Moreover, results with cultured tadpole liver demonstrate that TH, in the absence of any other hormonal influence, can affect an up-regulation of both the TRβ and OTC mRNAs. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: rRNA ; litostomes ; hypotrichs ; hetero-trichs ; karyorelictids ; postciliodesmatophora ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: An rRNA phylogeny of 22 species of ciliates belonging to seven of Small and Lynn's eight classes has been obtained by distance and parsimony methods. It displays good congruence with classical systematics at low taxonomic levels and several major surprises at higher levels: (1) The species analyzed group into five major branches, four of which emerge almost simultaneously: hypotrichs, oligohymenophorans, lito-stomes, and nassophoreans corresponding to four of Small and Lynn's classes. The simultaneous emergence of these groups contradicts the long accepted view that litostomes (a group with “simple”, symmetrical, apical oral apparatus) are “primitive,” while hypotrichs are “highly evolved.” (2) Heterotrichs group with a karyorelictid, together forming the first emerging branch. While this supports the view that karyorelictids may be early-emerging ciliates, it completely explodes the traditional “spirotrichs” taxon, which united heterotrichs and hypotrichs. Instead, this reinforces the concept of Postciliodesmatophora and suggests that asymmetric oral apparatuses (i.e., with distinct paroral and adoral ciliatures) may be primitive in ciliates. The global topology of the tree therefore does not fit with the classical views of ciliate evolution, from “simple” oral apparatus and stomatogenesis to “complex” ones. Instead, a rather striking agreement with the strategy adopted to construct the cortical framework was disclosed. We noted that the cytoskeletal elements used to strengthen the cell surface could be subdivided into four main types: epiplasm, filaments, continuous microtu-bules, or basal body derived fibers. These four types fitted quite well with the major evolutionary lines disclosed by the molecular phylogeny. We therefore discuss unorthodox hypotheses assuming an early explosive radiation of ciliates into a small number of major lineages differing essentially in the solution adopted to subtend the cell surface and anchor the infraciliature. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 88
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    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 277-288 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Broad-Complex ; gypsy ; eggshell ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The Broad-Complex (BR-C) appears to encode factors that mediate ecdysone effects during the larva-adult transition. The main goal of this study was to gain insight into what roles the BR-C might play during oogenesis. The main findings are as follows. First, as determined by heteroallele studies and clonal analysis, de12 is a somatic line mutation that appears to fall into the broad domain of the BR-C. Second, the de12 mutation is associated with the insertion of the gypsy transposon at position 169.5 (Chao and Guild, Embo J, 1986, 5:143-150) in the BR-C domain. In its new context this gypsy element exhibits ovarianspecific activation. Both this gypsy activation and the de12 phenotype are partially suppressible by su(f) and su(Hw). Third, we have identified a set of transcripts that cross-hybridize with BR-C sequence spanning the gypsy insertion site (166-179). There are significant differences in these cross-hybridizing species, both in size and relative abundance, between de12 and its parent strain. Finally we have determined that in de12 there is a premature arrest of chorion gene amplification in the late stages of oogenesis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 89
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    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 302-305 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Arginine kinase ; developmental regulation ; Drosophila ; ecdysone ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Arginine kinase displays a distinctive rise and fall in specific activity and specific protein levels during the prepupal stage of Drosophila development with maximal activity occurring at morphological stage P3. This developmentally regulated peak is under the influence of ecdysone. Altered doses of the major ecdysone-inducible “early” genes at cytological regions 75B and 2B5 alter this pattern of expression while altered doses of another major “early” gene at 74EF have no effect. We hypothesize that a product of the 2B5 locus and a product of the 75B locus interact to effect this developmental pattern of expression of Drosophila arginine kinase. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 90
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    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992) 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 91
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    Developmental Genetics 13 (1992), S. 319-325 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Mammalianembryos ; compaction ; cavitation ; blastocoel expansion ; gene transcription ; mRNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This review summarizes information on accumulation profiles of individual gene transcripts in preimplantation development. Most of the information is from the mouse, but some data from other species are reviewed as well. The principal finding is that the transcription of most genes is not temporally linked with any of the three morphogenetic transitions (compaction, cavitation, and blastocoel expansion) that characterize this period. Most genes that are expressed during pre-implantation development of the mouse are already being transcribed in the 4-cell stage, and some clearly begin as early as the 2-cell stage. Once activated, a gene continues to be transcribed at least into the blastocyst stage, resulting in continuous mRNA accumulation. Thus the pattern of gene transcription established at the time of genomic activation in the 2-cell stage is perpetuated into the blastocyst, with a few additions along the way. This information is interpreted in light of previous findings concerning the sensitivity of morphogenetic transitions to inhibition of gene expression. The lack of a clear relationship between the timing of expression of most genes and the schedule of morphogenesis leads one to conclude that temporal regulation is imposed downstream of transcription and translation. This conclusion is substantiated by a consideration of factors controlling the events of compaction. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster ; imaginal disc ; epithelial morphogenesis ; ecdysone ; steroid hormone secondary response ; pupariation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Drosophila imaginal discs are induced by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxy-ecdysone to initiate morphogenesis leading to formation of the adult appendages and thoracic epidermis at the end of the third larval instar. Ecdysone-dependent transcriptional activation of a set of genes that encode imaginal disc transcripts found on membrane-bound polysomes precedes and may be responsible for some aspects of the cellular changes that mediate epithelial morpho-genesis in this system. A 1.35 kb transcript from one of these genes, IMP-L1, is first observed in vivo at or just prior to pupariation, as ecdysone titers are peaking and beginning to decline. Expression is initiated in proximal areas of the antennal disc, later spreading to a more widespread but nonuniform distribution throughout other thoracic imaginal discs. IMP-L1 is not, however, expressed in other ecdysone target tissues such as salivary glands or fat body. The IMP-L1 gene encodes a novel protein product containing a signal peptide, a possible transmembrane domain, two highly charged domains and a proline rich C-terminal domain. We suggest that the delayed timing of expression of this secondary response gene is necessary for proper ordering of cellular events associated with disc morphogenesis. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Heat shock protein ; maize ; mi-crosporogenesis ; gametogenesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The small (18-kDa) heat shock proteins (hsps) of maize are encoded by a complex multigene family. In a previous report, we described the genetic information from cDNAs encoding two different members of the family. In this communication, we report the isolation and characterization of cDNA and genomic clones encoding information for a third member of this hsp family (c/gMHSP18-1). DNA fragments containing nucleotide sequences common to, or specific for, each of these characterized 18-kDa genes were prepared and used as probes to assess the expression of these genes during microsporogenesis and development of the gametophyte in an inbred line of maize (Oh43). Our results demonstrate (1) that mRNA transcripts encoding the 18-kDa hsps are expressed and/or accumulate during microsporogenesis, and (2) that genes encoding two of the characterized 18-kDa hsps are expressed and/or accumulate independently, in a stage-specific manner during microsporogenesis. These observations imply that the stage-specific expression of particular 18-kDa hsp genes results from gene-specific regulation during microsporogenesis and gametophyte development rather than from an overall activation of the heat shock or stress response. © 1993Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 94
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    Developmental Genetics 14 (1993), S. 42-50 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Development ; transcnption ; heat shock protein ; microinjection ; polymerase chain reaction ; Xenopus laevis ; mRNA ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the present study, we have examined the regulation of expression of a newly isolated member of the hsp 30 gene family, hsp 30C. Using RT-PCR, we found that this gene was first heat-inducible at the tailbud stage of development. We also examined the expression of two microinjected modified hsp 30C gene constructs in Xenopus embryos. One of the constructs had 404 bp of hsp 30C 5′-flanking region, whereas the other had 3.6 kb. Both gene constructs had 1 kb of 3′-flanking region. RT-PCR assays were employed to detect the expression of these microinjected genes. The presence of extensive 5′- and 3′-flanking regions of the hsp 30C gene did not confer proper developmental regulation, since heat-inducible expression of both of the microinjected constructs was detectable at the midblastula stage. The premature expression of the microinjected hsp 30 gene was not a result of high plasmid copy number or the presence of plasmid DNA sequences. These results suggest that the microinjected genes contain all the cis-acting DNA sequences required for correct heat-inducible regulation but do not contain the elements required for the proper regulation of hsp 30 gene expression during development. It is possible that regulatory elements controlling the developmental expression of the hsp30 genes may reside upstream or downstream of the entire cluster. © 1993Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: hsp70 ; heat shock ; fungus ; steroid hormone ; secretion ; mycelial branching ; sexual differentiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the filamentous oomycete fungus Achlya, the differentiation of gamete bearing structures on vegetative hyphae of the male mating type, is induced by the Achlya steroid hormone, antheridiol. Among the several metabolically labeled intracellular proteins whose synthesis or accumulation is altered by hormone treatment are steroid-induced 85-kDa and 68- to 78-kDa proteins. The 85-kDa protein was previously shown to be the Achlya heat shock protein hsp85 [Brunt et al., 1990; Brunt and Silver, 1991], a component of the putative Achlya steroid hormone receptor. It was of interest to determine if the antheridiol-induced “70-kDa” proteins were hsp70-family heat shock proteins and if hormone treatment-induced changes in the level of hsp70 transcripts. Two different Achlya hsp70 genomic sequences were cloned and used to investigate these questions. The two hsp70 sequences recognized two different mycelial transcript populations, one of which was regulated also by decreased glucose. Of note, both of the two hsp70 transcript populations were found to be regulated by antheridiol. The hormone-induced chcnges in hsp70 transcript levels were temporally correlated with the onset of massive lateral hyphal branching and alterations in the pattern of secreted N-linked glycoproteins which occur in hormone-treated mycelia. To our kncwledge, this represents one of the first reports on changes in hsp70 proteins and transcripts during fungal differentiation. Our results may have implications for the role of heat shock proteins in hyphal branching and secretion in filamentous fungi and perhaps other cell types. © 1993Wiley-Liss, Inc. Inc.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Heat shock inducible promoters ; hsp90 ; Zea mays ; developmental expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have isolated two genes from Zea mays encoding proteins of 82 and 81 kD that are highly homologous to the Drosophila 83-kD heat shock protein gene and have analyzed the structure and pattern of expression of these two genes during heat shock and development. Southern blot analysis and hybrid select translations indicate that the highly homologous hsp82 and hsp81 genes are members of a small multigene family composed of at least two and perhaps three or more gene family members. The deduced amino acid sequence of these proteins based on the nucleotide sequence of the coding regions shows 64-88% amino acid homology to other hsp90 family genes from human, yeast, Drosophila, and Arabidopsis. The promoter regions of both the hsp82 and hsp81 genes contain several heat shock elements (HSEs), which are putative binding sites for heat shock transcription factor (HSF) commonly found in the promoters of other heat shock genes. Gene-specific oligonucleotide probes were synthesized and used to examine the mRNA expression patterns of the hsp81 and hsp82 genes during heat shock, embryogenesis, and pollen development. The hsp81 gene is only mildly heat inducible in leaf tissue, but is strongly expressed in the absence of heat shock during the premeiotic and meiotic prophase stages of pollen development and in embryos, as well as in heat-shocked embryos and tassels. The hsp82 gene shows strong heat inducibility at heat-shock temperatures (37-42°C) and in heat shocked embryos and tassels but is only weakly expressed in the absence of heat shock. Promoter-GUS reporter gene fusions made and analyzed by transient expression assays in Black Mexican Sweet (BMS) Maize protoplasts also indicate that the hsp82 and hsp81 are regulated differentially. The hsp82 promoter confers strong heat-inducible expression of the GUS reporter gene in heat-treated cells (60- to 80-fold over control levels), whereas the hsp81 promoter is only weakly heat inducible (5- to 10-fold over control levels). © 1993Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 97
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    Developmental Genetics 14 (1993), S. 58-68 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Ferritin ; heat shock ; development ; sea urchin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A 20-kD protein identified as a subunit of the iron-binding protein ferritin is present in S. purpuratus and L. pictus sea urchin embryos. The synthesis of the protein is stimulated by an elevation in temperature or by an increase in iron supply. The developmental expression of this protein and its regulation during normal development and upon heat shock was investigated. In L. pictus, ferritin is present in the unfertilized egg and, as determined by Western blot analysis, its concentration remains approximately constant after fertilization up to the gastrulc-pluteus stage; there is a small transient decrease in the level of the protein in the early blastula at a time coinciding with the first clear indication of its de novo synthesis. Northern blots reveal no cytoplasmic ferritin transcripts in the unfertilized egg, but there occurs a dramatic increase in the RNA level from the late morulaearly blastula stage (12-14 hr) to the mesenchyme blastula-early gastrula (25-30 hr) stage. This developmentally regulated increase in the constitutive concentration of ferritin RNA is correlatable with the normal onset of synthesis of the protein. The overall degree and nature of induction of ferritin by heat is dependent on the developmental stage: at 10-16 hr postfertilization heat shock elicits an increase in both the concentration of RNA and the synthesis of the protein; in hatched blastula (18 hr) and in later embryos heat shock increases ferritin synthesis, without a corresponding increase in the mRNA level. It appears that different mechanisms operate in the developing sea urchin embryo to regulate the expression of ferritin during normal development and on exposure to heat stress, one dependent on the concentration of ferritin transcripts and another operating at the level of translational control. © 1993Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Developmental Genetics 14 (1993), S. 87-91 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Heat shock ; translation ; transcription ; development ; mRNA ; differentiation ; mammals ; birds ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
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  • 99
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    Developmental Genetics 14 (1993), S. 103-111 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Mouse ; development ; small heat shock protein ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have investigated the developmental and tissue-specific distribution of the mouse small hsp25 by immunohistology using an antibody that specifically identifies hsp25. Our analysis shows that the relative amount of hsp25 increases during embryogenesis. Through days 13-20 of embryogenesis, hsp25 accumulation is predominant in the various muscle tissues, including the heart, the bladder, and the back muscles. hsp25 is detectable also in neurons of the spinal cord and the purkinje cells. Furthermore analysis of the closely related α, B-crystallin shows that in several tissues, including the bladder, the notochordal sheath and the eye lens both proteins are coexpressed. Our studies demonstrate that mammalian hsp25 accumulation is developmentally regulated during mouse embryogenesis and support the view of an important functional role of small heat shock proteins in normal cell metabolism. © 1993Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 100
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    Developmental Genetics 14 (1993), S. 119-126 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Spermatogenesis ; HSP90 proteins ; HSP70 proteins ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This study extends to the protein level our previous observations, which had established the stage and cellular specificity of expression of hsp86 and hsp84 in the murine testis in the absence of exogenous stress. Immunoblot analysis was used to demonstrate that HSP86 protein was present throughout testicular development and that its levels increased with the appearance of differentiating germ cells. HSP86 was most abundant in the germ cell population and was present at significantly lower levels in the somatic cells. By contrast, the HSP84 protein was detected in the somatic cells of the testis rather than in germ cells. The steady-state levels of HSP86 and HSP84 paralleled the pattern of the expression of their respective mRNAs, suggesting that regulation at the level of translation was not a major mechanism controlling hsp90 gene expression in testicular cells. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that a 70-kDa protein coprecipitated with the HSP86/HSP84 proteins in testicular homogenates. This protein was identified as an HSP70 family member by immunoblot analysis, suggesting that HSP70 and HSP90 family members interact in testicular cells. © 1993Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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