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  • Articles  (19,138)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (15,714)
  • Oxford University Press  (3,424)
  • 2020-2024  (475)
  • 1950-1954  (18,663)
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  • 1
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    Fault imaging at Mt Pollino (Italy) from relative location of microearthquakes (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: Relative location of microearthquakes that occurred at Mt Pollino (Italy) from 2011 to 2013 have been analyzed with the aim of a detailed imaging of the geometry of active faults. We identified 27 clusters composed of a number of earthquakes from 9 to 33, with local magnitude in the range 0.6–2.7. The relative location shows that the distribution of hypocentres in each cluster is characterized by extension from few tens of meters to at most 350 m. For each cluster the hypocentre distribution was fitted by a plane to infer the fault orientation, and results were compared with the fault plane solutions corresponding to the focal mechanism of earthquakes of the same cluster. The comparison shows a good agreement in most of the cases. The relative location analysis, generally applied to earthquakes with similar waveform, has been improved to permit also the relative location of earthquakes characterized by not similar signals. To achieve this purpose a modified procedure that overcome the condition of very similar waveforms has been applied to estimate the time delay between first pulses of the master events. The relative location of master events of all clusters shows a precise imaging of the relative position of all analysed sources and allows also to follow with high accuracy the evolution in time of the seismic swarm within the selected periods. The hypocentre position of master events and the nearly parallel fitting planes of any clusters suggest that most of the analyzed earthquakes were produced by different patches of the same fault. The final results depict a main fault plane characterized by NW–SE strike, dip of about 35–45° and depth between 4.5 and 6.5 km b.s.l. Focal mechanisms, used also to evaluate the local stress field, are mostly of normal type with few strike slip solutions for the shallowest events. This result is in good agreement with the local tectonic stress regime that is characterized by predominant NE–SW transtension, as inferred from structural, seismological and geophysical data.
    Description: Published
    Description: 637–648
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Persistence, memory, correlations, clustering, Spatial analysis, Crustal imaging, Earthquake source observations, Seismicity and tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    Physics-based simulation of sequences with multiple main shocks in Central Italy (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved
    Description: The application of a physics-based earthquake simulator to Central Italy allowed the compilation of a synthetic seismic catalogue spanning 100 000 yr, containing more than 300 000 M ≥ 4.0 simulated earthquakes, without the limitations that real catalogues suffer in terms of completeness, homogeneity and time duration. The seismogenic model upon which we applied the simulator code was derived from version 3.2.1 of the Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS; http://diss.rm.ingv.it/diss/), selecting, and modifying where appropriate, all the fault systems that are recognized in the portion of Central Italy considered in this study, with a total of 54 faults. Besides tectonic stress loading and static stress transfer as in the previous versions, the physical model on which the latest version of our simulation algorithm is based also includes the Rate and State constitutive law that helps to reproduce Omori’s law. One further improvement in our code was also the introduction of trapezoidalshaped faults that perform better than known faults. The resulting synthetic seismic catalogue exhibits typical magnitude, space and time features which are comparable to those in real observations. These features include the total seismic moment rate, the earthquake magnitude distribution, and the short- and medium-term earthquake clustering. A typical aspect of the observed seismicity in Central Italy, aswell as across thewhole Italian landmass and elsewhere, is the occurrence of earthquake sequences characterized by multiple main shocks of similar magnitude. These sequences are different from the usual earthquake clusters and aftershock sequences, since they have at least two main shocks of similar magnitude. Therefore, special attentionwas devoted to verifyingwhether the simulated catalogue includes this notable aspect. For this purpose, we developed a computer code especially for this work to count the number of multiple events contained in a seismic catalogue under a quantitative definition. We found that the last version of the simulator code produces a slightly larger number of multiple events than the previous versions, but not as large as in the real catalogue. A possible reason for this drawback is the lack of components such as pore-pressure changes due to fluid-diffusion in the adopted physical model.
    Description: Published
    Description: 526–542
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Cross-site comparisons of dryland ecosystem response to climate change in the US long-term ecological research network (2023)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hudson, A. R., Peters, D. P. C., Blair, J. M., Childers, D. L., Doran, P. T., Geil, K., Gooseff, M., Gross, K. L., Haddad, N. M., Pastore, M. A., Rudgers, J. A., Sala, O., Seabloom, E. W., & Shaver, G. Cross-site comparisons of dryland ecosystem response to climate change in the US long-term ecological research network. Bioscience, 72(9), (2022): 889–907, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab134.
    Description: Long-term observations and experiments in diverse drylands reveal how ecosystems and services are responding to climate change. To develop generalities about climate change impacts at dryland sites, we compared broadscale patterns in climate and synthesized primary production responses among the eight terrestrial, nonforested sites of the United States Long-Term Ecological Research (US LTER) Network located in temperate (Southwest and Midwest) and polar (Arctic and Antarctic) regions. All sites experienced warming in recent decades, whereas drought varied regionally with multidecadal phases. Multiple years of wet or dry conditions had larger effects than single years on primary production. Droughts, floods, and wildfires altered resource availability and restructured plant communities, with greater impacts on primary production than warming alone. During severe regional droughts, air pollution from wildfire and dust events peaked. Studies at US LTER drylands over more than 40 years demonstrate reciprocal links and feedbacks among dryland ecosystems, climate-driven disturbance events, and climate change.
    Description: Funding was provided by the USDA-ARS SCINet Big Data Project (grant no. 0500–00093–001–00-D), and the National Science Foundation US LTER Program to New Mexico State University for the Jornada Basin (grant no. DEB 20–25166), Kansas State University for the Konza Prairie (grant no. DEB 2025849), the Kellogg Biological Station (grant no. DEB 1832042), Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (grants no. DEB-1234162 and no. DEB-1831944), ARC (grant no. DEB-1637459), MCM (grant no. OPP-1637708), CAP (grant no. DEB-1832016), and SEV (grant no. DEB-1655499). Support was also provided by the Minnesota Supercomputer Institute and the University of Minnesota, Michigan State University AgBioResearch.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    Genesis of Oceanic Oxide Gabbros and Gabbronorites During Reactive Melt Migration at Transform Walls (Doldrums Megatransform System; 7–8°N Mid-Atlantic Ridge) (2023)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-25
    Description: The Doldrums Megatransform System (~7–8°N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge) shows a complex architecture including four intra-transform ridge segments bounded by five active transform faults. Lower crustal rocks are exposed along the Doldrums and Vernadsky transform walls that bound the northernmost intra-transform ridge segment. The recovered gabbros are characterized by variably evolved chemical compositions, ranging from olivine gabbros to gabbronorites and oxide gabbros, and lack the most primitive gabbroic endmembers (troctolites, dunites). Notably, the numerous recovered gabbronorites show up to 20 vol. % of coarse-grained orthopyroxene. Although covariations in mineral and bulk-rock chemical compositions of the olivine and oxide gabbros define trends of crystallization from a common parental melt, the gabbronorites show elevated light over heavy rare earth elements (LREE/HREE) ratios in both bulk-rock and mineral compositions. These features are not consistent with a petrological evolution driven solely by fractional crystallization, which cannot produce the preferential enrichments in highly incompatible elements documented in the orthopyroxene-bearing lithologies. We suggest that gabbronorites crystallized from evolved melts percolating and partly assimilating a pre-existing olivine gabbro matrix. Saturation in orthopyroxene and selective enrichments in LREE relative to M-HREE are both triggered by an increase in assimilated crystal mass, which ranges from negligible in the oxide-gabbros to abundant in the gabbronorites. This melt–rock reaction process has been related to lateral melt migration beneath ridge-transform intersections, where variably evolved melts injected from the peripheral parts of the melting region towards the transform zone may interact with a gabbroic crystal mush to form abundant oxide-bearing gabbronoritic associations.
    Description: Published
    Description: egac086
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Mechanism of the 2017 M-w 6.3 Pasni earthquake and its significance for future major earthquakes in the eastern Makran (2023)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-17
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2022. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Oxford University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Journal International 231(2),(2022): 1434–1445, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac257.
    Description: Makran subduction zone is very active with ∼38 mm yr−1 convergence rate and has experienced great earthquakes in the past. The latest great earthquake of 1945 Mw 8.1 event also triggered a large tsunami and led to ∼4000 casualties. However, due to incomplete historical seismicity records and poor modern instrumentation, earthquake mechanism, co-seismic slip and tsunami characteristics in Makran remain unclear. On 2017 February 17, an Mw 6.3 earthquake rattled offshore Pasni of Pakistan in the eastern Makran, marking the largest event after the 1945 Mw 8.1 earthquake with good geodetic and geophysical data coverage. We use a combination of seismicity, multibeam bathymetry, seismic profile, InSAR measurements and tide-gauge observation to investigate the seismogenic structure, co-seismic deformation, tsunami characteristics of this event and its implication for future major earthquakes. Our results indicate that (1) the earthquake occurred on the shallow-dipping (3°–4°) megathrust; (2) the megathrust co-seismically slipped 15 cm and caused ∼2–4 cm ground subsidence and uplift at Pasni; (3) our tsunami modelling reproduces the observed 5-cm-high small tsunami waveforms. The Pasni earthquake rupture largely overlaps the 1945 slip patch and disturbs the west and east megathrust segments that have not ruptured yet at least since 1765. With such stress perturbation and possible stress evolution effect from the 1945 earthquake, the unruptured patches may fail in the future. This study calls for more preparedness in mitigating earthquake and associated hazards in the eastern Makran.
    Description: his study is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 42076059, 41890813, 41976066 and 41976064), the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou) (No. GML2019ZD0205), Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nos. Y4SL021001, QYZDY-SSW-DQC005, 131551KYSB20200021, ISEE2021PY03, 133244KYSB20180029 and E1SL3C02), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No. 2021B1515020098) and China–Pakistan Joint Research Centre on Earth Sciences.
    Keywords: Tsunamis ; Earthquake dynamics ; Earthquake hazards ; Seismicity and tectonics ; Subduction zone processes
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Strong ground-motion prediction equations from induced earthquakes in St. Gallen geothermal field, Switzerland (2023)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-15
    Description: Ground shaking, whether it is due to natural or induced earthquakes, has always been a matter of concern since it correlates with structural/non-structural damage and can culminate in human anxiety. Industrial activities such as water injection, gas sequestration and waste fluid disposals, promote induced seismicity and consequent ground shaking that can hinder ongoing activities. Therefore, keeping in mind the importance of timely evaluation of a seismic hazard and its mitigation for societal benefits, the present study proposes specifically designed ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs) from induced earthquakes in the St. Gallen geothermal area, Switzerland. The data analysed in this study consist of 343 earthquakes with magnitude −1.17 ≤ ML, corr ≤ 3.5 and hypocentral distance between 4 and 15 km. The proposed study is one of the first to incorporate ground motions from negative magnitude earthquakes for the development of GMPEs. The GMPEs are inferred with a two-phase approach. In the first phase, a reference model is obtained by considering the effect of source and medium properties on the ground motion. In the second phase the final model is obtained by including a site/station effect. The comparison between the GMPEs obtained in the present study with GMPEs developed for the other induced seismicity environments highlights a mismatch that is ascribed to differences in regional seismic environment and local site conditions of the respective regions. This suggests that, when dealing with induced earthquakes, GMPEs specific for the study should be inferred and used for both monitoring purposes and seismic hazard analyses.
    Description: Published
    Description: 820–832
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 7
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    Upper mantle deformation signatures of craton–orogen interaction in the Carpathian–Pannonian region from SKS anisotropy analysis (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-31
    Description: Since the Mesozoic, central and eastern European tectonics have been dominated by the closure of the Tethyan Ocean as the African and European plates collided. In the Miocene, the edge of the East European Craton and Moesian Platform were reworked in collision during the Carpathian orogeny and lithospheric extension formed the Pannonian Basin. To investigate the mantle deformation signatures associated with this complex collisional-extensional system, we carry out SKS splitting analysis at 123 broad-band seismic stations in the region. We compare our measurements with estimates of lithospheric thickness and recent seismic tomography models to test for correlation with mantle heterogeneities. Reviewing splitting delay times in light of xenolith measurements of anisotropy yields estimates of anisotropic layer thickness. Fast polarization directions are mostly NW–SE oriented across the seismically slow West Carpathians and Pannonian Basin and are independent of geological boundaries, absolute plate motion direction or an expected palaeo-slab roll-back path. Instead, they are systematically orthogonal to maximum stress directions, implying that the indenting Adria Plate, the leading deformational force in Central Europe, reset the upper-mantle mineral fabric in the past 5 Ma beneath the Pannonian Basin, overprinting the anisotropic signature of earlier tectonic events. Towards the east, fast polarization directions are perpendicular to steep gradients of lithospheric thickness and align along the edges of fast seismic anomalies beneath the Precambrian-aged Moesian Platform in the South Carpathians and the East European Craton, supporting the idea that craton roots exert a strong influence on the surrounding mantle flow. Within the Moesian Platform, SKS measurements become more variable with Fresnel zone arguments indicating a shallow fossil lithospheric source of anisotropy likely caused by older tectonic deformation frozen in the Precambrian. In the Southeast Carpathian corner, in the Vrancea Seismic Zone, a lithospheric fragment that sinks into the mantle is sandwiched between two slow anomalies, but smaller SKS delay times reveal weaker anisotropy occurs mainly to the NW side, consistent with asymmetric upwelling adjacent to a slab, slower mantle velocities and recent volcanism.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2105–2118
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Seismic anisotropy ; geodynamics ; Seismic anisotropy and geodynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Broad-band ground-motion simulation of 2016 Amatrice earthquake, Central Italy (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-21
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: On 24 August 2016 at 01:36 UTC a ML6.0 earthquake struck several villages in central Italy, among which Accumoli, Amatrice and Arquata del Tronto. The earthquake was recorded by about 350 seismic stations, causing 299 fatalities and damage with macroseismic intensities up to 11. The maximum acceleration was observed at Amatrice station (AMT) reaching 916 cm s–2 on E–W component, with epicentral distance of 15 km and Joyner and Boore distance to the fault surface (RJB) of less than a kilometre. Motivated by the high levels of observed ground motion and damage, we generate broad-band seismograms for engineering purposes by adopting a hybrid method. To infer the low frequency seismograms, we considered the kinematic slip model by Tinti et al . The high frequency seismograms were produced using a stochastic finite-fault model approach based on dynamic corner-frequency. Broadband synthetic time-series were therefore obtained by merging the low and high frequency seismograms. Simulated hybrid ground motions were compared both with the observed ground motions and the ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs), to explore their performance and to retrieve the region-specific parameters endorsed for the simulations. In the near-fault area we observed that hybrid simulations have a higher capability to detect near source effects and to reproduce the source complexity than the use of GMPEs. Indeed, the general good consistency found between synthetic and observed ground motion (both in the time and frequency domain), suggests that the use of regional-specific source scaling and attenuation parameters together with the source complexity in hybrid simulations improves ground motion estimations. To include the site effect in stochastic simulations at selected stations, we tested the use of amplification curves derived from HVRSs (horizontal-to-vertical response spectra) and from HVSRs (horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios) rather than the use of generic curves according to NTC18 Italian seismic design code. We generally found a further reduction of residuals between observed and simulated both in terms of time histories and spectra.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1753–1779
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Rapid Prediction of Earthquake Ground Shaking Intensity Using Raw Waveform Data and a Convolutional Neural Network (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved
    Description: This study describes a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) based technique for the prediction of intensity measurements (IMs) of ground shaking. The input data to the CNN model consists of multistation 3C broadband and accelerometric waveforms recorded during the 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence for M $\ge$ 3.0. We find that the CNN is capable of predicting accurately the IMs at stations far from the epicenter and that have not yet recorded the maximum ground shaking when using a 10 s window starting at the earthquake origin time. The CNN IM predictions do not require previous knowledge of the earthquake source (location and magnitude). Comparison between the CNN model predictions and the predictions obtained with Bindi et al. (2011) GMPE (which require location and magnitude) has shown that the CNN model features similar error variance but smaller bias. Although the technique is not strictly designed for earthquake early warning, we found that it can provide useful estimates of ground motions within 15-20 sec after earthquake origin time depending on various setup elements (e.g., times for data transmission, computation, latencies). The technique has been tested on raw data without any initial data pre-selection in order to closely replicate real-time data streaming. When noise examples were included with the earthquake data, the CNN was found to be stable predicting accurately the ground shaking intensity corresponding to the noise amplitude.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1379–1389
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Physics - Geophysics; Physics - Geophysics ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Understanding seismic path biases and magmatic activity at Mount St Helens volcano before its 2004 eruption (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: In volcanoes, topography, shallow heterogeneity and even shallow morphology can substan- tially modify seismic coda signals. Coda waves are an essential tool to monitor eruption dynamics and model volcanic structures jointly and independently from velocity anomalies: it is thus fundamental to test their spatial sensitivity to seismic path effects. Here, we apply the Multiple Lapse Time Window Analysis (MLTWA) to measure the relative importance of scattering attenuation vs absorption at Mount St Helens volcano before its 2004 erup- tion. The results show the characteristic dominance of scattering attenuation in volcanoes at lower frequencies (3–6 Hz), while absorption is the primary attenuation mechanism at 12 and 18 Hz. Scattering attenuation is similar but seismic absorption is one order of magnitude lower than at open-conduit volcanoes, like Etna and Kilauea, a typical behaviour of a (rela- tively) cool magmatic plumbing system. Still, the seismic albedo (measuring the ratio between seismic energy emitted and received from the area) is anomalously high (0.95) at 3 Hz. A radiative-transfer forward model of far- and near-field envelopes confirms this is due to strong near-receiver scattering enhancing anomalous phases in the intermediate and late coda across the 1980 debris avalanche and central crater. Only above this frequency and in the far-field diffusion onsets at late lapse times. The scattering and absorption parameters derived from MLTWA are used as inputs to construct 2-D frequency-dependent bulk sensitivity kernels for the S-wave coda in the multiple-scattering (using the Energy Transport Equations—ETE) and diffusive (AD, independent of MLTWA results) regimes. At 12 Hz, high coda-attenuation anomalies characterize the eastern side of the volcano using both kernels, in spatial correla- tion with low-velocity anomalies from literature. At 3 Hz, the anomalous albedo, the forward modelling, and the results of the tomographic imaging confirm that shallow heterogeneity beneath the extended 1980 debris-avalanche and crater enhance anomalous intermediate and late coda phases, mapping shallow geological contrasts. We remark the effect this may have on coda-dependent source inversion and tomography, currently used across the world to image and monitor volcanoes. At Mount St Helens, higher frequencies and deep borehole data are necessary to reconstruct deep volcanic structures with coda waves.
    Description: Scottish Alliance for Geosciences Environment and Society and the Kleinman Grant for Volcano Research
    Description: Published
    Description: 169-188
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: NorthAmerica ; Wave scattering and diffraction. ; Codawaves ; Seismicattenuation ; Seismic tomography ; Volcano seismology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    Methodology to identify the reference rock sites in regions of medium-to-high seismicity: an application in Central Italy (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-14
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: To evaluate the site response using both empirical approaches (e.g. standard spectral ratio, ground motion models (GMMs), generalized inversion techniques, etc.) and numerical 1-D/2-D analyses, the definition of the reference motion, that is the ground motion recorded at stations unaffected by site-effects due to topographic, stratigraphic or basin effects, is needed. The main objective of this work is to define a robust strategy to identify the seismic stations that can be considered as reference rock sites, using six proxies for the site response: three proxies are related to the analysis of geophysical and seismological data (the repeatable site term from the residual analysis, the resonance frequencies from horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios on noise or earthquake signals, the average shear wave velocity in the first 30 m); the remaining ones concern geomorphological and installation features (outcropping rocks or stiff soils, flat topography and absence of interaction with structures). We introduce a weighting scheme to take into account the availability and the quality of the site information, as well as the fulfillment of the criterion associated to each proxy. We also introduce a hierarchical index, to take into account the relevance of the proposed proxies in the description of the site effects, and an acceptance threshold for reference rock sites identification. The procedure is applied on a very large data set, composed by accelerometric and velocimetric waveforms, recorded in Central Italy in the period 2008–2018. This data set is composed by more than 30 000 waveforms relative to 450 earthquakes in the magnitude range 3.2–6.5 and recorded by more than 450 stations. A total of 36 out of 133 candidate stations are identified as reference sites: the majority of them are installed on rock with flat topography, but this condition is not sufficient to guarantee the absence of amplifications, especially at high frequencies. Seismological analyses are necessary to exclude stations affected by resonances. We test the impact of using these sites by calibrating a GMMs. The results show that for reference rock sites the median predictions are reduced down to about 45 per cent at short periods in comparison to the generic rock motions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2053–2067
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Arrival-angle effects on two-receiver measurements of phase velocity (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-14
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: We compile a data set of Rayleigh-wave phase velocities between pairs of stations, based on teleseismic events located on the same great circle as the two stations. We validate our observations against dispersion estimates based on ambient-noise cross correlations at the same station pairs. Discrepancies between the results of the two methods can in principle be explained by deviations in the wave propagation path between earthquake and receivers, due to lateral heterogeneity in the Earth’s structure, but the latter effect has, so far, not been precisely quantified nor corrected for. We implement an algorithm to measure the arrival angle of earthquake-generated surface waves and correct the dispersion measurements accordingly. Application to a data set from the Central-Western Mediterranean shows that the arrival-angle correction almost entirely accounts for the discrepancy in question, decreasing significantly the velocity bias for a wide range of periods.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1838–1844
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    3-D Q-coda attenuation structure at Mt. Etna (Italy) (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: Three dimensional attenuation images of Mt Etna volcano obtained by the analysis of Q-coda from local volcano-tectonic earthquakes are presented in this work. Seismic sources are confined inside the Etna structure with a maximum focal depth of 35 km below the sea level. The space distribution of the attenuation values was calculated by using 3-D weighting functions derived by the sensitivity kernels of Pacheco & Snieders and approximated by a polynomial interpolation, represented in the maps by using a backprojection method. Data were analyzed in four bands with central frequency placed at 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 Hz, respectively. We observed a frequency dependence of Q-coda with values that range from 55 at 1.5 Hz to 218 at 12 Hz. Q-coda space distribution in the Etna area shows almost uniformity in the average attenuation in the first 35 km below the surface. The images were derived with a resolution of 5 km. We observe as one of our main conclusions that Q-coda attenuation space anomalies are correlated with the areas of highest structural heterogeneities and are distributed along the well-known tectonic structures which characterize the crust in Mt Etna region. Previous and numerous velocity and attenuation images describing the structure of Mt Etna support our main conclusion: high Q-coda volumes almost coincide with the zones marked by high velocity and relative low total attenuation for direct waves.
    Description: Published
    Description: 544–558
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    Source modelling and strong ground motion simulations for the 24 January 2020, Mw 6.8 Elazığ earthquake, Turkey (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-29
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: On 24 January 2020 an Mw 6.8 earthquake occurred at 20:55 local time (17:55 UTC) in eastern Turkey, close to the town of Sivrice in the Elazığ province, causing widespread considerable seismic damage in buildings. In this study, we analyse the main features of the rupture process and the seismic ground shaking during the Elazığ earthquake. We first use Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) interferograms (Sentinel-1 satellites) to constrain the fault geometry and the coseismic slip distribution of the causative fault segment. Then, we utilize this information to analyse the ground motion characteristics of the main shock in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV) and spectral accelerations. The absence of seismic registrations in near-field for this earthquake imposes major constraints on the computation of seismic ground motion estimations in the study area. To do this, we have used a stochastic finite-fault simulation method to generate high-frequency ground motions synthetics for the Mw 6.8 Elazığ 2020 earthquake. Finally, we evaluate the potential state of stress of the unruptured portions of the causative fault segment as well as of adjacent segments, using the Coulomb stress failure function variations. Modelling of geodetic data shows that the 2020 Elazığ earthquake ruptured two major slip patches (for a total length of about 40 km) located along the Pütürge segment of the well-known left-lateral strike-slip East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), with up to 2.3 m of slip and an estimated geodetic moment of 1.70 × 1019 Nm (equivalent to a Mw 6.8). The position of the hypocentre supports the evidence of marked WSW rupture directivity during the main shock. In terms of ground motion characteristics, we observe that the high-frequency stochastic ground motion simulations have a good capability to reproduce the source complexity and capture the ground motion attenuation decay as a function of distance, up to the 200 km. We also demonstrate that the design spectra corresponding to 475 yr return period, provided by the new Turkish building code is not exceeded by the simulated seismograms in the epicentral area where there are no strong motion stations and no recordings available. Finally, based on the Coulomb stress distribution computation, we find that the Elazığ main shock increased the stress level of the westernmost part of the Pütürge fault and of the adjacent Palu segment and as a result of an off-fault lobe.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1054–1068
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Ontogeny of osmoregulation of the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus at an invaded site of Europe (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  EPIC3Conservation Physiology, Oxford University Press, 9(1), ISSN: 2051-1434
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-01
    Description: We studied the ontogeny of osmoregulation of the Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus at an invaded area in the North Sea. H. sanguineus is native to Japan and China but has successfully invaded the Atlantic coast of North America and Europe. In the invaded areas, H. sanguineus is becoming a keystone species as driver of community structure and the adults compete with the shore crab Carcinus maenas. Strong osmoregulatory abilities may confer the potential to use and invade coastal areas already earlier in the life cycle. We reared larvae and first juveniles at 24°C in seawater from hatching to intermoult of each developmental stage (zoea I-V, megalopa, crab I). We exposed each stage to a range of salinities (0–39 ppt) for 24 h, and then we quantified haemolymph osmolality, using nano-osmometry. In addition, we quantified osmolality in field-collected adults after acclimation to the test salinities for 6 days. Larvae of H. sanguineus were able to hyper-osmoregulate at low salinities (15 and 20 ppt) over the complete larval development, although the capacity was reduced at the zoeal stage V; at higher salinities (25–39 ppt), all larval stages were osmoconformers. The capacity to slightly hypo-regulate at high salinity appeared in the first juvenile. Adults were able to hyper-osmoregulate at low salinities and hypo-regulate at concentrated seawater (39 ppt). H. sanguineus showed a strong capacity to osmoregulate as compared to its native competitor C. maenas, which only hyper-regulates at the first and last larval stages and does not hypo-regulate at the juvenile-adult stages. The capacity of H. sanguineus to osmoregulate over most of the life cycle should underpin the potential to invade empty niches in the coastal zone (characterized by low salinity and high temperatures). Osmoregulation abilities over the whole life cycle also constitute a strong competitive advantage over C. maenas.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 16
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    The ground deformation of the south-eastern flank of Mount Etna monitored by GNSS and SAR interferometry from 2016 to 2019 (2023)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-27
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: The south-eastern sector of the Mount Etna, Italy, is characterized by numerous active faults, in particular the Belpasso–Ognina lineament, the Tremestieri–San Gregorio–Acitrezza fault, the Trecastagni fault and the Fiandaca–Nizzeti fault including the Timpe Fault System. Their activity is the result of both volcanism and tectonics. Here, we analyse the ground deformation occurred from 2016 to 2019 across those active faults by using the GNSS data acquired at 22 permanent stations and 35 campaign points observed by the Etna Observatory (INGV) and by the University of Catania. We also use the time-series of line of sight displacement of permanent scatterers SENTINEL-1 A-DInSAR obtained by using the P-SBAS tool of the ESA GEP-TEP (Geohazards Thematic Exploitation Platform) service. We discriminate the contributions of the regional tectonic strain, the inflations, the deflations of the volcano and the gravitational sliding in order to analyse the deformation along the faults of the south-eastern flank of Etna. The shallow and destructive Mw = 4.9 earthquake of 2018 December 26 occurred within the studied area two days after a dyke intrusion, that propagated beneath the centre of the volcano accompanied by a short eruption. Both GNSS and InSAR time-series document well those events and allow to investigate the post-seismic sliding across the faults of south-eastern flank. We analyse the slow slip events (SSE) that are observed in the GNSS and InSAR time-series in the vicinity of the Acitrezza fault. We quantify and discuss the tectonic origin of the Belpasso–Ognina lineament that we interpreted as a tear fault.
    Description: Published
    Description: 664–682
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Satellite geodesy ; Transient deformation ; Interferometry ; Fractures ; fault ; Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Fabric controls fault stability in serpentinite gouges (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Serpentinites are polymineralic rocks distributed almost ubiquitously across the globe in active tectonic regions. Magnetite-rich serpentinites are found in the low-strain domains of serpen- tinite shear zones, which act as potential sites of nucleation of unstable slip. To assess the potential of earthquake nucleation in these materials, we investigate the link between me- chanical properties and fabric of these rocks through a suite of laboratory shear experiments. Our experiments were done at room temperature and cover a range of normal stress and slip velocity from 25 to 100 MPa and 0.3 to 300 μm s −1 , respecti vel y. We show that magnetite-rich serpentinites are ideal materials since they display strong sensitivity to the loading rate and are susceptible to nucleation of unstable slip, especially at low forcing slip velocities. We also aim at the integration of mechanical and microstructural results to describe the underlying mechanisms that produce the macroscopic behaviour. We show that mineralogical composi- tion and mineral structure dictates the coexistence of two deformation mechanisms leading to stable and unstable slip. The weakness of phyllosilicates allows for creep during the interseis- mic phase of the laboratory seismic cycle while favouring the restoration of a load-bearing granular framework, responsible of the nucleation of unstable events. During dynamic slip, fault zone shear fabric determines the mode of slip, producing either asymmetric or Gaussian slip time functions for either fast or slow events. We report rate/state friction parameters and integrate our mechanical data with microstructural observations to shed light on the mech- anisms dictating the complexity of laborator y ear thquakes. We show that mineralogical and fabric heterogeneities control fault slip behaviour.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1778–1797
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
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    Metagenomic survey of the microbiome of ancient Siberian permafrost and modern Kamchatkan cryosols (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  EPIC3microLife, Oxford University Press, 3(1), pp. 1-15, ISSN: 2633-6693
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: In the context of global warming, the melting of arctic permafrost raises the threat of a re-emergence of microorganisms some of which were shown to remain viable in ancient frozen soils for up to half a million years. In order to evaluate this risk, it is of interest to acquire a better knowledge of the composition of the microbial communities found in this understudied environment. Here we present a metagenomics analysis of 12 soil samples from Russian Arctic and subarctic pristine areas: Chukotka, Yakutia, and Kamchatka, including 9 permafrost samples collected at various depths. These large datasets (9.2 1011 total bp) were assembled (525,313 contigs 〉 5kb), their encoded protein contents predicted, then used to perform taxonomical assignments of bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic organisms, as well as DNA viruses. The various samples exhibited variable DNA contents and highly diverse taxonomic profiles showing no obvious relationship with their locations, depths or deposit ages. Bacteria represented the largely dominant DNA fraction (95%) in all samples, followed by archaea (3.2%), surprisingly little eukaryotes (0.5%), and viruses (0.4%). Although no common taxonomic pattern was identified, the samples shared unexpected high frequencies of β-lactamase genes, almost 0.9 copy/bacterial genome. In addition of known environmental threats, the particularly intense warming of the Arctic might thus enhance the spread of bacterial antibiotic resistances, today's major challenge in public health. β-lactamases were also observed at high frequency in other types of soils, suggesting their general role in the regulation of bacterial populations.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 19
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    New constraints on the shear wave velocity structure of the Ivrea geophysical body from seismic ambient noise tomography (Ivrea-Verbano Zone, Alps) (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: We performed seismic ambient noise tomography to investigate the shallow crustal structure around the Ivrea geophysical body (IGB) in the Ivrea-Verbano Zone (IVZ). We achieved higher resolution with respect to previous tomographic works covering the Western Alps, by processing seismic data collected by both permanent and temporary seismic networks (61 broad-band seismic stations in total). This included IvreaArray, a temporary, passive seismic experiment designed to investigate the IVZ crustal structure. Starting from continuous seismic ambient noise recordings, we measured and inverted the dispersion of the group velocity of surface Rayleigh waves (fundamental mode) in the period range 4–25 s. We obtained a new, 3-D vS model of the IVZ crust via the stochastic neighbourhood algorithm (NA), with the highest resolution between 3 to 40 km depth. The fast and shallow shear wave velocity anomaly associated with the IGB presents velocities of 3.6 km s−1 directly at the surface, in remarkable agreement with the location of the exposed lower-to-middle crustal and mantle outcrops. This suggests a continuity between the surface geological observations and the subsurface geophysical anomalies. The fast IGB structure reaches vS of 4 km s−1 at 20–25 km depth, at the boundary between the European and Adriatic tectonic plates, and in correspondence with the earlier identified Moho jump in the same area. The interpretation of a very shallow reaching IGB is further supported by the comparison of our new results with recent geophysical investigations, based on receiver functions and gravity anomaly data. By combining the new geophysical constraints and the geological observations at the surface, we provide a new structural interpretation of the IGB, which features lower crustal and mantle rocks at upper crustal depths. The comparison of the obtained vS values with the physical properties from laboratory analysis of local rock samples suggests that the bulk of the IGB consists of a combination of mantle peridotite, ultramafic and lower crustal rocks, bound in a heterogeneous structure. These new findings, based on vS tomography, corroborate the recent interpretation for which the Balmuccia peridotite outcrops are continuously linked to the IGB structure beneath. The new outcomes contribute to a multidisciplinary framework for the interpretation of the forthcoming results of the scientific drilling project DIVE. DIVE aims at probing the lower continental crust and its transition to the mantle, with two ongoing and one future boreholes (down to 4 km depth) in the IVZ area, providing new, complementary information on rock structure and composition across scales. In this framework, we constrain the upper crustal IGB geometries and lithology based on new evidence for vS, connecting prior crustal knowledge to recent active seismic investigations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1089–1105
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 20
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    Implications for the geometry of plate boundaries in NE Asia based on the geodetic analysis of the 2020Mw 6.4 Koryak event (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-23
    Description: On the 9th of January 2020, an Mw 6.4 strike-slip earthquake took place north of the Asian margin of the Bering Sea. The earthquake occurred within the known reverse-right-lateral active fault zone, called Khatyrka–Vyvenka, which transverses the Koryak Highland from SE to NW and is thought to be a surface manifestation of the Asian portion of either the Bering plate boundary or the northern edge of the Alaskan stream. No other strong earthquake has ever been recorded in this remote uninhabited area and the few existing seismic stations provide poor quality earthquake locations.We adopt SAR interferometry (InSAR) technique to define an improved location of the Koryak 2020 earthquake and constrain the seismic source. The analysis of the 2020 event revealed a previously unknown active fault of left-lateral kinematics that is possibly hidden and strikes NWtransversely to the Khatyrka–Vyvenka fault zone. Although several mechanisms could account for left-lateral kinematics of this fault, we propose that the structure is part of a more extended NW fault structure, that formed in pre-neotectonic times and has played a role of a pre-existing rheological discontinuity. This revived NW structure together with a similar structure located easterly, so far aseismic, make the plate/stream boundary segmented, step-like in plan view. The step-like boundary geometry may be the result of internal transform deformation of a rigid plate, but it is better explained by deflections of the Alaskan stream edge at local crustal asperities, which are pre-Cenozoic terrains.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1412–1421
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Plate motion ; Radar interferometry ; Seismic cycle ; Asia
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 21
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    Moment magnitude for earthquakes in the Etna volcano area (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-19
    Description: Accurate quantification of seismic activity in volcanic regions is an important asset for im- proving hazard and risk assessment. This is especially true for densely populated areas, as in the case of Etna volcano (Southern Italy). There, the volcanic hazard is amplified by the seismic risk of acti ve faults, especiall y on the eastern flank of the volcano. In such a context, it is common to rely on moment magnitude ( M W ) to characterize seismicity and monitor the energy released during an eruption. In this study, we calculate the moment-based magnitude ( M W ) for selected seismic data sets, using different approaches in distinct magnitude ranges to cover the widest possible range of magnitude that characterizes Etna’s seismicity . Specifically , we computed the M W from a data set of moment tensor solutions of earthquakes that occurred in the magnitude range 3.4 ≤M L ≤4.8 during 2005–2020; we created a data set of seismic moment and associated M W for earthquakes 1.0 ≤M L 〈 3.4 obtained by analysing source spectra; we fine-tuned two relationships, for shallow and deep earthquakes, to obtain M W from response spectra. Finally, we calibrated a specific relationship between M W and M L for the Etna area earthquakes in the range 1.0 ≤M L ≤4.8. All the empirical relationships obtained in this study can be applied in real-time analysis of the seismicity to provide fast and robust information on the released seismic energy.
    Description: INGV-DPC 2012- 2021 agreement; B2 DPC-INGV 2019-2021 project; IMPACT Department strategic project ; ‘Project PE0000005–RETURN (NRRP)
    Description: Published
    Description: 2520-2534
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquak e source observations ; Earthquake hazards ; Time series analysis ; Full moment tensor
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 22
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    A statistical framework for detection of b-value anomalies in Italy (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-12
    Description: This study presents a new robust statistical framework, in which to measure relative differences, or deviations from a hypothetical reference value, of Gutenberg-Richter b-value. Moreover, it applies this method to recent seismicity in Italy, to find possible changes of earthquake magnitude distribution in time and space. The method uses bootstrap techniques, which have no prior assumptions about the distribution of data, keeping their basic features. Excluding Central Italy, no significative b-value variation is found, revealing that the frequency-magnitude distribution exponent is substantially stable or that data are not able to reveal hidden variations. Considering the small size of examined magnitude samples, we cannot definitively decide if the higher b-values in Central Italy, consistently founded by all applied tests, have a physical origin or result from a statistical bias. In any case, they indicate short-lived excursions which have a temporary nature and, therefore, cannot be associated solely to spatial variations in tectonic framework. Both the methodological issues and the results of the application to seismicity in Italy show that a correct assessing of b-value changes requests appropriate statistics, that accurately quantify the low accuracy and precision of b-value estimation for small magnitude samples.
    Description: Published
    Description: 729–740
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 23
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    Source mechanisms and induced seismicity in the Val d'Agri Basin (Italy) (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-12
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: We present the results from a fully unconstrained moment tensor inversion of induced seismic events in a complex and high seismic hazard region (Val d’Agri basin, Southern Italy). The study area hosts two well-documented cases of induced microseismicity linked to (i) a wastewater injection well of a giant oilfield (the largest in onshore Europe), and (ii) severe seasonal level changes of an artificial lake. In order to gather information on the non-doublecouple components of the source and to better understand the rupture mechanisms, we analyse seismic events recorded during daily injection tests in the disposal well. The computed moment tensors have significant non-double-couple components that correlate with the well-head injection pressure. The injection parameters strongly influence the rupture mechanism that can be interpreted as due to the opening/closing of a fracture network inside a fault zone of a pre-existing thrust fault. For the case of the reservoir-induced seismicity, no direct correlations are observed with the loading/unloading of the reservoir.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1617–1627
    Description: OST3 Vicino alla faglia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 24
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    High frequency attenuation of S waves in alluvial deposits of the central Po Plain (northern Italy) (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: Estimation of local seismic response plays a key role in assessing local seismic hazard and particularly in the design of shaking scenarios. Modelling local seismic response involves knowing of the shear wave velocity (Vs) and quality factor (Qs) profiles for the site in question. The many techniques that have been developed to assess Vs in surface deposits produce reliable measurements of Vs , but these rarely correspond to direct measurements of Qs . The latter is often considered through damping measures from laboratory tests on small-scale soil samples, which can provide information primarily on intrinsic attenuation, neglecting the contribution of scattering effects. In this paper, using seismic recordings obtained at the surface and in boreholes at 100 m depth, we estimate an average value of Qs of some characteristic alluvial deposits of the Po Plain (northern Italy). Data come from a microseismic network which sampled an almost uniform lithology in the central Po Plain and consisted of three surface and four borehole stations with an interstation distance of about 2 km. The average value of Qs of the shallowest 100 m of the sedimentary strata, Qs100, is estimated by considering: (1) the high-frequency attenuation of seismic waves due to propagation through the corresponding stratigraphy and (2) the interference between incident and surface-reflected waves observed at borehole stations. We parametrize the first through k0_100, the difference between the values of the spectral decay parameter kappa (k) estimated at the surface and at the boreholes depth, respectively. We use the second in order to compute Vs100, the time-averaged Vs referred to the uppermost 100 m stratigraphy. We obtain: k0_100 = (11 ± 3) ms, Vs100 = (309 ± 11) m s −1 and Qs100 = 31 ± 10. At the surface, the estimated values of the site-specific kappa, k0, are found to range from 75 to 79 ms. As expected, these results are in good agreement with studies performed in other sites characterized by sandy or clayey lithologies, and can be usefully used in site response analysis at sites where the rigidity is mainly controlled by lithostatic pressure.
    Description: Comune di Minerbio (grant: “Sperimentazione ILG Minerbio”; grant number: 0913.010).
    Description: Published
    Description: 2075–2094
    Description: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake ground motions ; Seismic attenuation ; Site effects ; Wave propagation ; Wave scattering and diffraction ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 25
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    Comparison between alarm-based and probability-based earthquake forecasting methods (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: In a recent work, we applied the every earthquake a precursor according to scale (EEPAS) probabilistic model to the pseudo-prospective forecasting of shallow earthquakes with magni- tude M 5.0 in the Italian region. We compared the forecasting performance of EEPAS with that of the epidemic type aftershock sequences (ETAS) forecasting model, using the most recent consistency tests developed within the collaboratory for the study of earthquake predictabil- ity (CSEP). The application of such models for the forecasting of Italian target earthquakes seems to show peculiar characteristics for each of them. In particular, the ETAS model showed higher performance for short-term forecasting, in contrast, the EEPAS model showed higher forecasting performance for the medium/long-term. In this work, we compare the performance of EEPAS and ETAS models with that obtained by a deterministic model based on the occur- rence of strong foreshocks (FORE model) using an alarm-based approach. We apply the two rate-based models (ETAS and EEPAS) estimating the best probability threshold above which we issue an alarm. The model parameters and probability thresholds for issuing the alarms are calibrated on a learning data set from 1990 to 2011 during which 27 target earthquakes have occurred within the analysis region. The pseudo-prospective forecasting performance is as- sessed on a validation data set from 2012 to 2021, which also comprises 27 target earthquakes. Tests to assess the forecasting capability demonstrate that, even if all models outperform a purely random method, which trivially forecast earthquake proportionally to the space–time occupied by alarms, the EEPAS model exhibits lower forecasting performance than ETAS and FORE models. In addition, the relative performance comparison of the three models demonstrates that the forecasting capability of the FORE model appears slightly better than ETAS, but the difference is not statistically significant as it remains within the uncertainty level. However, truly prospective tests are necessary to validate such results, ideally using new testing procedures allowing the analysis of alarm-based models, not yet available within the CSEP.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1541–1551
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Computational seismology ; Earthquake interaction, forecasting and prediction ; Statistical seismology ; Comparison betwee earthquake forecasting methods
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 26
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    Low-strength shear zone in the western Makran subduction zone, southeastern Iran: insights from a receiver function analysis (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: To understand the seismic hazard of a subduction zone, it is necessary to know the geometry, location and mechanical characteristics of the interplate boundary below which an oceanic plate is thrust downward. By considering the azimuthal dependence of converted P-to-S (Ps) amplitudes in receiver functions, we have detected the interplate boundary in the Makran subduction zone, revealing significant seismic anisotropy at the base of the accretionary wedge above the slab before it bends down beneath the Jaz Murian basin. This anisotropic feature aligns with a zone of reduced seismic velocity and a high primary/secondary wave velocity ratio (Vp/Vs), as documented in previous studies. The presence of this low-velocity highly anisotropic layer at the base of the accretionary wedge, likely representing a low-strength shear zone, could possibly explain the unusually wide accretionary wedge in Makran. Additionally, it may impact the location and width of the locked zone along the interplate boundary.
    Description: Iranian National Science Foundation (INSF)
    Description: Published
    Description: 64-74
    Description: OST1 Alla ricerca dei Motori Geodinamici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake hazards, Seismic anisotropy, Crustal structure, Subduction zone processes ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Application of the EEPAS earthquake forecasting model to Italy (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-09
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: The Every Earthquake a Precursor According to Scale (EEPAS) forecasting model is a space– time point-process model based on the precursory scale increase (ψ ) phenomenon and associated predictive scaling relations. It has been previously applied to New Zealand, Cal- ifornia and Japan earthquakes with target magnitude thresholds varying from about 5–7. In all previous application, computations were done using the computer code implemented in Fortran language by the model authors. In this work, we applied it to Italy using a suite of computing codes completely rewritten in Matlab. We first compared the two software codes to ensure the convergence and adequate coincidence between the estimated model parameters for a simple region capable of being analysed by both software codes. Then, using the rewritten codes, we optimized the parameters for a different and more complex polygon of analysis using the Homogenized Instrumental Seismic Catalogue data from 1990 to 2011. We then perform a pseudo-prospective forecasting experiment of Italian earthquakes from 2012 to 2021 with Mw ≥ 5.0 and compare the forecasting skill of EEPAS with those obtained by other time in- dependent (Spatially Uniform Poisson, Spatially Variable Poisson and PPE: Proximity to Past Earthquakes) and time dependent [Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS)] forecasting models using the information gain per active cell. The preference goes to the ETAS model for short time intervals (3 months) and to the EEPAS model for longer time intervals (6 months to 10 yr).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1681–1700
    Description: OST4 Descrizione in tempo reale del terremoto, del maremoto, loro predicibilità e impatto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Computational seismology ; Earthquake interaction ; forecasting and prediction ; Statistical seismology ; Earthquake forecasting
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Hydrological and volcano-related gravity signals at Mt. Somma–Vesuvius from ∼20 yr of time-lapse gravity monitoring: implications for volcano quiescence (2024)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: We report on about 20 yr of relative gravity measurements, acquired on Mt. Somma–Vesuvius volcano in order to investigate the hydrological and volcano-tectonic processes controlling the present-day activity of the volcano. The retrieved long-term field of time gravity change (2003–2022) shows a pattern essentially related to the subsidence, which have affected the central part of the volcano, as detected by the permanent GNSS network and InSAR data. After reducing the observations for the effect of vertical deformation, no significant residuals are found, indicating no significant mass accumulation or loss within the volcanic system. In the north-western sector of the study area, at the border of the volcano edifice, however, significant residual positive gravity changes are detected which are associated to ground-water rebound after years of intense exploitation of the aquifers. On the seasonal timescale, we find that stations within the caldera rim are affected by the seasonal hydrological effects, while the gravity stations at the base of the Vesuvius show a less clear correlation. Furthermore, within the caldera rim a multiyear gravity transient is detected with an increase phase lasting about 4 yr followed by a slower decrease phase. Analysis of rain data seem to exclude a hydrological origin, hence, we hypothesize a deeper source related to the geothermal activity, which can be present even if the volcano is in a quiescent state. We infer the depth and volume of the source by inverting the spatial pattern of the gravity field at the peak of the transient. A volume of fluids of 9.5 × 107 m3 with density of 1000 kg m−3 at 2.3 km depth is capable to fit reasonably well the observations. To explain the gravity transient, simple synthetic models are produced, that simulate the ascent of fluids from a deep reservoir up to the depth of 2.3 km and a successive diffusion within the carbonate aquifer hosting the geothermal system. The whole process appears to not significantly affect the seismicity rate and the deformation of the volcano. This study demonstrates the importance of a 4-D gravity monitoring of a volcano to understand its complex gravity signals that cover different spatial and temporal scales. Discriminating the different contributions that mix up in the observed gravity changes, in particular those due to hydrologic/anthropogenic activities form those due to the geothermal dynamics, is fundamental for a complete and reliable evaluation of the volcano state.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1565–1580
    Description: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 29
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    Energy in the Service of Man: Exhibition at Birmingham (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 386-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN connexion with the annual meeting of the British Association an exhibition has been arranged at the University of Birmingham to illustrate the topic "Energy in the Service of Man" suggested by Unesco for world-wide discussion and study in 1950. The exhibition has been sponsored by the National ...
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    Modern Trends in the Classification of Plants (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 384-385 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] DR. W. B. TURRILL'S presidential address to i^J Section K (Botany) reviews briefly some reasons for the relative neglect of plant systematics in recent times, particularly in universities. Taxonomists have tended to be too rigid in principles and methods ; the rise of other branches of botany has ...
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    Civil Engineering at Birmingham (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 387-387 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Prof. C. Batho PROF. CYRIL BATHO, who retires in September, has occupied the chair of civil engineering in the University of Birmingham since 1924. Educated at the University of Liverpool, he later studied at Berlin and Charlottenburg and in 1908 was appointed lecturer in civil engineering, and in ...
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    Botany at the British Museum (Natural History) (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 387-388 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Dr. J. Ramsbottom, O.B.E. AFTER almost forty years' service, the last twenty as keeper of botany, Dr. J. Ramsbottom will retire from the British Museum (Natural History) in October. In this key position he has had a profound and beneficent influence on British botany. On going to the Museum he ...
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    Augusto Righi, For.Mem.R.S. (1850–1920) (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 388-388 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A HUNDRED years ago, on August 27 at Bologna, Augusto Righi, the Italian physicist, renowned for his researches in electricity, magnetism and light, was born. Most of Righi's life was spent in Bologna and he was professor of physics in the University from 1889 until his death on June 8, 1920. His ...
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    German Paint Industry (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 389-389 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN a recent B.I.O.S. Survey of "The Paint Industry in Germany during the period 1939-1945" (Report No. 22; H.M. Stationery Office, 1950; 3s.), the authors, Messrs. N. F. Fisk and H. W. Bowron, have collated and classified material relating to the paint industry from more than two hundred reports on ...
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    Blood-clotting and Allied Problems (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 389-389 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE proceedings of the second Conference on Blood-Clotting and Allied Problems, held by the Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation in New York in January 1949, have now been published in a single volume (pp. 231 ; Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, 565 Park Avenue, New York ; 2.25 dollars). It contains articles on ...
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    Royal Society of Canada: Annual Meeting (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 388-389 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE annual meeting of the Royal Society of Canada was held at the Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, during June 5-7. Among the new officers elected for the year 1950-51 were : President, Dr. J. J. O'Neill; Honorary Secretary, Dr. Seraphin Marion ; Honorary Executive Secretary, Dr. W. H. ...
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  • 37
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    Christ's Hospital Science Journal and N.H.S. Report (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 389-389 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IT is with interest that we note the growing concern for science in schools, especially natural history, as evidenced by the increasing number of school science journals. Most of these, so far, are published by our public schools, the latest addition being the Christ's Hospital Science Journal and ...
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  • 38
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    Colonial Service: Recent Appointments (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 389-389 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE following appointments in the Colonial Service have recently been announced : S. D. Ross (assistant director of agriculture, Nigeria), director of agriculture, Gold Coast; W. E. Calton (government chemist, Zanzibar), government chemist, Tanganyika ; A. Cawley (mining geologist, Nigeria), ...
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  • 39
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    Announcements (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 389-389 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE fourth Arthur Stanley Eddington Memorial Lecture will be given in London on November 2 by Prof. II. A. Fisher, Arthur Balfour professor of genetics in the University of Cambridge ; he will speak on "Creative Aspects of Natural Law". MR. REGINALD D. MEADOWS, demonstrator and supervisor in the ...
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  • 40
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    Education in Industry (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 391-391 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN a paper presented to the summer meeting of the Association of Technical Institutions at Scarborough in June, Mr. T. H. Hawking dealt with the industrial problems which had arisen out of part-time day release classes for young workers in industry. Part-time day release, he said, had been tried in ...
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  • 41
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    Crystallography in Spain (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 391-392 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE official recognition in 1947 of the Inter-A national Union of Crystallography was followed by the formation of national committees in a number of countries. The Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas appointed a Spanish National Committee in 1949, and announced its adherence to the ...
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  • 42
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    Social and Sample Surveys for Planning and Economic Policies (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 390-390 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] POLITICAL and Economic Planning is at present JL engaged on a major study into the whole field of the relations between government and industry, and the means by which the government gets its policy carried out. From this point of view of the ways of translating planning into practice, a recent ...
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    Affinity and Reactivity of Angiosperms to Phytophthora Infestans (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 392-395 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] FORMER literature1 has indicated that the Phyto-phthora-Tesistance of the ' W varieties, discovered by me in 1923, is controlled by a gene that is not present in the common European varieties. This resistance is caused by the increased reactivity or the 'hypersensitivity' of the host cells which ...
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    Structure of Wool Fibres: Isolation of an α- and β-Protein in Wool (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 396-397 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] AQUEOUS solutions of peracetic acid oxidize the disulphide bond in wool to two sulphonic acid groups without attacking other major groups1. After more than 90 per cent of the cystine has been oxidized fco cysteic acid, the wool becomes freely soluble in dilute alkali (for example, N/10 ammonia), ...
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    Polycrystalline Structure of Wool (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 397-398 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] AFTER treatment with peracetic acid, the protein of wool fibre can be divided into two fractions1 : (a) the major portion of the fibre, which is soluble in weak alkali; and (b) a thin pellicle of protein which is continuous through the fibre in the form of a cylinder and which is insoluble in the ...
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    Nuclear Shell Structure and Nuclear Density (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 399-399 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Then calculations performed by the junior author show that the number of particles N(l) in the l-ih shell is N(l) = f.(2l + 3)3, where / is a quantity depending on the form of the density function p(r). One sees that the difference of the cubic roots of successive shells A(^V1/3) is a constant; ...
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    Maui the Demi-God (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 398-398 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] FROM time immemorial adventure stories have taken hold of the imagination, and this is partly why the cult of Maui-of-a-thousand-tricks is so widespread in the Pacific*. The origin of this hero is not unparalleled in other mythologies: born of human parents, he was brought up by the gods and learnt ...
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    Microscopy by Reconstructed Wave-fronts (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 399-400 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The object O is placed close to a point source of light S. The wavelets scattered by the object interfere with the main waves from S over a surface such as WW, altering both their amplitude and their phase. It is an essential condition for the success of the method that the amplitude due to the ...
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  • 49
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    Delayed Particles in Extensive Air Showers (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 400-401 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the second experiment showers were selected by two trays (A and B) each of area 1,500 cm.2, horizontally separated by 2 in. Counts from a third tray, C, also of area 1,500 cm.2, which occurred l-5-6-5(jsec. afterwards, were recorded. Undelayed coincidences A, B, C were also recorded. In the ...
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    Thixotropy and Electrical Behaviour (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 401-401 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] With deflocculating media such as the polymerized oils used in printing inks, the specific conductivity of the paste may approach the low value characteristic of the medium itself and show very little growth of conductivity on prolonged ageing. In general, good printing inks comprising electrically ...
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    Reference Wedge for Schlieren Diagrams (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 402-403 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A glass wedge is mounted beside the channel (diffusion or adsorption analysis), or between the two channels (electrophoresis), and light from the linear light source is allowed to pass through this wedge by two rectangular holes near the ends of the channel. The width of each hole is about half ...
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    Departure from the Rayleigh Law of the Magnetization of a Ferromagnetic Material (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 401-402 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] It was noted that, for an applied field of 0-38 oersted, the hysteresis energy loss was 1-60 ergs/c.c./ cycle, showing that irreversible changes in magnetization must have taken place in the Rayleigh 'region' despite the fact that so few Barkhausen discontinuities were observed. A further ...
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    Pipetting Device for use with Radioactive Solutions (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 403-403 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The device consists of a hollow rubber ball (5 cm. diameter) with two rubber tubes at opposite poles, each tube being closed with a valve. One tube is tapered internally to grip pipettes of different sizes ; attached to this tube, between the valve and the tapered part, is a side-arm which also ...
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    Synthesis and Breakdown of Citric Acid with Crystalline Condensing Enzyme (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 403-404 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] This enzyme has recently been isolated from pig heart in crystalline form5 by a procedure involving extraction with dilute phosphate buffer, adsorption and elution from calcium phosphate gel, precipitation with ethanol at ? 15, and ammonium sulphate fractionation. The enzyme crystallizes as slender ...
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    Alkaline Fission of some 2-Substituted Dimethyl-ethyl-sulphonium Iodides (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 404-405 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We have been engaged for some time in a further examination of the action of alkali on sulphonium iodides of the type Ar.CO.O.CH2.CH2.SMe2}I-, and now find that the reaction proceeds in two distinct thus : (i) Ar . CO . O . GH2 . CH2 . SMeJT- + NaOH -〉 Ar . CO . ONa -f CH2 : CH . SMeJI" + H2O, ...
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    Near Infra- Red Spectra of Proteins and Related Substances (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 406-407 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] According to our measurements, as well as those of other investigators3〉4, proteins exhibit two absorption peaks, at 3,290 ~ 3,330 cm.-1 and at 3,080 ~ 3,090 cm."1, arising from the hydrogen-bonded NH -groups ; salmin exhibits the third peak at 3,240 cm."1 arising from the side-chain. The fact that ...
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    Inhibition of the Homogeneous Thermal Decomposition of Acetaldehyde by Chemically Inert Gases (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 405-406 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] It would be expected that in any of these cases chemically inert gases could influence the reactions : acting as a partner in chain-breaking triple collisions, they can decrease its rate ; or they can increase it by serving as an activating partner in chain-initiating bimolecular collisions. From ...
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    Locus of the Gene ‘Fidget’ in the House Mouse (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 407-407 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] There is now adequate evidence that the locus of this gene is linked with that of Danforth's 'short tail' (symbol Sd). Coupling back-cross data give a recombination value of about 25 per cent, the ^2 on independent segregation being more than 50 for one degree of freedom. Owing to the poor ...
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    Fertilization of the Rat Egg (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 407-407 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The time of survival differed with individual eggs and also with the degree of pressure to which they were subjected, but was usually not less than six to eight hours or more than twelve to sixteen hours. Within limits, the more the eggs are compressed the greater is visibility improved ; but ...
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    Forthcoming Event (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 408-408 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Monday, September 4 Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (at the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine, 26 Portland Place, London, W.I), at 5 p.m.-Prof. Karl von Frisch : "Methods of Communication in the Honey ...
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    Appointments Vacant (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 408-408 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] APPLICATIONS are invited for the following appointments on or before the dates mentioned : CHEMISTS in the Ministry of Supply Chemical Inspectorate, primarily for analysis of materials associated with atomic energy production, including radio-active materials, and development and application of ...
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    Reports and other Publications (1950)
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    Nature 166 (1950), S. 408-408 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] (not induced in the monthly Books Supplement) Great Britain and Ireland Report on the Work of the Tin Research Institute, 1949. Pp. 16. (Greenford: Tin Research Institute, 1950.) [67 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A : Mathematical and Physical Sciences. No. ...
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    Public Libraries and Information Services in Great Britain (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 321-324 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A HUNDRED years ago, on August 14, 1850, the first Public Libraries Act received the Royal Assent, and English and Welsh town councils with a population exceeding ten thousand were empowered to levy a rate up to a halfpenny in the pound for the building or maintenance of a public library but not to ...
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    Anatomy of the Flowering Plants (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 324-325 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN 1671 Nehemiah Grew presented to the Royal Society a manuscript entitled "The Anatomy of Plants Begun", and since that time a vast quantity of information on this subject has been accumulating, more especially during the past fifty years. The present great work by Dr. C. R. Metcalfe and Dr. L. ...
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    Intensive Cultivation of Vegetables (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 325-325 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] TO the commercial grower and to the student a new edition of C. P. QuarrelPs book is a matter of some importance. This is something more than a mere revision of the earlier editions ; it is almost a new book. There could not be a better illustration of the rapidity with which horticultural ...
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    American Eucation (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 64-64 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN the United States the Office of Education forms one department of the Federal Security Agency. In his annual report to the Federal Security Administrator for 1949, the Commissioner for Education directs attention to inadequacies in the educational system which sound very familiar to ...
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    A Novel Method of using Ion-Exchange Resins (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 66-66 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Weak organic electrolytes and, in particular, aromatic organic ions can be adsorbed on an ion-exchange resin by a combination of salt linkages and Van der Waals' adsorption forces, if the electrical charge of the resin has the opposite sign to that of the organic ions. Partridge1 and Davies2 have ...
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    Separation of Nor Adrenalin and Adrenalin (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 67-68 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] It appeared probable that greater travel, allowing a faster separation, might be obtained by using an organic acid instead of hydrochloric acid. Acetic and trichloracetic acids were chosen for trial. For experiments with the first, the bases were applied as solutions in 5 per cent acetic acid, and ...
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    Friction (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 330-334 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IF we slide one solid body over another, there is a resistance to the motion which we call friction. What is the cause of this, and what is really happening at the interface between the solids during sliding ? It is usually considered that friction is a nuisance, and from earliest times man has ...
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    Exceptional Performance of a Nuclear Ignition Otto-cycle Engine using n -Pentane as Fuel (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 70-71 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The usual temperature conditions of engine operation, especially those of the C.F.R.-A.S.T.M. knock-rating procedure, are such that finely divided carbon is obtained after spark ignition by method (a). It is possible, however, to provide low surface-temperature conditions in which the carbon is ...
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    Civil Engineering at Liverpool (1950)
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    Nature 166 (1950), S. 336-336 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Prof. R. G. Batson PROF. R. G. BATSON retires at the end of September from the John William Hughes chair of civil engineering in the University of Liverpool. After leaving King's College, London, he received practical training at Woolwich Arsenal. In 1908 he went to the National Physical ...
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    Variations in Aulacorthum solani Kalt. (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 73-73 
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    Notes: [Auszug] From these observations followed a series of breeding experiments to determine the full series of variations and some food-plant preferences, including the part played by weeds of cultivated land in carrying over the species from one year to the next. These experiments extended from 1939 to 1942. ...
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    Fertility and Sterility (1950)
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    Nature 166 (1950), S. 337-337 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fertility and Sterility, of which the first number was published in January (1, No. 1 ; pp. 99 ; New York : Paul B. Hoeber, Inc., Publishers, 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16 ; 8 dollars or 9.50 dollars a year) is the official journal of the American Society for the Study of Sterility. The general ...
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    Insecticidal Action of Radioactive bis -( bis -Dimethylamino)-Phosphonous Anhydride (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 72-72 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The plants and insects used were chiefly broad beans infested with Aphis fabce, Scop.; but some young cabbages infested with Myzus persicce, Sul., young peas with Acyrihosiphum onobrychidis, Fons. and uninfested strawberry plants and newly sprouted hop sets were also employed. The plants were kept ...
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    South Pacific Chlorophyceæ (1950)
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    Nature 166 (1950), S. 75-75 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The genus Ulva has also proved a rich source of new species, in many cases differing markedly from existing species. Cultural studies of two of the new species may result in their transfer to a new genus, because herbarium material suggests that the reproductive cells differ from the vegetative ...
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    Two Phases of the Water Metabolism Newly Born Rats (1950)
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    Nature 166 (1950), S. 77-77 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Forty-seven newly born white rats from eight litters (our own breed) were killed at various ages and the percentage dry weight and the chlorides as a percentage of dry weight were determined. The results are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. It was observed that at the time when the animals' eyes open (that ...
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    Forthcoming Events (1950)
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    Nature 166 (1950), S. 80-80 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Monday, July 10Friday, July 14 SOCIETY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY (at Newcastle-upon-Tyne).-Annual General Meeting. Tuesday, July 11 BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION (at 24 Victoria Street, London, S.W.I), at 3 p.m.Annual General Meeting. Tuesday, July IISaturday, July 15 FOURTH WORLD POWER CONFERENCE ...
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    Appointments Vacant (1950)
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    Nature 166 (1950), S. 80-80 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] APPLICATIONS are invited for the following appointments on or before the dates mentioned: ASSISTANT ADVISORY BOTANIST (with a degree in agriculture or pure science, with honours in botany)The Secretary, Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture, 13 George Square, Edinburgh 8 (July ...
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    The Night Sky in September (1950)
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    Nature 166 (1950), S. 338-338 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] NEW moon occurs on September 12d. 03h. 29m. U.T., and full moon on Sept. 26d. 04h. 21m. The following conjunctions with the moon take place : Sept. lOd. 20h., Venus 1 S. ; Sept. 16d. 17h., Mars 3 N. ; Sept. 23d. 13h., Jupiter 1 N. In addition to these conjunctions with the moon, the following other ...
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    General Introduction To Advanced Magnetism (1950)
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    Nature 166 (1950), S. 5-5 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] TO give a satisfying account of magnetism in some two hundred pages is a considerable undertaking ; to accomplish this as excellently as he has done, Dr. Shoenberg must have given a great deal of thought to the impact of quantitative ideas and conventions on the general reader meeting them for the ...
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    Practical Physical Chemistry (1950)
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    Nature 166 (1950), S. 5-5 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THIS book is a supplementary volume to the fourth revised edition of "Reilly and Rae" published in 1943. It contains much material that could not be accommodated in Vols. 1 and 2 and much additional information that has become available as a result of post-war advances in physical chemistry. It may ...
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    Famous Experimental Apparatus in the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge (1950)
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    Nature 166 (1950), S. 7-9 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THERE exists in the Cavendish Laboratory an extensive collection of apparatus used in the great era of classical physics. The start of modern physics is generally identified with J. J. Thomson's experiments on the electron in 1896, but a revolution of equal importance was taking place in the times ...
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    Chemistry at the University College of North Staffordshire: Prof. H. D. Springall (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 15-15 
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    Notes: [Auszug] DR. H. D. SPRINGALL who has been appointed to the chair of chemistry in the University College of North Staffordshire, has a wide chemical interest and experience, and possesses the rare distinction of an equal facility in both the organic and physical aspects of chemistry. He gained an open ...
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    Newfoundland Biological Station for Fishery Research (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 16-16 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] FISHERIES research in Newfoundland, which was formerly the responsibility of the Newfoundland Government Laboratory, is now being carried on under the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. The name of the Laboratory has been changed to that of the Newfoundland Biological Station. This Station will in ...
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    The Brotherton Collection, University of Leeds (1950)
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    Nature 166 (1950), S. 16-16 
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    Notes: [Auszug] THE fourteenth annual report of the Committee for the Brotherton Collection of the University of Leeds, covering the session 1948-49 (pp. 9 ; Leeds : the University, 1950), records the contents of the Collection on June 30, 1949, as 22,887 books, 15,642 pamphlets, 477 manuscripts, 4,105 deeds, ...
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    Erratum (1950)
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    Nature 166 (1950), S. 17-17 
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    Notes: [Auszug] In Nature of June 3, p. 868, in a notice of "Biology and Man", it is stated that the author is senior biology master at Winchester College ; Dr. F. G. W. Knowles is, in fact, senior biology master at Marlborough ...
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    Shell Disease in Re-laid French Oysters (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 19-20 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SHELL disease in oysters has been prevalent in the Netherlands for many years and was the cause of serious mortalities in the years following 1930 1. A full account of this disease has never been published ; but at the special shellfish meeting of the International Council for the Exploration of ...
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    Turf and Greenkeeping: St. Ives Research Station (1950)
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    Nature 166 (1950), S. 22-24 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE St. Ives Research Station, at Bingley, Jl Yorkshire, of the Board of Greenkeeping Research may be said to have started its active investigational and advisory work on June 1, 1929, and the twenty-first anniversary of the Station is to be marked by a three-day conference in mid-September, under ...
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    Health Teaching in the University (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 24-24 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN a recent issue of the Health Education Journal (8, No. 2 ; April 1950), Prof. F. C. Thomson, of the School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, describes the courses in health which are being given in the University. Teaching of general courses in health is one of the functions and ...
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    Spectroscopy of Cells: the Use of a Reflecting Microscope and Spectrographic Recording (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 26-27 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fig. 1. Reference mercury spectrum (on left) and similar recording (on right) for living cell in tissue culture (chick embryo heart). Wave-length scale in 10 niju The principle of the method has been described by Barer1 and by Barer, Cole and Thompson2 in their use of the Burch3 reflecting ...
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    Low-Frequency Dielectric Absorption in Organic Long-Chain Compounds due to the Presence of Traces of Alcohol Impurities (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 29-30 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In general, it is found that the dielectric loss factor continues to increase with decreasing frequency in this region. In the course of these experiments it was observed that the highest losses were associated with materials which had been purified by vacuum distillation. Subsequent ...
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    Origin of Sunspots (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 31-32 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] I wish to suggest a new theory of spot origin. One basic assumption is that the sun possesses a general magnetic field, the polar intensity of which is probably only several gauss, from ten or twenty times less than the value usually quoted. The form of the solar corona, which strongly suggests the ...
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    Quantitative Estimation of Stomatal Starch (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 34-35 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We have devised such a method, using as our measure the area of the starch-grains. Strips of epidermis were mounted in Heath's1 reagent (which stains the starch without affecting the aperture), and stomata selected at random were photographed on 35-mm. film (Kodak 'Microfile'). The resulting ...
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    Occurrences in Normal Human Sera of ‘Incomplete’ Forms of ‘Cold’ Auto–Antibodies (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 36-36 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The possibility that 'cold' auto-antibodies might also exist in incomplete forms seems, however, scarcely to have been considered. Although Levine and Wigod4 mentioned that ccold' agglutinins might be a cause of confusion in carrying out the Coombs 'developing' test, they gave no details of the ...
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    Reciprocal Translocations in Pisum (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 37-38 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] My records showed that this cross had two associations of four chromosomes, indicating that two separate chromosomes are involved in the two interchanges. This I have confirmed by a re-examination of the slides. Fig. (a) shows the meiotic chromosome complement in the hybrid between the Extra Rapid ...
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    Appointments Vacant (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 39-40 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] APPLICATIONS are invited for the following appointments on or before the dates mentioned: ASSISTANT LECTURER IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY The Registrar, University College, Hull (July 8). LECTURER IN BIOLOGY (preferably with qualifications in Zoology and Physiology) The Registrar, Nottingham and ...
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    Reports and other Publications (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 40-40 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] (not included in the monthly Books Supplement) Great Britain and Ireland B.I.O.S. Surveys Report No. 22 : The Paint Industry in Germany during the Period 1939-1945. By Neil R. Fisk and H. W. Brown. Pp. 153+4 plates. (London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1950.) 3s. net. [274 Ministry of Fuel and ...
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    Infra-Red Heating Jackets (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 165 (1950), S. 1000-1000 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A NEW type of flexible heating jacket with a very wide range of uses, the 'Stabilag' infra-red heating jacket, has been marketed by Electricals, Ltd., Newcastle upon Tyne, 2. The jackets are moulded to fit any shape or size of apparatus and consist of a closely pitched heating element stitched to a ...
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    Standardization of Units of Measurement in Civil Aviation (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 165 (1950), S. 1008-1008 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] LAST year it was announced that the Montreal headquarters of the International Civil Aviation Organisation had obtained agreement on a plan to standardize the dimensional units used in air/ground communications in civil aviation and that this agreement has been implemented by a considerable number ...
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    Inhibition of the Growth of Leuconostoc mesenteroides by the Toxic Factor from ‘Agenized’ Zein: Reversal by L -Glutamine (1950)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 166 (1950), S. 353-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Glutamine reverses the inhibitory effect of methionine sulphoxide, a close analogue of the toxic factor, on the growth of Lactobacillus arabinosus* and streptococci5'6, and we have found that it also nullifies the toxic effect of the factor on Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Some typical data are ...
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