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Restriction-site variation of PCR-amplified chloroplast DNA regions and its implication for the evolution and taxonomy of Actinidia (1998)

Cipriani, G. ; Testolin, R. ; Gardner, R.

Springer

Theoretical and applied genetics 96 (1998), S. 389-396

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ISSN: 1432-2242

Keywords: Key words Actinidia ; Kiwifruit ; Chloroplast DNA ; Molecular taxonomy ; Parsimony analysis ; Phylogeny

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Twenty six restriction sites from five PCR-amplified chloroplast DNA sequences (rbcL, psbA, rpoB, and two spacers flanking the trnL gene) were mapped and analysed in 20 Actinidia taxa, encompassing all four sections into which the genus is divided. At least three species out of the 20 examined have been found to have originated through natural interspecific hybridisation on the basis of the discrepancy between morphological and biochemical traits and the cpDNA profiles of pairs of species. A widely reticulate evolution has therefore been postulated in Actinidia. Wagner and weighted parsimony analysis produced consensus trees that did not match the traditional taxonomy based on morphological characters. The molecular data clearly showed that some taxa, such as A. rufa and A. kolomikta, occupy a wrong position and most, if not all, of the traditional groups represented by sections and series are weakly supported, since they appear as polyphyletic. A. chinensis and A. deliciosa were confirmed to be very closely related. Since chloroplast DNA is paternally inherited in Actinidia, A. chinensis is a paternal progenitor, if not the only one, of A. deliciosa, the domesticated kiwifruit.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050754

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2

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Paternal inheritance of chloroplast DNA and maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in the genus Actinidia (1997)

Testolin, R. ; Cipriani, G.

Springer

Theoretical and applied genetics 94 (1997), S. 897-903

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ISSN: 1432-2242

Keywords: Key words Kiwifruit ; Chloroplast inheritance ; Mitochondrial inheritance ; mtDNA Intraspecific polymorphism ; PCR-amplified RFLP

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract PCR amplification of four chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions followed by restriction of the amplified products was used to identify restriction fragment length polymorphisms in 21 Actinidia taxa. Subsequently, the mode of organelle inheritance was investigated in both interspecific and intraspecific controlled crosses made between genotypes showing different cpDNA and/or mtDNA haplotypes. Fifty-six seedlings produced from three interspecific crosses, including in one case the pseudo reciprocal (different genotypes of the same species used as opposite parents), were checked for cpDNA inheritance, and 102 seedlings from the same interspecific crosses and 32 seedlings from two intraspecific crosses within the species A. deliciosa were checked for mtDNA inheritance. In all cases, cpDNA was inherited from the father and mtDNA was inherited from the mother. Maternal inheritance of mtDNA was expected, being the rule in plants, but A. deliciosa is the first genus in angiosperms for which a widespread and strictly paternal inheritance of cpDNA has been reported. Transmission of chloroplastic and mitochondrial genomes through opposite parents provides an exceptional opportunity for studying the paternal and maternal genetic lineages of species in the genus Actinidia.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050493

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3

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AC/GT and AG/CT microsatellite repeats in peach [Prunus persica (L) Batsch]: isolation, characterisation and cross-species amplification in Prunus (1999)

Cipriani, G. ; Lot, G. ; Huang, W.-G. ; [et al.]

Springer

Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 65-72

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ISSN: 1432-2242

Keywords: Key words Simple sequence repeat (SSR) ; Microsatellites ; Molecular markers ; Genetics ; Fingerprinting

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract We report the sequences of 17 primer pairs of microsatellite loci, which we have cloned and sequenced from two genomic libraries of peach [Prunus persica (L) Batsch] ‘Redhaven’, enriched for AC/GT and AG/CT repeats respectively. For ten of these microsatellite loci we were able to demonstrate Mendelian inheritance in a segregating back-cross population; the remainder did not segregate. The polymorphism of the microsatellites was evaluated in a panel of ten peach genotypes, including true-to-type peaches, nectarines and one canning-peach. Fifteen microsatellites (88%) were polymorphic showing 2–4 alleles each. The mean heterozygosity, averaged over all loci, was 0.32 and significantly higher than that reported in the literature for isozymes and molecular markers, such as RFLPs and RAPDs. We have also assayed the cross-species transportability and found that ten microsatellite (59%) gave apparently correct amplification in all Prunus species surveyed, namely P. domestica (European plum), P. salicina (Japanese plum), P. armeniaca (apricot), P. dulcis (almond), P. persica var. vulgaris (peach), P. persica var. laevis (nectarine), P. avium (sweet cherry) and P. cerasus (sour cherry), with three of them also being amplified in Malus (apple). The remaining microsatellites gave less-extensive amplification. Because of their appreciable polymorphism and wide cross-species transportability, most of these new markers can be integrated into the linkage maps which are currently being constructed in peach, as well as in other stone fruit crops, such as almond, apricot, cherry and plum.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051209

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4

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Microsatellite DNA in Actinidia chinensis: isolation, characterisation, and homology in related species (1998)

Huang, W.-G. ; Cipriani, G. ; Morgante, M. ; [et al.]

Springer

Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 1269-1278

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ISSN: 1432-2242

Keywords: Key words Simple sequence repeat (SSR) ; Microsatellites ; Molecular markers ; Genetics ; Kiwifruit

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract We have isolated and sequenced 263 microsatellite-containing clones from two small insert libraries of Actinidia chinensis enriched for (AC/GT) and (AG/CT) repeats, respectively. Primer pairs were designed for 203 microsatellite loci and successfully amplified from both plasmid and A. chinensis genomic DNA. In this paper we report the sequences of 40 primer pairs for which we have demonstrated Mendelian segregation in the progeny from controlled crosses. The polymorphism of ten microsatellites of each type was evaluated in four diploid and six tetraploid genotypes of A. chinensis. All microsatellites proved to be polymorphic, the number of alleles per locus detected in polyacrylamide sequencing gels ranging from 9 to 17. The high degree of polymorphism in Actinidia renders these markers useful either for mapping in A. chinensis or for fingerprinting cultivars of both domesticated kiwifruit species (A. chinensis and A. deliciosa). While most primer pairs produced single amplification products, about 20% generated banding patterns consistent with the amplification of two different loci. This supports the hypothesis that diploid species of Actinidia (2n=2x=58) are polyploid in origin with a basic chromosome number x=14/15 and that chromosome duplication may have occurred during the evolution of the genus. Finally, we have assayed the cross-species transportability of primer pairs designed from A. chinensis sequences and have found extensive cross-species amplification within the genus Actinidia; 75% of primer pairs gave successful amplification in the eight species assayed (A. arguta, A. rufa, A. polygama, A. chrysantha, A. callosa, A. hemsleyana, A. eriantha, and A. deliciosa), which are representative of the four sections into which the genus is currently split.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051019

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5

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Conservation of microsatellite loci within the genus Vitis (2000)

Di Gaspero, G. ; Peterlunger, E. ; Testolin, R. ; [et al.]

Springer

Theoretical and applied genetics 101 (2000), S. 301-308

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ISSN: 1432-2242

Keywords: Key words Simple sequence repeats ; Inter-specific priming ; Molecular markers ; Grapevine

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Eleven microsatellites isolated from grapevine (Vitis vinifera) were used to study the degree of conservation of these sequences across different Vitis species. Nine microsatellites were newly isolated, the remaining two (VVS2 and VVS5) came from the literature. A preliminary assay on the conservation of priming sites was carried out on 14 non-V. vinifera species, including relevant taxa for breeding. Parthenocissus quinquefolia was added as representative of a related genus. Cross-species amplification was obtained in 94% of the 176 genotype×locus tested combinations. Three microsatellite loci were then cloned and sequenced in ten species. The microsatellite repeat was found present in all cases. The repeat region was often longer in V. vinifera than in the other species. Furthermore the non-source species showed interruptions in the repeat. In spite of these constraints, which could reduce the polymorphism of microsatellites in non-source species, the results demonstrate the possibility of extending the use of microsatellite markers to wild germplasm and inter-specific hybrids. Point mutations have been found in microsatellite flanking regions and these variations have been used to investigate the genetic relationship among taxa. The Neighbor-joining tree that was obtained on the basis of ten nucleotide variations, showed that there is not a clear cut difference between American, Asian and European species and that the actual taxonomy which reflects the geographical distribution of species must most likely be revised. Moreover, in general, nucleotide variations which occur in microsatellite flanking regions provide new molecular tools for investigating the evolution of species.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220051483

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6

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Sex segregation ratio and gender expression in the genus Actinidia (1995)

Testolin, R. ; Cipriani, G. ; Costa, G.

Springer

Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 129-132

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ISSN: 1432-2145

Keywords: Sex control ; Disomic segregation ; Dioecy Kiwifruit ; Genetics

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The sex segregation ratio was checked in bi-parental families of Actinidia deliciosa (2n=6x=174) obtained by crossing four females (A12, Mo3, Br4, Hw1) with two males (T2, M1) and one fruiting male (M3h, subandroecious) according to a factorial mating design. The M3h fruiting male was also selfed. The sex ratio was checked in maternal families of A. kolomikta (2n=2x) and A. chinensis (2n=2x) as well as in A. deliciosa. Seedlings of both diploid species took 3–4 years to progress beyond juvenility, whereas a noticeable number of seedlings from biparental crosses of A. deliciosa involving A12 and Hw1 as seed parents were still non-flowering after seven growing seasons. Open-pollinated families of both diploid and hexaploid species as well as most families from biparental crosses showed a sex segregation ratio approaching 1∶1. Subandroecious lines with different degrees of ovary and pistil development appeared in proportions of 0–4.2%, depending on the cross, but only 6 of the 2567 male vines checked were capable of setting fruit. No case of self-fertility or apomixis was detected among 1866 bagged female vines. Selfed M3h progenies gave only female and male phenotypes in a ratio of 1 female to 3 males. No off-type vines were found among these progenies. The same disomic sex segregation ratio seems to be operating at different ploidy levels in the genus Actinidia. Since selfed fruiting males produced both female and male individuals, the male sex appears to be the heterogametic one. Such evidence indicates that a monofactorial system based on one or more linked genes or on an X/Y chromosome set must be controlling sex expression. How a monofactorial sex-determining mechanism could operate in polyploids to give a 1∶1 female: male ratio is discussed. Minor modifying gene(s) seem to be responsible for the feminization of males, and their expression appears enhanced by environmental conditions. Masculinizing gene(s) seem to be lacking in female genotypes.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00242255

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