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  • Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption  (122)
  • Neurosecretion  (85)
  • Springer  (207)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • Irkutsk : Ross. Akad. Nauk, Sibirskoe Otd., Inst. Zemnoj Kory
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • Wiley
  • 2015-2019
  • 2005-2009
  • 1975-1979  (123)
  • 1970-1974  (84)
Collection
Publisher
  • Springer  (207)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • Irkutsk : Ross. Akad. Nauk, Sibirskoe Otd., Inst. Zemnoj Kory
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • Wiley
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 345-351 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wismut, Cadmium, Thallium in Gesteinen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; fraktionierte Destillation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The analysis of bismuth, cadmium and thallium in rock samples can be performed by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry, after separation and preconcentration by a volatilization technique. This method has the major advantage that small amounts of substance can be used with a minimum consumption of chemicals, so that sources of contamination are reduced. The detection limit for Bi and Tl is about 1 ppb and for Cd about 0.1 ppb in the rock. Depending on the content in the rock samples, the relative standard deviation is between 2 and 30%. Several attempts have been made to determine the yields of Bi, Cd and Tl from synthetic and natural samples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung von Wismut, Cadmium und Thallium in Gesteinen kann mit der flammenlosen Atomabsorptions-Spektroskopie nach verdampfungsanalytischer Abtrennung erfolgen. Die Verdampfungsnalyse hat den Vorteil, daß bei geringem Reagentienverbrauch kleine Mengen analysiert werden können. Die Gefahr der Einschleppung von Verunreinigungen wird erheblich vermindert. Die Nachweisgrenze bezogen auf die Probe beträgt für Wismut und Thallium ca. 1 ppb und für Cadmium ca. 0.1 ppb. In Abhängigkeit von der Konzentration liegt die relative Standardabweichung zwischen 2 und 30 %. An synthetischen und natürlichen Proben sind die Ausbeuten an diesen Elementen bestimmt worden.
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  • 2
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 355-361 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Geolog. Material, Biolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohrküvette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Serious systematic errors inherent in the determination of lead in geological and biological samples by flameless atomic-absorption spectrometry are demonstrated. The reduced absorption of lead is due to partial interaction with alkaline, alkaline-earth and iron chlorides during the atomization stage. Incomplete dissociation of the volatile monochloride of lead in the gaseous phase reduces the absorption signal. An addition of 20% hydrogen to nitrogen (purge gas) diminishes signal suppression by removing the chlorine in form of volatile HCl. The detection limit is about 0.6 ppm in rocks and about 0.3 ppm in plant materials. Depending on the content in the samples the relative standard deviation is between 1 and 12%. The accuracy of the method was tested on 39 international standard reference samples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Schwerwiegende systematische Fehler bei der Bestimmung von Blei in geologischen und biologischen Materialien mit der Graphitrohrküvette werden aufgezeigt. Die Reaktion von Blei mit Alkali-, Erdalkali- und Eisenchloriden während der Atomisierungsphase führt zur Bildung von Bleimonochlorid, das nur unvollständig dissoziiert und eine Signalunterdrückung zur Folge hat. Ein Zusatz von 20% Wasserstoff zu Stickstoff als Spülgas vermindert die Signalunterdrückung, indem überschüssiges Chlor als Chlorwasserstoff entfernt wird. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei ca. 0,6 ppm für Gesteine und bei ca. 0,3 ppm für Pflanzenmaterialien. Je nach der Konzentration beträgt die relative Standardabweichung 1–12%. Die Genauigkeit der Methode wurde an 39 internationalen Standardreferenzproben überprüft.
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  • 3
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 402-404 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Antimon in Biolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Nanospuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine selektive Bestimmung von Antimon durch Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie ist durch elektrothermale Atomisierung von Antimonwasserstoff in einem Argonspülgasstrom möglich. Das Verfahren erfordert eine hohe und reproduzierbare Geschwindigkeit der Reduktion des Antimons zu Antimonwasserstoff in der wäßrigen Probelösung. Geeignete Bedingungen für diese Reduktion erreicht man, wenn man in der Lösung zunächst einen Komplex von Antimon(III) mit Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure bildet; dieser Komplex reagiert mit Natriumborhydrid in der geforderten Weise zu Antimonwasserstoff. Bei der Mineralisierung des organischen Materials ist auf genaue Temperaturführung zu achten.
    Notes: Summary High selectivity in measuring antimony by atomic absorption spectrometry is obtained by electrothermal atomisation of stibine in a stream of argon purging gas. This procedure requires a fast and reproducible reduction to stibine of the total antimony present in an aequeous solution. Optimum conditions for this reduction are reached by first transforming all antimony in the solution to an EDTA-chelate of antimony(III) which then reacts uniformly with sodium boron hydride to give stibine. Close temperature control is essential in decomposition of biological samples.
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  • 4
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 294 (1979), S. 416-416 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Benzin ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; emulgierte Proben
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 5
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 110-115 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cadmium in Boden, Sedimenten ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Zr-beschichtete Graphitrohre
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, das es gestattet, nach einer Anreicherung von Cadmium durch Extraktion mit APDC/MIBK und anschließender Reextraktion mit Salpetersäure, die stark salpetersaueren Reextrakte direkt in Zirkonium-beschichteten Graphitrohren bei Verwenden der flammenlosen Atomabsorption zu vermessen. Diese Rohre zeigten eine gute Lebensdauer (150–300 Analysen). Durch eine Behandlung der Rohre mit einer Fe3+-Lösung konnten Beeinflussungen der Cadmiumsignale durch Begleitstoffe verhindert werden. Cadmium wird bei der Extraktion und Reextraktion um den Faktor fünf angereichert. Bei hohen Cadmiumgehalten in den Proben kann die Analyse bei gleicher Probenvorbereitung mit Hilfe der Flammenatomabsorption durchgeführt werden. Die Arbeitsbedingungen für die flammenlose, sowie für die Flammen-Atomabsorption werden angegeben. Als Nachweisgrenzen bei Verwenden der flammenlosen Atomabsorption wurden im Mittel 0,53 μg Cd/l, für die Flammenatomabsorption 19,4μg Cd/l gefunden, die durch die Anreicherung auf ca. 0,1, bzw. 4 μg Cd/l gesenkt werden.
    Notes: Summary Cadmium is enriched by an extraction with APDC/MIBK and subsequent reextraction with nitric acid. A procedure is described for analyzing these solutions directly by means of flameless atomic absorption, inspite of the high concentration of nitric acid in a zirconium coated graphite tube. These tubes, proved to be very resistant (150–300 analyses). After treatment of the tubes with a Fe3+-solution no interference by accompanying anions and cations could be observed. By the extraction and reextraction procedure described cadmium is enriched by a factor of five. Samples of higher cadmium concentrations were analyzed by means of flame atomic absorption after the same sample preparation. Working conditions for flameless and flame atomic absorption are given. Detection limits have been calculated as 0.53 μg Cd/l in the case of flameless, 19.4 μg Cd/l in the case of flame atomic absorption. These values are further decreased by the above enrichment procedure to 0.1 and 4 μg Cd/l, respectively.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber, Silber, Kupfer, Wismut, Blei, Cadmium, Tellur in Wasser ; Röntgenfluorescenz-Spektrometrie ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Spuren, Anreicherung an Sulfidschichten, Fällungsaustausch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Verbesserung des Nachweisvermögens und der Zuverlässigkeit von röntgenfluorimetrischen und atomabsorptiometrischen Bestimmungsverfahren für geringe Spurengehalte von Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd, Sn, As, Se, Te, Zn, Co und Ni in wäßrigen Lösungen wurde die Eignung einer der Bestimmung vorgeschalteten Anreicherungsmethode durch Fällungsaustausch an einer dünnen Sulfidschicht systematisch untersucht. Die wäßrige Probe (0,1–61, pH 3–6) wird durch eine auf einem Membranfilter (Cellulosenitrat bzw. PTFE, Porenweite ≤1 μm) frisch präparierte homogene Metallsulfidschicht (ZnS, MnS, CuS, PbS u.a., Dicke: 300–400 nm) filtriert. Dabei werden mit Ausnahme des Arsens die Elemente praktisch vollständig aus der Lösung zurückgehalten, die schwerlösliche Sulfide mit einem kleineren Löslichkeitsprodukt als das der austauschenden Schicht bilden. Nach dem Austausch kann die Bestimmung der Elemente entweder simultan durch RFA direkt auf dem Filter oder nach Lösen des Niederschlages in wenig Säure durch AAS mit elektrothermischer Atomisierung erfolgen. Durch erhebliche Voranreicherung können Nachweisgrenzen im ng/l-Bereich erzielt werden. Eichung, Störungen durch Begleitsubstanzen und Güteziffern des Verbundverfahrens werden beschrieben, das vor allem für die simultane und zuverlässige Bestimmung von Spuren, Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd und Te in Trink-, Oberflächen- und Schneeschmelzwasser empfohlen werden kann.
    Notes: Summary For the improvement of the power of detection and the reliability of X-ray fluorimetric and atomic-absorption spectrometric determination procedures for very low levels of Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd, Sn, As, Se, Te, Zn, Co and Ni in aqueous solutions the applicability of a pre-concentration method by precipitate-exchange on thin sulphide layers which preceds the actual determination has been investigated systematically. The aqueous sample (0.1–61, pH 3–6) is filtered through a freshly prepared homogeneous metal sulphide layer (e.g. ZnS, MnS, CuS, PbS, thickness: 300–400 nm) which is placed on a membrane filter (cellulose nitrate or PTFE, pore size ≤1 μm). In this way with the exception of As, the elements forming sparingly soluble sulphides with a lower solubility product than the corresponding sulphides of the layer are practically completely retained from the solution. The exchanged elements can be determined either simultaneously directly on the filter by RFA or sequentially after dissolution of the precipitate in a small volume of acid by AAS with electrothermal atomization. By a considerable pre-concentration detection limits in the ng/l range can be obtained. Calibration, interferences by concomitant elements, and quality grades of the multi-stage procedure are described, which can be recommended for the simultanous and reliable determination of traces of Hg, Ag, Cu, Bi, Pb, Cd, and Te in potable, surface, and snow-melting water.
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  • 7
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 295 (1979), S. 352-354 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer mit Zinkdibenzyldithiocarbamat ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Lösungsmittel für die Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The utility of various organic solvents, such as acetates and ketones, for the CuDBC chelate extraction and subsequent atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination is studied. Methyl propionate was found to be the most sensitive solvent. Data for the different substances are presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verwendbarkeit verschiedener Lösungsmittel (Acetate und Ketone) für die Extraktion des CuDBC-Komplexes und anschließende atomabsorptions-spektralphotometrische Bestimmung wurde systematisch untersucht. Werte für die verschiedenen Substanzen werden angegeben. Die größte Empfindlichkeit kann mit Methylpropionat erzielt werden.
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  • 8
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 9-11 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber in Luft ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; neues Spektrometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Atomabsorptions-Spektrometer wird beschrieben, das zur Bestimmung des Quecksilbergehaltes in Luft die Absorption der im vakuumultravioletten Spektralbereich gelegenen Hg-Resonanzlinie 184,9 nm benutzt. Die Kombination einer Hg-Niederdruckdampflampe mit einer Photozelle mit CsI-Kathode gestattet einen Spektrometer-Aufbau ohne Monochromator oder Filter. Zur Messung der HgKonzentration in Gasen wird das Quecksilber einer Probe zunächst auf einem Goldblech gesammelt, durch Ausheizen des Goldes wieder freigesetzt und die Absorption durch die Dampfwolke bestimmt. Das Eichverfahren und Meßbeispiele werden erläutert.
    Notes: Summary An atomic absorption spectrometer is described using the absorption of the vacuum ultraviolet resonance line 184.9 nm to determine the amount of mercury in air. The use of a mercury low-pressure discharge lamp combined with a CsI photocell makes it possible to omit monochromator or filter. For measuring the concentration of mercury in all sorts of gases the mercury of the sample is collected on sheet gold. By heating the sheet mercury is set free and the absorption of the mercury vapour can then be measured. The calibration procedure and some analytical results are described.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synaptic contacts ; Neurosecretion ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Tilting stage electron microscopy ; Serial section reconstruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the central nervous system (CNS) of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis 3 types of interneuronal contacts can be distinguished electron-microscopically, viz. true synapses, “synapse-like structures” (SLS), and “spinules”. Use of the electron microscope specimen tilting stage reveals numerous true synapses. Both “terminal” and “en passant” contacts occur on neurones and on glial cells. Furthermore “bigeminal” synapses are present. Complex (combined) convergent and divergent synaptic arrangements are found. On the basis of the morphology of presynaptic vesicles 7 types of true synapses can be discerned. Histochemical data on the contents of the vesicles are lacking. However, vesicle morphology suggests that type IV is aminergic and type VII cholinergic. Terminal and en passant SLS may penetrate deeply into neuronal somata and large axons, and into glial cells. A cluster of synaptic vesicles is present in the presynapse-like element. Spinules (spine-coated “evagination-invagination” specializations of the plasma membranes of 2 adjacent neuronal elements) are observed between somata, between axons, and between soma and axon. The neurosecretory Light Green Cells (LGC) and Caudo-Dorsal Cells (CDC) receive complex synaptic input. Type V true synapses, 2 types of SLS, and spinules contact the LGC. The complex morphology of the relationship between type A SLS and LGC, studied in serial sections, reveals that adjacent glial cells are also contacted by type A SLS. Type II true synapses, 3 types of SLS, and spinules are identified on the CDC. The validity of the methods of identification and classification of interneuronal contacts in the CNS of L. stagnalis, as well as the role of these contacts in the regulation of the activity of “ordinary” neurones, neurosecretory cells, and glial cells is discussed.
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  • 10
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 539-556 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Ground squirrel (Citellus erythrogenys Brandt) ; Seasonal changes ; Hibernation ; Quantitative analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Monthly observations of the “Gomori-positive” hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system (HHNS) of the ground squirrel, Citellus erythrogenys Brandt, were carried out light microscopically using several quantitative methods. From the beginning of hibernation, formation of neurosecretory material (NSM) in the neurosecretory cells (NSC) progressively decreases and release of neurohormones from the HHNS is almost fully inhibited. A maximal accumulation of NSM in the perikarya of the NSC and in the posterior pituitary (PP) is found in December. By this time the volume of the cell nuclei and nucleoli is at a minimum. Signs of activation of the HHNS appear and become more conspicuous as the time of arousal from torpor approaches. The amount of NSM in the NSC and the PP decreases simultaneously with the increase in volume of the NSC. Hyperemia and activation of glial elements is visible throughout the HHNS. The morphological signs of activation reach their peak in March. After reproduction is completed (April to beginning of May), the NSC and the PP are almost devoid of NSM. Beginning with June and during the summer and autumn months a progressive accumulation of NSM in the NSC and the PP parallels gradual diminution in the volume of the NSC structures and the glial cells. Mechanisms and effector pathways by which the HHNS influences seasonal adaptation of the organism and reproduction are discussed.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 199 (1979), S. 509-517 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory bulb ; Giant cells ; Neurosecretion ; Electron microscopy ; Labyrinth fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The giant cells in the olfactory bulb of labyrinth fish, most likely belonging to the nervus terminalis, show ultrastructural features of active synthesis of secretory material. Dense core vesicles (70–100 nm in diameter), found in the perikaryon as well as in the axon, are the possible storage sites of the secretory substance. Its chemical nature is unknown. In some of these vesicles acid phosphatase is demonstrable. Large membrane-bound bodies (up to 2000 nm in diameter), either containing an electron dense matrix or debris of cytoplasmic organelles, are also acid phosphatase-positive, suggesting their lysosomal nature. Some other ultrastructural characteristics of these cells are also described.
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  • 12
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 125-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phosphor in Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, ZrC-beschichtete Graphitrohrküvette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A flameless atomic-absorption method for determination of phosphorus is developed, employing zirconium treated graphite tubes. The great improvement of the sensitivity with these tubes eliminates the necessity of adding La(NO3)3. The sensitivity does not vary from tube to tube and its maximal value is attained within the first 2–3 firings. The atomization signal is practically the same within the range of 2,600–2,800° C when the rise of the temperature is high (〉 1,500° C/s). The best signal to noise ratio is obtained at 2,600° C. The detection limit is 0.05 ppm with injection of 50 μl. The method is applied to the analysis of a standard steel sample.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Verwendung einer ZrC-beschichteten Graphitrohrküvette wurde eine wesentliche Erhöhung der Empfindlichkeit erzielt, ohne daß eine Zugabe von La(NO3)3 nötig wäre. Bei Küvettenwechsel ändert sich die Empfindlichkeit nicht. Das maximale Signal wird während der ersten 2–3 Bestimmungen erreicht. Das Atomisierungssignal bleibt im Bereich zwischen 2600 und 2800 °C praktisch unverändert. Das Signal/Rausch-Verhältnis ist bei 2600 °C am größten. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 0,05 ppm bei 50 μl. Die Methode wurde zur Analyse von Stahlstandardproben angewendet.
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  • 13
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 345-349 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer, Blei, Zink ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, chromatogr. Trennung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The sample of seawater (51) is freed from solid particles, buffered at pH 5.6 and percolated through a column filled with ED3A. After sample passage 15 ml 1 M hydrochloric acid solution are pumped through the column to dissolve the concentrated ions. The final measurement using flame atomic absorption is carried out in the hydrochloric acid solution. The total labour time is less than 15 min. The standard deviations (4 analyses) for the determination of Cu, Pb and Zn (in the normal concentration range of 2–6 μg · l−1) were 2–5%, 5% and 1–10%, the recoveries 100%, 102% and 104%, respectively. A concentration coefficient of 300–500 was obtained.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Probe Meereswasser (51) wird nach Entfernen der festen Teilchen auf einen pH-Wert von 5,6 gepuffert und durch eine Trennsäule mit ED3A geführt. Die angereicherten Metallionen werden mit 15 ml 1 M HCl-Lösung eluiert. Anschließend erfolgt die Bestimmung durch Flammenatomabsorption. Die Methode erfordert insgesamt weniger als 15 min Arbeitszeit. Die Standardabweichungen (4 Best.) betragen für Cu, Pb und Zn (im normalen Bereich von etwa 2–6 μg·l−1) etwa 2–5%, 5% und 1–10%, die Wiederfindungsraten 100%, 102% bzw. 104%. Der Konzentrationskoeffizient beträgt 300 bis 500.
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  • 14
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 135-139 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Störung durch Fremdelemente
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The interfering effect of thirty six metal salts on chromium absorbance in the air-acetylene flame has been studied. The interference does not depend on the boiling point of the added foreign metals or particle size as previously assumed but is postulated to result from the formation of mixed oxides or bimetallic species or from suppression of ionized gaseous chromium pressure. The effect of the alkali sulphates as releasing agents in the determination of chromium has been tested and results show that they can be used to eliminate both suppressive and enhancing interferents.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Störungsmöglichkeiten von 36 verschiedenen Metallsalzen bei der AAS-Bestimmung von Chrom mit Hilfe der Luft-Acetylen-Flamme wurden systematisch untersucht. Dabei stellte sich heraus, daß der Einfluß dieser Salze nicht — wie früher angenommen — vom Siedepunkt der betreffenden Metalle oder der Teilchengröße abhängt, sondern von der Bildung von Mischoxiden, Bimetallverbindungen oder von der Herabsetzung des Chromdampfdrucks. Weiterhin wurde die Wirkung von Alkalisulfaten als Releasing-Reagentien untersucht und gefunden, daß diese sowohl bei abschwächender als auch verstärkender Wirkung angewendet werden können.
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  • 15
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 128-134 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Arbeitsbedingungen, Einflüsse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Vielfältigkeit der Einflüsse von Mineralsäuren, Lösungsgenossen, Brennererwärmung und der Wertigkeit des Ions, welche insgesamt die Bestimmung von Chrom mittels AAS sehr problematisch gestalten, systematisch untersucht. Durch Verwendung einer brenngasarmen Acetylen-Lachgasflamme werden diese Schwierigkeiten weitestgehend beseitigt, was an hochprozentigen Normstählen demonstriert wird.
    Notes: Summary The variety of influences, such as mineral acids, heating of the burner head, solvent components and valency of the ion, was examined systematically. By use of a lean acetylene-nitrous oxide flame these difficulties can by eleminated extensively, and this is demonstrated on high chromium standard steels.
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  • 16
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 159-160 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Lithium ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohrküvette, Isotopie-Effekte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 17
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 337-344 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Selen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Spuren, Hydrid, Elementquerstörungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Natriumborhydrid-Reduktionsmethode zur Austreibung des Selens aus sauren Probenlösungen in Kombination mit einer AAS-Bestimmung des Selens in einer geheizten Quarzküvette (Hydridsystem MHS-1 der Firma Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer, Überlingen) wird durch die Gegenwart zahlreicher Begleitelemente selbst im Spurenbereich gestört. Bei der Bestimmung von 5–100 ng Se in 20 ml 0,3 N salzsaurer Probenlösung verursachen ca. 0,7 μg Ag+;1,5 μg Sb3+;3 μg Au3+; 5 μg Cu2+; 6 μg As3+; 25 μg Sb5+; 30 μg As5+; 60 μg Ni2+; 200 μg Pt4+ bzw. Mn7+; 700 μg Co2+; 1,5 mg Pb2+; 3 mg Cr6+ und 5 mg Hg2+ jeweils Erniedrigungen des Se-Signals um 50%. 4 μg Sn2+/Sn4+ bzw. 6 μg Bi3+ führen zu einer 30 %igen Erniedrigung. Fe2+/Fe3+ stören ab Mengen ≥400 μg. Te4+ ≤ 300 μg, Alkali- und Erdalkalimengen≤25 mg sowie Mengen ≤ 5mg Al3+, Cr3+, Mn2+ und Zn2+ waren ohne Einfluß auf die Ausbeute der Selenhydrid-Bildung. Die Störungen sind stark abhängig von der vorgegebenen HCl-Konzentration in der Probenlösung. Weitere Quellen für systematische Fehler des Verfahrens wurden untersucht und teilweise behoben. Das Hydrid-AAS-Verfahren kann nicht zur direkten Bestimmung von Selenspuren (ng/g-Bereich) in metallischen, geologischen und biologischen Matrices empfohlen werden, wenn die Gehalte der störenden Begleitelemente in der Probe bestimmte Grenzkonzentrationen überschreiten, die numerisch stark von der apparativen Anordnung und den Versuchsparametern abhängen.
    Notes: Summary The sodium boro hydride-reduction method for the liberation of selenium from acid sample solutions in connection with its determination by AAS using a heatable optical cell made of quartz (hydride system MHS-1, Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer, Überlingen, F.R.G.) is interfered with by numerous concomitant elements occurring even in the trace range in the sample solution. In the determination of 5–100 ng of selenium in 20 ml sample solution 0.3 N in HCl, 0.7 μg of Ag+; 1.5 μg of Sb3+; 3 μg of Au3+; 5 μg of Cu2+; 6 μg of As3+;25 μg of Sb5+; 30 μg of As5+; 60 μg of Ni2+; 200 μg of Pt4+ and Mn7+; 700 μg of Co+; 1.5 mg of Pb2+; 3 mg of Cr6+ and 5 mg Hg2+ cause a depression of the Se-signal of 50%. 4 μg of Sn2+/Sn4+ and 6 μg of Bi3+ cause a depression of 30%. Fe2+ /Fe3+ interfere only if present in quantities ≥400 μg. Te4+ in quantities ≤300 μg, alkali metals and alkaline earths ≤25 mg, and Al3+, Cr3+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ ≤5 mg do not affect the selenium hydride formation. The interferences depend very strongly on the used HCl concentration in the sample solution. Further sources of systematic errors are investigated and partly eliminated. The hydride-AAS procedure cannot be recommended for the determination of traces of selenium (ng/g-range) directly in metallic, geological or biological matrices, if the levels of the interfering concomitants reach above a certain threshold concentration, which numerically depend strongly on the apparatus and the parameters of the analysis.
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  • 18
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 374-376 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cadmium in Aluminium ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Verflüchtigung aus Reinstaluminium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung kleinster Mengen Cadmium beschrieben, bei dem Cadmium zunächst aus Reinstaluminium verflüchtigt und dann im Wasserstoffstrom entweder on-line oder off-line mit der flammenlosen AAS bestimmt wird. 23 ppb Cadmium konnten bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of low concentrations of cadmium. In the first step cadmium is volatilized out of very pure aluminium and subsequently determined in a H2 stream either off-line or on-line with flameless AAS. 23 ppb of cadmium could be determined.
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  • 19
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 377-379 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen in Blei, Bleilegierungen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Red. zu Arsin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung von μg/g- bis mg/g-Gehalten Arsen in Blei und Bleilegierungen beschrieben. Das Arsen wird dazu mit NaBH4 als AsH3 aus der Probenlösung ausgetrieben und atomabsorptions-spektrometrisch in einer geheizten Quarzküvette bestimmt. Durch geeignete Arbeitsbedingungen werden Störungen durch die Matrix ausgeschaltet. Für den gesamten Arbeitsbereich beträgt die relative Standardabweichung etwa 3% (N=12); die Nachweisgrenze (3 σ-Grenze) wurde zu 0,1 μg/g As ermittelt.
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of μg/g to mg/g concentrations of As in lead and lead alloys. For that purpose arsenic is blown out from the sample solutions as AsH3 by use of NaBH4 and determined by AAS in a heated quartz cuvette. Using suitable conditions disturbances caused by the matrix are eliminated. The relative standard deviation over the whole working range is about 3% (N=12); the detection limit (3 σ) was found to be 0.1 μg/g As.
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  • 20
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 296 (1979), S. 114-124 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Spurenelementen, Schwermetallen in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Bodensee
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Monatliche AAS-Messungen im Jahre 1977 auf die Elemente As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, Se, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Al und B im Rohwasser und im Trinkwasser des Zweckverbandes Bodenseewasserversorgung sowie an ausgewählten Tiefenprofilen im Überlinger See werden diskutiert. Die angewandten Untersuchungsmethoden werden eingehend erläutert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Gehalt der toxischen Metalle im Bodenseewasser unter 1% der laut Trinkwasserverordnung zulässigen Grenzkonzentrationen liegt. Die höchsten Konzentrationen mit maximal 7% des Grenzwertes wurden beim Element Arsen gefunden — eine für die Bodenseetrinkwasserwerke jedoch immer noch beruhigende Zahl. Dennoch soll speziell diesem Element in weitergehenden Untersuchungen erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden.
    Notes: Summary A survey is given based on monthly measurements over a one-year period (1977) to determine the trace metals in the raw and drinking water and in two vertical profiles of the Lake of Constance (Überlinger See) by means of atomic absorption spectrometry. The methods used are discussed in detail. The results showed that the content of the toxic metals Hg, Se, Pb, Cr and Cd amounts to less than 1% of the concentration limits due to German law. The highest concentrations were found for the element As, which reached about 7% of the limiting concentration. Further investigations are therefore concerned with this element.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohemal organ ; Neurosecretion ; Moulting gland ; Ultrastructure ; Crustaceans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez Sphaeroma serratum, la mue de puberté est suivie d'une dégénérescence de l'organe Y (glands de mue). Le plexus nerveux céphalique latéral, organe neurohémal accolé à cette glande a été l'objet de la présente étude ultrastructurale. Cet organe représente un centre de stockage de neurosécrétions qui proviennent d'une part, de deux cellules autochtones (cellules plexales) situées au sein même de ce plexus, d'autre part, de cellules neurosécrétrices situées dans le “ganglion mandibulaire” (cellules de type A). Chez les individus pubères, les cellules plexales et les cellules A du ganglion sous-oesophagien synthétisent des granules de neurosécrétion dont la taille est respectivement 1550±50Å et 1570±40Å. Il a été reconnu au sein du plexus 5 catégories de terminaisons dont les granules proviendraient pour deux d'entre elles des cellules plexales et des cellules A du “ganglion mandibulaire”. Chez les animaux pubères on observe un arrêt de la synthèse des granules de neurosécrétion au sein des cellules plexales et des cellules A du “ganglion mandibulaire”. Simultanément on enregistre dans le plexus la raréfaction puis la disparition des divers types de granules. Ce processus atteint en premier les terminaisons correspondant aux cellules plexales et aux cellules A du “ganglion mandibulaire”. La dégénérescence de la glande de mue chez les mâles pourrait être en relation avec l'arrêt de synthèse de ces cellules.
    Notes: Summary The present ultrastructural study deals with the lateral cephalic nerve plexus of Sphaeroma serratum, a neurohemal organ joined to the Y organ (ecdysial gland). This plexus acts as a storage centre for neurosecretory products from two sources: the two autochtonous cells (plexus cells) within the plexus itself, and the neurosecretory cells in various parts of the central nervous system, particulary the “mandibular ganglion” (A-cells). In prepuberal animals, plexus cells and subesophageal A-cells produce neurosecretory granules of two types measuring 1550±50Å and 1570±40Å respectively. Five categories of axon terminals were distinguished in the plexus. The granules found in two of these terminal types are believed to come from the plexus cells and from the “mandibular ganglion” A-cells. Cessation of production of neurosecretory granules in these A cells and plexus cells was observed in puberal animals, in the plexus with concomitant depletion and disappearance of different granule categories. The first axon terminals affected by this process are the two categories containing granules originating in the plexus and “mandibular ganglion” A-cells. Degeneration of the ecdysial gland in male Sphaeroma serratum might be connected with the cessation of granule formation in these two types of cell.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 204 (1979), S. 379-385 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Immunofluorescence ; Crustacea ; X-organ ; Hyperglycemic Hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antiserum raised in rabbits against extracts of sinus glands from Carcinus and shown by several criteria to contain antibodies directed against the neurosecretory hyperglycemic hormone was used to locate the hormone-producing perikarya in the optic ganglia. By means of the double antibody fluorescence technique, selective staining of the large neurosecretory perikarya of the medulla terminalis ganglionic X-organ (MTGXO) and their axons is obtained. The axon endings of the sinus gland are also stained. None of the other groups of neurosecretory cells in the eyestalk shows fluorescence. Preabsorption of the antiserum with pure hyperglycemic hormone abolishes the fluorescence.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 198 (1979), S. 201-208 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Corpus cardiacum ; Corpus allatum ; Acheta domesticus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the corpus cardiacum (CC) and corpus allatum (CA) of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, is described. Axon profiles within the CC contain neurosecretory granules 160–350 nm in diameter which are indistinguishable from those found in type I neurosecretory cells of the pars intercerebralis and in the nervus corporis cardiaci I. The CC itself contains two cell types: intrinsic neurosecretory cells and glial cells. Intrinsic NSC cytoplasm contains Golgi bodies and electron dense neurosecretory granules 160–350 nm in diameter. Synaptoid configurations with 20–50 nm diameter electron lucent vesicles were observed within axon profiles of the CC. The structure of the CA is relatively uniform with one cell type predominating. Typical CA cells possess large nucleoli, active Golgi complexes, numerous mitochondria, and occassional microtubules. Groups of dark staining cells scattered throughout the CA of some animals were interpreted as evidence of cellular death.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Hypothalamo-hindbrain pathway ; Rat ; Blood pressure ; Milk ejection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. In lactating rats and in rats deprived of water, the amount of neurosecretory material in the fibres of the neurosecretory hypothalamohindbrain pathway exceeds that in untreated control animals. Under these experimental conditions the pathway and its target regions can be well analysed by means of fluorescence and electron microscopic methods. 2. The axons belonging to the hypothalamo-hindbrain pathway originate from perikarya located in the caudal portion of the nucleus paraventricularis and also from a small group of perikarya in the caudo-lateral hypothalamus. On the way to the hindbrain the neurosecretory fibres join other fibre bundles of the mid- and hindbrain. 3. In the hindbrain most of the neurosecretory fibres terminate in the area of the nucleus tractus solitarii and in the area of the dorsal column nuclei. The axon terminals form synapses with other neurones. 4. Using cytochemical methods at the ultrastructural level (Naumann and Sterba, 1976), the authors were able to prove that the vesicles in the exohypothalamic fibres and in their synaptic terminals contain the same sort of material as the neurophysin vesicles in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis. 5. The most distinct increase in neurophysin was observed in lactating females which were separated from their sucklings after a normal lactation period of 15 days and killed four days thereafter, and in rats deprived of water for different time periods. 6. The relationship of the neurosecretory hypothalamo-hindbrain pathway to the nucleus tractus solitarii and to the dorsal column nuclei suggests that, functionally, there may be a correlation between the system of blood-pressure control and the milk ejection reflex.
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  • 25
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 299 (1979), S. 261-263 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer in Zirkoniumsalzen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; HF-Zusatz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An AAS method is described for the direct determination of traces of copper in zirconium(IV) oxide chloride and nitrate. An interference study of the zirconium matrix is reported. Best conditions for the removal of the suppressive effect of zirconium on the copper signal by addition of hydrofluoric acid are described. Results obtained by analyzing commercial samples from different manufacturers are presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Kupferverunreinigungen wurden in Zirkoniumoxidchlorid und -nitrat bestimmt. Störungen durch die Matrix wurden untersucht. Die abschwächende Wirkung des Zr auf das Cu-Signal wurde durch Zusatz von Fluorwasserstoffsäure beseitigt. Analysenergebnisse für verschiedene handelsübliche Zr-Salze werden mitgeteilt.
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  • 26
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 44-48 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Uran ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Verbesserung durch Interferenzzusätze
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die nachstehend beschriebene Untersuchung zeigt, daß manche Metallionenzusätze Empfindlichkeitsverbesserungen bei der Bestimmung des Urans durch Flammen-AAS ergeben. Als wirksamster Zusatz wurde Gallium gefunden, das die Empfindlichkeit gegenüber reiner Uranlösung etwa um den Faktor 5 steigern kann. Durch die Anwendung der sogenannten Injektionsmethode kann mit kleinsten Probevolumen die zur Analyse notwendige Absolutmenge des Urans bis zur Nachweisgrenze von 0,5 μg vermindert werden. Zusätzlich wurde die bewährte Uran-Extraktions-Aufkonzentrierungsmethode mit Triphenylarsinoxid in CHCl3 für die AAS modifiziert, womit in vielen Fällen eine weitere Erniedrigung der Nachweisgrenze erzielt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary This paper describes some improvements in the sensitivity of the uranium analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry as obtained by addition of certain metallic ions to the solution in question. Thus a factor of about 5 can be achieved by addition of 10 mg of gallium/ml. By applying the injection method very small amounts of uranium down to 0.5 μg can be analyzed. The very efficient purification and concentration of the uranium by extraction with triphenylarsine oxide in chloroform was adapted to this AAS procedure, thus allowing even lower limits of detection.
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  • 27
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 297 (1979), S. 381-383 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom(III), Chrom(VI) in Was-ser ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Extraktion mit APDC-MIBK
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary With the well-known APDC-MIBK extraction of dissolved trace metals from aqueous solutions for AAS analysis only Cr6+ is determined, whereas practically no Cr3+ is extracted. This technique was therefore modified (PHP-buffer; pH 4.7–5.5; 80° C; 20 min reaction time) so that hexavalent and trivalent chromium can be extracted simultaneously into the organic phase, thus allowing determination of the percentage of each of these ionic species in water (hexavalent chromium being determined separately). A procedure for the modified extraction is described.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit der bekannten APDC-MIBK-Extraktion gelöster Spurenmetalle aus wäßrigen Lösungen für die AAS-Analyse wird nur Cr6+ erfaßt, während Cr3+ praktisch nicht extrahiert wird. Die bisherige Methode wurde deshalb so modifiziert (PHP-Puffer; pH 4,7–5,5; 80° C; 20 min Reaktionszeit), daß mit dem sechswertigen auch das dreiwertige Chrom in die organische Phase extrahiert wird und so der Anteil beider lonenarten bestimmt werden kann (nach getrennter Bestimmung des Cr6+). Eine Arbeitsvorschrift wird angegeben.
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  • 28
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 298 (1979), S. 123-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Spurenanalyse, direkte Probenzuführung in Graphitofen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die direkte Bestimmung von Spurenelementen in metallischen und oxidischen Proben im Gehaltsbereich 0,1–10 μg/g (entsprechend 10−5-10−3 Massen-%) wird beschrieben. Hierzu bietet sich die Verwendung einer speziellen Graphitofen-Boottechnik an, mit deren Hilfe die Proben direkt in fester Form eingebracht werden können. Zwei unterschiedliche Verfahren sind erforderlich: die mehrfache Aufschmelzung für metallische Proben und die zweifache Verdampfung von oxidischen Stoffen. Die Resultate beider Verfahren werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The direct determination of trace elements of metallic and oxidic samples in the range of 0.1–10 μg/g (or 10−3–10−5 mass-%) is described by using a special graphite furnace boat-technique with direct sample input. Two different procedures are necessary: a multiple heating technique in case of metallic samples and a double vapourization technique in case of oxides. The results using both techniques are discussed.
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  • 29
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 299 (1979), S. 190-193 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Bismut in Pflanzenmaterial, Tee, Laub ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohrküvette, Xylolextraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A sensitive method for the extraction and atomic absorption spectrometric measurement with electrothermal atomization has been developed for the determination of bismuth in tea and orchard leaves. Bismuth is extracted into m-xylene as diethyldithiocarbamate complex. 2.5–3.0 l/min of argon flow rate, 650–800° C of ashing temperature and 2,200–2,600° C of atomization temperature were the best experimental conditions. A detection limit of 0.02 ng was obtained with a precision of 2–7% and minimal interference effects.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein empfindliches Verfahren zur Bi-Bestimmung in Tee und Blättern von Obstbäumen wurde ausgearbeitet. Bismut wird dabei als Diethyldithiocarbamat mit m-Xylol extrahiert. Optimale Arbeitsbedingungen sind: 2,5–3 l Argon/min, 650–800° C Veraschungstemperatur, 2200–2600° C Atomisierungstemperatur. Nachweisgrenze ist 0,02 ng und die Reproduzierbarkeit beträgt 2–7%. Störeffekte durch andere Elemente sind gering.
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  • 30
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 299 (1979), S. 362-367 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Silber, Gold, Bismut, Kupfer, Palladium in Blei ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Anreicherung durch partielle Fällung der Matrix mit NaBH4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Gruppen von Elementspuren können aus unterschiedlichen Probenmaterialien quantitativ angereichert werden, wenn man einen geringen Anteil der Matrix durch Zusatz von NaBH4 reduktiv ausfällt. Der metallische Niederschlag wirkt dabei als Spurenfänger für alle Elemente, die elektrochemisch edler sind als die Matrix. Als Beispiel für diese Anreicherungstechnik wurden Spuren Ag, Au, Bi, Cu und Pd aus Proben von 10 g Feinblei angereichert und nach Auflösen des Spurenfängers in Säure durch Flammen-Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie bestimmt. Bei Spurengehalten von wenigen μg/g werden rel. Standardabweichungen um 5 % erzielt; die Nachweisgrenzen liegen — je nach Element — zwischen 0,05 und 0,4 μg/g. Die Richtigkeit des Analysenverfahrens wurde anhand analysierten Probenmaterials sichergestellt.
    Notes: Summary Selected groups of trace elements can be preconcentrated from different materials by precipitation of a small amount of the matrix with NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The metallic precipitate serves as a trace collector for all elements being electrochemically nobler than the matrix. As an example for this technique traces of Ag, Au, Bi, Cu, and Pd are enriched from samples of 10 g pure lead and, after dissolving the collector in acid, determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. With trace contents of a few μg/g relative standard deviations of about 5 % are achieved. Depending on the element, the limit of detection was found to be between 0.05 and 0.4 μg/g. The accuracy of the analytical procedure was verified by use of analysed reference samples.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Thallium in Nickellegierungen, Cobaltlegierungen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitofen, Spuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A simple and rapid analytical method has been developed for the direct determination of trace quantities of thallium in nickel and cobalt-base heatresisting alloys by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Hydrofluoric acid, sulphuric acid, and hydrogen peroxide were used for the dissolution of a wide variety of these alloys. The interferences of matrix elements and acids were eliminated. The absorbance of thallium is constant over a wide range of ashing temperatures. Synthetic standard solutions composed of nickel or cobalt matrix and thallium were used for calibration. The detection limit for thallium by this method is 0.2 ppm in the sample. Mechanisms of the interferences are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren zur AAS-Bestimmung von Thallium in verschiedenartigen Cobalt- und Nickellegierungen wird beschrieben. Zur Auflösung der Probe werden Flußsäure, Schwefelsäure und Wasserstoffperoxid verwendet. Störungen durch Matrixelemente und durch die Säuren konnten beseitigt werden. Die Thalliumabsorption ist über einen weiten Temperaturbereich bei der Veraschung konstant. Zur Eichung dienen synthetische Lösungen von Cobalt- bzw. Nikkelmatrix und Thallium. Die Nachweisgrenze für Thallium beträgt 0,2 ppm. Die Mechanismen der Störungen werden diskutiert.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 299 (1979), S. 368-374 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom in Serum, Plasma ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die bis heute in der Literatur mitgeteilten Werte für Chrom im Serum nüchterner gesunder Probanden unterscheiden sich um Größenordnungen. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit mitgeteilten Untersuchungen betreffen die analytische Problematik der Chrombestimmung mit Hilfe der flammenlosen Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie, wobei aufgezeigt wird, daß diese Methodik für die Chrombestimmung in biologischem Material ohne großen statistischen Aufwand zu keiner sicheren Beurteilbarkeit und Interpretierbarkeit der gemessenen Werte führt. Mit Hilfe synthetischer Chromkomplexverbindungen werden die Probleme der Standardaddition zur Chrombestimmung untersucht. Unter Berücksichtigung der Blindwerte und der daraus resultierenden Nachweisgrenze sowie Garantiegrenze für Reinheit, wurde Chrom in einem Standardreferenzmaterial (1569 Brewers yeast [U. S. National Bureau of Standards]) im Rahmen eines Ringversuchs zur Chromanalyse sowie im Serum und Plasma von 41 Probanden bestimmt. Für das Referenzmaterial wurde ein Wert von 45±4 μmol/kg (2,3±0,2 μg/g) ermittelt. Der Referenzwert betrug 41±1 μmol/kg (2,12±0,05 μg/g). Im Serum wird eine lognormale Verteilung der Chromkonzentration mit den zentralen Parametern ±_M=13▴2,2 nmol/l (0,7▴2,2 μg/l) ermittelt. Im Plasma lagen die Werte zwischen 20 und 30 nmol/l (1–1,5 μg/l). Aufschluß, Durchführung der Bestimmung sowie die biologische Bedeutung und Interpretation des Parameters Chrom im Serum und Plasma werden eingehend diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Concentrations of Cr in serum of overnight fasting volunteers differ over a wide range in the literature. The investigations of the analytical problems of Cr determination by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry underline the necessity of statistical methods for the interpretation of the measurements of Cr in biological matrices. With nine different synthetic chromium complexes the method of standard addition was investigated. Considering the blank values, the limit of detection and the limit of guarantee for purity, Cr was determined in the standard reference material 1569 brewers yeast (National Bureau of Standards) with 45±4 μMol · kg−1 (2.3±0.2μg·g−1), compared with the reference data 41±1 μMol·kg−1 (2.12±0.05 μg±g−1). In serumuuuuu we found a lognormal distribution with the central parameters 13▴2.2 nMol ·1−1 (0.7▴2.2 μg·1−1). In plasma the values were in the range between 20 and 30 nMol·1−1 (1–1.5 μg·1−1). The ashing process and the determination are demonstrated and discussed in detail.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 213-216 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Boden, Sedimenten ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, Reextraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Vorversuchen wurde gezeigt, da\ beim Aufbewahren der organischen APDC/MIBK-Extrakte starke Bleiverluste auftraten. Daher war es notwendig, das Blei mit SalpetersÄure in die wÄ\erige Phase zu reextrahieren. Wiederfindungsversuche bestÄtigten, da\ Extraktion und Reextraktion quantitativ verlaufen. Das Blei wird dabei um den Faktor fünf angereichert. Es werden mittlere Standardabweichungen für vier Konzentrationsbereiche angegeben. Als Nachweisgrenze wurde eine Konzentration von 0,16 mg Pb/l gefunden, die durch die Anreicherung auf ca. 0,03 mg Pb/l gesenkt wird. Arbeitsvorschriften für das Verfahren sind angegeben.
    Notes: Summary Preliminary investigations have shown, that considerable losses of lead occur during storage of the organic APDC/MIBK-extracts. Therefore, it was necessary to reextract lead into the aqueous phase by nitric acid. Investigations of recoveries confirmed, that extraction and reextraction of lead were quantitative. In this way the concentration of lead is increased by a factor of five. Mean standard deviations for four concentration ranges are given. A detection limit of 0.16 mg of Pb/l is obtained, which is lowered by the preceding enrichment to about 0.03 mg of Pb/l. Details of the procedure are given.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber in Zähnen, Knochen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; HNO3/HF-Aufschluß, Kaltdampfverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Quecksilber in Zahnwurzeln und Kieferknochen beschrieben. Die homogenisierten Proben werden in Teflonbomben unter Druck mit einem Gemisch von HNO3/HF aufgeschlossen. Die Quecksilberbestimmung erfolgt mit einem Atomabsorptionsspektrophotometer nach dem Kaltdampfverfahren. Unter Einsatz von 200 mg Probe können Quecksilbergehalte bis zu 0,1 μg/g bestimmt werden. Die relativen Standardabweichungen liegen im Arbeitsbereich von 10–100 ng Quecksilber zwischen 2,7 und 5,6 %. Es wurden Quecksilbergehalte von 〈0,1–187 μg/g in den Proben gefunden.
    Notes: Summary The homogenized samples are decomposed with a mixture of HNO3/HF in teflon vessels under pressure. The determination of mercury is carried out with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer by means of the cold-vapour technique. The limit of detection is 0.1 μg/g for a 200 mg sample. A relative standard deviation of 2.7–5.6% is achieved in the working range of 10–100 ng mercury. Mercury contents of 〈0.1–187 μg/g were found in the samples.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 282-284 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Wismut in Aluminiumlegierungen, Lötlegierungen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Zinkdibenzyldithiocarbamat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A sensitive method for the extraction and atomic-absorption spectrometric determination of bismuth with zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate (ZnDBC) has been developed for aluminium alloys and solder alloys. Bismuth is extracted from relatively strong acidic solution into methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) as BiDBC complex and its concentration is determined by spraying the MIBK extract into an air-acetylene flame. Iron and copper up to 1 mg resp. 100 μg did not interfere with the extraction of bismuth in the range of 0–80 μg. The limit of detection was about 0.12 ppm in MIBK.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein empfindliches Verfahren zur Wismutbestimmung mit Zinkdibenzyldithiocarbamat wurde ausgearbeitet. Wismut wird dabei aus relativ stark saurer Lösung als Bi-DBC-Komplex mit Methylisobutylketon extrahiert und zur Messung der Extrakt direkt in die Luft-Acetylen-Flamme gesprüht. Bis zu 1 mg Fe und 100 μg Cu stören die Bestimmung von 0–80 μg Bi nicht. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 0,12 ppm in Methylisobutylketon.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Kaltdampf, Vergleich der Reduktion mit NaBH4-Tablette oder SnCl2-Lösung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An atomic-absorption spectrophotometric method for the rapid and precise determination of mercury has been studied by using the sodium borohydride tablet reduction and cold-vapour atomicabsorption procedure coupled with amalgamation on gold. The comparison of the sodium borohydride tablet and tin(II) chloride solution reducing systems are described in detail. The use of the sodium borohydride tablet wrapped in a wafer sheet is very simple and gives more precise results. From the comparison of the effect of diverse ions, it is obvious that both reducing systems have their merits and demerits.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein atomabsorptions-spektralphotometrisches Kaltdampf-Verfahren zur schnellen Quecksilberbestimmung wird beschrieben, das auf der Reduktion mit Hilfe der Natriumborhydridtablette und der Amalgamierung mit Gold beruht. Der Vergleich mit der Zinn(II)-Chloridmethode wird diskutiert. Genaue Ergebnisse werden durch einfaches Einhüllen der Reduktionstablette in ein Waffelblatt erzielt, wodurch der Reaktionsbeginn verzögert wird. In bezug auf Störelemente ergeben sich für beide Verfahren Vor- und Nachteile.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 278-281 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Algen, Diatomeen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Störungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine nasse HF-HClO4Veraschungsmethode von biologischem Material in offenen PTFE-Reagensgläsern beschrieben. In anschließenden flammenlosen AAS-Messungen mit Hilfe der Deuterium-Untergrundkompensation und des automatischen Probenwechslers AS-1 konnte gezeigt werden, daß Silicium vollständig entfernt worden, kein meßbarer Matrix-Effekt festzustellen war und die Bleikonzentrationsbestimmung durch eine Eichgerade und durch Standard-Addition zu gleichen Werten führte. Die Methode ist mit einem Variations-Koeffizient von 0,45% behaftet.
    Notes: Summary A wet HF-HClO4 decomposition method for biological material in open PTFE-test-tubes is described. Flameless AAS measurements with the aid of deuterium background compensation using the auto sampling system AS-1 showed that Si was completely eliminated by the decomposition, that no measurable matrix effect could be detected, and that the values found for the lead concentration by calibration curve and standard addition were identical. The coefficient of variation for the method was V=0.45%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 362-364 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Siliciumorganoverbindungen in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Extraktionsverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An extraction technique is described for the determination of ppm concentrations of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic methylsiloxane compounds in water, based on a single extraction with a mixed solvent of (1∶1) l-pentanol and methyl isobutyl ketone followed by the determination of the silicone compounds extracted into the mixed solvent by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The method is applicable over the concentration range 0.3–30 ppm Si. Standard deviation in the case of 10 ppm Si is 0.313.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung von ppm-Konzentrationen an hydrophoben und hydrophilen Methylsiloxanverbindungen im Wasser wird ein Extraktionsverfahren beschrieben. Hierbei wird nach einfacher Extraktion mit l-Pentanol/Methylisobutylketon (1∶1) das Silicium im Extrakt mit Hilfe der AAS bestimmt. Der erfaßbare Konzentrationsbereich liegt bei 0,3–30 ppm Si. Die Standardabweichung beträgt bei 10 ppm Si 0,313.
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    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 361-374 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subfornical organ ; Circumventricular organs ; CSF-contacting neurons ; Encephalo-chromaffin cells ; Neurosecretion ; Rana pipiens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ventricular surface of the subfornical organ of the frog is made up of ependymal cells with numerous apical microvilli, occasional cytoplasmic protrusions and many vacuoles projecting into the lumen of the third ventricle. Between these cells dendrites of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons reach the ventricle to terminate in bulbous enlargements. In addition, flask-shaped encephalo-chromaffin cells, containing granulated vesicles and aggregates of filaments in their cytoplasm, project into the cerebrospinal fluid. Surrounding the centrally located capillaries are enlarged dendrites and axons of heterogeneous morphology, some of which appear to originate within the subfornical organ, intermingled with dendrites and axons of normal structure. The glial cells in this region, especially the microglial cells, often contain large lipofuscin inclusions, suggestive of degeneration and subsequent phagocytosis of some of the enlarged dendrites and axons. The normally scarce neurosecretory peptidergic axons become more evident and form typical Herring bodies in stalk-transected animals. Neuronal perikarya of varying morphology are predominantly located peripheral to the region of enlarged dendrites and axons. Supraependymal macrophages are particularly numerous on the subfornical organ.
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: α-Endorphin ; Neurosecretion ; Fish pituitary ; Hypothalamohypophyseal relationships ; Immunocytology
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A strong positive immunoreaction with an α-endorphin antiserum occurs in two distinct sites of the goldfish and carp neurohypophysis. Fluorescent nerve terminals are found in the laminar nerve processes located in the rostral pars distalis, but the immunocytological reaction is mainly localised on the nerve processes of the posterior neurohypophysis lying between the intermediate lobe cells. Almost all the digitations of the neurohypophysis are strongly fluorescent. The immunoreactive fibres probably originate from the hypothalamus, where perikarya displaying the same immunoreaction have been found in the pars lateralis of the nucleus lateralis tuberis and in some minor centres. The possibility that the immunoreactive substances revealed on the neurohypophyseal processes may originate in the intermediate lobe cells is also discussed. It has now to be established if this hypothalamo-hypophyseal system contains a substance with endorphic properties or only some immunologically related substance devoid of the corresponding physiological activities.
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 435-440 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Sinus gland ; Synapses ; Palaemon ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two types of neurosecretory fibers, designated as Type 5 and Type 6 axons, in the sinus gland of the freshwater prawn, Palaemon, establish contact with other neurosecretory axons by means of synaptic junctions. This finding strongly supports the view that release of some neurohormones from the eyestalk may be regulated by neurosecretory neurons through synaptic transmission.
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    Cell & tissue research 186 (1978), S. 559-570 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus praeopticus ; Neurosecretion ; Acipenseridae ; Quantitative study
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The peptidergic neurosecretory cells (NSC) of the nucleus praeopticus (NP) of male and female sturgeons, A. güldenstädti Brandt, were studied light microscopically at different stages of their life cycle and under experimental conditions. Four main NSC types reflecting different phases of secretory cycle and life course of the cell have been tentatively distinguished. The maximum percentage of the high and moderate active NSC are found in juvenile animals in the sea (stages I and I–II of gonadal maturity, sgm), in upstream migrating fish in spring before spawning, in down-stream migrating fish 1–1.5 months after spawning, and in experimental fish kept for 8.5 hours in a 32‰ sodium chloride solution. The least active NSC accumulating neurosecretory material (NSM) are characteristic of juvenile fish (sgm II) in the sea, sturgeons maintained in a sodium chloride solution for 3.5 or 6 hours and fish which remained in a net, thrown to the sea, for some hours before fixation. The lowest percentage of these cells is observed in autumn migrants, in females soon after spawning (sgm VI) and in fish kept for 8.5 hours in a sodium chloride solution. Cells rich in basophilic substance and poor in NSM occur in juvenile and in down-stream migrating fish. Cells reflecting the state of exhaustion after hyperactivity and “ageing” cells are seen in adults, especially in sgm VI fish, and in autumn migrants. Pyknomorphous NSC are constantly present in all fish; they are most numerous in sturgeons found in a net. A diagram demonstrating the life course and the secretory cycle of the NSC is presented and the role of the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system (HHNS) under stress conditions is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 187 (1978), S. 315-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Tadpole, Alytes obstetricans ; Neurosecretion ; Somatostatin ; Immunofluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three sites of somatostatin-synthesizing perikarya, or a related antigen, were determined by immunofluorescence in the hypothalamus of the tadpole, Alytes obstetricans (Amphibia, Anura). Two sites of neurosecretory perikarya were localized in the preoptic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus; the axons extended either to the anterior diencephalon or to the median eminence and the pituitary. The third site was found in the posterior hypothalamus. These neurosecretory cells showed a strong immunofluorescent reaction; their axons all terminated at the level of the median eminence. Somatostatin cells were only found in intact or hypophysectomized tadpoles given somatotropin (STH). The strong reaction observed in hypophysectomized tadpoles was possibly due to the loss of the terminal portion of the neurosecretory pathway (median eminence and pituitary) by which the agent is transported to the site of discharge.
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    Cell & tissue research 189 (1978), S. 41-51 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Herring bodies (rat) ; Colchicine ; Cold ; Neurosecretion ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A study of the morphology of Herring bodies of the posterior pituitary lobe of rats treated with colchicine and/or exposed to low temperatures has been performed. After treatment with colchicine (20 μg in distilled water injected intracisternally) a predominance of Herring bodies with a large number of small “synaptic-like” vesicles surrounded by neurosecretory granules is found. Exposures to low temperature (4–6° C) result in an increase in the neurosecretory material and the Herring bodies show many neurosecretory granules of different densities. After treatment with colchicine and subsequent exposure to low temperatures, the Herring bodies are characterized by having a great number of autophagic bodies which become more numerous as the length of the exposure is increased; later autophagic vacuoles and lamellar bodies become evident.
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    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 235-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Cobalt backfilling ; Crustacea ; Sinus gland ; X organ
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The topography of the neurosecretory system in the decapod eyestalk has not been precisely delineated with light microscopy. Cobalt iontophoresis and electron microscopy have proved useful in clarifying the microstructure of this system. The sinus gland (sg) of the crayfish eyestalk consists of aggregated axon terminals which end at or near the blood space, lontophoresing cobalt back through the cut base of the sinus glands reveals proximal cell bodies in the eyestalk only in the X organ (Xo) region. Electron microscopy demonstrates that axons from about 115 neurosecretory cell bodies in the Xo form the Xo-sg tract. Intermingled with these Xo somata are smaller non-neurosecretory cell bodies which do not send axons into the sinus gland. One of these exhibits catecholamine fluorescence. Backfilling also reveals a second group of fibres which run from the brain along the optic tract and into the sinus gland. These brain-sg fibres are smaller in diameter than Xo-sg axons and lack neurosecretory vesicles. From these fibres collaterals extend into the eyestalk neuropil, especially in the proximity of the visual elements. The possible function of these non-neurosecretory processes within the sinus gland is discussed.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung ; Bufo marinus ; Innervation ; Adrenergic nerves ; Neurosecretion
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the toad (Bufo marinus) lung was studied with transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence techniques, both before and after 12 or 20 days close vagosympathetic denervation. Four cytologically distinct types of neuronal processes were recognised, in relation to the visceral muscles of the lung. These were described as cholinergic, adrenergic, nonadrenergic/non-cholinergic (NANC) and sensory on the basis of the characteristics of their vesicular content and cytochemical reactions. An apparent efferent innervation of visceral smooth muscle was achieved by NANC (50%), cholinergic (25%) and adrenergic (25%) fibres. A few sensory fibres were also present. After denervation only NANC fibres persisted, showing that the cell bodies of these fibres were intrapulmonary. The vascular smooth muscle was supplied by cholinergic, adrenergic and sensory fibres. In the walls of the proximal branches of the pulmonary artery were fibres containing large dense-cored vesicles. These profiles, which were associated with the vasa vasorum, were similar to neurosecretory fibres. After denervation all neural profiles associated with the vasculature had degenerated. The observations suggest that vagal vasodepressor effects in the toad lung are mediated indirectly through relaxation of visceral muscle strands which in their contracted state compress vascular channels.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber in Biolog. Material, Umweltmaterial ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; AutoAnalyzer, Anreicherung an Silberwolle, ng-Bereich.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein modifiziertes automatisiertes Kaltdampf-AAS-Verfahren mit einem AutoAnalyzer II®-System wird beschrieben. Das Verfahren erlaubt sowohl die Bestimmung von anorganischem wie die von Gesamtquecksilber und erlaubt bis zu 120 Analysen/Tag. Die Anreicherung von Quecksilber als Amalgam an Silberwolle, gefolgt von rascher thermischer Zersetzung mit Hilfe einer Graphitküvette ermöglicht eine Nachweisgrenze von 0.01 ng/ml Probenlösung. Die relative Standardabweichung für homogenes Probenmaterial und das Gesamtverfahren ist ≤15%. Während der Analyse von Standard-Referenz-Proben wurden keine systematischen Abweichungen beobachtet. Der mittlere Gesamt-(2σ)fehler für eine einzelne Probe sollte daher 30% nicht überschreiten.
    Notes: Summary A modified automated cold vapour AAS procedure using an AutoAnalyzerII® system is described. The procedure permits the determination of inorganic as well as total mercury and enables to perform up to 120 analyses/day. The enrichment of mercury as amalgam on silver wool, followed by a fast thermal decomposition with the aid of a graphite cuvette enables a detection limit of 0.01 ng/ml sample solution. The relative standard deviation for homogeneous samples and the overall procedure is ≤15%. During the analysis of certified standard reference materials no systematic deviations were observed. The average total (2σ) error for a single sample should therefore not exceed 30%.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 127-127 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Beryllium in Luft ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 289 (1978), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Auswertung, Rechnerprogramm
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Auswertung der Messungen am Atomabsorptions-Spektrometer wurde ein Rechner-programm erarbeitet, das universell für die Berechnung von Analysenergebnissen nach der Bestimmung von Extinktionen verwendbar ist. Das Programm wird an einem Beispiel dargestellt.
    Notes: Summary For the calculation of analytical results a computer program is developed. It is an universal program for calculating concentrations with absorbance values of absorption methods, esp. for measurements in atomic-absorption spectroscopy.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 289 (1978), S. 337-345 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Lanthanoiden ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohr, pyrolyt. Graphit
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The lanthanoids were determined by furnace AAS. The influence of coating the graphite tube with pyrolytic graphite is discussed and standard conditions and detection limits (10−8 to 10−12 g absolute) are presented. Resemblance of atomization with flame AAS is discussed and a proposal as to its mechanism is given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß einer Beschichtung der Graphitröhre mit pyrolytischem Graphit wird diskutiert und Standardbedingungen sowie Nachweisgrenzen (10−8 bis 10−12 g abs.) werden angegeben. Die Ähnlichkeit der Atomisierung bei der Flammen-AAS wird erörtert und der mögliche Mechanismus dargestellt.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 106-107 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen, Selen in Körperflüssigkeiten, Geweben ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Hydrid-methode
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 108-109 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Blut ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohr
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 144-145 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Spurenelementen in Lebensmitteln ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohr, Richtigkeit
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 145-146 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Schwermetallen, Blei in Fruchtsäften ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Vergleich von Aufschlußverfahren
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 289-291 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; hochreines Wasser, Anreicherung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Beside ionic impurities, DI water contains non-ionic compounds, which mainly consist of the oxyhydrates of the elements Fe, Ti, and Si present as colloids. This paper describes an analytical method for Fe, which is based on a simple enrichment by evaporation and the subsequent determination by flameless AAS. It is demonstrated that DI water systems, which are mainly based on coprecipitation and ion exchange, remove the Fe from the main water only to a small extent. The Fe content in DI water shows significant variations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Neben ionischen Bestandteilen enthält selbst hochreines Wasser auch nicht-ionische Komponenten, hauptsächlich Oxidhydrate der Elemente Ti, Fe und Si, die als Kolloide vorliegen. Die analytische Bestimmung des Eisens durch Eindampfen in einer einfachen Anordnung mit anschließender flammenloser AAS wird beschrieben. Es wird gezeigt, daß DI-Wasseranlagen, die heute zumeist noch nach dem Prinzip der Mitfällung und anschließendem Ionenaustausch arbeiten, nur begrenzt kolloidal vorliegendes Eisen entfernen und daß das Reinstwasser in seinem Fe-Gehalt stärkeren Schwankungen unterworfen ist.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 290 (1978), S. 369-371 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Elementspuren in Chrom(III)-salzen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Anreicherung an Aktivkohle mit Hilfe von Hexamethylenammonium-hexamethylendithiocarbamidat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Verfahren wird beschrieben zur Anreicherung von 10 Elementen aus Chrom(III)-salzen durch nur einen Trennschritt. Als Reagens dient Hexamethylenammonium-hexamethylendithiocarbamidat; die Spurenverbindungen werden von Aktivkohle sorbiert. Nach Behandlung mit SalpetersÄure erhÄlt man eine praktisch chromfreie Lösung. Die Spuren werden durch Flammen-Atomabsorptionspektrometrie bestimmt.
    Notes: Summary A procedure is proposed for the enrichment of 10 elements from chromium(III) salts within only one separation step. Hexamethyleneammonium-hexamethylenedithiocarbamate is used as reagent and the trace compounds are sorbed on activated charcoal. Treatment with nitric acid yields a solution which is practically free from chromium. The traces are determined by flame atomic-absorption spectrometry.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 291 (1978), S. 128-128 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Fruchtsäften ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Konzentrierung mit immobil. ED3A
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 58
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 293 (1978), S. 410-411 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Beryllium in extraterrestrischer Materie ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohrküvette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 59
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 292 (1978), S. 213-215 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Verwendung von Chelatationsionenaustauschern zur Spurenanalyse ; Gele mit Hydroxychinolin. Best. von Kobalt, Eisen, Mangan, Nickel, Blei, Uran ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Glykolmethacrylatgel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Sorption wird bei einem Probelösung/Sorbens-Verhältnis von 103 ml/g ausgeführt, wozu die einfachste experimentelle Technik benutzt wird: 1 h Schütteln, Dekantieren, Zentrifugieren. Hohe Konzentrationen von Ammonium-, Alkali- und Erdalkalisalzen stören nicht. Mit Ausnahme von Co können alle gebundenen Metalle reversibel mit kleinen Säurevolumina statisch oder dynamisch eluiert werden. Die quantitativen Bestimmungen werden spektralphotometrisch (U) oder mit Hilfe der Atomabsorption (Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb) ausgeführt.
    Notes: Summary The sorption is performed at a sample-sorbent ratio of 103 ml/g using the simplest experimental technique: shaking for 1 h, decantation, centrifugation. High concentrations of ammonium, alkali and alkaline earth salts do not interfere. All bound metals, except Co, can be reversibly eluted by small acid volumes in a batch or from a column. The eluted metals are quantitatively determined by spectrophotometry (U) or atomic absorption (Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb).
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    Cell & tissue research 182 (1977), S. 557-564 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sinus gland ; Gammarus ; Neurosecretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sinus gland of Gammarus oceanicus, like that of other crustaceans, is composed of three elements: neurosecretory axons, glial cells and stromal sheath. Five neurosecretory axon types are identified on the basis of granule diameter, shape, and electron density, and axon matrix density. Exocytosis appears to be the major release mechanism of neurosecretory material. The preterminal regions of neurosecretory axons contain axoplasmic reticulum and neurotubules. Their arrangement in the axon and relationship with one another suggest a transport function. Multilamellar bodies are found in the terminal regions of neurosecretory axons. They arise from mitochondria and may be involved in granulolysis.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Alcian blue ; Alcian yellow staining ; Ultrastructure ; Bulinus truncatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurosecretory system of the freshwater snail Bulinus truncatus was investigated. With the Alcian blue-Alcian yellow (AB/AY) staining method at least 10 different types of neurosecretory cells (NSC) were distinguished in the ganglia of the central nervous system. The differences in staining properties of the NSC — with AB/AY the cells take on different shades of green and yellow — are borne out at the ultrastructural level: the NSC types contain different types of neurosecretory elementary granules. The neurosecretory system of B. truncatus is compared to that of Lymnaea stagnalis, the species which has received the most attention among the pulmonates. It appears from the comparison that the systems of both species show many similarities, although some differences are also apparent.
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    Cell & tissue research 176 (1977), S. 109-120 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Achatina fulica ; Aplysia californica ; Neurosecretion ; Homology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The right parietal ganglion of the African snail Achatina fulica contains an identifiable cluster of 20–40 white cells with somatic diameters of 80–110 μ. Cobalt chloride injection into these cells revealed an axon projection in the right parietal nerve as well as apparent terminations in the capsule. The cells contain an abundance of electron dense granules 1000–2000 Å in diameter which are formed in the Golgi apparatus. The granules stain with Gomori's chrome hematoxylin and paraldehyde fuchsin methods. While most cluster cells showed no “spontaneous” electrical activity, there was a correlation for the active cells between rate of activity and intensity of cell whiteness. These and other data suggest that the cluster cells are neurosecretory. A claim of homology with the “rostral white cells”, R3–R13, in the parieto-visceral ganglion of Aplysia is based on a similarity of morphological and electrophysiological features, together with analogous locations in the respective ganglia. It is concluded that the right parietal ganglion of Achatina is homologous with the right half of the parieto-visceral ganglion of Aplysia.
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    Cell & tissue research 180 (1977), S. 253-261 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretion ; Axoplasmic transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The microtubules in the neurosecretory neurones of the posterior pituitary were studied using different electron microscopical techniques. Tannic acid staining indicated that the microtubules had a 13 protofilament substructure similar to that described for microtubules from other tissues and organisms; the dimensions of the microtubules were also similar to that previously reported. Albumen pretreatment clearly showed the microtubules running across axonal swellings, but not continuing across the nerve endings. The only organelles showing possible association with the microtubules were small vesicles and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, no association between hormone granules and microtubules could be seen.
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    Cell & tissue research 178 (1977), S. 129-141 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Choroid plexus ; Vasopressin ; Neurosecretion ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic examination of choroid plexuses from lateral ventricles of water-deprived and subcutaneously or intravenously vasopressin administered rats reveal morphologic changes typical for vasopressin responsive fluid transporting epithelia during hormonal stimulation. Ultrastructural changes noted in both dehydrated and vasopressin treated animals included: the frequent occurrence of choroidal “dark” cells, dilatation of the lateral and basal intercellular spaces, increased vacuolization of the apical cytoplasm, and a change in microvillar conformation from the normal clavate type to those with a filiform shape. On the basis of the ultrastructural changes observed it is proposed that the choroid plexus be regarded as a target tissue for vasopressin. These findings indicated that a vasopressinmediated transchoroidal cerebrospinal fluid absorption capability exists.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Methanpyrolyse zur Behandlung des Graphitrohr-Atomisators
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 283 (1977), S. 9-14 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Störungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the first part different methods for studying interferences of the time dependent signal in flameless AAS are presented with emphasis on factorial designs in experimentation as opposed to the one-factor-at-a-time approach. An example of the statistical computations necessary for interpretation of a multifactor experiment is worked out and discussed in detail with special consideration of the explanation of first-order interactions. The influence of instrumentation upon determinations in the graphite furnace is dealt with in the second part: The temperature in the graphite furnace was measured with a pyrometer, a thermocouple and a Hg-thermometer. The results obtained with the pyrometer were in good agreement with the values given by the manufacturer. The stability of the AAS system was checked and found to be sufficient for the investigation of interferences.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im ersten Abschnitt werden die verschiedenen Möglichkeiten zur Untersuchung von Störungen des zeitabhängigen Signals bei der flammenlosen AAS aufgezeigt, wobei besondere Bedeutung den faktoriellen Versuchsplänen im Gegensatz zu einparametrigen Untersuchungen beigemessen wird. Ein Beispiel der statistischen Auswertung zur Interpretation eines Experiments mit mehreren Faktoren wird gebracht, und dabei besonderes Gewicht auf die Erklärung von Wechselwirkungen zwischen zwei Faktoren gelegt. Im zweiten Abschnitt werden die apparativen Einflüsse auf Messungen in der Graphitrohrküvette behandelt. Dazu wurde die Temperatur im Graphitrohr mit einem Pyrometer, einem Thermoelement und einem Quecksilberthermometer gemessen. Die Temperaturen, die mit der pyrometrischen Methode gefunden wurden, stimmen gut mit den vom Hersteller angegebenen Werten überein. Die Stabilität des AAS-Gerätes wurde überprüft: sie reicht für die Durchführung von Interferenzstudien aus.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 283 (1977), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cadmium ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Störungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Interferences in the flameless determination of cadmium using the HGA 72 were studied for HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4 and HF and found to be depending on different thermal pretreatment. The interferences of cations were much smaller than for anions. The results are discussed with respect to thermal stability as well as atomization rate of the compositions under investigation. Special emphasis is put upon the presence of interactions between interferents, which in some cases can be used to eliminate interferences.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Interferenzen, die bei der flammenlosen Bestimmung von Cadmium in der HGA 72 auftreten, wurden bei HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4, HClO4 und HF studiert; die AbhÄngigkeit ihres Auftretens von der thermischen Vorbehandlung wird gezeigt. Interferenzen von Kationen sind kleiner. Die Ergebnisse werden im Hinblick auf die thermische StabilitÄt und die Atomisierungsgeschwindigkeit der Proben diskutiert. Besonders betont wird die Gegenwart von Wechselwirkungen zwischen Störungen, die manchmal auch benützt werden können, um Interferenzen auszuschalten.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 283 (1977), S. 183-190 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Störungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Interferences in the flameless determination of lead using the HGA 72 were studied for HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4, HClO4, HF and for a number of cations. In certain instances interferents in just 1000-fold concentration over lead are shown to cause deviations in the lead signal. Many of the interferences are matrix-dependent themselves and can be reduced by matrix variations. Optimization of the thermal pretreatment can be used effectively to reduce random error and/or systematic errors. The thermal stability of lead compounds in the graphite furnace was sufficient for charring procedures up to 900° C for 20 s.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Interferenzen, die bei der flammenlosen Bestimmung von Blei in der HGA 72 auftreten, wurden bei HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4, HClO4, HF und einigen Kationen studiert. In gewissen Fällen reicht ein nur 1000 facher Überschuß des Störions, um Abweichungen vom Signal des Bleistandards hervorzurufen. Da das Auftreten von Interferenzen auch oft matrixabhängig ist, können Matrixvariationen zur Unterdrückung von Interferenzen eingesetzt werden. Die Optimierung des Temperaturprogrammes wird erfolgreich zur Beeinflussung des Zufallsfehlers und/ oder systematischer Fehler herangezogen. In der Graphitrohrküvette reichte die Stabilität der Bleiverbindung aus, um beim Veraschungsschritt die Temperatur bis auf 900° C (20 s) zu steigern.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 283 (1977), S. 337-341 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber in Luft, Gasen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Mercury is adsorbed on cellulose powder and activated charcoal. The contents of the adsorber are burnt in the oxy-hydrogen flame, and the mercury determined by the flameless atomic absorption procedure. The method is applicable to mercury present as metallic vapour, organo mercurical compounds and particulate matter containing adsorbed mercury compounds. The combustion step eliminates all possible non-atomic absorption interferences in the measuring procedure and ensures quantitative recovery of the mercury from the adsorption material. Quantitative adsorption recovery over a wide range of flow rate from 2–200 l/h allows the use of small battery operated pumps for personal monitoring, or vacuum pumps for high speed and large volume sampling. The range of flow rate makes isokinetic sampling conditions possible.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Quecksilber wird an Cellulosepulver und Aktivkohle adsorbiert. Der Inhalt des Adsorbers wird in der Wasserstoff-Sauerstoff-Flamme verbrannt und das Quecksilber durch flammenlose Atomabsorption bestimmt. Die Methode erfa\t Quecksilber als Metalldampf, in Form von Organo-Quecksilberverbindungen sowie Quecksilberverbindungen, die an Staubpartikel adsorbiert sind. Die Verbrennung in der Wasserstoff-Sauerstoff-Flamme eliminiert Störungen durch nicht-atomare Absorption bei der AAS-Messung und garantiert die quantitative Erfassung des adsorbierten Quecksilbers. Die quantitative Adsorption über einen gro\en Bereich der Durchflu\geschwindigkeit von 2–200 l/h erlaubt batteriebetriebene Pumpen für die Quecksilbermessung „am Mann“, oder den Einsatz von Vakuumpumpen für die Probenahme bei hoher Durchflu\rate und gro\em Probenvolumen. Der gro\e Bereich der Durchflu\rate gestattet isokinetische Bedingungen für die Probenahme.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer in Legierungen, Stahl ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohrküvette, Spuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung kleiner und kleinster Kupfergehalte in Stahl und anderen Metallegierungen durch Atomabsorptions-Spektralphotometrie wurde untersucht. Dabei konnte festgestellt werden, daß die bei Untersuchungen an wäßrigen Lösungen mit der Flamme auftretenden merklichen Interferenzen durch Begleitelemente völlig ausgeschaltet werden können, wenn das Kupfer mit Pb-DDTC in Chloroform extrahiert und der Extrakt mit der Graphitrohrküvette untersucht wird. Ferner wurde festgestellt, daß die Graphitrohrküvette der Flamme bei den Arbeiten mit organischen Lösungsmitteln erheblich überlegen ist, da von der Art der Lösungsmittel keine Einschränkung des Einsatzbereiches erfolgt. — Die Methoden der kontinuierlichen Veränderungen nach Job und des molaren Verhältnisses nach Yoe u. Jones zur Bestimmung der Komplexzusammensetzung konnten für das System Cu-DDTC auf das Arbeiten mit der Graphitrohrküvette übertragen werden.
    Notes: Abstract The determination of small and smallest amounts of copper in steel and other metal alloys by atomic absorption spectroscopy was investigated. It has been found, that the interferences caused by accompanying elements in the determination in aqueous solution with the flame can be completely removed by extracting the copper with Pb-DDTC in chloroform and determining this extract with the heated graphite atomizer. Moreover, it was recognised, that working with the heated graphite atomizer in organic solutions shows great advantages compared with the flame, because any solvent may be used. The methods of continuous variation by Job and the molar ratio by Yoe and Jones for the determination of the complex stoichiometry were transferred to the system Cu-DDTC by working with the heated graphite atomizer.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 283 (1977), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spurenanalyse ; Silberhalogenide als Spurenfänger für Chelatkomplexe ; Analyse von Mangan, Manganverbindungen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Komplexierung von Spuren mit Phenanthrolin, AgJ als Spurenfänger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Nachweisvermögen der Flammen-AAS für Elementspuren wird in Gegenwart der Matrix Mangan erheblich herabgesetzt, so daß eine Abtrennung der Spuren bei der Reinheitskontrolle von Mangan und Manganverbindungen erforderlich ist. Dazu werden die Spuren mit 1,10-Phenanthrolin komplexiert und mit Silberjodid als Spurenfänger angereichert. Durch Erhitzen des abfiltrierten Silberjodids mit HNO3 gelangt man zu nahezu matrixfreien Spurenlösungen von 10 ml, in denen 9 Elemente (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Bi und Tl) durch Flammen-AAS bestimmt wurden. Bei Einwaagen von 5–10 g Mangan bzw. Manganverbindungen unterschiedlicher Oxidationsstufen werden — je nach Element — Nachweisgrenzen zwischen 0,01 und 1 ppm erreicht. Durch Aufkonzentrieren der Spurenlösung auf 1 ml und anschließende Bestimmung mit der „Injektionsmethode“ der Flammen-AAS gelangt man zu Nachweisgrenzen von 0,007–0,1 ppm.
    Notes: Abstract The power of detection of flame AAS for trace elements decreases considerably in presence of manganese. For the purity control of manganese and manganese compounds, therefore, it is necessary to separate the traces from the main component of the samples. For that purpose the traces were complexed by 1,10-phenanthroline and coprecipitated by silver iodide as trace collector. To receive a trace solution of 10 ml being free of manganese the filtered AgI was boiled with HNO3. The enriched elements (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Bi and Tl) were determined by flame AAS. Using samples of 5 to 10 g of manganese or manganese compounds of different stages of oxidation the limits of detection of the various elements were found to be in a range between 0.01 and 1 ppm. By evaporation of the trace solution down to 1 ml and determination of the traces by the “injection method” of flame AAS limits of detection are obtained between 0.007 and 0.1 ppm.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 283 (1977), S. 303-303 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Boden ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Matrixeinfluß
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 284 (1977), S. 19-21 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Verunreinigungen in Phosphor ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Trennungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nach Oxydation der Probe zu H3PO4 mit HNO3/HCl werden die Kationen an einem stark sauren Kationenaustauscher gebunden, mit HCl eluiert und durch AAS bestimmt. Von den häufigsten Verunreinigungen des reinen roten Phosphors werden die Alkali- und Erdalkalielemente sowie die meisten Schwermetalle erfaßt. Fe und As werden nicht abgetrennt, Al nur teilweise. Fe und Al werden durch Extraktion ihrer Oxinate isoliert. As wird aus HBr mit Benzol extrahiert und über die AsH3-Reaktion bestimmt.
    Notes: Abstract After oxidizing the sample to H3PO4 with HNO3/HCl, the cations are absorbed on a strong acid cation exchange resin. They are eluted with HCl and are determined by AAS. Under the most commonly found impurities of high-purity red phosphorus, the alkali and alkaline earth elements and most of the heavy metals can be separated. Fe and As are not separated, Al is partially separated. Fe and Al are isolated by extraction of their 8-quinolinol compounds. As is extracted from HBr with benzene and is determined by means of the AsH3-method.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, systemat. Fehlerquellen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird versucht, an Hand ausgewählter Elemente (Fe, Co, Ni, Ag und Cd) schwerwiegende systematische Fehler bei der Bestimmung durch flammenlose Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie aufzuzeigen und deren Ursache zu diskutieren. Neben den Parametern des Temperaturprogramms und des Schutzgasstroms ist die Art und Struktur des Graphits, sowie dessen Reaktivität von entscheidendem Einfluß auf Empfindlichkeit und Nachweisvermögen des Verfahrens. „Depressionen“ bei der Verwendung stark saurer Analysenlösungen werden bestätigt und es wird versucht, diese im Zusammenhang mit der Reaktivität von Graphit zu erklären. An einem vereinfachten Modell wird der Einfluß organischer Lösungsmittel bzw. organischer Lösungen von Komplexbildnern wie Dithizon, NH4-DDTC und APDC auf die Atomisierung untersucht. Es wird diskutiert, ob die dabei registrierten „Depressionen“ Verluste sind, die durch die Bildung flüchtiger metallorganischer Verbindungen bereits bei Temperaturen ab 500° C entstehen. Besonders schwerwiegend sind diese Verlustreaktionen bei Anwesenheit halogenierter Kohlenwasserstoffe, wie an Hand der Reaktionen von Fe, Cd, Co, Ni und Ag mit Chloroform gezeigt werden kann.
    Notes: Abstract With selected elements (Fe, Co, Ni, Ag and Cd), the serious systematic errors inherent in flameless atomic absorption spectrometry are demonstrated and their origins are discussed. Besides the parameters of the temperature program and the inert gas stream, the type and structure of the graphite, as well as its reactivity have a decisive influence on the sensitivities and limits of detection of the technique. Depression of the signal is observed with the use of strongly acid solutions and it has been attempted to explain this in connection with the reactivity of the graphite. The influence of organic solvents and organic solutions of complexes with dithizone, NH4-DDTC and APDC on the atomization have been investigated with simplified examples. It can be presumed that the resulting depression of the signal is due to losses by the formation of volatile metal-organic compounds at temperatures above 500° C. Particularly large are the losses in the presence of hydrocarbon halides as can be demonstrated by the reaction of Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, and Ag with chloroform.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 284 (1977), S. 41-41 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best, von Kupfer, Nickel, Kobalt in Geolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 287 (1977), S. 23-27 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cadmium in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Kulturwasser-Meeresorganismen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For the determination of cadmium in culture water from toxicological experiments with marine organisms direct flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry seems to be an appropriate method, because it is less complicated than any combination with an extraction method. Unfortunately, it cannot be applied in the μg·l−1-range without modifications, because matrix effects lead to unacceptable variations in the results. It was found that these difficulties can be overcome by the addition of ammonium peroxodisulphate and sulphuric acid. A routine method basing on this effect has been developed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Cadmiumbestimmung in Kulturwasser von toxikologischen Versuchen mit marinen Organismen scheint die direkte flammenlose Atomabsorptions-Spektralphotometrie besonders geeignet zu sein, denn sie ist weniger umständlich als jede Kombination mit einer Extraktionsmethode. Ohne Modifikationen kann die Direktbestimmung jedoch im μg/l-Bereich nicht eingesetzt werden, denn Matrixeffekte bewirken allzu starke Streuungen der Meßergebnisse. Es wird gezeigt, daß ein Zusatz von Ammoniumperoxodisulfat und Schwefelsäure zur Probenlösung eine deutliche Verbesserung bewirkt. Eine Routinemethode wurde entwickelt, bei der von diesem Effekt Gebrauch gemacht wird.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 287 (1977), S. 317-319 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Eisen in Biolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Druckaufschluß
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 288 (1977), S. 62-62 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer, Zink, Nickel, Kobalt, Mangan und Eisen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Extraktion mit Phenylmethylbenzoylpyrazolon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 288 (1977), S. 191-192 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best, von Blei in Pflanzen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Reduktion zu metall. Blei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method for determining the lead content of plants has been developed. The dried, ground sample of a plant is first heated in oxygen to decompose the organic material. The lead is then reduced in hydrogen to elemental lead which sublimes and condenses in a capillary. The sublimed lead is dissolved in nitric acid and the lead concentration is determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das getrocknete und zerkleinerte Pflanzenmaterial wird im Sauerstoffstrom bei höherer Temperatur verascht. Nach Erhitzen im Wasserstoffstrom wird das Blei verdampft und im Kondensat durch Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie bestimmt.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 288 (1977), S. 273-276 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Vanadium, Elementen in Schmierölen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Anpassung der Wickbold-Apparatur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Verbrennungsapparatur nach Wickbold wurde durch Veränderungen am Saugbrenner, am vorderen Flammenrohr, am Kühlsystem und durch Verwendung von Wirbelrohren und eines Überdruckventils der Verbrennung von Erdölprodukten, speziell von gebrauchten Schmierölen, angepaßt. Zur Überprüfung der Apparatur wurde Vanadium in einer synthetischen Testlösung bestimmt. Die Endbestimmung nach der Verbrennung erfolgte durch flammenlose Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie in einer Graphitrohrküvette nach Massmann.
    Notes: Summary The Wickbold combustion apparatus has been modified for decomposition of petroleum products, especially of used lubricating oils. Modifications were made concerning the suction burner, the front of the combustion chamber and the cooling system in conjunction with adding a mixing tube and a pressure limiting valve. The improved apparatus was tested by the vanadium determination in a synthetic sample. After combustion the measurement was performed by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy using a Massmann graphite tube.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 288 (1977), S. 344-347 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von KieselsÄure ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Auflösung mit Flu\sÄure, Einflu\ von Begleitstoffen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur analytischen Bestimmung der KieselsÄure bzw. des Siliciums durch AAS wird die Möglichkeit der praktisch verlustfreien Auflösung in Flu\sÄure-SalzsÄure in offenen PlastikgefÄ\en über Versuchsergebnisse bestÄtigt. Versuche zur überprüfung von Störungen der KieselsÄurebestimmung in solchen Lösungen durch die Gegenwart von Begleitstoffen zeigten keine Beeinflussungen der Me\ergebnisse. Nach der Anwendung der Analysenmethode zur Siliciumbestimmung in ausgewÄhlten Proben, deren KieselsÄuregehalte in Flu\sÄure löslich sind und ebenso in resistenteren Materialien, wurden die Ergebnisse denen durch klassische Bestimmungen ermittelten gegenübergestellt.
    Notes: Summary Silicic acid resp. silicon can be quantitatively dissolved in a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid in open plastic containers. The solution is suitable for quantitative analyses of the silicon content by atomic absorption spectrometry. It can be shown experimentally that the results are not influenced by the presence of other elements in the solution. A comparison has been made between the classical method of silicon analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry using samples containing readily soluble silicic acid and also natural ores which are rather difficult to dissolve.
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    Cell & tissue research 170 (1976), S. 113-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretion ; Acipenseridae ; Spawning ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurohypophyses from sexually mature female sturgeons, Acipenser güldenstädti Brandt, killed before, soon after spawning, and during down-stream migration were studied light and electron microscopically. Ovaries were examined only under a light microscope. A large amount of neurosecretory material (3.5–4.5 arbitrary units) is found in the neurohypophysial “roots” during up-stream migration to spawning grounds. Neurosecretory fibres and their terminals are replete with elementary neurosecretory granules. Side by side with the latter some terminals contain single residual granules and few “synaptic” vesicles. Soon after spawning the amount of neurosecretory material decreases markedly in most individuals (content up to 1–3 units), and elementary granules are few in the fibres and their terminals. The number of residual granules increases, and “synaptic” vesicles are especially numerous. Granulated, disintegrating neurosecretory granules and granule-shadows occur in the preterminal parts of the fibres. The number of pituicytes increases because some “light” tanycytes seem to migrate from the ependymal into the subependymal layer. The restoration of neurosecretory material (reaching again up to 3.5–4.5 units) occurs within a month after spawning. The number of elementary granules increases in fibres and terminals while that of residual granules and “synaptic” vesicles decreases. These changes in the neurohypophysis of females after spawning are due to discharge of great amounts of peptide neurohormones into the general circulation after spawning. Spawning is regarded as a “physiological” stress for these females.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Neuron isolation ; Culture ; Quantitative electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurosecretory Caudo-Dorsal Cells (CDC) in the cerebral ganglia of the freshwater pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis produce an ovulation stimulating hormone. Previously it has been shown that neuronal and non-neuronal inputs are involved in the regulation of their activity. The degree of autonomy of these cells has been investigated by studying with morphometric methods the ultrastructure of CDC maintained in vitro. CDC of isolated cerebral ganglia which were cultured for 7 days show a considerable rate of synthesis, transport and release of neurohormone. Apparently these processes can proceed in the absence of neuronal and hormonal inputs from outside the cerebral ganglia. Completely isolated CDC, however, do not show neurosecretory activity in vitro; active Golgi zones, indicating the formation of neurosecretory elementary granules, are absent from such cells. Isolation does not seem to affect general cell functions such as protein synthesis and respiration. It is suggested that a neuronal input, originating within the cerebral ganglia, is necessary for the stimulation of CDC neurosecretory activity. Techniques are described for the isolation and culture of neurosecretory cells of L. stagnalis.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gill bars ; Fine structure ; Neurociliary control ; Neurosecretion ; Cephalochordata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Both primary and secondary (tongue) bars of the pharyngeal gill basket are covered by epithelial cells that are continuous with the cells that line the atrium. Anterior and posterior faces of the gill bars are covered with lateral ciliated cells, which possess a single cilium, ringed by microvilli, and an elaborate basal mitochondria-rootlet apparatus. Pharyngeal faces of the gill bars are covered with ciliated pharyngeal cells, atrial faces by mucus secreting atrial cells. The surface epithelium rests on a stromal septum, a flattened tube of basal lamina which dilates to form the visceral blood vessel (along the pharyngeal face) and skeletal blood vessel (along the atrial face). This basal lamina surrounds paired skeletal rods which run through the longitudinal axis of the gill bars near the atrial face. Between the skeletal rods and atrial cells of primary gill bars is a coelomic channel lined by epithelioid coelomic cells. Neuronal processes, some with neurosecretory granules, are located among the bases of the atrial cells. Some axons may contact lateral ciliated cells where the latter meet atrial cells, but synaptoid endings have not been found here or elsewhere in the gill bars. Nervous tissue has not been identified among lateral ciliated cells even though ciliary activity of these cells is supposedly regulated by atrial nervous tissue.
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    Cell & tissue research 171 (1976), S. 397-401 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mantle edge ; Neurosecretion ; Gastropoda ; Innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mantle edge gland of Helisoma duryi is innervated by neurosecretory axons from the pallial nerves. Synaptoid contacts occur between axons and gland cells, and there is ultrastructural evidence for the release of neurosecretory material. The mantle edge gland contributes to the deposition of periostracum during shell formation, and direct neurosecretory innervation may control shell growth and regeneration.
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    Cell & tissue research 172 (1976), S. 39-58 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Posterior lobe of hypophysis ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Granulolysis ; Lysosomes ; Acid phosphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les images ultrastructurales et cytochimiques de l'activité sécrétrice et lysosomiale des neurones neurosécréteurs supraoptico-posthypophysaires du rat ont été observées dans des circonstances où le nombre des grains de neurosécrétat et des lysosomes varient fortement. Au début de la réhydratation, après privation d'eau de 4 J, se développe dans les axones du lobe postérieur de l'hypophyse, plus ou moins vides de leurs grains, une autophagie intense. Elle intéresse surtout le réticulum lisse, abondant à ce stade, des microvésicules et des grains, bien que ces derniers soient encore peu nombreux. Si, à la reprise de la boisson, le transport axonal est inhibé par la colchicine, les grains s'accumulent dans les périkaryons, et le lobe postérieur ne se recharge pas. Toutefois l'autophagie, toujours intense dans les axones, reste très faible dans les périkaryons où la crinophagie n'est pas évidente. L'hypophysectomie induit également une charge granulaire des périkaryons, sans granulolyse importante; la mise en évidence des phosphatases acides fournit quelques images de crinophagie possible. Ce mécanisme est localisé exclusivement dans les périkaryons et l'autophagie essentiellement dans les axones. L'autophagie paraît constituer le mode de granulolyse prédominant et doit être considérée ici comme un des aspects du turnover des constituants cellulaires, signifiant un arrêt brusque d'une hypertrophie par hyperfonctionnement, plutôt que comme la régulation spécifique d'un excès de sécrétion.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural and cytochemical observations on neurosecretory neurons of the rat supraoptico-posthypophyseal systems were made under experimental conditions which resulted in striking changes in the amount of neurosecretory granules and lysosomes. Attention was focused on granulolysis. At the onset of rehydration following a 4 days water deprivation, very active autophagy took place in neurosecretory axons of the neural lobe involving the marked increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, microvesicles and neurosecretory granules, although the latter were still very few due to previous depletion. When axonal transport was inhibited by colchicine at the onset of rehydration, granules accumulated in the perikarya while granule reloading of the neural lobe was delayed. However autophagy, although always active in axons, remained scarce in perikarya. Moreover, in the latter there was only slight evidence of crinophagy. Hypophysectomy also induced granule accumulation in the perikarya, although accompanied by little granulolysis. Images indicative of crinophagy as shown by acid phosphatase localization were few and exclusively restricted to perikarya, while autophagy occurred essentially in axons. Autophagy appeared to be the predominant process for granulolysis and might be considered here as an aspect of the general turnover of cell constituents, related to the sudden regression of hyperactivity-induced hyperthrophy, rather than as an expression of a specific regulation of an excess of secretory material.
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    Cell & tissue research 175 (1976), S. 265-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eminence ; Macaca mulatto ; High-voltage electron microscopy ; Neurosecretion ; Ependymal cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the normal median eminence of the male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) is described using high-voltage electron microscopy. Surface specializations of ependymal cells lining the infundibular recess included cilia, apical extrusions, and microvilli. Supraependymal cells were predominantly macrophage-like, but examples of lymphocytic types were also seen. Tanycytes had long, branching, basal processes filled with numerous microtubules, some lipid droplets, and granules. The zona interna was composed of large unmyelinated neurosecretory fibers. A few myelinated fibers were also seen, but their character as neurosecretory fibers could not be established. The zona externa was composed of densely-packed profiles of neurosecretory fibers of small diameter, was well-vascularized and contained the terminations of tanycytes. Perivascular glial cells, vesiculated elements, pituicytes, and cellular elements common to connective tissue were observed. The intricate relationships between both the cellular and fibrous elements of the median eminence can be appreciated with the capability of high-voltage electron microscopy to discern ultrastructure in sections 10 times thicker than those used for low-voltage electron microscopy. The median eminence of this primate species has an ultrastructural organization similar to that described for most other species.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 100-101 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Spurenelementen, Mangan, Kobalt in Serum ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 205-205 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Schwermetallen in Wasser, Biolog. Material ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; verbesserter Gas-stop
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 121-124 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Titan ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Einfluß von Wertigkeit, Säuren, Liganden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß der Wertigkeit des Titans, von Mineralsäuren und von verschiedenen organischer Komplexliganden auf die Ti-Absorption in N2O-Acetylen-Flammen wurde ausführlich untersucht. Die thermischen Prozesse in den trockenen Aerosolpartikeln scheinen für die Atomisierung wichtiger zu sein, als die Komplexbildungsgleichgewichte in der Lösung. In Gegenwart von Chromotropsäure ist die Titanbestimmung mit AAS empfindlicher und selektiver als bei der bisherigen Ausführung.
    Notes: Abstract The atomic absorption method for the determination of titanium in N2O-acetylene flames is studied from the point of view of the valence state of titanium, the effect of mineral acids and various organic complexing ligands in solution. It seems evident that the thermal procedures within the dry aerosol particle are rather more deciding for the atomisation processes than the complexation equilibria in solution. In the presence of chromotropic acid the sensitivity and selectivity of the method are increased in comparison with the usual procedure in pure solutions.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Osmoregulation ; In vitro ; Quantitative electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The neurosecretory Dark Green Cells (DGC) in the pleural and parietal ganglia of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis seem to be involved in osmoregulation. Previous experiments have indicated that changes of the osmolality of the environment induce activity changes of the DGC. Furthermore, it was shown that information on environmental osmolality reaches the DGC via the blood. In the present study right pleural and parietal ganglion complexes were cultured for 3 days in vitro under different osmotic conditions. Quantitative electron microscopy revealed that, compared with the control osmolality (130 mOsm/kg H2O), osmolalities of 160 and 190 mOsm/kg H2O caused a reduced synthesis and an increased storage of neurohormone in the DGC. Apparently, the activity of the DGC depended on the osmotic pressure of the medium. It is proposed that in vivo the osmotic pressure of the blood (which is related to the osmolality of the environment) regulates DGC activity.
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    Cell & tissue research 168 (1976), S. 11-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Regulatory input ; Lymnaea stagnalis ; Synapse degeneration ; Quantitative electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cerebral ganglia of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis contain two clusters of neurosecretory Caudo-Dorsal Cells (CDC). These cells produce a neurohormone which stimulates ovulation. Ganglion transplantation and quantitative electron microscopy show that neuronal isolation of the cerebral ganglia complex (CCC) results in an activation of the CDC. It was, therefore, concluded that the CDC are controlled by an inhibitory neuronal input originating outside the cerebral ganglia. Ultrastructural studies on synaptic degeneration in the CCC suggest that this input reaches the CDC via a special type of synapse-like structure, the type C-SLS. Furthermore, transplantation of CCC into acceptor snails leads to a reduced release and an increased intracellular breakdown of neurohormone in the CDC of the nervous system of the acceptors. It is supposed that these phenomena are caused by the release of an (unknown) factor from the transplanted CCC. Special attention was given to the formation and degradation of a peculiar type of neurohormone granule, the large electron dense granule. The physiological significance of the neuronal and non-neuronal control mechanisms which regulate CDC activity is discussed.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Diencephalon ; Gymnophiona ; Nucleus praeopticus ; Neurosecretion ; Acetylcholinesterase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the diencephalon of two species of Gymnophiona (Amphibia) two neurosecretory nuclei were examined with histological (Alcian Blue, Aldehyde Fuchsin, Brookes Trichrome stain) and enzyme histochemical techniques (acid phosphatase, α-naphthyl acetate esterase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE)). In the preoptic nucleus two categories of secretory neurons were distinguished: large and medium sized neurons. The perikarya of both cell types contain very little neurosecretory material. The Alcian Blue method stained the medium sized neurons faintly but selectively. The tractus praeopticohypophyseus is marked by the presence of Herring bodies, which, however, are relatively scarce. The neurohypophysis, in contrast, contains large amounts of neurosecretory material. Both cell types of the preoptic nucleus are characterized by their very strong AChE and α-naphthylacetate esterase activity. The AChE also marks the tractus praeoptico-hypophyseus. In the large neurons acid phosphatase is present around the nucleus; in the medium sized neurons this enzyme is concentrated close to the origin of the axon. In the dorso-caudal hypothalamus a small group of neurons is stained with Alcian-Blue. These neurons, which also contain AChE, are located immediately under the ependyma which seems to be specialized in this region.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 103-104 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohröfen, Präzision u. Richtigkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 23-27 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Kupfer, Kupfersalzen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Ausfällen der Matrix als CuS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung der Elementspuren Cd, Co, Fe, In, Mn, Ni, Pb, Tl und Zn in reinem Kupfer und Kupfersalzen wird die Matrix als CuS mit Thioacetamid als Fällungsreagens ausgefällt. In 3 N salzsaurer Lösung werden die Elemente mit Ausbeuten ≥ 90 %, Tl zu 75 %, im Filtrat wiedergefunden. Nach Zusatz von HNO3 und Einengen des Filtrats, erhält man ein praktisch rückstandsfreies Spurenkonzentrat, in dem die angereicherten Elemente durch Flammen-Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie bestimmt werden. Die relative Standardabweichung s/¯x liegt im allgemeinen bei Werten um 0,03. Für Einwaagen von 1 g Kupfer werden Nachweisgrenzen erzielt, die, je nach Element, zwischen 0,2 und 3 ppm liegen.
    Notes: Abstract For the determination of traces of elements such as Cd, Co, Fe, In, Mn, Ni, Pb, Tl and Zn in pure copper and copper salts the matrix is precipitated as CuS using thioacetamide as precipitating reagent. In solutions containing 3 N hydrochloric acid, the recovery of the elements is ≥90 % (Tl 75%). By addition of HNO3 and evaporation of the filtrate to dryness a trace concentrate is received which is practically free of a salt residue and in which the preconcentrated elements are determined by flame AAS. The relative standard deviation s/¯x is generally about 0.03. Using samples of 1 g of copper the limit of detection for different elements was found to be between 0.2 and 3 ppm.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 288-288 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Müllsickerwasser
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 337-345 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cadmium in Bleidioxid, Vanadiumpentoxid, Uranoctoxid ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Laserverdampfung, Rasteranalyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine flammenlose Methode für die AAS wird beschrieben, die zur Mikro- und Lokalanalyse von Festkörpern eingesetzt werden kann. Die Verdampfung ausgewählter Probenbereiche erfolgt mit einem Ionen-Dauerstrichlaser. Die Cadmiumgehalte in V2O5-, PbO2- und U3O8-Proben, die unterschiedliche Cadmiumkonzentrationen enthalten, werden bestimmt. Die verdampfte Substanzmenge pro Messung beträgt ca. 1 μg, die aus einer Probenfläche von ca. 0,008 mm2 erhalten wird. Die Empfindlichkeit für die Cadmiumbestimmung beträgt 2,1 · 109 g Cd/1% Absorption und die Nachweisgrenze 4,8 · 10−10 g Cd. Als ein Anwendungsbeispiel folgt die Beschreibung und Auswertung einer Mikrorasteranalyse: von einer 14 mm2 Probenfläche wird aus 57 Einzelmeßwerten ein Konzentrationsprofil des Dotierungselementes ermittelt. Dafür werden zwei graphische Darstellungen vorgeschlagen. Vorteile des Verfahrens werden durch Vergleich mit bisher bekannten Techniken erläutert.
    Notes: Abstract A flameless method for AAS is described, which can be used for micro- and local analysis of solid samples. The evaporation of chosen areas of the sample is achieved with a continuous wave ion laser. The evaporated mass of each measurement is about 1 μg, which comes from an area of 0.008 mm2 from the surface of the specimen. The cadmium contents of samples of vanadium, lead and uranium oxides containing different concentrations of cadmium were determined. The sensitivity of the cadmium analysis is 2.1 · 10−9 g of Cd/1% absorption and the detection limit is found to be 4.8 · 10−10 g of cadmium. The description and interpretation of a raster microanalysis as an application of this method follows: 57 point measurements from an area of 14 mm2 are used to construct concentration contours of the doping element. Two graphic representations are suggested. The advantages of this method are compared with other known techniques.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 279 (1976), S. 347-349 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; ohne Wägung, auf See
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um das auf See problematische Einwiegen von Erzproben zur Analyse durch Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie zu umgehen, wird eine indirekte Ermittlung der eingesetzten Probemenge durch die Bestimmung eines „Leitelementes“ mittels Isotopfluorescenzanalyse erprobt. Am Beispiel von Manganknollen des Pazifischen Ozeans, die 15–30% Mn, 0,5–1,5% Ni und Cu enthalten, wird gezeigt, daß sich die beiden zuletzt genannten Elemente auf diese Weise mit einer Genauigkeit von besser als 10% rel. bestimmen lassen.
    Notes: Abstract The weighing of ore samples to be analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry is somewhat problematical at sea. To evade the weighing, tests have been made to try out an indirect determination of the mass of the sample by determining a “reference element” by means of isotope fluorescence analysis. The analysis of manganese nodules from the Pacific Ocean, containing 15–30% of Mn and 0.5–1.5% of Ni and Cu, is quoted as an illustration. It has been shown that the two latter elements can be determined in this way with an accuracy of at least 10% rel.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; vereinfachte Additionsmethode, Korrekturprogramm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein vereinfachtes Verfahren der Additionsmethode in der Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie wird beschrieben. Bei diesem vereinfachten Verfahren werden die Bestimmungen sämtlicher Elemente in einer einzigen Probe durchgeführt. Die Auswertung und die dazu notwendigen Korrekturen werden mit Hilfe eines Computerprogramms vorgenommen. Das beschriebene Verfahren liefert gute Ergebnisse bei geringem Arbeitsaufwand.
    Notes: Abstract With this simplified method all determinations of all the elements are carried out in only one probe. The errors are corrected by a computer program. With the method described good results can be obtained with little expenditure of work.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 278 (1976), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Verwendung von Glykolmethacrylat zur Spurenanalyse ; Gele mit Hydroxychinolin ; Best. von Kupfer, Eisen, Mangan, Blei in Ammoniumfluorid ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Glykolmethacrylatgel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Hydrophile makroporöse Copolymere von Glykolmethacrylat mit Glykolmonomethacrylat mit über eine Azogruppe gebundenem 8-Hydroxychinolin zeichnen sich durch eine rasche Gleichgewichtseinstellung bei Austauschprozessen aus (2–5 min). Die Sorptionsisothermen von Pb2+ und Cu2+ wurden gemessen (Sorptionsvermögen 0,2–0,3 mMol Me/g). Die Verteilungskoeffizienten für Pb2+ und Cu2+ sinken von etwa l05 auf 102 bei 90% iger Sättigung. Die Anwendung von Mikrokolonnen (0,02 ml Gesamtvolumen des Austauschers) zur Abtrennung und Anreicherung von Schwermetallspuren in ng-Mengen für die nachfolgende flammenlose Atomabsorption wurde vorgeschlagen. Als Beispiel wird die Bestimmung von Cu, Fe, Mn und Pb (5×10−7–5×10−5%) in Ammoniumfluorid beschrieben.
    Notes: Abstract Hydrophilic macroporous glycolmethacrylate-glycolmonomethacrylate copolymers with 8-hydroxyquinoline, bound via the azo-group, possess a high equilibration rate for exchange processes (2–5 min). The sorption isotherms of Pb2+ and Cu2+ have been studied (sorption capacity of 0.2–0.3 mMol · g−1. The partition coefficients for Pb2+ and Cu2+ (about 105 for unsaturated exchanger) are lowered in dependence of the exchanger saturation (about 102 for 90% saturation). The use of microcolumns (total volume of the exchanger 0.02 ml) for the separation and enrichment of traces of heavy metals in ng-amounts for the subsequent flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy is proposed. The determination of Cu, Fe, Mn and Pb (5×10−7 to 5x10−5%) in a high purity ammonium fluoride is described as an example.
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