ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Acoustic remote sensing of the ocean environment has seen a remarkable progress in the last ten-fifteen year as a result of an increasing understanding of the experimental techniques and procedures and of the subtleties of the interaction of sound with complex physical and biological processes. This is particularly true in the shallow water environment, where acoustic methods have the potential to allow for a fast and accurate characterization and assessment of the environment. To review the state of the art and the research progress in the field, a workshop was held in the island of Ischia, Italy, in June 2004. Special emphasis has been placed on the experimental applications, to realistically assess their potential and capabilities of the methods proposed.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Landscape ecological applications in man-influenced areas for linking man and nature systems.- 2. Spatial pattern analysis as a focus of landscape ecology to support evaluation of human impact on landscapes and diversity.- 3. Application of landscape ecology in long term ecological research.- 4. Ecological networks, from concept to implementation.- 5. Landscape changes in Japan based on national grid maps.- 6. Challenges faced when creating an evaluation method of biodiversity on an ecosystem level.- 7. Identification of the potential habitat for giant panda in the Wolong Nature Reserve by using landscape ecology methodology.- 8. Land use change from traditional to modern eras.- 9. Evaluation and planning of wildlife habitat in urban landscape.- 10. Landscape ecology for biodiversity.- 11. A higher-taxon approach with soil invertebrates to assessing habitat diversity in East Asian rural landscapes.- 12. Landscape ecological approach in oil palm land use planning and management for forest conservation in Malaysia.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The environmental landscape of Lochnagar. - The environmental landscape of Lochnagar. - Anthropogenic impacts from atmospheric pollutant deposition. - Future impacts.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 UNIVARIATE EXTREME VALUE THEORY 1.1 Order Statistics 1.2 Extreme value theory 1.3 Hazard, return period, and risk 1.4 Natural Hazards 2 MULTIVARIATE EXTREME VALUE THEORY 2.1 Multivariate Extreme Value Distributions 2.2 Characterizations of the domain of attraction 2.3 Multivariate dependence 2.4 Multivariate return periods 3 BIVARIATE ANALYSIS VIA COPULAS 3.1 2-Copulas 3.2 Archimedean copulas 3.3 Return periods via copulas 3.4 Tail dependence 4 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS VIA COPULAS 4.1 Multivariate copulas 4.2 Archimedean copulas 4.3 Conditional mixtures 5 EXTREME VALUE ANALYSIS VIA COPULAS 5.1 Extreme Value copulas 5.2 Dependence function 5.3 Tail dependence.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Section I: Flood Risk Management Practice . - Decision-making for flood-threatened properties / I. Kelman . - The influence of floodplain compartmentalization on flood risk within the Rhine-Meuse delta / D. Alkema and H. Middelkoop . - OSIRIS : an example of citizen-oriented technology development in the area of dissemination of information on flood risk management / M. Erlich . - Evolving concepts in flood risk management: searching for a common language / K. de Bruijn, C. Green, C. Johnson and L. McFadden . - COMRISK : a transnational project of public authorities on coastal risk management / J.L.A. Hofstede . - Dike investigations using geophysical methods : Techniques for the future? / R. Morawetz, J. Schön, C. Wohlfart and M. Röck . - Section II: Flood Events and Impacts . - The environmental impact of flooding of the Dutch Delta-Metropole / L.C.P.M. Stuyt, J.E.A. Reinders, E.E. van der Hoek, E.G.M. Hermans, M. de Muinck Keizer and J. Icke . - Structural economic effects of large-scale inundation: A simulation of the Krimpen Dike breakage / M. Bockarjova, A.E. Steenge, A. Van der Veen . - A method to estimate loss of life caused by large-scale floods in the Netherlands / N.E.M. Asselman and S.N. Jonkman . - Automation of flood contingency plans: benefits and implementation experiences / J.-J.Flikweert, C. Coremans, K. de Gooijer, L. Wentholt . - Section III: Flood Analysis and Modelling . - The IMPACT European research project on flood propagation in urban areas: experimental and numerical modelling of the influence of buildings on the flow / S. Soares Frazao, F. Alcrudo, J. Mulet, B. Noël, G. Testa and Y. Zech . - Sustainable development and flood risk :Reducing uncertainty (Bristol city re-development case study) / M. Pinnell . - Flood risk mapping at the local scale: Concepts and challenges / B. Merz, A.H. Thieken and M. Gocht . - Flood modelling and the August 2002 flood in the Czech Republic / P. Sklenár, E. Zeman, J. Špatka and P. Tachecí . - Seasonal rainfall and flow trends within three catchments in South-West England / D. Han . - Propagation of discharge uncertainty in a flood damage model for the Meuse River / Y. Xu, M.J. Booij and A.E. Mynett . - A stochastic model for simulating long time series of river-mouth discharge and sediment load / R. Hoogendoorn and G.J. Weltje.- Section IV: Flood Forecasting . - Forecasting flash floods with an operational model: application in the south-east of France (Gard) / P.A. Ayral, S. Sauvagnargues-Lesage, S. Gay and F. Bressand . - Flood forecasting for the Upper and Middle Odra river basin / M. Butts, A. Dubicki, K. Stronska, G. Jørgensen, A. Nalberczynski, A. Lewandowski and T. van Kalken . - Flood forecasting in the Anglian Region: User-driven development towards forecasting flood risk / D.E. Cadman, D.A. Price and M.B. Butts . - Flood forecasting model selection: A structured approach / K.A. Tilford, K.J. Sene and R. Khatibi . - Numerical modelling in coastal flood forecasting and warning in England and Wales / K. Hu, and C. Wotherspoon . - Section V: Flood Risk Management Policy . - Reflections on the challenges of EU policy-making with view to flood risk management: actors, processes and the acquis communautaire / A.L. Vetere Arellano, A. de Roo and J.-P. Nordvik . - On the flood risk in the Netherlands / L.M. Bouwer and P. Vellinga . - Planning for river induced floods in urban areas: experiences and key issues for Sweden / D. Thorsteinsson, A. Semadeni-Davies and R. Larsson . - Interregional and transnational co-operation in river basins : chances to improve flood risk management? / B. Haupter, P. Heiland and J. Neumüller.

Description / Table of Contents: Currently, a first generation of dedicated satellite missions for the precise mapping of the Earth's gravity field is in orbit (CHAMP, GRACE, and soon GOCE). The gravity data from these satellite missions provide us with very new information on the dynamics of planet Earth. In particular, on the mass distribution in the Earths interior, the entire water cycle (ocean circulation, ice mass balance, continental water masses, and atmosphere), and on changes in the mass distribution.The results are fascinating, but still rough with respect to spatial and temporal resolution. Technical progress in satellite-to-satellite tracking and in gravity gradiometry will allow more detailed results in the future. In this special issue, Earth scientists develop visions of future applications based on follow-on high-precision satellite gravimetry missions.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part 1: Introduction. - Part 2: Analysis Of Initial Rock Slope Failure.- Part 3: Monitoring Of Rock Slope Movement. .- Part 4: Analysis Of Post-Failure Behaviour..- Part 5: Case Studies Of Massive Rock Slope Failure.- Part 6: Volcanic Landslides. - Part 7: Regional Studies Of Massive Rock Slope Failure. - Part 8: Influences On Geomorphological Evolution. - Part 9: State-Of-The-Art.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Scenarios for CO2 Capture and Storage; 3. CO2 Capture Technologies; 4. CO2 Transport and Storage; 5. Financial, Legal, Regulatory and Public Acceptance Issues; 6. CCS Regional and Country Updates; 7. CCS Technology Roadmaps and Recommendations

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. An overview of Well Logging.- 2. Introduction to Well Log Interpretation.- 3. Basic Resistivity and Spontaneous Potential.- 4. Empiricism: The Cornerstone of Interpretation.- 5. Resistivity: Electrode Devices and How They Evolved.- 6. Other Electrode and Toroid Devices.- 7. Resistivity: Induction Devices.- 8. Multi-array and Triaxial Induction Devices.- 9. Propagation Measurements.- 10. Basic Nuclear Physics for Logging Applications.- 11. Gamma Ray Devices.- 12. Gamma Ray Scattering and Absorption Measurements.- 13. Basic Neutron Physics for Logging Applications.- 14. Neutron Porosity Devices.- 15. Pulsed Neutron Devices and Spectroscopy.- 16. Nuclear Magnetic Logging.- 17. Introduction to Acoustic Logging.- 18. Acoustic Waves in Porous Rocks and Boreholes.- 19. Acoustic Logging Methods.- 20. High Angle and Horizontal Wells.- 21. Clay Quantification.- 22. Lithology and Porosity Estimation.- 23. Saturation and Permeability Estimation.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. LITHOFACIES AND TRANSPORT OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTS IN KARSTIC AQUIFERS, Rachel Bosch and William B. White.- 2. SEDIMENT AND SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT THROUGH KARST, Barbara J. Mahier et al. - 3. PALAEOMAGNETIC ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENTS ON THE BUCHAN CAVES, SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, PROVIDES A PRE-LATE PLEISTOCENE DATE FOR LANDSCAPE AND CLIMATE EVOLUTION, R. J. Musgrave and J. A. Webb - 4. PALEOMAGNETIC ANALYSIS OF A LONG-TERM SEDIMENT TRAP, KOOKEN CAVE, HUNTINGDON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, USA, Ira D. Sasowsky et al. - 5. PROVENANCE O SUSPENDED SEDIMENT DISCHARGED FROM A KARST AQUIFER DETERMINED BY CLAY MINERALOGY F. Leo Lynch et al. - 6. READING VIRGINIA?S PALEOCLIMATE FROM THE GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY OF CLASTIC CAVE SEDIMENTS, Elizabeth P. Knapp e al. - 7. GLACIALLY-INFLUENCED SEDIMENT CYCLES IN THE LIME CREEK KARST, EAGLE COUNTY, COLORADO Paul A, Burger - 8. CAVE SEDIMENTS AND DENUDED CAVERNS IN THE LAKI RAVNIK, CLASSICAL KARST OF SLOVENIA, France uteri - 9. PALEOCLIMATE RECORDS FROM SPELEOTHEMS IN LIMESTONE CAVES, William B. White - 1O. URANIUM-SERIES DATING OF SPELEOTHEMS: CURRENT TECHNIQUES, LIMITS, & APPLICATIONS, Jeffrey A. Dorale et al. - 11. PALEOCLIMATE INFORMATION FROM SPELEOTHEMS: THE PRESENT AS A GUIDE TO THE PAST, Russell S. Harmon et al. - 12 INFLUENCE OF DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT ON DEVIL?S HOLE CALCITE MORPHOLOGY AND PETROLOGY, Peter T. Kolesar and Alan C. Riggs - 13. SPELEOTHEMS FROM THE HIGH-ALPINE SPANNAGEL CAVE, ZILLERTAL ALPS (AUSTRIA), Christoph Spotl et al. - 14. ISOTOPE STAGE II, THE SUPER-INTERGLACIAL, FROM A NORTH NORWEGIAN SPELEOTHEM, Stein-Erik Lauritzen and Joyce Lundberg. - 15. ESTABLISHING A SPELEOTHEM CHRONOLOGY FOR SOUTHWESTERN OREGON - CLIMATIC CONTROLS AND GROWTH MODELLING, Steven C. Turgeon and Joyce Lundberg. - 6. SILICATES IN CARBONATE SPELEOTHEMS, GUADALUPE MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO, U.S.A, Victor J. Polyak and Necip Güven. - 17. RELIQUIAE DILUVIANAE ALTER: LAST INTERGLACIAL FLOOD DEPOSITS IN THE CAVES OF THE WEST INDIES, Donald A. McFarlane and Joyce Lundberg.

Description / Table of Contents: An entry point to the rapidly expanding field of paleoclimatology - the study of climates of the past. Highly interdisciplinary in nature, paleoclimatology integrates information from a broad array of disciplines in the geosciences.

Description / Table of Contents: Table of Contents: Preface / M. D. Max. - Part 1: Hydrate as a Material and its Discovery. - 1. Introduction, Physical Properties, and Natural Occurrences of Hydrate / R. E. Pellenbarg, M. D. Max. - 2. Natural Gas Hydrate: Introduction and History of Discovery / K. A. Kvenvolden. - Part 2: Physical Character of Natural Gas Hydrate. - 3. Practical Physical Chemistry and Empirical Predictions of Methane Hydrate Stability / E. T. Peltzer, P. G. Brewer. - 4. Thermal State of the Gas Hydrate Reservoir / C. Ruppel. - Part 3: Oceanic and Permafrost-Related Natural Gas Hydrate. - 5. Permafrost-Associated Gas Hydrate / T. S. Collett, S. R. Dallimore. - 6. Oceanic Gas Hydrate / W. P. Dillon, M. D. Max. - Part 4: Source of Methane and its Migration. - 7. The Role of Methane Hydrate in Ocean Carbon Chemistry and Biogeochemical Cycling / R. B. Coffin, K. S. Grabowski, J. P. Chanton. - 8. Deep Biosphere: Source of Methane for Oceanic Hydrate / P. Wellsbury, R. J. Parkes. - 9. Movement and Accumulation of Methane in Marine Sediments: Relation to Gas Hydrate Systems / M. B. Clennell, A. Judd & M. Hovland. - Part 5: Major Hydrate-Related Issues. - 10. Natural Gas Hydrate as a Potential Energy Resource / T. S. Collett. - 11. Climate Impact of Natural Gas Hydrate / B. U. Haq. - 12. Potential Role of Gas Hydrate Decomposition in Generating Submarine Slope Failures / C. K. Paull, W. Ussler III. & W. P. Dillon. - Part 6: Distribution of Natural Gas Hydrate. - 13. U.S. Atlantic Continental Margin; the Best Known Gas Hydrate Locality / W. P. Dillon, M. D. Max. - 14. Gas Hydrate in the Arctic and Northern North Atlantic Oceans / M. D. Max, J. Mienert, K. Andreassen & C. Berndt. - 15. Cascadia Margin, Northeast Pacific Ocean: Hydrate Distribution from Geophysical Investigations / G. D. Spence, R. D. Hyndman, N. R. Chapman, M. Riedel, N. Edwards & J. Yuan. - 16. The Occurrence of BSRs on the Antarctic Margin / E. Lodolo, A. Camerlenghi. - 17. Gas Hydrate Potential of the Indian Sector of the NE Arabian Sea and Northern Indian Ocean / M. D. Max. - 18. Hydrate as a Future Energy Resource for Japan / M. D. Max. - 19. A Note on Gas Hydrate in the Northern Sector of the South China Sea / S. McDonnell, M. Czarnecki. - Part 7: How we see Hydrate. - 20. Introduction to Physical Properties and Elasticity Models / J. Dvorkin, M. B. Helgerud, W. F. Waite, S. H. Kirby and A. Nur. - 21. Geophysical Sensing and Hydrate / P. R. Miles. - 22. Seismic Methods for Detecting and Quantifying Marine Methane Hydrate/Free Gas Reservoirs / I. A. Pecher, W. S. Holbrook. - 23. Ground Truth: In-Situ Properties of Hydrate / D. S. Goldberg, T. S. Collett & R. D. Hyndman. - Part 8: Laboratory Studies of Gas Hydrates. - 24. GHASTLI - Determining Physical Properties of Sediment Containing Natural and Laboratory-Formed Gas Hydrate / W. J. Winters, W. P. Dillon, I. A. Pecher & D. H. Mason. - 25. Laboratory Synthesis of Pure Methane Hydrate Suitable for Measurement of Physical Properties and Decomposition Behavior / L. Stern, S. H. Kirby, W. B. Durham, S. Circone & W. F. Waite. - Part 9: The Promise of Hydrate. - 26. Economic Perspective of Methane from Hydrate / K. J. Bil. - 27. Hydrate Resource, Methane Fuel, and a Gas-Based Economy? / M. D. Max. - Glossary of terms. - Selected references. - List of contributing authors.

Description / Table of Contents: This is the first book published on the emerging research field of naturally occurring gas hydrates (focusing on methane hydrate) that is not primarily a physical chemistry textbook. This book is designed as a broad introduction to the field of hydrate science, demonstrating the significance of the hydrate cycle to energy resource potential, seafloor stability, and global climate and climate change along with other issues. The best known hydrate localities are described, as are research and laboratory methods and results. The book consists of chapters grouped in related themes that present up-to-date information on methane hydrate. Each of the contributing authors is expert in hydrate science and most have been carrying out research in hydrate for a considerable time.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Shift in thinking to address the 21st century hunger gap ; A grid-based assessment of global water scarcity including virtual water trading ; Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern ; Transitions towards adaptive management of water facing climate and global change ; Stakeholder-driven, enquiry-driven, or stakeholder-relevant, enquiry-driven science? ; Learning Alliances for the broad implementation of an integrated approach to multiple sources, multiple uses and multiple users of water ; Possibilities and problems with the use of models as a communication tool in water resource management ; Integration of the biophysical and social sciences using an indicator approach: Addressing water problems at different scales ; Capturing the complexity of water uses and water users within a multi-agent framework ; Upscaling field scale hydrology and water quality modelling to catchment scale ; Linking databases of different sources and scales for groundwater research in the Urema River Basin/Central Mozambique ; Integrated water and food analysis at the global and basin level. An application of WATERSIM ; The adaptive integrated data information system (AIDIS) for global water research ; Policy implications of a pan-tropic assessment of the simultaneous hydrological and biodiversity impacts of deforestation ; Towards better water security in North China ; Towards transition management of European water resources ; Some foci of integrated water resources management in the 'South' which are oft-forgotten by the 'North': A perspective from southern Africa ; The GLOWA Volta Project: A framework for water resources decision-making and scientific capacity building in a transnational West African basin ; Integrating a climate change assessment tool into stakeholder-driven water management decision-making processes in California ; Involving stakeholders in integrated river basin planning in England and Wales ; Integrated assessment of water resources: Australian experiences

Description / Table of Contents: This textbook aims to be a one stop shop for those interested in aerosols and their impact on the climate system. It starts with some fundamentals on atmospheric aerosols, atmospheric radiation and cloud physics, then goes into techniques used for in-situ and remote sensing measurements of aerosols, data assimilation, and discusses aerosol-radiation interactions, aersol-cloud interactions and the multiple impacts of aerosols on the climate system. The book aims to engage those interested in aerosols and their impacts on the climate system: graduate and PhD students, but also post-doctorate fellows who are new to the field or would like to broaden their knowledge. The book includes exercises at the end of most chapters. Atmospheric aerosols are small (microscopic) particles in suspension in the atmosphere, which play multiple roles in the climate system. They interact with the energy budget through scattering and absorption of solar and terrestrial radiation. They also serve as cloud condensation and ice nuclei with impacts on the formation, evolution and properties of clouds. Finally aerosols also interact with some biogeochemical cycles. Anthropogenic emissions of aerosols are responsible for a cooling effect that has masked part of the warming due to the increased greenhouse effect since pre-industrial time. Natural aerosols also respond to climate changes as shown by observations of past climates and modelling of the future climate.

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Climatic Adaptation of Boreal and Temperate Tree Species -- 2. Dynamic Modelling of the Annual Cycle -- 3. The Annual Phenological Cycle -- 4. The Annual Cycle of Photosynthesis in Evergreen Conifers -- 5. The Annual Cycle of Frost Hardiness -- 6. Evolutionary Aspects of the Annual Cycle -- 7. Upscaling to Higher Levels of Organisation -- 8. The Annual Cycle Under Changing Climatic Conditions -- 9. Concluding Remarks

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides an overview of how boreal and temperate tree species have adapted their annual development cycle to the seasonally varying climatic conditions. Therefore, the frost hardy dormant phase, and the susceptible growth phase, are synchronized with the seasonality of the climate. The volume discusses the annual cycle, including various attributes such as timing of bud burst and other phenological events, seasonality of photosynthetic capacity or the frost hardiness of the trees. During the last few decades dynamic ecophysiological models have been used increasingly in studies of the annual cycle, particularly when projecting the ecological effects of climate change. The main emphasis of this volume is on combining modelling with experimental studies, and on the importance of the biological realism of the models

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Isotopes in Water. - Isotopes in tree rings. Isotopes in bones and teeth. Isotopes in lake sediments. Isotopes in speleothems. Isotopes in marine sediments.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: The Permanent Scatterer Technique.- The Integer Least-Squares Estimator.- The STUN Algorithm.- Synthetic Data Experiments.- Real Data Processing.- Conclusions and Recommendations.

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of Arctic ice shelves, ice islands and related features. Ice shelves are permanent areas of ice which float on the ocean surface while attached to the coast, and typically occur in very cold environments where perennial sea ice builds up to great thickness, and/or where glaciers flow off the land and are preserved on the ocean surface. These landscape features are relatively poorly studied in the Arctic, yet they are potentially highly sensitive indicators of climate change because they respond to changes in atmospheric, oceanic and glaciological conditions. Recent fracturing and breakup events of ice shelves in the Canadian High Arctic have attracted significant scientific and public attention, and produced large ice islands which may pose a risk to Arctic shipping and offshore infrastructure. Much has been published about Antarctic ice shelves, but to date there has not been a dedicated book about Arctic ice shelves or ice islands. This book fills that gap.

Description / Table of Contents: This is the first comprehensive science-based textbook on the biology and ecology of the Baltic Sea, one of the world’s largest brackish water bodies. The aim of this book is to provide students and other readers with knowledge about the conditions for life in brackish water, the functioning of the Baltic Sea ecosystem and its environmental problems and management. It highlights biological variation along the unique environmental gradients of the brackish Baltic Sea Area (the Baltic Sea, Belt Sea and Kattegat), especially those in salinity and climate. The first part of the book presents the challenges for life processes and ecosystem dynamics that result from the Baltic Sea’s highly variable recent geological history and geographical isolation. The second part explains interactions between organisms and their environment, including biogeochemical cycles, patterns of biodiversity, genetic diversity and evolution, biological invasions and physiological adaptations. In the third part, the subsystems of the Baltic Sea ecosystem - the pelagic zone, the sea ice, the deep soft sea beds, the phytobenthic zone, the sandy coasts, and estuaries and coastal lagoons - are treated in detail with respect to the structure and function of communities and habitats and consequences of natural and anthropogenic constraints, such as climate change, discharges of nutrients and hazardous substances. Finally, the fourth part of the book discusses monitoring and ecosystem-based management to deal with contemporary and emerging threats to the ecosystem’s health.

Description / Table of Contents: The aim of this edited volume is to introduce the scientific community to paleoenvironmental studies of estuaries, to highlight the types of information that can be obtained from such studies, and to promote the use of paleoenvironmental studies in estuarine management. Readers will learn about the the application of different paleoecological approaches used in estuaries that develop our understanding of their response to natural and human influences. Particular attention is given to the essential steps required for undertaking a paleoecological study, in particular with regard to site selection, core extraction and chronological techniques, followed by the range of indicators that can be used. A series of case studies are discussed in the book to demonstrate how paleoecological studies can be used to address key questions, and to sustainably manage these important coastal environments in the future. This book will appeal to professional scientists interested in estuarine studies and/or paleoenvironmental research, as well as estuarine managers who are interested in the incorporation of paleoenvironmental research into their management programs.

Description / Table of Contents: Ostracods, small aquatic Crustacea, occur in almost every marine, brackish and freshwater habitat. Their calcified bivalved carapaces readily fossilize and their record in earth history is long, dense and diverse. Ostracod species are particularly useful as tools in marine and limnic (palaeo-) ecology, in (palaeo-) biogeography, and biostratigraphy. Their reproductive morphology is as extraordinary as their reproductive modes, and many of their physiological peculiarities remain mysterious. Ostracod taxonomy and phylogeny contribute to general studies of crustacean evolution. The diversity of ostracod applications in both biology and palaeontology is clearly illustrated by the eighteen papers of the 15th International Symposium on Ostracoda (Berlin, Germany) in 2005, which are grouped in the present proceedings, one of three volumes resulting from this meeting.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I: Justifying Sustainability. ; 2. Intergenerational ethics under resource constraints ; 3. Justifying sustainability ; 4. Resolving distributional conflicts between generations ; 5. The malleability of undiscounted utilitarianism as a criterion of intergenerational justice ; 6. Rawlsian intergenerational justice as a Markov-perfect equilibrium in a resource technology ; 7. Unjust intergenerational allocations ; Part II: Characterizing Sustainability. ; 8. The Hartwick rule: Myths and facts ; 9. Hartwick's rule in open economies ; 10. Capital gains and 'net national product' in open economies ; 11. Characterizing sustainability: The converse of Hartwick's rule ; 12. On the sustainable program in Solow's model ; 13. Maximin, discounting, and separating hyperplanes ; Part III: Indicating Sustainability. ; 14. Green national accounting for welfare and sustainability: A taxonomy of assumptions and results ; 15. Net national product as an indicator of sustainability ; 16. Adjusting Green NNP to measure sustainability ; 17. Does NNP growth indicate welfare improvement? ; 18. A general approach to welfare measurement through national income accounting ; 19. Green national accounting with a changing population

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Rethinking Sustainability Editor's Introduction; Marco Keiner.-Sustainability Quo Vadis?.- Reflections on Sustainability, Population Growth, and the Environment 2006; Albert A. Bartlett.- Sustainable Development Definitions, Principles, Policies; Herman E. Daly.- Sustainability is Not Enough; Peter Marcuse.-Challenges to Sustainable Development.- Sustainable Development and Urbanization; Marios Camhis.- Sustainable Economies Local or Global?; Helena Norberg-Hodge.- Business and Human Rights; Klaus M. Leisinger.-New approaches.- A New Glasnost for Global Sustainability; Mikhail Gorbachev.- Tools for the Transition to Sustainability; Dennis L. Meadows.- Factor Four and Sustainable Development in the Age of Globalization; Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker.- Ecological Footprint Accounting Comparing Earth's Biological Capacity with an Economy's Resource Demand; Mathis Wackernagel.- Advancing Sustainable Development and its Implementation Through Spatial Planning; Marco Keiner.- Sustainability is Dead Long Live Sustainability; Alan AtKisson.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Climate variability, predictability and climate risks: a European perspective ; Climate variability-observations, reconstructions, and model simulations for the Atlantic-European and Alpine region from 1500-2100 AD ; Challenges posed by and approaches to the study of seasonal-to-decadal climate variability ; Global warming and the summertime evapotranspiration regime of the Alpine region ; Climate risks and their impact on agriculture and forests in Switzerland ; The couplin of optimal economic growth and climate dynamics ; Modeling endogenous learning and imperfect competition effects in climate change economics ; Economics of climate policy and collective decision making

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Concepts of scale and scaling. 2. Perspectives, methods of scaling. 3. Uncertainty analysis in ecological studies. 4. Multilevel statistical models, ecological scaling. 5. Downscaling abundance from species distribution. 6. Scaling terrestrial biogeochemical processes. 7. A framework, methods for simplifying landscapes. 8. Building up with top-down approach. 9. Carbon fluxes across regions. 10. Landscape and regional scale studies of nitrogen gas fluxes. 11. Multiscale relationships of landscape characteristics and nitrogen concentrations in streams. 12. Uncertainty in scaling nutrient export coefficients. 13. Causes, consequences of land use change in North Carolina Piedmont. 14. Assessing spatial scale influence on relationship between avian nesting success and forest fragmentation. 15. Scaling issues in mapping riparian zones. 16. Scale issues in lake-watershed interaction. 17. Scaling, uncertainty in region-wide water quality decision-making. 18. Scaling with known uncertainty.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: List of Contributors. - Foreword. - Preface. - Accretion and Erosion Waves on Beaches / Douglas L. Inman and Scott A. Jenkins. - Africa, Coastal Ecology / Anton McLachlan. - Africa, Coastal Geomorphology / Antony R. Orme. - Airborne Laser Terrain Mapping and Light Detection and Ranging / Stephen P. Leatherman, Dean Whitman, and Keqi Zhang. - Algal Rims / Jacques Laborel. - Alluvial-Plain Coasts / Daniel F. Belknap. - Altimeter Surveys, Coastal Tides, and Shelf Circulation / Guoqi Han. - Antarctica, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology / Andrew McMinn. - Aquaculture / Robert R. Stickney. - Archaeological Site Location, Effect of Sea-Level Change / Melanie J. Stright. - Archaeology / Lucille Lewis Johnson. - Arctic, Coastal Ecology / Jean-Francois Hamel and Annie Mercier. - Arctic, Coastal Geomorphology / H. Jesse Walker. - Artificial Islands / Marcel J. F. Stive. - Asia, Eastern, Coastal Ecology / Donald Macintosh. - Asia, Eastern, Coastal Geomorphology / D. Eisma. - Asia, Middle East, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology / Paul Sanlaville and Abel Prieur. - Asia, Southern (see Indian Ocean Coasts). - Asteroid-Impact Coasts / Rhodes W.Fairbridge. - Atlantic Ocean Islands, Coastal Ecology / Annie Mercier and Jean-Francois Hamel. - Atlantic Ocean Islands, Coastal Geomorphology / Jim D. Hansom. - Atolls / David Hopley. - Australia, Coastal Ecology / Karen S. Edyvane. - Australia, Coastal Geomorphology / Eric Bird. - Barrier Islands / Miles O. Hayes. - Barrier / Eric Bird. - Barriers, Gravel (see Gravel Barriers). - Bars / Brian Greenwood. - Bay Beaches / Karl F. Nordstrom. - Beach and Nearshore Instrumentation / Robin Davidson-Arnott. - Beach Cusps (see Rhythmic Patterns). - Beach Drain / Per Bruun. - Beach Erosion / Edward J.Anthony. - Beach Features / Michael J. Chrzastowski. - Beach Nourishment / Charles W. Finkl and H. Jesse Walker. - Beach Processes / John R. Dingie. - Beach Profile / Nicholas C. Kraus. - Beach Rating (see Rating Beaches). - Beach Ridges / Ervin G. Otvos. - Beach Safety (see Lifesaving and Beach Safety). - Beach Sediment Characteristics / Alan S.Trenhaile. - Beach Stratigraphy / Yoshiki Saito. - Beach Use and Behaviors / Niels West . - Beachrock / Robert J. Turner. - Beaufort Wind Scale / Dilip K. Barua. - Bioconstruction / William T. Fox. - Bioengineered Shore Protection / Kevin R. Hall. - Bioerosion / William T. Fox. - Biogenous Coasts (see Vegetated Coasts). - Biogeomorphology / Martin J. Baptist. - Bioherms and Biostromes / Jacques Laborel. - Black and Caspian Seas, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology / Yuri Dolotov and Pavel Kaplin. - Bluffs (see Cliffed Coasts). - Bogs / Martyn Waller. - Boulder Barricades / Peter S.Rosen. - Boulder Beaches / John McKenna. - Boulder Pavements / Jim D. Hansom. - Bypassing at Littoral Drift Barriers / Per Bruun. - Capping of Contaminated Coastal Areas / Ram K. Mohan. - Carbonate Sandy Beaches / Andrew D. Short. - Caribbean Islands, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology / Gillian Cambers. - Carrying Capacity in Coastal Areas / M. MacLeod and J. Andrew G.Cooper. - Cays / David Hopley. - Central America (see Middle America). - Chalk Coasts / Vincent May. - Changing Sea Levels / Nils-Axel Mörner. - Cheniers / Ervin G. Otvos. - Classification of Coasts (see Holocene Coastal Geomorphology). - Cleaning Beaches / Niels West. - Cliffed Coasts / Alan S. Trenhaile. - Cliffs, Erosion Rates / Tsuguo Sunamura. - Cliffs, Lithology versus Erosion Rates / Tsuguo Sunamura. - Climate Patterns in the Coastal Zone / Douglas L. Inman and Scott A. Jenkins. - Coastal Boundaries / Peter H. F.Graber. - Coastal Changes, Gradual / B. G. Thorn and P. J. Cowell. - Coastal Changes, Rapid / David B. Scott. - Coastal Climate / David Greenland. - Coastal Currents / Guy Gelfenbaum. - Coastal Engineering (see Shore Protection Structures; Navigation Structures). - Coastal Hoodoos / Shin Wang. - Coastal Lakes and Lagoons / George F. Oertel. - Coastal Modeling and Simulation / V. Chris Lakhan. - Coastal Processes (see Beach Processes). - Coastal Sedimentary Facies / H. Edward Clifton. - Coastal Soils / Charles W. Finkl. - Coastal Subsidence / Zhongyuan Chen and John Rybczyk. - Coastal Temperature Trends / George A. Maul. - Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling / Dilip K. Barua. - Coastal Warfare / Peter L. Guth. - Coastal Wells / Yaacov Nir. - Coastal Wind Effects / Terry R. Healy. - Coastal Zone Management / Peter W. French. - Desalination / Benedicte Cherbuy and Jean-Christophe Aznar. - Desert Coasts / Rodman E. Snead. - Coastline Changes / Eric Bird. - Coasts, Coastlines, Shores, and Shorelines / George F. Oertel. - Cohesive Sediment Transport / Parmeshwar L. Shrestha and Alan F. Blumberg. - Computer Simulation (see Coastal Modeling and Simulation). - Conservation of Coastal Sites / Vincent May. - Continental Shelves / A. W. Niedoroda. - Conversion Tables (see Appendix 1). - Coral Reef Coasts / Charles R. C. Sheppard. - Coral Reef Islands / Gisele Muller-Parker. - Coral Reefs / David Hopley. - Coral Reefs, Emerged / David Hopley. - Cross-Shore Sediment Transport / Richard J. Seymour. - Cross-Shore Variation of Grain Size on Beaches / Philip D. Osborne and David P. Simpson. - Cuspate Forelands / Stephen J. Craig-Smith. - Dalmatian Coasts / Dieter Kelletat. - Dams, Effecton Coasts / Jiyu Chen. - Databases (see Appendix 4). - Dating (see Geochronology). - Datum (see Sea-Level Datums). - Debris (see Marine Debris-Onshore, Offshore, Seafloor Litter). - Deltaic Ecology / John M. Rybczyk. - Deltas / SheaPenland and Mark A. Kulp. - Demography of Coastal Populations / Iver W. Duedall and George A. Maul. - Depth of Closure on Sandy Coasts / Andrew Morang and William A. Birkemeier. - Depth of Disturbance / John P. Ahren. - Desalination / Bénédicte Cherbuy and Jean-Christophe Aznar. - Desert Coasts / Rodman E. Snead. - Dewatering (see Beach Drain). - Developed coasts / Nancy L. Jackson and Karl F. Nordstrom. - Dikes / Pieter G. E. F. Augustinus. - Dissipative Beaches / Douglas J. Sherman. - Dredging of Coastal Environments / Per Bruun. - Drift and Swash Alignments / Eric Bird. - Driftwood / Thomas A. Terich. - Dune Calcarenite (see Eolianite). - Dune Ridges / Terry R. Healy. - Dynamic Equilibrium of Beaches / Robert G. Dean. - Economic Value of Beaches / William B. Stronge. - El Nino - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) / Henry F. Diaz. - Endogenic and Exogenic Factors / Henry Bokuniewicz. - Energy and Sediment Budgets of the Global Coastal Zone / Douglas L. Inman and Scott A. Jenkins. - Engineering Applications of Coastal Geomorphology / John R. C. Hsu. - Environmental Quality / Michael J. Kennish. - Eolianite / Eric Bird. - Eolian Processes / Patrick A. Hesp. - Erosion: Historical Analysis and Forecasting / Mark Crowell, Stephen P. Leatherman, and Bruce Douglas. - Erosion Processes / Michael R. Rampino. - Estuaries, Anthropogenic Impacts / Michael J. Kennish. - Estuaries / Terry R. Healy. - Eustasy / Vivian Gornitz. - Europe, Coastal Ecology / J. Pat Doody. - Europe, Coastal Geomorphology / Dieter Kelletat and Anja Scheffers. - Faulted Coasts / Roland P. Paskoff. - Forecasting (see Erosion: Historical Analysis and Forecasting). - Geochronology / Gerhard Schellmann and Helmut Bruckner. - Geodesy / Michael P. Stewart. - Geographic Information Systems / Shawn M. Boeser. - Geographical Coastal Zonality / Dieter H. Kelletat. - Geohydraulic Research Centers / James R. Houston. - Geotextile Applications / Ram K. Mohan and C. G. R. Nair. - Glaciated Coasts / Daniel F. Belknap. - Global Positioning Systems / Shawn M. Boeser. - Global Vulnerability Analysis / Robert J. Nicholls and Frank M. J. Hoozemans. - Global Warming (see Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming). - Glossary of Coastal Geomorphology (see Appendix 5). - Gravel Barriers / Julian D. Orford. - Gravel Beaches / David P. Simpson. - Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming / James G. Titus. - Gross Transport / Richard J. Seymour. - Ground-Penetrating Radar / Ilya Buynevich and Duncan M. FitzGerald. - Groundwater (see Hydrology of the Coastal Zone). - Hazards (see Natural Hazards). - Headland-Bay Beach / Luis J. Moreno. - Health Benefits / Roger H. Charlier and Marie-Claire P. Chaineux. - Hindcasting (see Wave hindcast). - History, coastal ecology / J. Pat Doody. - History, coastal geomorphology / H. Jesse Walker and Molly McGraw. - History, Coastal Protection / Roger H. Charlier. - Holocene Coastal Geomorphology / Dieter Kelletat. - Holocene Epoch / Neil Roberts. - Honeycomb Weathering / George Mustoe. - Hoodoos (see Coastal Hoodoos). - Human Impact on Coasts / Richard A. Davis, Jr.. - Hydrology of the Coastal Zone / Diane HornIce-Bordered. - Coasts / H. Jesse Walker. - Indian Ocean Coasts, Coastal Ecology / Baban Ingole. - Indian Ocean Coasts, Coastal Geomorphology / G. N. Nayak. - Indian Ocean Islands, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology / M. Wafar, Sayeeda Wafar, and Prasanna Yennavar. - Ingression, Regression, and Transgression / Henry Bokuniewicz. - Instrumentation (see Beach and Nearshore Instrumentation). - Isostasy / Kurt Lambeck. - Jet Probes / Charles W. Finkl and Lindino A. Benedet. - Journal Listing (see Appendix 2). - Karst Coasts / Roland P. Paskoff. - Klint / Anto Raukas. - Lagoons (see Coastal Lakes and Lagoons). - Landslides (see Mass Wasting). - Late Quaternary Marine Transgression / Nils-Axel Mörner. - Lifesaving and Beach Safety / B. Chris Brewster. - Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) (see Airborne Laser Terrain Mapping). - Litter (see Marine Debris). - Littoral / Henry Bokuniewicz. - Littoral Cells / Douglas L. Inman. - Littoral Drift Gradient / Terry R. Healy. - Log-Spiral Beach (see Headland-Bay Beach). - Longshore Sediment Transport / Richard J. Seymour. - Machair / William Ritchie. - Managed Retreat / William J. Neal, David M. Bush, and Orrin H. Pilkey. - Management (see Coastal Zone Management). - Mangroves, Ecology / F. Blasco, M. Aizpuru, and J. Besnehard. - Mangroves, Geomorphology / Eric Bird. - Mangroves, Remote Sensing / F. Blasco, M. Aizpura, and D. Din Ndongo. - Mapping Shores and Coastal Terrain / Robert A. Morton. - Marine Debris - Onshore, Offshore, Seafloor Litter / A. T. Williams, D. T. Tudor and M. R. Gregory. - Marine Parks / Vincent May. - Marine Terraces / Paolo A. Pirazzoli. - Mass Wasting / Alan S. Trenhaile. - Meteorological Effects on Coasts / Gregory W. Stone and Robert A. Muller. - Microtidal Coasts / J. Andrew G. Cooper. - Middens (see Shell Middens). - Middle America, Coastal Ecology and Geomorphology / Alejandro Yanez-Arancibia. - Mining of Coastal Materials / W. R. Osterkamp and R. A. Morton. - Modeling Platforms, Terraces, and Coastal Evolution / Douglas L. Inman, Scott A. Jenkins, and Patricia M. Masters. - Modes and Patterns of Shoreline Change / Francis A. Galgano and Stephen P. Leatherman. - Monitoring Coastal Ecology / J. Pat Doody. - Monitoring Coastal Geomorphology / Andrew Morang and Laurel T. Gorman. - Muddy Coasts / Terry R. Healy. - Natural Hazards / Vivian Gornitz. - Navigation Structures / Nicholas C. Kraus. - Nearshore Geomorphological Mapping / Charles W. Finkl. - Nearshore Sediment Transport Measurement / Ping Wang. - Nearshore Wave Measurement / Ping Wang and Gregory W. Stone. - Net Transport / Richard Seymour. - New Zealand, Coastal Ecology / Russell Cole and Conrad Pilditch. - New Zealand, Coastal Geomorphology and Oceanography / Terry R. Healy. - North America, Coastal Ecology / Michael S. Kearney and J. Court Stevenson. - North America, Coastal Geomorphology / Douglas J. Sherman. - Notches / Dieter H. Kelletat. - Numerical Modeling / Magnus Larson. - Oil Spills / Erich R. Gundlach. - Oil Spills, High-Energy Coasts / William Ritchie. - Offshore Sand Banks and Linear Sand Ridges / Randolph A. MeBride. - Offshore Sand Sheets / Michael S. Fenster. - Organizations (see Appendix 3). - Pacific Ocean Islands, Coastal Ecology / Mark D. Merlin. - Pacific Ocean Islands, Coastal Geomorphology / Patrick D. Nunn. - Paleocoastlines / John C. Kraft. - Paraglacial Coasts / Donald L. Forbes. - Peat / Ian Shennan. - Periglacial (see Ice-Bordered Coasts). - Photogrammetry / E. Robert Thieler and Cheryl J. Hapke. - Physical Models / Michael S. Bruno. - Placer Deposits / Paul D. Komar. - Pleistocene Epoch / Dieter H. Kelletat. - Pluvial Lake Shore Deposits / Detlef A. Warnke and Hillert Ibbeken. - Polders / Joost H. J. Terwindt. - Pressure Gradient Force / George A. Maul. - Profiling, Beach / Nicholas C. Krau. - RADARSAT-2 / Gordon C. Staples. - Rating Beaches / Stephen P. Leatherman. - Reclamation / P. P. Wong. - Reefs, Non-Coral / William T. Fox. - Reflective Beaches / Douglas J. Sherman. - Remote Sensing of Coastal Environments / Elijah W. Ramsey III. - Remote Sensing: Wetlands Classification / Victor Klemas. - Rhythmic Patterns / Paul D. Komar. - Ria / Eric Bird. - Rip Currents / Robert W. Brander. - Ripple Marks / Carl L. Amos and Patrick L. Friend. - Rock Coast Processes / Alan S. Trenhaile. - Salt Marsh / Terry R. Healy. - Sampling Methods (see Monitoring, Coastal Ecology; Monitoring, Coastal Geomorphology). - Sand Rights / Katherine Stone, Orville Magoon, Billy Edge, and Lesley Ewing. - Sandy Coasts / Andrew D. Short.- Scour and Burial of Objects in Shallow Water / Douglas L. Inman and Scott A. Jenkins. - Sea-Level Change (see Changing Sea Levels). - Sea-Level Changes During the Last Millennium / Roland Gehrels. - Sea-Level Datums (see Tidal Datums). - Sea-Level Indicators, Biologic / Jacques Laborel and Francoise Laborel-Deguen. - Sea-Level Indicators - Biological in Depositional Sequences / David B. Scott and Franco S. Medioli. - Sea-Level Indicators, Geomorphic / Paolo A. Pirazzoli. - Sea-Level Rise, Effect / James G. Titus. - Sediment Analysis and Classification (see Beach Sediment Characteristics). - Sediment Budget / Jeffrey H. List. - Sediment Suspension by Waves / Rowland J. Atkins. - Sediment Transport (see Cross-Shore Sediment Transport; Longshore Sediment Transport). - Sedimentary Basins / Saskia Jelgersma. - Seismic Displacement / Paolo A. Pirazzoli. - Sequence Stratigraphy / Arthur D. Donovan. - Setbacks / Michael S. Fenster. - Sharm Coasts / Dieter H. Kelletat. - Shelf Processes / Alan W. Niedoroda. - Shell Middens / Sarah K. Campbell. - Shingle Beach (see Gravel Beach). - Shore Platforms / Wayne Stephenson and Robert Kirk. - Shore Protection Structures / Nicholas C. Kraus. - Shoreface / H. Edward Clifton. - Simple Beach and Surf Zone Models / John P. Ahrens. - Sloughs (see Estuaries; Tidal Creeks). - Small Islands / George Maul. - Sociology, Beaches (see Beach Use and Behaviors). - South America, Coastal Ecology / Simone Rabelo da Cunha, Omar Defeo, Anita de Alava, Rosana Moreira da Rocha, Beatrice Padovani Ferreira, Mauro Maida, Tognella-M. M. P. De-Rosa, Carlos Emilio Bemvenuti, Joel C. Creed and Andre S. Barreto. - South America, Coastal Geomorphology / Norbert P. Psuty and Chizuko Mizobe. - Spits / Takaaki Uda. - Storm Surge / Vivian Gornitz. - Storms (see Meterological Effects). - Strandflat / Tormod Klemsdal. - Structures (see Shore Protection Structures; Navigation Structures). - Submarine Groundwater Discharge / Steven L. Krupa and Cynthia J. Gefver. - Submerged Coasts / Wyss W.-S. Yim. - Submerging Coasts / Paolo A. Pirazzoli. - Surf Modeling / Marshall D. Earle. - Surf Zone Processes / William R. Dally. - Surfing / William R. Dally. - Synthetic Aperture Radar Systems / R. Keith Raney. - Tafone / George Mustoe. - Tectonics and Neotectonics / Paolo A. Pirazzoli. - Thalassostatic Terraces / Rhodes W. Fairbridge. - Thalassotherapy (see Health Benefits). - Tidal Creeks / Terry R. Healy. - Tidal Datums / Edward B. Hands. - Tidal Environments / B. W. Flemming. - Tidal Inlets / Duncan M. FitzGerald. - Tidal Flats / V. Semeniuk. - Tidal Flats, Open Ocean Coasts / Congxian Li, Ping Wang, and Daidu Fan. - Tidal Power / Roger H. Charlier. - Tidal Prism / Terry M. Hume. - Tide-Dominated Coasts / Miles O. Hayes. - Tide Gauges / Guy Woppelmann and Paolo A. Pirazzoli. - Tide Mill / Roger H. Charlier. - Tides / Bruce Parker. - Time Series Modeling / V. Chris Lakhan. - Topic Categories (see Appendix 6). -Tors / Maurice Schwartz. - Tourism and Coastal Development / Marc L. Miller and Nina P. Hadley. - Tourism, Criteria for Coastal Sites / P. P. Wong. - Tracers / Paolo Ciavola. - Trottoirs / David Hopley. - Tsunamis / Alastair Dawson. - Uplift Coasts / Terry R. Healy. - Vegetated Coasts / Denise J. Reed. - Vibracore / Charles W. Finkl and Syed Khalil. - Vorticity / George A. Maul. - Volcanic Coasts / Terry R. Healy. - Washover Effects / William Ritchie. - Warfare (see Coastal Warfare). - Water Quality / Katherine Pond. - Wave and Tide-Dominated Coasts / Edward J. Anthony. - Wave Climate / George Maul. - Wave-Current Interaction / Patricia L. Wiberg. - Wave-Dominated Coasts / Miles O. Hayes. - Wave Environments / Andrew D. Short. - Wave Focusing / Terry R. Healy. - Wave Hindcasting / Dilip K. Barua. - Wave Power / Roger H. Charlier. - Wave Refraction Diagrams / Gerhard Masselink. - Waves / Gerhard Masselink. - Weathering in the Coastal Zone / Rhodes W. Fairbridge. - Wetlands / Denise J. Reed. - Wetland Restoration / William Streever. - Appendix 1: Conversion Tables. - Appendix 2: Journals / Charles W. Finkl. - Appendix 3: Organizations / Charles W. Fink. - Appendix 4: Databases / Pravin D. Kunte. - Appendix 5: Glossary of Coastal Geomorphology / Eric Bird. - Appendix 6: Topic Categories / Maurice Schwartz. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Spectroscopic measurements of tropospheric composition from satellite measurements in the ultraviolet and visible: Steps toward continuous pollution monitoring from space. 2. ESA spectroscopy studies in support of spaceborne atmospheric composition sounding.- 3. The MIPAS experiment aboard ENVISAT: remote sensing of atmospheric composition.- 4. Performance of the operational retrieval code for MIPAS on ENVISAT and possible improvements of retrieval techniques for environment and climate.- 5. New measurements of trace species in the upper troposphere from infra-red spectra of the atmosphere.- 6. Remote sensing of the Non-LTE atmosphere.- 7. Quantitative spectroscopy and atmospheric measurements.- 8. Quantitative laboratory spectroscopy of atmospheric trace gases.- 9. Global modeling of high-resolution spectra of linear molecules CO2, N2O and C2H2.- 10. CDSD-296, the high-precision carbon dioxide spectroscopic databank: version for atmospheric applications.- 11. Theoretical quantitative spectroscopy: computer simulation of molecular spectra.- 12. Recent results on infrared molecular line broadening and shift parameters.- 13. Half-widths and line shifts of water vapor for atmospheric applications: measurement and theory.- 14. Quantitative rotational spectroscopy for atmospheric research.- 15. Pressure-broadening of the 22.2 GHz line of water: basic results for remote sensing of the atmosphere.- 16. Rotational spectroscopy at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.- 17. Correlation between precipitable water and rainfall using Global Positioning System (GPS) technique.- 18. Extreme variability of aerosol optical properties: the Cairo aerosol characterization experiment case study.- 19. Urban air pollution and its photochemistry studied by laser spectroscopic.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume provides a comprehensive view on the different sources of the geomagnetic field both in the Earth’s interior and from the field’s interaction with the terrestrial atmosphere and the solar wind. It combines expertise from various relevant areas of geomagnetic and near Earth space research with the aim to better characterise the state and dynamics of Earth’s magnetic field. Advances in the exploitation of geomagnetic observations hold a huge potential not only for an improved quantitative description of the field source but also for a better understanding of the underlying processes and physics. Key is the separation of the field sources in the observations, especially, but not solely, during times of quiet geomagnetic conditions, when the most subtle geomagnetic effects can be identified and become significant. The collected articles are based on the current constellation of ground and space observations, and on state-of-the-art empirical models and physics-based simulations. Thus, it provides an in-depth overview over recent achievements, current limitations and challenges, and future opportunities in the field of geomagnetism and space sciences.

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides a compact self-contained introduction to the theory and application of Bayesian statistical methods. The book is accessible to readers having a basic familiarity with probability, yet allows more advanced readers to quickly grasp the principles underlying Bayesian theory and methods. The examples and computer code allow the reader to understand and implement basic Bayesian data analyses using standard statistical models and to extend the standard models to specialized data analysis situations. The book begins with fundamental notions such as probability, exchangeability and Bayes' rule, and ends with modern topics such as variable selection in regression, generalized linear mixed effects models, and semiparametric copula estimation. Numerous examples from the social, biological and physical sciences show how to implement these methodologies in practice. Monte Carlo summaries of posterior distributions play an important role in Bayesian data analysis. The open-source R statistical computing environment provides sufficient functionality to make Monte Carlo estimation very easy for a large number of statistical models and example R-code is provided throughout the text. Much of the example code can be run ``as is'' in R, and essentially all of it can be run after downloading the relevant datasets from the companion website for this book. Peter Hoff is an Associate Professor of Statistics and Biostatistics at the University of Washington. He has developed a variety of Bayesian methods for multivariate data, including covariance and copula estimation, cluster analysis, mixture modeling and social network analysis. He is on the editorial board of the Annals of Applied Statistics.

Description / Table of Contents: This publication examines global energy trends and sets out projections for supply and demand of oil, gas, coal and power sectors. It then goes on to present an alternative policy scenario which considers the energy challenges we need to address to secure a sustainable energy future, identifies priority areas for action and key instruments, and measures both the costs and cost-effectiveness of alternative policies. Other issues discussed include: the impact of higher energy prices, current trends in oil and gas investment, the prospects for nuclear power, the outlook for biofuels, energy for cooking in developing countries, and an in-depth study of the energy sector in Brazil.

Description / Table of Contents: The world needs ever increasing energy supplies to sustain economic growth and development. But energy resources are under pressure and CO2 emissions from today’s energy use already threaten our climate. What options do we have for switching to a cleaner and more efficient energy future? How much will it cost? And what policies do we need? This second edition of Energy Technology Perspectives addresses these questions, drawing on the renowned expertise of the International Energy Agency and its energy technology network. This publication responds to the G8 call on the IEA to provide guidance for decision makers on how to bridge the gap between what is happening and what needs to be done in order to build a clean, clever and competitive energy future. The IEA analysis demonstrates that a more sustainable energy future is within our reach, and that technology is the key. Increased energy efficiency, CO2 capture and storage, renewables, and nuclear power will all be important. We must act now if we are to unlock the potential of current and emerging technologies and reduce the dependency on fossil fuels with its consequent effects on energy security and the environment. This innovative work demonstrates how energy technologies can make a difference in an ambitious series of global scenarios to 2050. The study contains technology road maps for all key energy sectors, including electricity generation, buildings, industry and transport. Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 provides detailed technology and policy insights to help focus the discussion and debate in energy circles..

Description / Table of Contents: How much can technology contribute to securing adequate and affordable energy supplies and lower CO2 emissions? What energy technologies hold the most promise? How long will it take? At their 2005 summit in Gleneagles, G-8 leaders confronted these questions and decided to act with resolve and urgency. They called upon the International Energy Agency to provide advice on scenarios and strategies for a clean and secure energy future. Energy Technology Perspectives is a response to the G8 request. This innovative work demonstrates how energy technologies can make a difference in a series of global scenarios to 2050. It reviews in detail the status and prospects of key energy technologies in electricity generation, buildings, industry and transport. It assesses ways the world can enhance energy security and contain growth in CO2 emissions by using a portfolio of current and emerging technologies. Major strategic elements of a successful portfolio are energy efficiency, CO2 capture and storage, renewables and nuclear power. While technology does hold great promise for the future, we must act now if we are to unlock the potential of current and emerging technologies and reduce the impact of fossil fuel dependence on energy security and the environment. Energy Technology Perspectives provides detailed technology and policy insights to help policy makers craft sustainable solutions.

Description / Table of Contents: Since 2005, the OECD and IEA have been examining the possibility to expand international carbon markets by granting broader access to developing countries. This note summarises key elements in this area, drawing on earlier publications done under the aegis of the Annex I Expert Group on the UNFCCC (AIXG).

Description / Table of Contents: This special early excerpt of WEO-2009 is a contribution from the energy sector to inform the negotiations leading into Copenhagen. It summarises the results of a fully-updated Reference Sceario, detailing by sector and by country/region the trends in energy use and emissions and the investments and funding needed to meet the 450 Scenario.

Description / Table of Contents: This article assesses the long-term economic and climatic effects of introducing price caps and price floors in hypothetical global climate change mitigation policy. Based on emission trends, abatement costs and equilibrium climate sensitivity from IPCC and IEA reports, this quantitative analysis confirms that price caps could significantly reduce economic uncertainty. This uncertainty stems primarily from unpredictable economic growth and energy prices, and ultimately unabated emission trends. In addition, the development of abatement technologies is uncertain. Furthermore,this analysis shows that rigid targets may entail greater economic risks with little or no comparative advantage for the climate. More ambitious emission objectives, combined with price caps and price floors, could still entail significantly lower expected costs while driving similar, or even slightly better, climatic outcomes in probabilistic terms.

Description / Table of Contents: Industry accounts for one-third of global energy use and almost 40% of worldwide CO2 emissions. Achieving substantial emissions reduction in the future will require urgent action from industry. Industry accounts for one-third of global energy use and almost 40% of worldwide CO2 emissions. Achieving substantial emissions reduction in the future will require urgent action from industry. What are the likely future trends in energy use and CO2 emissions from industry? What impact could the application of best available technologies have on these trends? Which new technologies are needed if these sectors are to fully play their role in a more secure and sustainable energy future? Energy Technology Transitions for Industry addresses these questions through detailed sectoral and regional analyses, building on the insights of crucial IEA findings, such as Energy Technology Perspectives 2008: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050. It contains new indicators and methodologies as well as scenario results for the following sectors: iron and steel, cement, chemicals, pulp and paper and aluminium sectors. The report discusses the prospects for new low-carbon technologies and outlines potential technology transition paths for the most important industrial sectors. This publication is one of three new end-use studies, together with transport and buildings, which look at the role of technologies in transforming the way energy is used in these sectors.

Description / Table of Contents: Coal Mine Methane in China

Description / Table of Contents: This volume provides an overview of (1) the physical and chemical foundations of dating methods and (2) the applications of dating methods in the geological sciences, biology, and archaeology, in almost 200 articles from over 200 international authors. It will serve as the most comprehensive treatise on widely accepted dating methods in the earth sciences and related fields. No other volume has a similar scope, in terms of methods and applications and particularly time range. Dating methods are used to determine the timing and rate of various processes, such as sedimentation (terrestrial and marine), tectonics, volcanism, geomorphological change, cooling rates, crystallization, fluid flow, glaciation, climate change and evolution. The volume includes applications in terrestrial and extraterrestrial settings, the burgeoning field of molecular-clock dating and topics in the intersection of earth sciences with forensics. The content covers a broad range of techniques and applications. All major accepted dating techniques are included, as well as all major datable materials.

Description / Table of Contents: At their 2007 Summit in Heiligendamm, G8 leaders called on countries to “adopt instruments and measures to significantly increase the share of combined heat and power (CHP) in the generation of electricity.” As a result, energy, economic, environmental and utility regulators are looking for tools and information to understand the potential of CHP and to identify appropriate policies for their national circumstances. This report forms the first part of the response. It includes answers to policy makers’ questions about the potential economic, energy and environmental benefits of an increased policy commitment to CHP. It also includes for the first time integrated IEA data on global CHP installations, and analyses the benefits of increased CHP investment in the G8+5 countries. A companion report will be produced later in 2008 to document best practice policy approaches that have been used to expand the use of CHP in a variety of countries.

Description / Table of Contents: Concern exists over human-generated increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases and their potential consequences to society. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007 finds that global temperatures have increased by 0.8ºC since 1850 and that climate warming is now ’unequivocal’. While the human imprint is becoming increasingly apparent, Earth’s climate has shifted dramatically and frequently during the last few million years, alternating between ice ages, when vast glaciers covered Northern Europe and much of North America, and interglacials—warm periods much like today. Farther back in geologic time, climates have differed even more from the present. Thus, to fully understand the unusual changes of the 20th century and possible future trends, these must be placed in a longer-term context extending beyond the period of instrumental records. The Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments, a companion volume to the recently-published Encyclopedia of World Climatology, provides the reader with an entry point to the rapidly expanding field of paleoclimatology—the study of climates of the past. Highly interdisciplinary in nature, paleoclimatology integrates information from a broad array of disciplines in the geosciences, ranging from stratigraphy, geomorphology, glaciology, paleoecology, paleobotany to geochemistry and geophysics, among others. The encyclopedia offers 230 informative articles written by over 200 well known international experts on numerous subjects, ranging from classical geological evidence to the latest research. The volume is abundantly illustrated with line-drawings, black-white and color photographs. Articles are arranged alphabetically, with extensive bibliographies and cross-references.

Description / Table of Contents: Understanding the process underlying the origin of Earth magnetic field is one of the greatest challenges left to classical Physics. Geomagnetism, being the oldest Earth science, studies the Earth’s magnetic field in its broadest sense. The magnetic record left in rocks is studied in Paleomagnetism. Both fields have applications, pure and applied: in navigation, in the search for minerals and hydrocarbons, in dating rock sequences, and in unraveling past geologic movements such as plate motions they have contributed to a better understanding of the Earth. Consisting of more than 300 articles written by ca 200 leading experts, this authoritative reference encompasses the entire fields of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism in a single volume. It describes in fine detail at an assessable level the state of the current knowledge and provides an up-to-date synthesis of the most basic concepts. As such, it will be an indispensable working tool not only for geophysicists and geophysics students but also for geologists, physicists, atmospheric and environmental scientists, and engineers.