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  • Electron microscopy
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • 2020-2024  (28)
  • 1990-1994  (675)
  • 1980-1984  (234)
  • 1
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    Insecticides for Mosquito Control: Strengthening the Evidence Base (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: The eradication of vector-borne diseases is threatened by the limited range of available insecticides, leading, inevitably, to the development of resistance. This is particularly concerning for malaria control, which relies heavily on insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual sprays (IRS). New chemistries are being developed, and innovative deployment of insecticides may play a role in overcoming resistance, either through new types of tools or new means of distribution. A variety of novel product types and vector control strategies are under development and evaluation, which is to be celebrated, but a strong evidence base is needed to guide effective operational deployment decisions. Novel approaches should be supported by robust data collected using appropriate and validated methods to monitor efficacy, durability, and any emerging resistance. This reprint presents original research into developing and characterizing new vector control products, as well as understanding and monitoring insecticide resistance. Review articles explore the impact of insecticide resistance and offer guidance on insecticide choice in the face of pyrethroid resistance. Consensus methodologies are presented, in the form of standard operating procedures (SOPs) designed to be adopted and used to generate reproducible data that can be compared and interpreted across and between studies. It is hoped that this collection of articles offers inspiration and guidance on how consistent data can be generated to inform more effective development, evaluation, and use of new and existing vector control tools.
    Keywords: prallethrin ; insecticide ; spatial treatment ; mosquito fitness ; protection ; pyrethroids ; Aedes albopictus ; Culex pipiens ; life tables ; mosquito ; bite-proof garment ; model ; textile ; non-insecticidal ; physical barrier ; insecticide selection ; out-crossing ; strain authentication ; laboratory screening ; pyrethroid ; pyrethroid resistance ; insecticide resistance ; insecticide resistance management ; vector control ; malaria ; malaria control ; Anopheles ; host-seeking behavior ; insecticide exposure ; pathogen transmission ; Aedes aegypti ; Anopheles gambiae ; ATSB ; Culex quinquefasciatus ; Iroquois ; RNAi ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; Anopheles mosquito ; fertility ; ovary development ; pyriproxyfen (PPF) ; side-effects ; machine learning ; image classification ; automated identification ; convolutional neural network ; insecticide-treated net (ITN) ; PBO ITN ; synergist ITN ; dual-AI ITN ; insecticide resistance management (IRM) ; method validation ; durability monitoring ; bioinsecticide ; disease transmission ; insecticide-resistance ; mosquito-borne disease ; mosquito control ; natural compounds ; phytochemical ; malaria vector ; insecticide treated nets ; cytochrome P450s ; kdr ; cuticular resistance ; deltamethrin ; imidacloprid ; bifenthrin ; β-cyfluthrin ; etofenprox ; α-cypermethrin ; λ-cyhalothrin ; thiacloprid ; mosquitoes ; Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; Attractive Targeted Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; diagnostic bioassay ; resistance monitoring ; insecticide-treated nets (ITN) ; strain characterisation ; method development ; product evaluation ; quality control (QC) ; dual active ingredients (dual-AI) ; bioefficacy ; IRS ; application technology ; broflanilide ; clothianidin ; pirimiphos-methyl ; WHO tube ; WHO tunnel test ; ITNs ; interceptor ; interceptor G2 ; membrane ; human arm ; rabbit ; bioassay ; bio-efficacy ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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    Food Waste Valorization (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Food waste is becoming an important and growing concern at both local and global levels. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), one-third of all food production is wasted globally, and in particular, 1.3 billion tons of food produced for human consumption is wasted per year, representing an economic loss of EUR 800 billion. The main foods wasted are represented by vegetables, fruits, meat, and fish. Considering the high availability and the composition of food waste, there is an increasing interest in their bio-valorization. Moreover, according to the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 12 and 13), an appropriate waste management represents an essential prerequisite for the sustainable development.This reprint collects interesting manuscripts regarding innovative research focused on food waste valorization through fermentation processes for obtaining value-added products such as enzymes, feed additives, biofuels, animal feeds as well as other useful chemicals or products, food-grade pigments, and single-cell protein (SCP), enhancing food security and environmentally sustainable development.
    Keywords: industrial food waste ; valorization ; biorefinery ; bioenergy ; biobased materials ; promotion policy ; rice husk ; pyrolysis ; porous biochar ; pore property ; surface composition ; microbial red pigment ; Monascus purpureus ; simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation ; sustainability ; whey ; RSM ; bioethanol ; yeast fermentation ; sugar beet molasses ; industrial by-product ; scale-up ; agricultural waste ; wastewater ; microbial fuel cell ; techno-economic ; commercialization ; life cycle assessment ; Neurospora intermedia ; bread ; process development ; cheese whey ; Aspergillus awamori ; β-galactosidase ; lactose hydrolysis ; Acetobacter xylinum ; bacterial cellulose ; biosurfactant ; bioemulsifier ; waste frying oil ; Bacillus cereus ; food additives ; cookie ; microalgae ; DHA ; lignocellulosic biomass ; organosolv fractionation ; liquid fraction ; solid pulp ; omega-3 fatty acids ; soap ; olives ; olive oil ; fermentation ; food waste ; fish waste ; citrus peel ; aquafeed ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Lactobacillus reuteri ; whey product ; proteins ; ultrafiltration ; nanofiltration ; keratinocytes scratch assay ; mozzarella cheese manufacturing ; pressing residue ; grape ; apple ; silage ; animal production ; enzyme production ; polyphenols ; Juglans regia L. ; walnut green husk ; agricultural wastes ; soil conditions ; glucans ; pectins ; Aspergillus oryzae ; rice hull ; paper mill wastewater ; bioremediation ; amylase ; solid-state fermentation (SSF) ; goat feeding ; durian peel ; silage additives ; propionate ; methane mitigation ; nitrogen balance ; waste management ; biofuel production ; circular economy ; single cell protein ; value-added product ; food and feed production ; yeast ; probiotics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
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    Biomass Derived Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysts (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: In this book, the performance of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts applied in biomass processing was assessed, paying special attention to the main advantages and challenges related to their use. Indeed, these challenges are opportunities to develop new research lines that could be fruitful in the near future. Thus, different studies are included, dealing with diverse subjects, with one main goal in common: the improvement of different aspects related to biomass processing through the use of catalysts.
    Keywords: nanospheroids ; zinc-doped CaO ; natural triglycerides ; aminolysis ; heterogeneous catalyst ; recyclability ; catalyst ; sodium hydroxide ; fatty acid methyl ester ; central composite rotatable design ; operational conditions ; aerated irrigation ; soil enzyme activity ; soil microbial biomass ; soil respiration ; bio-derived phenol ; Ni-Cu-Co/Al2O3 ; in-situ hydrodeoxygenation ; cyclohexane ; hydrogenolysis ; biomass ; 5-hydroxymethylfurfural ; 2,5-furandicrboxylic acid ; aerobic oxidation ; metal catalysts ; acid catalysis ; biodiesel ; biofuel ; esterification ; fatty acid ; methanolysis ; molybdenum oxide ; transesterification ; vegetable oil ; fatty acid methyl esters ; 2-ethyl-1-hexanol ; 1-heptanol ; 4-methyl-2-pentanol ; viscosity ; flash and combustion points ; methyl oleate ; methyl ricinoleate ; cellulase ; cellulose ; paper sludge ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; synergism ; furfural ; carbon-supported catalyst ; xylose conversion ; iron ; heterogeneous catalysts ; thermoset polymer ; epoxy ; cellulose nanofiber ; curing characteristics ; thermal properties ; mechanical properties ; RSM ; numerical optimization ; keratinase ; feather ; Bacillus sp. ; amino acids ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    TRP Channels in Health and Disease (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-21
    Description: Almost 25 years ago, the first mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) channel was cloned and published. TRP channels now represent an extended family of 28 members fulfilling multiple roles in the living organism. Identified functions include control of body temperature, transmitter release, mineral homeostasis, chemical sensing, and survival mechanisms in a challenging environment. The TRP channel superfamily covers six families: TRPC with C for “canonical”, TRPA with A for “ankyrin”, TRPM with M for “melastatin”, TRPML with ML for “mucolipidin”, TRPP with P for “polycystin”, and TRPV with V for “vanilloid”. Over the last few years, new findings on TRP channels have confirmed their exceptional function as cellular sensors and effectors. This Special Book features a collection of 8 reviews and 7 original articles published in “Cells” summarizing the current state-of-the-art on TRP channel research, with a main focus on TRP channel activation, their physiological and pathophysiological function, and their roles as pharmacological targets for future therapeutic options.
    Keywords: R5-920 ; n/a ; transient receptor potential channels ; photochromic ligands ; elementary immunology ; Purkinje cell ; EPSC ; substance P ; chemicals ; organ toxicity ; lymphocytes ; HSP70 ; physiology ; bioavailable ; inflammatory bowel disease ; platelets ; pollutants ; yeast ; regulatory T cells ; kinase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; manganese ; cerebellum ; TRP channel ; NHERF ; inflammation ; nanoHPLC-ESI MS/MS ; TRPM7 ; chemical probes ; TRPM8 ; dorsal column nuclei ; TRPV2 ; TRPV3 ; calcitonin gene-related peptide ; TRPV1 ; ion channels ; transient receptor potential ; 2D gel electrophoresis ; MALDI-TOF MS(/MS) ; TRPV4 ; overproduction ; sulfur mustard ; oxidative stress ; graft versus host disease ; menthol ; topical ; chemosensor ; AP18 ; calcium signalling ; mucosal epithelium ; cuneate nucleus ; production platform ; TRPC channels ; ulcerative colitis ; channel structure ; xerostomia ; neutrophils ; cardiovascular system ; TRPC5 ; TRPC6 ; TRPC3 ; TRPC4 ; calcium signaling ; protein purification ; adipose tissue ; transient receptor potential (TRP) channels ; sodium ; TH17 ; diacylglycerol ; hypersensitivity ; TRPY1 ; GABAB ; HEK293 ; thrombosis ; ion channel ; TRPC ; pathophysiology ; SMAD ; toxicology ; endothelium ; calcium ; proteomics ; TRPA1 ; salivary glands ; TRP channels ; lipid mediators ; sensors ; radiation ; TRPM4 channel ; human medulla oblongata ; mGluR1 ; small molecules ; TRPC3 pharmacology ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Mitochondria: From Physiology to Pathology (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: Mitochondria play an increasingly central role in the context of cellular physiology. These organelles possess their own genome (mtDNA), which is functionally coordinated with the nuclear genome. Mitochondrial gene expression is mediated by molecular processes (replication, transcription, translation, and assembly of respiratory chain complexes) that all take place within the mitochondria. Several aspects of mtDNA expression have already been well characterized, but many more either are under debate or have yet to be discovered. Understanding the molecular processes occurring in mitochondria also has clinical relevance. Dysfunctions affecting these important metabolic ‘hubs’ are associated with a whole range of severe disorders, known as mitochondrial diseases. In recent years, significant progress has been made to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction; however, to date, mitochondrial diseases are complex genetic disorders without any effective therapy. Current therapeutic strategies and clinical trials are aimed at mitigating clinical manifestations and slowing the disease progression to improve the quality of life of patients. The goal of the Special Issue ‘Mitochondria: from Physiology to Pathology’ published in Life (ISSN: 2075-1729) was to collect research and review articles covering the physiological and pathological aspects related to mtDNA maintenance and gene expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, protein import, organelle metabolism, and quality control.
    Keywords: atherosclerosis ; carotid intima-media thickness ; mitochondrial mutations ; cardiovascular risk factors ; mitochondria ; mtDNA ; cristae ; mitochondrial fission ; mitochondrial fusion ; mitochondrial diseas ; mitochondrial dynamics ; mitoenergetics ; mitosteroidogenesis ; LH ; cAMP ; Leydig cell ; mitochondrial DNA segregation ; heteroplasmy ; selective elimination ; mitophagy ; mitochondrial engineered nucleases ; kinases ; phosphorylation ; disease ; PINK1 ; Parkinson’s disease ; mitochondria homeostasis ; Cterm ; MELAS ; transmitochondrial cybrids ; aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases ; LARS2 ; mitochondrial disease ; therapeutic peptides ; FAD synthase ; FAD1 ; mitochondria localization ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mRNA ; mitochondrial localization motif ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general
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    Animal Nutrition and Productions (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-08
    Description: The externalization of animals’ genetic potential is determined by a number of external factors, of which feeding plays a major role. Animals’ nourishment is one of the most important levers to ensure the efficiency of animal production due to both the high share of feed costs in the total cost of products and the influence this has on the growth, reproduction, and health of animals as well as the quality of products obtained from these. This field is one of the most dynamic in the field of husbandry sciences due to the takeover and permanent use of numerous results obtained from research on energy metabolism and nutrients related to the composition of feed and its influence on animal products. This is also due to the great advances in genetics, which create new types of animals with increasing productive potential, but also with different food requirements. This Special Issue collated innovative papers on animal nutrition, physiology, chemistry, biochemistry, genetics, reproduction, and breeding technologies. The articles covered a wide range of topics related to feed quality, the influence of food on the production level, the quality of production, and also on animals’ health.
    Keywords: carcass yield ; commercial cuts ; low cost ; neutral detergent fiber ; non-fiber carbohydrate ; Yucca schidigera ; antimicrobial ; secondary metabolites ; sustainability ; pollution ; production ; food animals ; Ajuga iva ; chemical composition ; nutritive value ; unconventional feeds ; phenolic ; growing conditions ; dairy buffaloes ; farming environment ; reproductive and productive performances ; feeding trial ; mozzarella cheese ; sensory properties ; alternative feed ; degradability ; fractions ; ram ; sperm quality ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; apparent digestibility ; honey ; quality ; phenolic content ; flavonoid content ; Pearson’s correlation ; female camels ; milk ; minerals ; heavy metals ; winter ; total mixed ration ; paddlefish ; meat quality ; fatty acids ; biological value ; body condition score ; ewes ; reproductive traits ; flushing ; animal production ; genetic diversity ; grey cattle ; mitochondrial DNA ; Podolian cattle ; European catfish ; somatometry ; corporal indice ; flesh yield ; nutritional quality ; lactation ; manganese ; reproductive performance ; sows ; AP monitoring ; IoT ; AP estimation ; decision support ; livestock farming ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; meat ; chicken ; duck ; turkey ; phenols ; flavonoids ; FTIR ; rearing system ; birds’ welfare condition ; biochemical analysis ; productive parameters ; food and feed safety ; yeasts and molds ; Salmonella spp. ; Escherichia coli ; Clostridium perfringens ; rabbit ; hare ; lipid health indices ; water-holding capacity ; cooking loss ; egg weight ; shell weight ; fractional reduction ; deletion method ; reproduction ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    Wine Aromas (2024)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Wine has a complex matrix with many volatile compounds present, which evolves over time. These volatile compounds are important to wine quality as they contribute to the aroma and varietal characteristics of wine. Recent development in the analysis of volatile compounds in wine has greatly improved our understanding of the complexity of wine aroma. Analytical methods used for wine aroma fingerprinting have shown potential in determining the origin and quality of wine. Thus, research on volatile compounds responsible for wine aroma and their correlation with wine provenance and wine quality have increasingly attracted great interest from researchers and winegrowers. This Special Issue presents the latest research regarding wine aroma compounds, including, but not limited to, the topics on the characterization of aroma compounds in grapes and wine, factors influencing the production of aroma compounds in wine during fermentation and maturation, and analytical methods for wine aroma analysis.
    Keywords: marselan wine ; aroma compounds ; indigenous yeast strains ; Saccharomyces ; non-Saccharomyces ; icewine ; Vidal ; yeast ; sensory analysis ; amino acid ; fruity ester ; wine aroma ; nitrogen management ; Pearson correlation analysis ; carbon metabolism ; Vitis davidii Foёx ; spend coffee grounds ; fermentation ; sensory property ; volatile profile ; yeast protein hydrolysate ; nitrogen supplementation ; volatile compounds ; wine higher alcohols ; wine esters ; monoterpenes ; triangle test ; check-all-that-apply ; correspondence analysis ; Cochran’s Q-test ; nutrients ; central composite design ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; wine ; strain effect ; aromas ; non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; ethanol tolerance ; ultraviolet irradiation ; diethyl sulfate mutagenesis ; vineyard mechanization ; phenolics ; sensory properties ; anthocyanins ; bentonite ; cold soaking ; colour ; pathogenesis-related proteins ; Pinot noir ; tannin ; antioxidants ; glutathione ; glutathione-enriched inactivated dry yeasts ; methoxypyrazines ; oxidation ; Sauvignon Blanc ; thiols ; aroma profile ; grape pomace ; model juice ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture
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    Yeast Biotechnology 2.0 (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Yeasts are truly fascinating microorganisms. Due to their diverse and dynamic activities, they have been used for the production of many interesting products, such as beer, wine, bread, biofuels, and biopharmaceuticals. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewers’ or bakers’ yeast) is the yeast species that is surely the most exploited by humans. Saccharomyces is a top-choice organism for industrial applications, although its use for producing beer dates back to at least the 6th millennium BC. Bakers’ yeast has been a cornerstone of modern biotechnology, enabling the development of efficient production processes. Today, diverse yeast species are explored for industrial applications. This Special Issue “Yeast Biotechnology 2.0” is a continuation of the first Special Issue, “Yeast Biotechnology” (https://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/324). It compiles the current state-of-the-art of research and technology in the area of “yeast biotechnology” and highlights prominent current research directions in the fields of yeast synthetic biology and strain engineering, new developments in efficient biomolecule production, fermented beverages (beer, wine, and honey fermentation), and yeast nanobiotechnology.]
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; TP248.13-248.65 ; bioethanol production ; mead ; nanobiotechnology ; fermentation-derived products ; flavor ; citric acid production ; enzyme production ; non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; fermented beverages ; bioreactors ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; wine ; beer ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    Microbiology of Fermented Foods and Beverages (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Fermented foods are consumed all over the world and their consumption shows an increasing trend. They play many roles, from preservation to food security, improved nutrition and social well-being. Different microorganisms are involved in the fermentation process and the diversity of the microbiome is high.Fermented foods are food substrates that are invaded or overgrown by edible microorganisms whose enzymes hydrolyze polysaccharides, proteins and lipids to nontoxic products with flavors, aromas, and textures that are pleasant and attractive to the human consumer. Fermentation plays different roles in food processing, including the development of a wide diversity of flavors, aromas, and textures in food, lactic acid, alcoholic, acetic acid, alkaline and high salt fermentations for food preservation purposes, biological enrichment of food substrates with vitamins, protein, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids and detoxification during food fermentation processing.
    Keywords: fermented foods ; nutritional guidelines ; legislation ; national food guides ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; biomass ; date extract ; optimization ; response surface methodology ; kinetic models ; antifungal ; bioprotection ; bread ; Lactobacillus plantarum ; phenyllactic acid ; Aspergillus ; Penicillium ; Fusarium ; sauerkraut ; microbiome ; fermentation ; probiotics ; high-throughput sequencing ; nutrition ; health benefits ; microbiology ; health ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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    Biofuels Production and Processing Technology (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The negative impacts of global warming and global environmental pollution due to fossil fuels mean that the main challenge of modern society is finding alternatives to conventional fuels. In this scenario, biofuels derived from renewable biomass represent the most promising renewable energy sources. Depending on the biomass used by the fermentation technologies, it is possible to obtain first-generation biofuels produced from food crops, second-generation biofuels produced from non-food feedstock, mainly starting from renewable lignocellulosic biomasses, and third-generation biofuels, represented by algae or food waste biomass.Although biofuels appear to be the closest alternative to fossil fuels, it is necessary for them to be produced in competitive quantities and costs, requiring both improvements to production technologies and the diversification of feedstock. This Special Issue is focused on technological innovations, including the utilization of different feedstocks, with a particular focus on biethanol production from food waste; different biomass pretreatments; fermentation strategies, such as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) or separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF); different applied microorganisms used as a monoculture or co-culture; and different setups for biofuel fermentation processes.The manuscripts collected represent a great opportunity for adding new knowledge to the scientific community as well as industry.
    Keywords: biofuels ; corn ; extraction ; enzyme-assisted ; protein ; soybean ; molecular sieve ; water removal ; rotary shaking ; electromagnetic stirring ; biofuel ; gasohol ; trend analysis ; promotion policy ; regulatory measure ; bottleneck ; synthesis gas fermentation ; volumetric mass transfer coefficient ; Tween 80® surfactant ; gasification ; multi-objective optimization ; bioethanol ; syngas fermentation ; modeling ; sustainability ; soapberry pericarp ; carbonization ; biochar ; pore property ; surface chemistry ; biomethane ; food waste ; co-production ; biorefinery ; bioelectrochemical system (BES) ; carbon dioxide sequestration ; extracellular electron transfer (EET) ; electroactive microorganisms ; microbial biocatalyst ; electro-fermentation ; circular economy ; downstream processing (DSP) ; gene manipulation ; biogas ; compost leachate ; pressurized anaerobic digestion ; ethanol ; simultaneous saccharification and fermentation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; single cell protein ; pineapple waste ; cell wall sugar ; fermentation ; spent sugar beet pulp ; model ; economics ; pretreatment ; saccharification ; B. ceiba ; biomass ; second-generation biofuel ; bioenergy ; biodiesel ; non-fossil fuel ; empty fruit bunches ; response surface methodology ; central composite design ; biofuel production technologies ; downstream processing ; energy ; bioethanol production ; agroforest and industrial waste feedstock valorization ; microorganisms for biofuel ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
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    Fungi and Fungal Metabolites for the Improvement of Human and Animal Nutrition and Health (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The purpose of this book was not to provide a comprehensive overview of the vast arena of how fungi and fungal metabolites are able to improve human and animal nutrition and health; rather, we, as Guest Editors, wished to encourage authors working in this field to publish their most recent work in this rapidly growing journal in order for the large readership to appreciate the full potential of wonderful and beneficial fungi. Thus, this Special Issue welcomed scientific contributions on applications of fungi and fungal metabolites, such as bioactive fatty acids, pigments, polysaccharides, alkaloids, terpenoids, etc., with great potential in human and animal nutrition and health.
    Keywords: fungal pigment ; natural dye ; spalting ; Scytalidium cuboideum ; dramada ; sustainable clothing ; selenium ; biofortification ; transporters ; mycorrhizal fungi ; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) ; fungal pigments ; textile dyeing ; toxicity testing ; biotechnological approaches ; challenges ; limits ; Saccharomyces boulardii ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; probiotics ; gastrointestinal tract ; Alginate ; β-glucan ; oligosaccharides ; elicitation ; Sargassum species ; Sparassis latifolia ; polyphenol ; antioxidant ; agave mezcalero bagasse ; apple bagasse ; solid-state fermentation ; secondary metabolites ; Pleurotus ostreatus ; Endophytic fungi ; Hyptis dilatata ; Pestalotiopsis mangiferae ; Pestalotiopsis microspora ; chemical elicitors ; antibacterial activity ; LC–ESI–Q–TOF–MS ; yeast ; biological control ; postharvest decay ; fruit ; mycorrhizae ; elevated CO2 ; Thymus vulgare ; growth ; photosynthesis ; metabolites ; biological activity ; Candida albicans ; non-albicans Candida species ; Candida auris ; aromatic alcohols ; fungi ; metabolomics ; NTCD ; additives ; functional foods ; nutraceuticals ; sustainability ; healthy aging ; Mortierella alpina ; animal fat by-product ; arachidonic acid ; ATR-FTIR spectroscopy ; Mucor circinelloides ; high-throughput screening ; metal ions ; phosphorus ; lipids ; biofuel ; FTIR spectroscopy ; bioremediation ; co-production ; natural colorants ; filamentous fungi ; stirred-tank bioreactor ; biodegradable films ; food package ; bioactive compounds ; FIP ; human health ; immunomodulation ; induced apoptosis ; lectin ; medicinal mushrooms ; polysaccharide ; terpenes and terpenoids ; melanin ; carotenoids ; polyketides ; azaphilones ; antitumor ; medical roles ; sphinganine-analog mycotoxins ; fumonisins ; AAL-toxin ; chemical structure ; toxicity ; genetics and evolution ; biosynthesis ; livestock ; ewes ; energy ; cytokines ; yeasts ; liquid swine diets ; MALDI-TOF ; biochemical identification ; growth temperature Ancom Gas Production System ; Candida krusei ; Candida lambica ; M. purpureus ; red yeast rice ; cholesterol reduction ; probiotic potential ; natural colorant ; extraction ability ; marine fungi ; Talaromyces albobiverticillius ; aqueous two-phases system extraction ; ionic liquids ; feed additive ; probiotic ; Sporidiobolus ruineniae ; tannase ; micro-fungi ; macro-fungi ; Ganoderma ; kombucha ; anticancer ; carotenoid ; medicinal mushroom ; mycobiome ; antimicrobial ; antifungal ; bioconversion ; cheese ; dairy ; Sclerotinia ; secondary metabolite ; endophytic fungi ; uncommon secondary metabolites ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    High-Yielding Dairy Cows (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-24
    Description: The milk industry is largely based on dairy cattle production. After decades of great advancements in genetics, nutrition, and management, today, one cow can reach unprecedented levels of milk production. New challenges have been posed to preserving the health and welfare of these domestic animals. “High-Yielding Dairy Cows” is a collection of scientific papers focusing on three main areas: metabolic diseases, reproduction diseases, and herd (heath) management in confined and pasture production systems. This book aggregates knowledge from a molecular level to a more holistic approach on disease prevention and management, giving the reader an accurate overview of the current state of the art of this topic. It intends to contribute to ensuring the supply of ethical and responsible animal protein for about eight billion of people.
    Keywords: dairy cow ; fatty liver ; lipid metabolism ; oxidative stress ; SIRT1 ; dairy cows ; PPARγ ; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) ; genetic factor ; dairy industry ; milking system ; work routine ; parlor ; milking model ; small dairy ; reproductive strategy ; parity ; season ; rank of AI ; type of AI ; heat stress ; whole transcript sequencing ; immune response ; stress response ; myostatin gene ; variation ; milk ; fatty acid ; cattle ; milk production ; metabolomics ; biomarkers ; flaxseed ; dry period ; enterolactone ; milk fatty acids ; peak of lactation ; lipolysis ; fatty acids ; casein ; postpartum diseases ; activin ; inhibin ; cytokines ; endometrium ; subclinical endometritis ; cow ; milk beta-hydroxybutyrate ; fat to protein content ratio ; left displaced abomasum ; negative energy balance ; alpha-tocopherol/vitamin E-related gene ; calving ; colostrum ; high-yield dairy cows ; inflammation ; health ; lactation ; liver ; mammary gland ; ultrasonography ; pregnancy proteins ; embryonic mortality ; fetal mortality ; body condition score ; urea ; β-hydroxybutyrate ; metabolism ; urea in milk ; primiparous cows ; lactation curves ; feeding system ; herd management ; protein metabolism ; amino acids ; milk protein ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; high-yield cows ; pH ; VFA ; inflammatory cytokines ; transition period ; ketosis ; RNA-Seq ; clustering ; liver metabolism ; Jersey ; oral calcium bolus ; calcium ; hypocalcemia ; mastitis ; culling ; reproduction ; herd health ; milking management ; production systems ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    The Fungal Cell Wall Integrity Pathway (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Adaptation to external changes is necessary for all cells to survive and thrive in diverse environments. Key to these responses are the MAPK-mediated signaling pathways, intracellular communication routes that sense stimuli at the cell surface, and are ubiquitous in all eukaryotic organisms. In the case of fungi, MAPKs mediate essential processes, such as adaptation to environmental stresses, morphology regulation, or developmental processes. First studied in the early nineties in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the fungal cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway has proven to be a central MAPK-mediated signaling cascade conserved in the fungal kingdom. Cells need to sense cell wall-perturbing conditions and mount the appropriate salvage response. Understanding this CWI pathway-mediated compensatory mechanism is key for the development of cell wall-targeted antifungal therapies. Moreover, its functional roles go beyond the maintenance of this essential structure, reaching many other physiological aspects that have major implications in development or virulence.In this Special Issue, expert researchers in this relevant subject have contributed with seven reviews and eleven original articles to advance our understanding of the CWI pathway by covering different structural, regulatory, and functional aspects in distinct yeasts and filamentous fungi.
    Keywords: Wsc1 ; membrane sensor ; SMALP ; detergent-free extraction ; fluorescence correlation spectroscopy ; transmission electron microscopy ; 3D reconstruction ; fission yeast ; MAPK ; cell integrity pathway ; S. japonicus ; S. pombe ; protein kinase C ; Pmk1 ; dimorphism ; hyphae ; yeast ; cell wall integrity ; phosphorylation ; azoles ; clotrimazole ; cytokinesis ; actomyosin ring ; septum ; cell integrity ; fungi ; cell wall ; cell wall proteins ; signaling pathways ; stress tolerance ; mannoprotein ; budding yeast ; morphology ; CalMorph ; cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway ; PKC ; GTPases ; MAP kinase ; morphogenesis ; virulence ; pathogenesis ; Hrr25 ; Mec1 ; Tel1 ; Pkc1 ; hydroxyurea ; UV irradiation ; cell wall integrity (CWI) ; Mtl1 ; autophagy ; glucose ; mitophagy ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; histidine kinase ; Paracoccidioides ; paracoccidioidomycosis ; cell cycle ; Slt2 ; checkpoint ; DNA damage ; conjugation ; ploidy ; lysis ; Cell Integrity Pathway ; stress ; CWI pathway ; UPR ; glucosamine ; tunicamycin ; N-glycosylation ; cell wall integrity pathway ; MAPK substrate ; kinase assay ; fungal cell wall ; cysteine-rich domain ; PAN domain ; aromatic clusters ; filamentous fungi ; signaling pathway ; surface sensor ; mitogen-activated protein kinase ; plant pathogen ; application ; fungicide ; drug target ; culture ; productivity ; stress response ; screening ; transcription ; essential genes ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    Imaging Synapse Structure and Function (2021)
    Frontiers Media SA
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Development of new imaging technologies in recent years has transformed neuroscience in profound ways. Following on the heels of the revolution based on the Green Fluorescent Protein, refined genetically-encoded fluorescent reporters and genetic targeting strategies now enable optical recording of synaptic transmission in defined neuronal populations at speeds approaching the enviable temporal resolution of electrophysiology. Super-resolution light microscopy permits observation of synapses and their molecular machinery at sub-diffraction resolution. At the ultrastructural level, automated forms of electron microscopy, improvements in specimen fixation methods, and recent efforts to correlate data from light and electron micrographs now make the reconstruction of functional neural circuits a reality. Finally, the use of optogenetic actuators, such as channelrhodopsins, allows precise temporal and spatial manipulation of neuronal activity and is revealing profound insights into the organization of neural circuits and their roles in behavior. This research topic highlights recent advances in both light and electron microscopy, with a specific focus on approaches that combine innovations from several different fields to obtain novel information about synapse structure and function. We are confident that this collection of articles - three original research papers, six reviews, one methods paper and one perspective article - will enable neuroscientists to achieve the next generation of experiments aimed at cracking the neural code.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; connectomics ; super-resolution ; optogenetics ; Schizophrenia ; metabotropic glutamate receptors ; brain circuits ; functional imaging ; Electron microscopy ; calcium imaging ; Synaptic Transmission ; synaptic vesicle trafficking ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
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    Modern Technologies and Their Influence in Fermentation Quality (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: During the last few years, industrial fermentation technologies have advanced in order to improve the quality of the final product. Some examples of those modern technologies are the biotechnology developments of microbial materials, such as Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts or lactic bacteria from different genera. Other technologies are related to the use of additives and adjuvants, such as nutrients, enzymes, fining agents, or preservatives and their management, which directly influence the quality and reduce the risks in final fermentation products. Other technologies are based on the management of thermal treatments, filtrations, pressure applications, ultrasounds, UV, and so on, which have also led to improvements in fermentation quality in recent years. The aim of the issue is to study new technologies able to improve the quality parameters of fermentation products, such as aroma, color, turbidity, acidity, or any other parameters related to improving sensory perception by the consumers. Food safety parameters are also included.
    Keywords: QH301-705.5 ; Q1-390 ; TX341-641 ; low-ethanol wines ; wine-related fungi ; non-Saccharomyces ; yeasts ; narince ; wine quality ; tryptophol ; low ethanol wine ; serotonin ; non-conventional yeasts ; Bombino bianco ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; volatile compounds ; ethyl carbamate ; phthalates ; autochthonous ; meta-taxonomic analysis ; Pichia kluyveri ; pH control ; IAA ; Torulaspora delbrueckii ; chemical analyses ; aroma profile ; yeast ; enzymatic patterns ; wine flavor ; fermentation ; must replacement ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; malolactic fermentation ; wine ; HACCP ; food quality ; sequential inoculation ; alcoholic beverages ; itaconic acid ; biocontrol application ; white wine ; hydroxytyrosol ; tryptophan ; glucose ; kinetic analysis ; wine aroma ; amino acid decarboxylation ; lactic acid bacteria ; vineyard soil ; wine color ; tyrosol ; Saccharomyces ; Gompertz-model ; sequential culture ; biogenic amines ; SO2 reduction ; climate change ; Vineyard Microbiota ; A. terreus ; sulfur dioxide ; human health-promoting compounds ; Hanseniaspora guilliermondii ; non-Saccharomyces screening ; aromatic/sensorial profiles ; Malvar (Vitis vinifera L. cv.) ; probiotics ; Yeasts ; native yeast ; color ; glutathione ; hot pre-fermentative maceration ; technological characterization ; wine-related bacteria ; Riesling ; Torulaspora microellipsoides ; Lachancea thermotolerans ; Metschnikowia pulcherrima ; cashew apple juice ; resveratrol ; biocontrol ; shiraz ; Tannat ; ochratoxin A ; aroma compound ; trehalose ; wine composition ; Hanseniaspora uvarum yeast ; food safety ; acidity ; sensory evaluation ; viticulture ; melatonin ; alcoholic fermentation ; aroma ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    10th Anniversary of Cells—Advances in Plant, Algae and Fungi Cell Biology (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Explore a decade of groundbreaking research in "10th Anniversary of Cells—Advances in Plant, Algae, and Fungi Cell Biology." This reprint offers a comprehensive journey into the realms of plant, algae, and fungi cell biology. Delve into the world of genomics, cellular defense mechanisms, mycorrhizal fungi, and the physiology of extremophile algae. A celebration of scientific excellence, this reprint is a valuable resource for researchers, educators, and enthusiasts passionate about these fascinating domains. Join us in commemorating a decade of discovery and advancement in cellular biology.
    Keywords: membrane proteins ; overproduction ; production platform ; protein purification ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; solute carrier 39 ; SLC39 ; family ; yeast ; zinc ; zinc transporters ; ZIPs ; Agave americana ; crassulacean acid metabolism ; genetic engineering ; Nicotiana sylvestris ; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ; photosynthesis ; drought tolerance ; salt tolerance ; microalgae ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ; starch ; supraoptimal temperature ; cell cycle ; pilot-scale production ; DNA methylation ; Fusarium graminearum ; in vitro subcultures ; virulence reduction ; ddRAD-MCSeEd ; virulence genes ; 13C ; 14C ; aldol ; Calvin-Benson cycle ; light respiration ; isotope labeling ; cytokinin ; endocytosis ; cytoskeleton ; actin ; plant immunity ; induced resistance ; Parachlorella kessleri ; supra-optimal temperature ; energy reserves ; growth processes ; reproduction events ; deuterium ; deuterated starch ; deuterated lipid ; soft scale insects ; Ophiocordyceps ; symbiosis ; transovarial transmission ; Verticillium wilt ; Glomus viscosum Nicolson ; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; oxidative stress ; antioxidant systems ; defense ability ; ABI5 ; ABF ; AREB ; abiotic stress response ; abscisic acid ; phytohormone crosstalk ; salinity stress ; chloroplast ; plastid ; osmolytes ; osmotic adjustment ; reactive oxygen species ; herbivory ; membrane potential ; ion channel ; Arthrospira ; haloalkalotolerant cyanobacteria ; metagenomics ; phylogenomics ; fatty acid ; enveloped virus ; Ebola virus ; HIV ; herpes simplex virus ; human cytomegalovirus ; influenza virus ; MERS-CoV ; SARS-CoV-2 ; N-glycosite ; O-glycosite ; high-mannose glycan ; complex N-glycans ; Vicieae man-specific lectin ; T/Tn-specific lectin ; specific interaction ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    A History of Genomics across Species, Communities and Projects (2023)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book offers a comprehensive overview of the history of genomics across three different species and four decades, from the 1980s to the recent past. It takes an inclusive approach in order to capture not only the international initiatives to map and sequence the genomes of various organisms, but also the work of smaller-scale institutions engaged in the mapping and sequencing of yeast, human and pig DNA. In doing so, the authors expand the historiographical lens of genomics from a focus on large-scale projects to other forms of organisation. They show how practices such as genome mapping, sequence assembly and annotation are as essential as DNA sequencing in the history of genomics, and argue that existing depictions of genomics are too closely associated with the Human Genome Project. Exploring the use of genomic tools by biochemists, cell biologists, and medical and agriculturally-oriented geneticists, this book portrays the history of genomics as inseparably entangled with the day-to-day practices and objectives of these communities. The authors also uncover often forgotten actors such as the European Commission, a crucial funder and forger of collaborative networks undertaking genomic projects. In examining historical trajectories across species, communities and projects, the book provides new insights on genomics, its dramatic expansion during the late twentieth-century and its developments in the twenty-first century. Offering the first extensive critical examination of the nature and historicity of reference genomes, this book demonstrates how their affordances and limitations are shaped by the involvement or absence of particular communities in their production. ;
    Keywords: Genome mapping ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Human DNA ; Pig DNA ; Sus scrofa ; High throughput sequencing technology ; Whole-genome projects ; Sequence assembly ; Annotation ; European Commission ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBX History of medicine ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHB General and world history ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSV Zoology and animal sciences
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    Yeast Biotechnology 3.0 (2021)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Yeasts are truly fascinating microorganisms. Due to their diverse and dynamic activities, they have been used for the production of many interesting products, such as beer, wine, bread, biofuels and biopharmaceuticals. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (bakers’ yeast) is the yeast species that is surely the most exploited by man. Saccharomyces is a top choice organism for industrial applications, although its use for producing beer dates back to at least the 6th millennium BC. Bakers’ yeast has been a cornerstone of modern biotechnology, enabling the development of efficient production processes for antibiotics, biopharmaceuticals, technical enzymes, and ethanol and biofuels. Today, diverse yeast species are explored for industrial applications, such as e.g. Saccharomyces species, Pichia pastoris and other Pichia species, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Hansenula polymorpha, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida species, Phaffia rhodozyma, wild yeasts for beer brewing, etc. This Special Issue is focused on recent developments of yeast biotechnology with topics including recent techniques for characterizing yeast and their physiology (including omics and nanobiotechnology techniques), methods to adapt industrial strains (including metabolic, synthetic and evolutionary engineering) and the use of yeasts as microbial cell factories to produce biopharmaceuticals, enzymes, alcohols, organic acids, flavours and fine chemicals, and advances in yeast fermentation technology and industrial fermentation processes.
    Keywords: coffee processing ; coffee fermentation ; starter culture ; coffee beverage ; yeast ; Icewine ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; hyperosmotic stress ; CRISPR-Cas9 ; glycerol transport ; STL1 ; brewing ; Cyberlindnera ; NABLAB ; non-alcoholic beer ; non-conventional yeast ; non-Saccharomyces yeast ; response surface methodology ; Ustilago ; itaconic acid ; process improvement ; lignocellulosic feedstock ; yeasts ; grape ; federweisser ; wine ; microbiota identification ; MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper ; Torulaspora delbrueckii ; craft beer ; microbrewery plant ; mixed fermentation ; aroma profile ; strain collection ; aroma profiling ; gas chromatography ; wine yeast ; Saccharomyces ; fermentation ; volatile aroma compounds ; Simultaneous inoculation ; Alcoholic fermentation ; Malolactic fermentation ; Sacccharomyces cerevisiae ; Oenococcus oeni ; PN4TM ; OmegaTM ; Aroma profile ; antioxidant ; coffee ; W. anomalus ; industrial brewer’s strains ; adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) ; snowflake phenotype ; beer fermentation ; wine yeasts ; lactic acid bacteria ; co-inoculation ; sequence inoculation ; flavor compounds ; color pigments ; cell printing ; piezoelectric dispensing ; GFP-tagged yeast clone collection ; living cell microarrays ; microfluidic chip ; dynamic single-cell analysis ; Candida albicans ; adhesion ; fibronectin ; nanomotion ; atomic force microscope (AFM) ; xylose metabolism ; genetic engineering ; biofuel ; Spathaspora passalidarum ; Pichia stipitis ; volatile organic compounds ; proton-transfer reaction-mass spectrometry ; Metschnikowia pulcherrima ; flavor ; non-Saccharomyces yeasts ; fermentation-derived products ; fermented beverages ; beer ; coffee bean fermentation ; itaconic acid production ; bioethanol production ; bioreactors ; yeast micro- and nanobiotechnology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues
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    Biotechnology Applications of Microalgae (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This Special Issue, “Biotechnology Applications of Microalgae”, is focused on the latest novel advances related to the production of different bioactive compounds from microalgae and their biotechnological use.
    Keywords: enzymatic activity ; fluid dynamics ; microalgae ; oxidative stress ; static magnetic fields ; violaxanthin ; reactive oxygen species ; ascorbic acid ; glutathione ; tocopherols ; phenolic compounds ; carotenoids ; thraustochytrids ; antioxidants ; saturated fatty acids ; polyunsaturated fatty acids ; transcriptomics ; sustainability ; industrial valorization ; carbon dioxide fixation ; biological activities ; phytosterol ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Phaeodactylum tricornutum ; Sparus aurata ; β-glucans ; pulse feeding ; immune tolerance ; salt stress ; seawater cultivation ; Internet of Things ; proteomics ; blue light ; astaxanthin ; fatty acid ; heme ; cell wall ; salicylic acid ; fucoxanthin ; green consumption ; food consumption ; amino acids ; carbohydrates ; radical scavenging activity (RSA) ; RP-HPLC ; Chromochloris zofingiensis ; lutein ; CO2 aeration ; cGMP-dependent kinase ; biodiesel ; microalgal biotechnology ; natural antioxidants ; Yarrowia lipolytica ; Chlorella vulgaris ; growth ; fatty acids ; Spirulina ; healthcare ; space missions ; medicine applications ; microgravity effects ; humic substances ; microalgae cultivation ; hormetic effects ; increased nutrient availability ; improved protection against abiotic stress ; higher accumulation of bioactive ingredients ; enhanced microalgal productivity ; Dunaliella salina ; chlorpropham ; herbicide ; phytoene ; Nannochloropsis ; mixotrophy ; photobioreactors ; CHN analysis ; metabolomics ; bioassay ; cell death pathway ; autophagy ; antitumoral activity ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TC Biochemical engineering::TCB Biotechnology
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    Biological Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation, Biomolecular Condensates, and Membraneless Organelles (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: This reprint presents recent developments in the field of biological liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS, also known as biomolecular condensation). LLPS and related biogenesis of various membraneless organelles (MLOs) and biomolecular condensates (BMCs) represent fundamental molecular mechanisms governing the spatio-temporal organization of the intracellular space. In fact, MLOs and BMCs, being liquid droplets, represent specific compartments within a cell that are not enclosed by a lipid membrane. Most biological LLPS processes are reversible, and many MLOs/BMCs exist transiently; they rapidly emerge when conditions are changed and rapidly disintegrate as soon as the original conditions are restored, thereby showing a characteristic “now you see me, now you don’t” behavior. Numerous MLOs/BMCs are found inside eukaryotic cells, where they exist as liquid droplets (or cellular bodies, puncta, etc.) in the cytoplasm, nucleoplasm, mitochondrial matrix, and stroma of chloroplasts. Furthermore, MLOs/BMCs are commonly observed in Archaea, bacteria, and, likely, viruses. MLOs/BMCs have numerous crucial functions, and their biogenesis is known to be controlled by various external factors and environmental cues, such as changes in temperature, pH, and ionic strength of the solution. All of these have garnered the close attention of many researchers to biological LLPS, MLOs, and BMCs.
    Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease ; amyloid aggregation ; lipid bilayer ; cholesterol ; time-lapse AFM imaging ; molecular dynamics ; liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) ; membraneless organelles ; phase-separated condensates ; human diseases ; liquid–liquid phase separation ; intrinsically disordered proteins ; proteins with low complexity ; P-body ; Nst1 ; polyampholyte domain ; aggregation-prone domain ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; membrane-less organelle ; nuclear speckle ; nucleolus ; phase separation ; chromatin organization ; nuclear condensate ; intrinsically disordered region ; transcription ; DNA damage repair ; super-enhancer ; quantitative imaging ; CTP synthase ; cytoophidium ; fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) ; stimulated emission depletion (STED) ; Drosophila ; epithelium ; follicle cell ; ingression ; paramyxoviruses ; Hendra virus ; amyloid-like fibrils ; Taylor Dispersion Analysis (TDA) ; negative staining Transmission Electron Microscopy (ns-TEM) ; Polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation assays ; Congo Red ; Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) ; actin ; actin polymerization ; actin-binding proteins ; coacervate ; membrane ; signaling proteins ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    Gluten Related Disorders (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-25
    Description: Among gluten-related disorders, coeliac disease (CD) is the best-known one to date, a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by exposure to gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. It is a common disease, occurring at all ages and characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, affecting any organ or tissue. The diagnosis rate of this pathology has increased in the last 10 years, so worldwide epidemiologic data are now available that show that CD is ubiquitous, with a prevalence of 1.4%, higher in female than male individuals. Currently, the only effective treatment for CD is strict and lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). However, CD research is changing rapidly due to the continuous advancing of knowledge. For this reason, the main goal of this Special Issue has been to address the existing knowledge gaps and help advance such important aspects as the pathophysiology, diagnosis, follow-up, and therapeutic options of this pathology. This Special Issue includes 12 peer-reviewed articles reporting on the latest research findings in and evidence related to CD. The published articles cover a range of topics central to CD and GFDs.
    Keywords: celiac disease ; relatives ; microbiota ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pseudomonas fluorescens ; Bacteroides caccae ; coeliac disease ; oral diseases ; oral prevention ; gingival bleeding ; sleep-related breathing disorders ; oral health ; enamel defects ; interceptive orthodontics ; data mining gluten free diet ; gluten proteins ; immunogenicity ; evidence-based practice ; case management ; treatment adherence and compliance ; anemia ; iron transporter ; IgA nephropathy ; tissue transglutaminase autoantibody ; tissue transglutaminase-targeted IgA deposits ; flow cytometry ; age ; sex ; lesion grade ; intraepithelial lymphocytes TCRγδ+ ; functional bowel disease ; gluten-free diet ; tissue biomarkers ; non-coeliac gluten sensitivity ; FODMAP diet ; dietitian ; rural health services ; gluten ; gliadin ; gluten immunogenic peptides ; non-dietary therapies ; gluten cross-contaminations ; dietary adherence ; vital gluten ; oat ; hidden gluten ; patients with CD ; symptoms ; gluten excretion urine ; gluten-free diet monitoring ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine
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    Tryptophan in Nutrition and Health (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2023-04-05
    Description: Tryptophan is a rate-limiting essential amino acid and a unique building block of peptides and proteins. This largest amino acid serves as the precursor for the important endogenous indoleamines serotonin, N-acetylserotonin, and melatonin that act as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neurohormones. Kynurenic acid is the most potent endogenous antiexitotoxic agent. Other highly relevant pathways of tryptophan are the reversible transamination to indole-3-pyruvate with formation related indolic acids that act as potent antioxidant agents. Tryptophan metabolites, such as melatonin, and structurally related agents, such as indole-3-propionic acid, act as potent catalytic antioxidants and bioenergetic agents that facilitate regeneration and protection against stress and aging. Several indole compounds act as uremic toxins since these agents can induce radical formation that is associated with enhanced oxidative stress and damage. The exploration of the effects of these protective and toxic tryptophan derived agents has revealed important molecular mechanisms and mediators of adaptation and aging. Research on tryptophan in nutrition and health can facilitate the development of new approaches to extend human health and life span. Amino acids are the building blocks of life that enable repair, as well as recycling and regeneration. Research on nutrients like amino acids, such as tryptophan and its metabolites, as well as peptides and proteins, or extracts containing this molecular metabolism modifiers can improve health. Research into the indololome is a new emerging and rapidly growing field of utmost relevance to science and society.
    Keywords: tryptophan ; kynurenine ; kynurenic acid ; FICZ ; AhR ; melanoma ; proliferation ; cell death ; aryl hydrocarbon receptor ; chronic kidney disease ; developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) ; hypertension ; indole ; melatonin ; serotonin ; uremic toxin ; virus ; immunity ; codon ; depression ; chronic mild stress ; oxidative stress ; tryptophan catabolites pathway ; methylation ; expression ; escitalopram ; 5-hydroxytryptophan ; natural sources ; microbial production ; biosynthetic pathways ; physiological effects ; animal ; human ; kynurenine pathway ; MEL biosynthesis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; tryptophan extraction ; LC-MS/MS ; soybean ; skin ; atopic dermatitis ; psoriasis ; severe acute respiratory syndrome ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; malignant melanoma ; urine ; autofluorescence ; transplantation ; ischemia-reperfusion ; tolerance ; rejection ; indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase ; L-tryptophan ; amino acids ; MAC-T cell ; proteomics ; omics ; β-casein ; mTOR ; systemic inflammation ; dysbiosis ; gut ; microbiota ; obesity ; mice ; tyrosine ; cytokines ; behavior ; inflammation ; liver morphology ; color ; cell culture media ; LC-MS ; antioxidant ; cytotoxicity ; biomanufacturing ; 5-hydroxytryptamine ; secretion ; metabolism ; nitrofurantoin ; antibiotics ; human serum albumin ; molecular interactions ; FTIR ; fluorescence ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology
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    Pressure Perturbation Approach in Biochemistry and Structural Biology. In memoriam of Dr. Gaston Hui Bon Hoa (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2022-11-17
    Description: This Special Issue focuses on the effects of hydrostatic pressure on biological systems and the use of these effects for exploring the structure, function, and molecular dynamics of biological macromolecules and their ensembles. Here, we present a selection of papers highlighting new experimental findings and new theoretical concepts in high-pressure biosciences. In these studies, the authors combine pressure perturbation approaches with NMR and optical spectroscopy, kinetic and thermodynamic techniques, functional genomics and transcriptomics, and molecular dynamics simulations to gain new insights into the conformational dynamics of proteins and nucleic acids and to better understand the mechanisms of high-pressure adaptation in piezophiles. The articles collected in this issue demonstrate the unique exploratory potential of the pressure perturbation approach for biochemistry, biophysics, mechanistic enzymology, and evolutionary biology.
    Keywords: protein folding ; NMR ; high hydrostatic pressure ; thermodynamic stability ; protein–ligand binding ; high pressure ; Martian salts ; perchlorate ; BSA ; ANS ; viroid ; hydrostatic pressure ; temperature ; structure–activity relationship ; RNA World ; n/a ; G-quadruplex ; i-motif ; volumetric properties ; pressure-temperature phase diagram ; thermodynamics ; hepatitis B ; DNA ; oligo ; FRET ; FTIR ; spectroscopy ; pressure ; volume change ; TMPyP4 ; deep-sea adaptations ; compressibility ; cavities ; potential energy landscape ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; high-pressure response ; genetic manipulation ; transcriptomics ; piezophysiology ; Anfinsen’s dogma ; native state N ; unfolded state U ; fibril state F ; protofibrils ; hen lysozyme ; circular dichroism ; 1H NMR spectroscopy ; atomic force microscopy ; cytochrome P450 reductase ; conformational change ; pressure-perturbation spectroscopy ; protein hydration ; reduction kinetics ; stop-flow spectroscopy ; Sorghum bicolor ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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    CFD Modeling of Complex Chemical Processes: Multiscale and Multiphysics Challenges (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2022-02-01
    Description: Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which uses numerical analysis to predict and model complex flow behaviors and transport processes, has become a mainstream tool in engineering process research and development. Complex chemical processes often involve coupling between dynamics at vastly different length and time scales, as well as coupling of different physical models. The multiscale and multiphysics nature of those problems calls for delicate modeling approaches. This book showcases recent contributions in this field, from the development of modeling methodology to its application in supporting the design, development, and optimization of engineering processes.
    Keywords: pumped hydroelectric storage ; inlet/outlet ; surrogate model selection ; multi-objective optimization process ; thermal environment ; numerical simulations ; ventilation cooling ; duct position ; the heat dissipation of LHD ; auxiliary ventilation ; triboelectric separation ; particle size distribution ; particle charge ; binary mixture ; in situ particle size measurement ; charge estimation ; computational fluid dynamics ; membrane module ; gas separation ; concentration polarization ; coal mining ; radon concentration ; ventilation ; occupational exposure assessment ; gasification ; fluidized bed ; CFD ; hydrodynamics ; multiphase flow ; surface tension modelling ; VOF ; rising bubbles ; capillary rise ; high pressure bubble column ; the critical bubble diameter ; the gas holdup ; the large bubbles ; the small bubbles ; Stirred fermenter ; dual-impeller ; Segment impeller ; Optimization ; rotating packed bed ; natural gas desulfurization ; droplet characteristic ; Eulerian–Lagrangian approach ; heat transport ; optimized design ; dynamic numerical simulation ; evaporative cooling system ; water recycling ; temperature ; humidity ; n/a ; gas–solid ; cyclone separator ; elevated temperature process ; pneumatic conveying ; large coal particles ; Euler–Lagrange approach ; DPM ; pressure drop ; swirling burner ; combustion characteristics ; industrial pulverized coal furnace ; scale-up ; scale-down ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mechanistic kinetic model ; bioreactor ; concentration gradients ; digital twin ; bioprocess engineering ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TB Technology: general issues
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    Insecticides for Mosquito Control: Strengthening the Evidence Base (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2023-03-07
    Description: The eradication of vector-borne diseases is threatened by the limited range of available insecticides, leading, inevitably, to the development of resistance. This is particularly concerning for malaria control, which relies heavily on insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual sprays (IRS). New chemistries are being developed, and innovative deployment of insecticides may play a role in overcoming resistance, either through new types of tools or new means of distribution. A variety of novel product types and vector control strategies are under development and evaluation, which is to be celebrated, but a strong evidence base is needed to guide effective operational deployment decisions. Novel approaches should be supported by robust data collected using appropriate and validated methods to monitor efficacy, durability, and any emerging resistance. This reprint presents original research into developing and characterizing new vector control products, as well as understanding and monitoring insecticide resistance. Review articles explore the impact of insecticide resistance and offer guidance on insecticide choice in the face of pyrethroid resistance. Consensus methodologies are presented, in the form of standard operating procedures (SOPs) designed to be adopted and used to generate reproducible data that can be compared and interpreted across and between studies. It is hoped that this collection of articles offers inspiration and guidance on how consistent data can be generated to inform more effective development, evaluation, and use of new and existing vector control tools.
    Keywords: prallethrin ; insecticide ; spatial treatment ; mosquito fitness ; protection ; pyrethroids ; Aedes albopictus ; Culex pipiens ; life tables ; mosquito ; bite-proof garment ; model ; textile ; non-insecticidal ; physical barrier ; insecticide selection ; out-crossing ; strain authentication ; laboratory screening ; pyrethroid ; pyrethroid resistance ; insecticide resistance ; insecticide resistance management ; vector control ; malaria ; malaria control ; Anopheles ; host-seeking behavior ; insecticide exposure ; pathogen transmission ; Aedes aegypti ; Anopheles gambiae ; ATSB ; Culex quinquefasciatus ; Iroquois ; RNAi ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast ; Anopheles mosquito ; fertility ; ovary development ; pyriproxyfen (PPF) ; side-effects ; machine learning ; image classification ; automated identification ; convolutional neural network ; insecticide-treated net (ITN) ; PBO ITN ; synergist ITN ; dual-AI ITN ; insecticide resistance management (IRM) ; method validation ; durability monitoring ; bioinsecticide ; disease transmission ; insecticide-resistance ; mosquito-borne disease ; mosquito control ; natural compounds ; phytochemical ; malaria vector ; insecticide treated nets ; cytochrome P450s ; kdr ; cuticular resistance ; deltamethrin ; imidacloprid ; bifenthrin ; β-cyfluthrin ; etofenprox ; α-cypermethrin ; λ-cyhalothrin ; thiacloprid ; mosquitoes ; Attractive Toxic Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; Attractive Targeted Sugar Bait (ATSB) ; diagnostic bioassay ; resistance monitoring ; insecticide-treated nets (ITN) ; strain characterisation ; method development ; product evaluation ; quality control (QC) ; dual active ingredients (dual-AI) ; bioefficacy ; IRS ; application technology ; broflanilide ; clothianidin ; pirimiphos-methyl ; WHO tube ; WHO tunnel test ; ITNs ; interceptor ; interceptor G2 ; membrane ; human arm ; rabbit ; bioassay ; bio-efficacy ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science
    Language: English
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    Toxins (2023)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-11
    Description: Toxins are biologically active substances produced by most kinds of living organisms, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They present a vast diversity of molecular structures and target a wide variety of receptors involved in a range of physiological processes. As toxins are selected during evolution to acquire/improve their disabling/lethal effects, they display finely tuned functional properties often associated with high affinities and selectivity. Moreover, toxins are valuable tools to unravel cellular processes due to their extreme specificity for cell surface and/or intracellular targets. Therefore, toxins are very attractive compounds because of their Janus-like character; while they mostly act as deadly poisons like monstrous Mr. Hyde, they can also be tamed into good remedies like admirable Dr. Jekyll. As such, they have been primarily investigated not only for the light they can throw on fundamental physiological processes but also for their potential therapeutic applications. This reprint, emerging from the 27th Annual Meeting of the French Society of Toxinology (SFET, http://sfet.asso.fr/international), will be of great interest for those in the scientific community who want to know more about the fascinating world of toxins.
    Keywords: toxins ; peptide chemistry ; native chemical ligation ; α-bungarotoxin ; click chemistry ; automated patch-clamp ; fluorescent peptide ; TE671 cells ; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ; animal toxin ; bacterial toxin ; marine toxin ; medical application ; plant toxin ; toxin function/activity ; toxin receptor/target ; toxin structure ; Debaryomyces hansenii ; Wickerhamomyces anomalus ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; PDR transporters ; killer toxin ; fetal adrenomedullary chromaffin cell ; gambierol ; potassium currents ; calcium-activated K+ channels ; ATP-sensitive K+ channels ; catecholamine release ; Clostridium tetani ; Clostridium botulinum ; botulinum neurotoxin ; tetanus neurotoxin ; toxin gene regulation ; two-component system ; small RNA ; adenylate cyclase toxin ; Bordetella pertussis ; cyclic nucleotide ; cAMP ; spectrophotometric enzymatic assay ; ASIC ; sodium channels ; peptide ; PcTx1 ; APETx2 ; MitTx ; mambalgin ; pain ; nociception ; clostridial C3 toxin ; C3bot ; C3botE174Q ; dendritic cells ; macrophages ; monocytes ; stimulated emission depletion (STED) ; super-resolution microscopy ; trained immunity ; effector-triggered immunity ; effector-triggered trained immunity ; staphylococcal superantigen ; enterotoxin ; toxin pathogenicity ; immunomodulation ; molecular and cellular targets ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology::MMGT Medical toxicology
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    Biological and Pharmacological Activity of Plant Natural Compounds II (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-06
    Description: The Special issue "Biological and Pharmacological Activity of Plant Natural Compounds II" is continuing the intriguing research on the use of natural plant products. The second edition follows the aim of the first one.
    Keywords: Bergenia species ; botanical description ; traditional uses ; phytochemistry ; pharmacology ; anti-urolithiatic activity ; bergenin ; Flaxseed oil ; linusorb B3 ; anti-cancer ; apoptosis ; actin polymerization ; Src ; glioblastoma ; chlorogenic acid ; coffee ; cyclooxygenase ; espresso ; instant coffee ; platelet aggregation ; Rubia tinctorum L. ; antioxidants ; polyphenols ; ethylene glycol ; urolithiasis ; histophatology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; β-glucan ; antimicrobial and anticancer activities ; detoxification ability ; immunomodulatory effect ; Aquilaria sinensis ; pheophorbide A ; MMP-2 ; MMP-9 ; HT-1080 ; advanced glycation end product (AGE) ; oxidative stress ; epithelial to mesenchymal transition ; AGE-inhibitor ; swertiamarin ; diabetic nephropathy ; astragaloside IV ; Astragalus membranaceus ; huang qi ; Astragali Radix ; liver ; liver regeneration ; 70% partial hepatectomy ; proliferation ; rat ; memory ; object recognition ; Ginkgo biloba ; dorsal hippocampus formation ; brain-derived neurotrophic factor ; Diclofenac ; γ-lactone ; nano-emulsion ; methylcellulose ; Ostrich oil ; Struthio camelus ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; leaf extract ; neuroprotection ; antioxidant activity ; DAF-16 ; Clerodendrum infortunatum ; terpenoids ; phenylpropanoids ; antidiabetic ; breast cancer ; Combretum indicum L. ; antidiabetic activity ; histopathology ; UPLC-QTOF/ESI-MS ; network pharmacology ; Biebersteinia heterostemon ; galegine ; hypotensive ; toxicity ; Sage ; Salvia officinalis ; cytotoxicity ; hepatoprotection ; MDA ; TAOxC ; MCF-7 ; HeLA cells ; HepG-2 cells ; Peganum harmala ; anti-inflammatory activity ; antioxidant ; LC-ESI-MS/MS ; traditional medicine ; rheumatoid arthritis ; rosmanol ; carnosol ; Callicarpa longissima ; TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK ; synergistic effect ; diabetes mellitus ; anti-diabetic drugs ; monoterpenes ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMG Pharmacology
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    Impaired Mitochondrial Bioenergetics under Pathological Conditions (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Mitochondria are the powerhouses of cells; however, mitochondrial dysfunction causes energy depletion and cell death in a variety of diseases. Altered oxidative phosphorylation and ion homeostasis are associated with ROS production resulting from the disassembly of respiratory supercomplexes and the disruption of electron transfer chains. In pathological conditions, the dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis promotes Ca2+ overload in the matrix and ROS accumulation, which induces the mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation responsible for mitochondrial morphological changes linked to membrane dynamics, and ultimately, cell death. Finally, studies on the impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics in pathology could provide molecular tools to counteract diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
    Keywords: aging heart ; Bcl-2 family ; mitochondria ; programmed cell death ; fatty acid oxidation ; palmitate ; oleate ; m.3243A&gt ; G mutation ; MT-ATP6 ; m.8909T&gt ; C ; ATP synthase ; nephropathy ; oxidative phosphorylation ; mitochondrial disease ; cardiolipin ; Barth syndrome ; Sengers syndrome ; respiratory chain ; Dilated Cardiomyopathy with Ataxia ; cardiomyopathy ; mammalian complex I ; NADH dehydrogenase ; complex I assembly ; complex I structure ; complex I deficiency ; supernumerary subunits ; electron transport chain ; mitochondrial dysfunction ; Leigh syndrome ; mitochondrial diseases ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; pet mutants ; pancreatic endocrine cells ; mathematical model ; cellular bioenergetics ; diabetes ; glucagon ; insulin ; exercise ; immune system ; metabolic disease ; COVID-19 ; mitochondrial dynamics ; viral infections ; MAVS ; RIG-I ; MDA5 ; innate immune response ; SARS CoV-2 ; RSV ; influenza ; respiratory supercomplexes ; ROS ; ATP synthase/hydrolase ; mitochondrial permeability transition pore ; cristae ; cellular signaling ; human disease ; mitochondrial dynamic ; cell signaling ; cancer ; respiratory complexes ; oxidative stress ; mitochondrial DNA ; MTCYB mutations ; cytochrome b ; complex III ; aging ; energy metabolism ; entorhinal cortex ; lipoxidation-derived damage ; neurodegeneration ; oxidative damage ; protein import ; respiratory complex assembly ; supercomplexes ; mitochondrial proteostasis ; heart failure ; bioenergetics ; assembly factor ; atypical myopathy ; high-resolution respirometry ; toxicity assays ; cell culture ; equine primary myoblasts ; fibroblasts ; frozen tissue ; leukocytes ; oxygen consumption ; platelets ; respirometry ; skeletal muscle ; n/a ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research & information: general ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
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    Transcription factor IID mutants defective for interaction with transcription factor IIA (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-02-28
    Description: Transcription factor IID (TFIID) recognizes the TATA element of promoters transcribed by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and serves as the base for subsequent association by other general transcription factors and RNAPII. The carboxyl-terminal domain of TFIID is highly conserved and contains an imperfect repetition of a 60-amino acid sequence. These repeats are separated by a region rich in basic amino acids. Mutagenesis of the lysines in this region resulted in a conditioned phenotype in vivo, and the mutant proteins were defective for interactions with transcription factor IIA in vitro. Binding of TFIID to DNA was unaffected. These results suggest that the basic domain of TFIID is important for protein-protein interactions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buratowski, S -- Zhou, H -- R29-GM46498/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 28;255(5048):1130-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1546314" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transcription Factor TFIIA ; Transcription Factor TFIID ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Structure of the allosteric regulatory enzyme of purine biosynthesis (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-06-03
    Description: Multi-wavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) has been used to determine the structure of the regulatory enzyme of de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides, glutamine 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase, from Bacillus subtilis. This allosteric enzyme, a 200-kilodalton tetramer, is subject to end product regulation by purine nucleotides. The metalloenzyme from B. subtilis is a paradigm for the higher eukaryotic enzymes, which have been refractory to isolation in stable form. The two folding domains of the polypeptide are correlated with functional domains for glutamine binding and for transfer of ammonia to the substrate PRPP. Eight molecules of the feedback inhibitor adenosine monophosphate (AMP) are bound to the tetrameric enzyme in two types of binding sites: the PRPP catalytic site of each subunit and an unusual regulatory site that is immediately adjacent to each active site but is between subunits. An oxygen-sensitive [4Fe-4S] cluster in each subunit is proposed to regulate protein turnover in vivo and is distant from the catalytic site. Oxygen sensitivity of the cluster is diminished by AMP, which blocks a channel through the protein to the cluster. The structure is representative of both glutamine amidotransferases and phosphoribosyltransferases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, J L -- Zaluzec, E J -- Wery, J P -- Niu, L -- Switzer, R L -- Zalkin, H -- Satow, Y -- DK-42303/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM-24658/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK042303/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 3;264(5164):1427-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8197456" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Monophosphate/metabolism ; Allosteric Regulation ; Amidophosphoribosyltransferase/*chemistry/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacillus subtilis/*enzymology ; Binding Sites ; Computer Graphics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oxygen/pharmacology ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Specific interaction of type I receptors of the TGF-beta family with the immunophilin FKBP-12 (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-07-29
    Description: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family members bind to receptors that consist of heteromeric serine-threonine kinase subunits (type I and type II). In a yeast genetic screen, the immunophilin FKBP-12, a target of the macrolides FK506 and rapamycin, interacted with the type I receptor for TGF-beta and with other type I receptors. Deletion, point mutation, and co-immunoprecipitation studies further demonstrated the specificity of the interaction. Excess FK506 competed with type I receptors for binding to FKBP-12, which suggests that these receptors share or overlap the macrolide binding site on FKBP-12, and therefore they may represent its natural ligand. The specific interaction between the type I receptors and FKBP-12 suggests that FKBP-12 may play a role in type I receptor-mediated signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, T -- Donahoe, P K -- Zervos, A S -- CA17393/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- NICHD P-30 HD28138/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- NICHD P-32 HD07396/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 29;265(5172):674-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7518616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding, Competitive ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; Heat-Shock Proteins/*metabolism ; Point Mutation ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Tacrolimus/metabolism ; Tacrolimus Binding Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Stimulatory effects of yeast and mammalian 14-3-3 proteins on the Raf protein kinase (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-16
    Description: Intracellular signaling from receptor tyrosine kinases in mammalian cells results in activation of a signal cascade that includes the guanine nucleotide-binding protein Ras and the protein kinases Raf, MEK [mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase], and MAPK. MAPK activation that is dependent on the coupling of Ras and Raf was reconstituted in yeast. Yeast genes were isolated that, when overexpressed, enhanced the function of Raf. One of them is identical to BMH1, which encodes a protein similar to members of the mammalian 14-3-3 family. Bacterially synthesized mammalian 14-3-3 protein stimulated the activity of Raf prepared from yeast cells expressing c-Raf-1. Thus, the 14-3-3 protein may participate in or be required for activation of Raf.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Irie, K -- Gotoh, Y -- Yashar, B M -- Errede, B -- Nishida, E -- Matsumoto, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 16;265(5179):1716-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8085159" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 14-3-3 Proteins ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Enzyme Activation ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; *Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase ; *ras Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Catalysis of ATP-dependent homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange by yeast RAD51 protein (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-26
    Description: The RAD51 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for genetic recombination and DNA double-strand break repair. Here it is demonstrated that RAD51 protein pairs circular viral single-stranded DNA from phi X 174 or M13 with its respective homologous linear double-stranded form. The product of synapsis between these DNA partners is further processed by RAD51 to yield nicked circular duplex DNA, which indicates that RAD51 can catalyze strand exchange. The pairing and strand exchange reaction requires adenosine triphosphate, a result consistent with the presence of a DNA-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity in RAD51 protein. Thus, RAD51 is a eukaryotic recombination protein that can catalyze the strand exchange reaction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sung, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 26;265(5176):1241-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sealy Center for Molecular Science, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston 77555-1061.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8066464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Bacteriophage M13 ; Bacteriophage phi X 174 ; Base Composition ; Catalysis ; DNA, Circular/*metabolism ; DNA, Single-Stranded/*metabolism ; DNA, Viral/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/*metabolism ; Rad51 Recombinase ; Replication Protein A ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Differential breakdown of phylogenetically diverse ribosomal RNA's inserted via liposomes into mammalian cells (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-07-02
    Description: Liposomes were used to deliver ribosomal RNA's from the different organisms into cultivated mouse plasmacytoma cells. Ribosomal RNA from Escherichia coli was degraded intracellularly within 1 hour, whereas mouse and yeast ribosomal RNA's were degraded more slowly. This indicates that cells can discriminated between different ribosomal RNA's.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lavelle, D -- Ostro, M J -- Giacomoni, D -- GM 27935/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Jul 2;217(4554):59-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6178157" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Escherichia coli ; Kinetics ; *Liposomes ; Mice ; Molecular Weight ; Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism ; Plasmacytoma/*metabolism ; RNA, Bacterial/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Einfluß von Cadmium, Zink, Blei und Quecksilber auf die Enzymaktivität beiSaccharomyces cerevisiae in vitro (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Schwermetallwirkung ; Malatdehydrogenase ; Glutamatdehydrogenase ; Glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphatdehydrogenase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The difference between cadmium, zinc, lead, and mercury in regard of their effects on the activity of the enzymes tested is very slight. Concentrations higher than 10−5 M reduce significantly the activity of the enzymes, and concentrations of approximately 10−3 M inhibit it completely. An increase of the activity cannot be detected. The addition of combinations of cadmium, zinc, and lead results in a summing up of the toxic effects, whereas the interaction between mercury and the other three heavy metals shows a cumulative effect, which is appointed nearly completely by the heavy metal more toxic. The findings suggest that under in-vitro conditions there exists a direct interaction between the heavy metals and the enzymes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vier Schwermetalle Cadmium, Zink, Blei und Quecksilber unterscheiden sich in ihrer Wirkung auf die Aktivität der untersuchten Enzyme nur sehr wenig. Konzentrationen über 10−5 M vermindern die Enzymaktivität signifikant, und Konzentrationen von etwa 10−3 M unterbinden sie völlig. Eine Steigerung der Enzymaktivität läßt sich nicht feststellen. Die Zugabe von Cadmium-, Zink- und Bleikombinationen führt zu einer Addition der toxischen Effekte, während bei der Interaktion zwischen Quecksilber und den anderen drei Schwermetallen die Gesamtwirkung fast ausschließlich durch das stärker hemmende Schwermetall allein bestimmt wird. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß es unter Invitro-Bedingungen zu einer direkten Wechselwirkung zwischen den Schwermetallen und den Enzymen kommt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02024695
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histomorphological aspects of vascular anastomosis established by laser (1991)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 6 (1991), S. 363-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Laser vascular welding ; Tissue fusion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The central problem in microsurgery is the reconstruction of small vessels. The long operating time, foreign body granuloma formation around the suture material as well as aneurysmal alterations of the vessel wall after conventional suture technique make the search for alternatives indispensable. Some of these disadvantages can be avoided as demonstrated by our animal experiments and histological examinations in laser-assisted anastomosing. The aim of this study is to show these aspects in connection with laser application and compare them with conventional suture techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02030894
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the short-time staining for the electron microscopic investigation of the crystallization of polyethylene (1983)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 261 (1983), S. 373-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; short-time staining ; nodular structure ; crystallization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01413947
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat of fusion and lamellar structure of polyethylene single crystal mats (1982)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 564-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: lin. Polyethylene ; Single crystals ; Heat of Fusion ; DSC ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Recently published results for solution crystallized PE single crystals have shown, that the experimental heat of fusionΔH * is higher, if the solvent is exchanged to silicon oil (oil suspension samples) as compared with dried mats. This has been interpreted by the collapse of the original hollow pyramids during drying, inducing lateral defects within the lamellae. The present investigation does not confirm this unexpected result.ΔH * of dried mats (T c 66 to 91 °C) and of the corresponding oil suspension samples agree within the rather small limits of experimental error. The crystallinities as derived fromΔH *, density or WAXS are in excellent agreement. SEM micrographs of cold fractured dried mats show their spongy macromorphology, but TEM micrographs of stained ultra-thin sections reveal the lamellar morphology of the walls, consisting of curved lamellae and stacked hollow pyramides. If a dried mat is sintered at room temperature, a dense transparent film is obtained with a rather regular stacked morphology of large flat lamellae.ΔH * of these films agrees with that of the original mat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01422587
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organ-specific crystalline structures of ferritin cores inβ-thalassemia/hemoglobin E (1991)
    Springer
    BioMetals 4 (1991), S. 162-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: Ferritin ; Thalassemia ; Ferrihydrite ; Crystallinity ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The cores of ferritins isolated from different organs of human subjects withβ-thalassemia/hemoglobin E (β-thal/HbE) disease have different size distributions and crystallinities depending on the source organ. These patients have not been treated by hypertransfusion regimen or iron chelation therapy.β-Thal/HbE spleens and livers yield ferritin cores which are less crystalline than those isolated from normal spleens and livers, reflecting the more rapid deposition of iron in the diseased state. Ferritins isolated from the hearts and pancreases ofβ-thal/HbE subjects were found to have larger, more crystalline cores than those from theβ-thal/HbE livers and spleens, possibly as a consequence of the role of the heart and pancreas as long-term iron deposition sites in this iron overload pathology.
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    Adaptation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain to high copper concentrations (1994)
    Springer
    BioMetals 7 (1994), S. 221-226 
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    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: catalase ; copper resistance ; pH-dependent growth ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been adapted to increasing concentrations of copper at two different pH values. The growth curve at pH 5.5 is characterized by a time generation increasing with the amount of added copper. A significant decrease of cell volume as compared with the control is also observed. At pH 3 the cells grow faster than at pH 5.5 and resist higher copper concentrations (3.8 against 1.2 mm). Experimental evidence indicates that, after copper treatment, the metal is not bound to the cell wall, but is localized intracellularly. A significant precipitation of copper salts in the medium was observed only at pH 5.5. Increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were observed in copper-treated cells and which persisted after 20 subsequent inocula in a medium without added metal. On the contrary, catalase activity was not stimulated by copper treatment and, hence, not correlated with SOD levels. The mechanism of copper resistance, therefore, probably involves a persistent induction of SOD, but not of catalase, and it is strongly pH-dependent.
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    Inhibition ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae division by 5-trifluoro-methyl-6-azauracil (1984)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1159-1161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 5-trifluoromethyl-6-àzauracil ; yeast cell cultures ; cell division ; inhibition of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell division, as studied in asynchronous cultures of yeast cells, is sensitive to 5-trifluoromethyl-6-azauracil (F3CAzU). Under defined conditions (10 mmoles l−1 F3CAzU) this compound blocks immediately and completely the process of cell division. Using synchronized cells, the time-point at which division process of yeast cell can be inhibited by F3CAzU has been determined. The inhibitor effect of this compound is completely reversed by thymine, thymidine and uracil.
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    Potentiation of antifungal activity of sesquiterpene dialdehydes againstCandida albicans and two other fungi (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 1162-1164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Polygodial ; warburganal ; antifungal activity ; Candida albicans ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pityrosporum ovale ; enhancing effect ; antioxidants ; vitamin C ; BHA ; anethole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The antifungal activity of two drimane sesquiterpene dialdehydes, polygodial (1) and warburganal (2), alone and in combination with several other substances, was examined against three fungi,Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae andPityrosporum ovale employing a broth dilution method. Anethole significantly synergized the activity of the two sesquiterpenoids againstC. albicans andS. cerevisiae however, it had only an, additive effect againstP. ovale. By contrast, two antioxidants, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), noticeably enhanced the activity of the sesquiterpenoids againstP. ovale, but had no, effect againstC. albicans andS. cerevisiae.
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    Continuous production of fructose syrup and ethanol from hydrolysed Jerusalem artichoke juice (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 131-135 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Jerusalem artichoke ; High-fructose syrup ; Ethanol ; Immobilized yeast cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The results from this study showed that Jerusalem artichoke juice can be used for the production of very enriched fructose syrup by selective conversion of glucose to ethanol in a continuous process using immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 36859. The product contained up to 99% of the total carbohydrates as fructose compared to 76% in the feed. Using Jerusalem artichoke juice supplemented with some glucose a product was obtained with 7.5% w/v ethanol which made ethanol recovery economically favourable. It was found that some fructose was consumed in these continuous processes; the glucose/fructose conversion rate ratio was regulated by the glucose concentration in the product stream.
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    Analytical differentiation of wine fermentations using pure and mixed yeast cultures (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 7 (1991), S. 181-189 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Torulaspora delbrueckii ; Aroma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Thirty-three fermentations of Pedro Ximénez grapes, collected in three degrees of ripeness, were carried out by inoculation with three types of inoculum: pure cultures ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae races and ofTorulaspora delbrueckii, indigenous yeasts, and mixed cultures of indigenous yeasts enriched with the pure cultures. By means of variance analysis 21 compounds were determined whose final concentrations in the wines significantly depended on the musts, the inocula or both. Eleven products that depended significantly on the inocula were subjected to a discriminant analysis in which most of the pure cultures gathered in a discriminant space area different from that occupied by the indigenous yeasts. The centroids corresponding to most of the mixed cultures were shifted to the central area of the discriminant space, moved away from their corresponding pure cultures and approached the indigenous yeasts. The results show a high similarity between the fermentations carried out with mixed cultures with the addedS. cerevisiae races and those fermentations carried out with the indigenous yeasts, with regard to those compounds which were significantly dependent on the inocula.
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    The OGD1 gene, affecting 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in S. cerevisiae, is closely linked to HIS5 on chromosome IX (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 85-88 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; rad52-mediated chromosome loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ogd1 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are deficient in mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity; they cannot grow on glycerol and produce an increased amount of organic acids during growth on glucose as substrate. Using gamma ray-induced rad52-mediated chromosome loss the ogd1 mutation can be assigned to chromosome IX. Tetrad analysis of crosses between ogd1 and other markers on chromosome IX revealed that the OGD1 gene maps on the left arm of this chromosome 1.9 cM from his5.
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    Cloning and sequencing of URA10, a second gene encoding orotate phosphoribosyl transferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 105-111 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase ; Nucleotide sequence-5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (5PRPP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRTase) catalyses the transformation of orotate to OMP in the pyrimidine pathway. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the URA5 gene is known to encode this enzyme activity. In this paper we present the cloning and sequencing of a yeast gene, named URA10, encoding a second OPRTase enzyme. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences between URA5 and URA10 genes shows more than 75% similarity. These sequences have also been compared to those of Escherichia coli, Podospora anserina, Sordaria macrospora and Dictyostelium discoideum. Remarkable similarities in the primary structure of these proteins have been found. Gene disruption experiments revealed that URA10 gene expression is responsible for the leaky phenotype of a ura5 mutant. Assays of OPRTase activity in extracts from ura5 and ura10 mutants indicate that the URA10 product contributes only 20% of the total activity found in wild type cells.
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    Isolation and properties of yeast mutants affected in farnesyl diphosphate synthetase (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 41-46 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mutants ; Farnesyl diphosphate synthetase ; Ergosterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two yeast mutant strains auxotrophic for ergosterol and blocked in farnesyl diphosphate synthetase (EC 2.5.1.1) were isolated. Genetic analysis has shown that these mutant strains carry additional mutations in the ergosterol pathway besides erg20-1 and erg20-2 which affect FPP synthetase. The novel feature of these mutants is their ability to excrete prenyl alcohols (farnesol and geraniol). As geraniol is toxic for yeast cells, the above leaky mutations in FPP synthetase have to be associated with others in the sterol pathway, in order to slow down geraniol synthesis.
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    Expression of the Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene in A. niger, A. nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 531-536 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Glucose oxidase ; Aspergillus ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report the cloning of the Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene and its use to elevate glucose oxidase productivity in A. niger by increasing the gene dosage. In addition, the gene has been introduced into A. nidulans where it provides the novel capacity to produce glucose oxidase. A plasmid, in which DNA encoding the mature form of glucose oxidase was preceded by a Saccharomyces cerevisiae secretion signal, effected high-level production of extracellular glucose oxidase in this yeast.
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    Sequence analysis of the ARG7 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe coding for argininosuccinate lyase (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 255-260 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Argininosuccinate lyase ; Sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The complete nucleotide sequence of the ARG7 gene, coding for argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1), in the fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) has been determined. It consists of an open reading frame of 461 codons. The deduced protein has a molecular weight of 51 200 Da. The gene is devoid of introns which is confirmed by the fact that it is expressed in Escherichia coli after spontaneous insertion of a bacterial sequence probably bearing a prokaryotic promoter. A perfect “TATA” box is found at-72 and the major transcription initiation site in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is located at-11 as shown by primer extension experiments. Comparison of the S. pombe lyase with related proteins from other organisms reveals an important degree of conservation except in the carboxyterminal part of the polypeptide. Additionally, a deletion removing 66 amino acids of the carboxy terminus yields an enzyme exhibiting some biological activity. A unique 1500 b transcript was found in S. cerevisiae when the intact gene was present, but the deleted version of the gene gave rise to at least three transcripts of 1800, 2800 and 3900 b.
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    Regulation of the pyrimidine salvage pathway by the FUR1 gene product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 333-337 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Pyrimidine salvage pathway ; Semi-dominant mutants ; FUR1 ; Uracil phosphoribosyl transferase ; Regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the protein encoded by the FUR1 gene is absolutely required for the expression of uracil phosphoribosyl transferase activity. The occurrence of semi-dominant mutations for 5-fluorouracil-(5FU)-resistance at this locus led us to clone and sequence the semi-dominant fur 1–5 allele. A single point mutation, resulting in the substitution of arginine 134 for serine, is responsible for this mutant phenotype. The fur 1–5 allele is transcribed and expressed at the same level as the wild-type allele. But, in contrast with the wild-type, the UPR Tase activity of the fur 1–5 mutant strain is stimulated in vitro by UTP and does not, therefore, correspond to a loss of feedback of UPR Tase activity. We found that uracil, as a free base, induces a significative increase in transcription and UPR Tase activity in a wild-type strain as well as in uracil-overproducing mutants which principally explains the high efficiency of the pyrimidine salvage pathway in S. cerevisiae.
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    High frequency recombination and the expression of genes cloned on chimeric yeast plasmids: Identification of a fragment of 2-μm circle essential for transformation (1980)
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 17-251 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Gene cloning ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have carried out experiments aimed at explaining the observed variations in transformation frequencies when Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces carlbergensis are transformed with chimeric plasmids that contain one of 4 possible EcoRI fragments of the yeast 2-μm circle. These plasmids fall into 2 classes when used to transform 2 different yeast his3 auxotrophs, one (strain LL20) harbours indigenous 2-μm circle, and the other (strain YF233) is devoid of this plasmid. Hybrid plasmids containing either the 2.4 mega-dalton (mD) R-form EcoRI fragment (pYF88) or the l.4 mD L-form EcoRI fragment (pYF177) of 2-μm circle transform either of the two hosts at a high frequency (50,000 colonies per Mg in LL20 and 10,000 colonies per μg in YF233). Hybrid plasmids containing the 1.5 mD R-form EcoRI fragment (pYF87) or the 2.5 mD L-form EcoRI fragment (pYF178) of the 2-μm circle transform LL20 at a reduced frequency (6,000–16,000 colonies per μg) and YF233 at extremely low frequencies (1–5 colonies per μg). All plasmids retrieved from strain YF233 that had been transformed with pYF88 or pYF177 were identical to the original transforming plasmid. Of the plasmids retrieved from strain LL20 that had been transformed with pYF87 and pYF178, approximately half had acquired an extra copy of the 2-μm circle. Of the plasmids retrieved from strain LL20 that had been transformed with pYF88 and pYF177, an average of only approximately 13% had acquired an extra copy of 2-μm circle. Taken together, these observations indicate that the transformation of yeast by a plasmid lacking the ability to replicate (pYF87 and pYF1780) occurs by the recombinational acquisition of 1 copy of the host 2-μm circle, which serves to supply the incoming plasmid with missing essential sequences. A comparison of 2-μm circle DNA fragments carried by pYF88 and pYF177 indicates that the region of 2-μm circle required for high frequency transformation is a 1.2 mD segment that is common to the 2.4 mD R-form and 1.4 ml) L-form EcoRI fragments. This region extends from the EcoRI cut site adjacent to the PstI site, through to the end of the inverted repeat. However, the inverted repeat sequence alone is not sufficient to bestow high frequency transformation of yeast.
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    Effect of chromosome loss on the leavening ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in dough (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 401-403 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Baking yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Dough leavening ; Benomyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To investigate the leavening ability of yeast in dough, chromosome loss was induced by benomyl treatment in YOY1037, a diploid between a baking strain and a laboratory strain, and its effect on the leavening ability was studied. When benomyl-treated cells were spread on plates with a dye indicator for ploidy, about 20% of the visible colonies were stained dark blue or dark purple; the rest stained pale blue, similar to the diploid YOY1037. Strains showing the MATα phenotype, and non-galactose fermenting strains, apparently having lost particular chromosomes, were observed only in those with darkcoloured colonies. Strains with dark-coloured colonies showed a wider range of leavening ability than did those with pale-coloured colonies.
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    Isolation and characterization of the Pichia stipitis xylitol dehydrogenase gene, XYL2, and construction of a xylose-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformant (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 493-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Xylitol dehydrogenase gene ; Pichia stipitis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Xylose utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A P. stipitis cDNA library in λgt11 was screened using antisera against P. stipitis xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase, respectively. The resulting cDNA clones served as probes for screening a P. stipitis genomic library. The genomic XYL2 gene was isolated and the nucleotide sequence of the 1089 bp structural gene, and of adjacent non-coding regions, was determined. The XYL2 open-reading frame codes for a protein of 363 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 38.5 kDa. The XYL2 gene is actively expressed in S. cerevisiae transformants. S. cerevisiae cells transformed with a plasmid, pRD1, containing both the xylose reductase gene (XYL1) and the xylitol dehydrogenase gene (XYL2), were able to grow on xylose as a sole carbon source. In contrast to aerobic glucose metabolism, S. cerevisiae XYL1-XYL2 transformants utilize xylose almost entirely oxidatively.
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    A gene tightly linked to CEN6 is important for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Centromere flanking sequences ; tRNA modification enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transcriptional analysis of the region flanking the left boundary of the centromere of chromosome VI revealed the presence of a gene immediately adjacent to CEN6. The transcription of the gene is directed toward the centromere, and nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the coding region terminates only 50 bp away from CEN6. Our results extend to chromosome VI the observation that centromere-flanking regions of S. cerevisiae are transcriptionally active. Disruption of the coding region of the gene showed that its product, whilst not essential for cell viability, is important for normal cell growth. The gene has been termed DEG1 (DEpressed Growth rate). Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of DEG1 with a protein sequence databank revealed homology with the enzyme tRNA pseudouridine synthase I of E. coli.
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    A recessive mutant allele of the HNM1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is responsible for hyper-resistance to nitrogen mustard (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 187-192 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Mutagen hyper-resistance ; Nitrogen mustard ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A screening of haploid yeast strains for enhanced resistance to nitrogen mustard (HN2) yielded a recessive mutant allele, hnm1, that conferred hyper-resistance (HYR) to HN2. Diploids, homo- or heterozygous for the HNM1 locus, exhibit normal wild-type like resistance while homozygosity for hnm1 leads to the phenotype HYR to HN2. The hnm1 mutation could be found in yeast strains proficient or deficient in different DNA repair systems. In these mostly HN2-sensitive haploid repair-deficient mutants, hnm1 acted as a partial suppressor of HN2 sensitivity. All isolated recessive mutations conferring hyper-resistance belonged to a single complementations group. The HYR to HN2 phenotype was maximally expressed in growing cells and was associated with reduced mutability by HN2. HNM1 most probably controls uptake of HN2 which would be impaired in the hnm1 mutants.
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    G418-resistance as a dominant marker and reporter for gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 303-313 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; G418 resistance ; Gene cartridges ; Heterologous Gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Coding sequence cartridges for aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (APT) were isolated from bacterial transposon Tn903. When incorporated into a heterologous gene construction utilising the PGK1 promoter and terminator, the heterologous APT gene provided a G418-resistance determinant that functioned efficiently as a dominant marker for yeast in both multiple- and single-copy. Transformant colonies on selective medium appeared rapidly, within 36–48 h, and growth rate of the transformed cells was normal. A simple and highly sensitive radiolabelling assay for APT enzyme activity was developed for use with crude cell protein extracts. Enzyme activity units were equated to the amount of APT protein present in the cells, and the APT protein was shown to be stable in yeast. Heterologous APT expression was 130-fold reduced compared with homologous PGK1. This resulted from an estimated two-fold decrease in mRNA level and a 65-fold decrease in translation efficiency. The latter was unaffected by AUG sequence context change, but corresponded with a high frequency of minor codons in the APT-coding sequence. APT can be used as a semi-quantitative reporter of gene expression, whose useful features are in vivo detection via the G418-resistance phenotype and powerful cell-free assay.
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    A novel mutation that affects utilization of galactose in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1980)
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 115-120 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Galactose fermentation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Regulatory mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A novel type of regulatory mutation for galactose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is described. The mutation named gal11 was recessive, non-allelic to GAL4, GAL80, GAL2, or GAL3, and unlinked to the gene cluster of GAL1, GAL10, and GAL7. It caused a ‘coordinate’ reduction of galactokinase, galactose-1-P uridylyl transferase, and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase by a factor of more than 5, rendering the mutant cells galactose-nonfermenting. The effect of the mutation was manifested not only in cells grown on galactose but also in cells constitutively synthesizing the galactose-metabolizing enzymes.
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    Nucleotide sequence of the ERG12 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoding mevalonate kinase (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 19 (1991), S. 9-14 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mevalonate kinase ; Ergosterol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleotide sequence of the ERG12 gene, encoding mevalonate kinase, from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented. The longest open reading frame may code for a protein containing 443 amino acids with a deduced relative molecular mass of 48 500. The analysis of the nucleotide sequence reveals a complete identity with the yeast gene RAR1, isolated elsewhere by complementation of a rar1 mutation involved in the stability of plasmids with weak ARS. In addition, we show that mevalonate kinase is not a rate-limiting enzyme; however its sensitivity to FFP could be a key regulatory mechanism in the sterol pathway of yeast.
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    Transcriptional units of GAL genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae determined by ultraviolet light mapping (1980)
    Springer
    Current genetics 2 (1980), S. 223-228 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Transcriptional Units ; GAL Genes ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; UV mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The size of the transcriptional unit of the structural genes for three galactose-metabolizing enzymes which form a cluster on chromosome II in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied by the ultraviolet light (UV)-mapping technique. Thus the size of the primary transcripts of GAL7 for galactose-1-phosphate uridylyl transferase, GAL10 for uridine diphosphoglucose 4-epimerase, or GAL1 for galactokinase were estimated to be 0.81 x 106, 1.1 x 106, or 1.3 x 106 respectively. In the light of these data together with the known directions of transcription of the genes, we concluded that each of three genes was transcribed from its own promoter.
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    When a glycolytic gene on a yeast 2μORI-STB plasmid is made essential for growth its expression level is a major determinant of plasmid copy number (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Episomal plasmid ; Copy number control ; Plasmid maintenance ; Glycolytic enzyme levels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This study demonstrates how varying the promoter strength of an essential gene on a yeast 2μORI-STB YEp multicopy vector can influence vector copy levels. A phosphoglycerate kinase gene (PGK) on this plasmid was made essential for fermentative growth by transformation into a pgk - yeast strain. When in these PGK- transformants the requirement for PGK expression was the sole selective criterion for plasmid maintenance, PGK promoter activity was inversely related to vector copy levels. Plasmids with an efficiently-transcribed PGK gene were maintained at approximately one copy per cell, whereas those lacking the UAS that normally directs high basal PGK transcription levels were present at up to 10–15 copies. All cultures of these PGK+ transformants contained only a low proportion of pgk - cells. Since mitotic loss of the plasmid arrests growth through loss of a functional PGK allele, PGK confers high stability to the YEp vector in such a pgk - genetic background. In this system YEp vector levels are probably influenced by PGK transcription because high expression of PGK is needed in rapid fermentative growth. Remarkably, low plasmid PGK promoter activity caused PGK mRNA levels slightly higher than those found in yeast with normal PGK regulation. A higher plasmid copy number is therefore not the only factor counteracting the effects of low PGK transcription, and it is possible that PGK mRNA becomes more stable in response to inefficient PGK transcription.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312855
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    Functional analysis of the sporulation-specific SPR6 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 293-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation ; Inessential genes ; Genome organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The SPR6 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a moderately abundant RNA that is present at high levels only during sporulation. The gene contains a long open reading frame that could encode a hydrophilic protein approximately 21 kDa in size. This protein is probably produced by the yeast, because the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli is expressed during sporulation when fused to SPR6 in the expected reading frame. SPR6 is inessential for sporulation; mutants that lack SPR6 activity sporulate normally and produce viable ascospores. Nonetheless, the SPR6 gene encodes a function that is relevant to sporulating cells; the wild-type allele can enhance sporulation in strains that are defective for several SPR functions. SPR6 is located on chromosome V, 14.4 centimorgans centromere-distal to MET6.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318210
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    Interactions between the yeast mitochondrial and nuclear genomes: isogenic suppressive and hypersuppressive petites differ in their resistance to the alkaloid lycorine (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 455-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nucleo-mitochondrial interactions ; Mitochondrial status ; Lycorine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a previous paper we have shown that the alkaloid lycorine inhibits growth of rho +, mit - and rho -, strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas strains devoid of mitochondrial DNA (rho o) are resistant to more than 200 μg/ml of the alkaloid. In this report we show that hypersuppressive petites are almost as resistant as rho o mutants, whereas isogenic rho - petites, which have retained tained longer segments of the genome, are sensitive to the drug.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334527
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    Evolutionary conservation of transcriptional machinery between yeast and plants as shown by the efficient expression from the CaMV 35S promoter and 35S terminator (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 473-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; CaMV 35S promoter ; CaMV 35S terminator ; Heterologous expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Complementation of fission yeast mutants by plant genomic libraries could be a promising method for the isolation of novel plant genes. One important prerequisite is the functioning of plant promoters and terminators in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Therefore, we studied the expression of the bacterial β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene under the control of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and 35S terminator. We show here that S. pombe initiates transcription at exactly the same start site as was reported for tobacco. The 35S CaMV terminator is appropriately recognized leading to a polyadenylated mRNA of the same size as obtained in plant cells transformed with the same construct. Furthermore, the GUS-mRNA is translated into fully functional GUS protein, as determined by an enzymatic assay. Interestingly, expression of the 35S promoter in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae was found to be only moderate and about hundredfold lower than in S. pombe. To investigate whether different transcript stabilities are responsible for this enormous expression difference in the two yeasts, the 35S promoter was substituted by the ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase) promoter from fission yeast. In contrast to the differential expression pattern of the 35S promoter, the ADH promoter resulted in equally high expression rates in both fission and budding yeast, comparable to the 35S promoter in S. pombe. Since the copy number of the 35S-GUS constructs differs only by a factor of two in the two yeasts, it appears that differential recognition of the 35S promoter is responsible for the different transcription rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313074
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    The absence of introns in yeast mitochondria does not abolish mitochondrial recombination (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 17 (1990), S. 537-541 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria ; Intron-encoded proteins ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The respiratory competency of a yeast strain devoid of mitchondrial introns is quite normal. However, it may be asked whether intron-encoded proteins participate in metabolisms other than those of mitochondrial introns. Using strains without mitochondrial introns we have answered two questions. The first was: does the absence of intron-encoded proteins abolsh mitochondrial recombination? The second was: do mitochondrial introns and intron-encoded proteins play a part in mitochondrial DNA rearrangements induced by ethidium bromide (rho- production)? We have shown that the introns and intron-encoded proteins are not essential essential components of either phenomenon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313085
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    Fate of highly expressed proteins destined to peroxisomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Current genetics 18 (1990), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Protein translocation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Peroxisomes ; Overexpression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Import of proteins into organelles usually requires a cis-acting targeting signal. Analysis of various hybrid proteins, consisting of mouse DHFR and parts of catalase A from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, revealed that fusion proteins containing the N-terminal 126 amino acids, or less, of catalase A remain in the cytosol whereas fusion proteins containing 140, or more, N-terminal amino acids of catalase A form large aggregates inside the cell. These protein bodies, which lack a surrounding membrane, copurified with peroxisomes on cell fractionation. The peroxisomal targeting signal of catalase A does not reside at the C-terminus or at the N-terminus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00321111
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    Phylogenetic analysis of the thiolase family. Implications for the evolutionary origin of peroxisomes (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 35 (1992), S. 147-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Thiolase ; Peroxisome evolution ; Bootstrap analysis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The thiolase family is a widespread group of proteins present in prokaryotes and three cellular compartments of eukaryotes. This fact makes this family interesting in order to study the evolutionary process of eukaryotes. Using the sequence of peroxisomal thiolase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae recently obtained by us and the other known thiolase sequences, a phylogenetic analysis has been carried out. It shows that all these proteins derived from a primitive enzyme, present in the common ancestor of eubacteria and eukaryotes, which evolved into different specialized thiolases confined to various cell compartments. The evolutionary tree obtained is compatible with the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of peroxisomes.
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    Chimeric evolution of the 2-μm genome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 38 (1994), S. 363-368 
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    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 2-μm circle ; DNA sequencing ; Horizontal transmission ; Site-specific recombination ; Selfish DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We compared the nucleotide substitution pattern over the entire genome of two unique variants of the 6,300-bp selfish DNA (2 μm) plasmid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The DNA sequence of the left-unique region is identical among 2-μm variants, while the right-unique region shows substantial divergence. This chimeric pattern cannot be explained by neutral or Darwinian selection models. We propose that horizontal transmission of the 2-μm plasmid coupled with a directed, polarized gene conversion maintains the DNA sequence of the left-unique region, whereas the right-unique region is subject to random drift and Darwinian selection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163153
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    Carbohydrate distribution and cellular injuries in acid rain and cold-treated spruce needles (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1993), S. 75-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies (L.) Karst ; Freezing injury ; Acid rain ; Carbohydrate histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The cellular structures of acid rain-irrigated needles of several provenances of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) seedlings were studied after winter experimental freezing. Frost injuries and recovery were characterized by visual damage scoring and classification of mesophyll cell alterations, also using histochemical methods for carbohydrate fluorescent staining. The treatment with-30° C during the late dormancy period was sufficient to cause significant injuries and intracellular degradation in the tissues of the green needles. The most affected seedlings in terms of visual injury scoring were found among those treated with clean water or at pH 3, while freezing injury, defined as an occlusion of phenolic substances in the central vacuole of the mesophyll cells, was most abundant in the needles from spruces irrigated either with clean water or at pH 4 or pH 3. Electron microscopy revealed the details of the injury, e. g. thinning out of the cytoplasm and chloroplast stroma, darkening of the chloroplasts and eventually swelling of the chloroplasts and protoplast. PAS and ConA reactions in the needle tissue revealed intense starch accumulation in the mesophyll and transfusion tissues as early as in March, with a tendency to increase, especially in the untreated needles during the recovery period. Plasma membrane disturbances were indicated by histochemical identification of callose deposits in the mesophyll cell walls, these being most abundant in the acid rain-treated needles. All these findings suggest that freezing at −30° C was more deleterious to the seedlings pretreated with acid or clean water than to those not given additional irrigation.
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    Response of xylem parenchyma by suberization in some hardwoods after mechanical injury (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1993), S. 23-30 
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    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Wound responses ; Hardwoods ; Xylem parenchyma ; Suberization ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wound responses of xylem parenchyma by suberization were investigated in some hardwoods by light and electron microscopy. Suberized ray and axial parenchyma cells form a distinct boundary around the wound in all investigated species. Vessels and fibres within and close behind the suberized area appeared more or less occluded; vessels in Fagus, Quercus, and Populus contained suberized tyloses, those in Betula and Tilia contained amorphous and fibrillar deposits. A common mechanism for suberin deposition in the parenchyma cells became evident. Cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum were apparently involved in suberization. Suberin compounds are extruded by cytoplasmic vesicles, which fused with the plasma membrane, in order to release their content. The suberin layer exhibited the typical lamellated structure; cytoplasmic continuity between suberized cells by plasmodesmata was maintained through the suberin layer. Fagus revealed the most intense suberized area as compared with the other species. Within the reaction zone of Fagus and Quercus, some individual ray and axial parenchyma cells exhibited a subdivision into 2 or 3 compartments prior to suberization. Subdivision was achieved by the formation of a primary wall-like layer. Subsequently, the compartments became individually suberized. Wounding during winter did not induce suberization. Also, samples wounded and kept under water during the vegetation period showed no response. The role of suberization in the effectivity of wound-associated compartmentalization is discussed.
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    Effect of nystatin, amphotericin B and amphotericin B methyl ester on Saccharomyces cerevisiae with different lipid composition (1990)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 112 (1990), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Nystatin ; amphotericin B ; amphotericin B methyl ester ; polyene antibiotics ; yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultured under anaerobiosis in semi-complete medium to which either palmitoleic or oleic acid was added. Cells were grown at 20 °C or 30 °C. The levels of total lipids, total sterols, and phospholipids were higher in cells grown at 20 °C than at 30 °C. The effects of nystatin (NYS), amphotericin B (AMB), and amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) were evaluated by determining cell viability and liberation of intracellular compounds. The loss of cell viability is higher in the first 30 minutes of incubation with the drugs and is the same regardless of the type of cells obtained. Low molecular weight compounds and ions such as K+ are liberated a few minutes after incubation with the drugs whereas proteins and substances absorbing at 260 nm are liberated later. Phosphate liberation comes after K+ and before compounds of higher molecular weights.
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    Two bacteria causing farmer's lung: Fine structure ofThermoactinomyces vulgaris andSaccharopolyspora rectivirgula (1993)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 121 (1993), S. 143-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Farmer's lung ; Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula ; Thermoactinomyces vulgaris
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fine structure ofThermoactinomyces vulgaris andSaccharopolyspora rectivirgula is described by transmission electron microscopy. These two bacteria are the most common microbes causing farmer's lung. The fine structure of hyphae, germination of endospores and the details of conidial wall layers ofT. vulgaris, as well as the fine structure of septate hypha and globose, polygonal conidia ofS. rectivirgula are described. The conidial wall ofT. vulgaris consisted of an inner multilayered spore coat, intermediate spore coat and outer spore coat. The findings are important for the investigations to find fragments of these bacteria in the lungs of exposed patients and experimental animals.
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    Determination of the role of polyphosphate in transport-coupled phosphorylation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 57 (1990), S. 159-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: 2-Deoxy-D-glucose transport ; polyphosphate ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; sugar phosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of polyphosphate in 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport was studied in yeast cells, pulse-labeled with [32P]orthophosphate, by comparing the concentrations and specific activities of polyphosphate, orthophosphate and 2-dGlc-phosphate. When 2-dGlc transport was measured under aerobic conditions, it appeared that polyphosphate replenished the orthophosphate pool, indicating that polyphosphate has, at least mainly, an indirect role in sugar phosphorylation. Also in cells with a reduced respiratory capacity, due to a treatment with antimycin A, no direct role for polyphosphate in 2-dGlc transport could be detected. Under these conditions, only a very limited breakdown of polyphosphate occurred, probably because of the small decrease in the orthophosphate concentration.
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    The genetics of nuclear pre-mRNA splicing: a complex story (1992)
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 62 (1992), S. 35-46 
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    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: introns ; pre-mRNA splicing ; RNA processing ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; yeast genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of introns in nuclear precursor RNAs (pre-mRNAs) is widespread in eukaryotes, and the splicing process that removes them is basically the same in yeasts as it is in higher eukaryotes. Splicing takes place in a very large, multi-component complex, the spliceosome, and biochemical studies have been complicated by the large number of splicing factors involved. This review describes how genetic approaches used to study RNA splicing inSaccharomyces cerevisiae have complemented the biochemical studies and led to rapid advances in the field.
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    Immobilization and characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in crosslinked, prepolymerized polyacrylamide-hydrazide (1982)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Keywords: Immobilization of yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ethanol production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was immobilized in gels made of prepolymerized, linear, water soluble polyacrylamide, partially substituted with acylhydrazide groups. Gelation was effected by the addition of controlled amounts of dialdehydes (e.g. glyoxal). The immobilized yeasts retained full glycolytic activity. Moreover, the entrapped cells were able to grow inside the chemically corsslinked gel during continuous alcohol production. Glyoxal was found to be the most favourable crosslinking agent for this system. the system employed allowed for the free exchange of substrate and products. The gel surrounding the entrapped cells had no effect on temperature stability profile. On the other hand, substantial enhancement in survival of cells in presence of high ethanol concentrations was recorded for the entrapped yeast. The capability of the immobilized yeast to carry out continuous conversion of glucose to ethanol was demonstrated.
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    Genetic and molecular approaches to synthesis and action of the yeast killer toxin (1990)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 46 (1990), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; protein toxin ; yeast toxin precursor ; protease processing ; lectin ; (1→6)-β-D-glucan ; receptor ; resistant mutants ; spheroplasts ; ion-permeable channels ; site-directed mutagenesis ; toxin functional domains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The K1 killer toxin ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae is a secreted, virally-coded protein lethal to sensitive yeasts. Killer yeasts are immune to the toxin they produce. This killer system has been extensively examined from genetic and molecular perspectives. Here we review the biology of killer yeasts, and examine the synthesis and action of the protein toxin and the immunity component. We summarise the structure of the toxin precursor gene and its protein products, outline the proteolytic processing of the toxin subunits from the precursor, and their passage through the yeast secretory pathway. We then discuss the mode of action of the toxin, its lectin-like interaction with a cell wall glucan, and its probable role in forming channels in the yeast plasma membrane. In addition we describe models of how a toxin precursor species functions as the immunity component, probably by interfering with channel formation. We conclude with a review of the functional domains of the toxin structural gene as determined by site-directed mutagenesis. This work has identified regions associated with glucan binding, toxin activity, and immunity.
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    Ultrastructural evidence for inhibition of chitin synthesis by nikkomycin (1982)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 191 (1982), S. 205-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Chitin inhibition ; Nikkomycin ; Cuticle ; Electron microscopy ; Epilachna varivestis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nucleoside antibiotic nikkomycin has proved to be an effective inhibitor of chitin synthesis in the Mexican bean beetleEpilachna varivestis. Ultrastructural investigations show defects in the procuticular area after nikkomycin application which suggest the complete absence of chitin. A cuticle like this is inflexible and too brittle to satisfy its normal function as an exoskeleton. The individuals are not able to free themselves from the exuvia and finally die. Therefore nikkomycin seems to be a potential insecticide with high specifity.
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    Effects of cytochalasin B and dihydrocytochalasin B on calcium transport by intestinal absorptive cells (1981)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 143-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium transport ; Cytochalasin B ; Dihydrocytochalasin B ; Colchicine ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary In vivo calcium absorption was studied in normal and rachitic chicks. Cytochalasin B (CB) at a concentration of 25 µg/ml added to the medium inside the duodenal lumen inhibited calcium absorption (20 min) from 82.5±1.9% of calcium absorbed in the controls to 59.2±3% in normal and from 70.0±2.3% to 47.0±2.1% in rachitic chicks. In vitro studies by everted ileal sacs of young rabbits also showed an inhibition of active transport of calcium due to CB. Whereas in the controls the ratio of45Ca concentrations in serosal and mucosal media (60 min) was 7.2±0.32, the ratios were 5.24±0.52; 4.40±0.36; 3.40±0.42; 5.77±0.52; 1.38±0.08; and 1.06±0.02 in the presence of CB at concentrations of 5, 10 and 25 µg/ml; colchicine 10−4M, Na citrate 0.02M, and heat-devitalized conditions, respectively.45Ca concentration in the mucosal scrapings was also affected. It showed an increase from controls (15,101±404 cpm/mg) and correlated with CB concentration: 17,378±489, 19,015±1000, and 20,201±362 at 5, 10, and 25 µg/ml, respectively. Dihydrocytochalasin B also inhibited active calcium transport and caused an increase in45Ca concentration in the mucosal scrapings. Correlated electron microscopic studies showed certain changes in the brush border, especially in some actin microfilaments in the terminal web region. It seems that these morphological alterations may be related to transcytoplasmic movement of calcium.
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    Ultrastructure of the rat epiphyseal growth plate following chronic ethanol ingestion (1981)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 381-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Alcohol ; Electron microscopy ; Growth plate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary We have previously demonstrated that ethanol has a direct toxic effect on the rat skeleton characterized by decreased trabecular bone volume. In the present study, we examined the ultrastructure of the distal radial epiphyseal growth plates in these same animals. Eight weeks of ethanol administration to 12 male rats results in serum alcohol levels of 140 mg/dl but did not alter the width or light microscopic appearance of the radial growth plate. Quantitative electron microscopy failed to demonstrate morphologic evidence of toxicity in the skeletal cells. We conclude that although ethanol appears to have a direct effect on rat bone characterized by enhanced resorption, toxicity is not attended by ultrastructural changes in the skeletal cells.
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    Biochemical and histological studies on various bone cell preparations (1981)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 529-540 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone cells ; Electron microscopy ; PTH ; PGE1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Four different cell populations—designated PF, OB, OC, and PC—were isolated from calvaria of 18-day-old chick embryos for analysis of the effects of hormones on bone tissue. The cell populations were studied with histological and biochemical methods. Apart from the well-known cell types present in calvaria, a new cell type was found in the noncalcified organic matrix between the osteoblastic layer and the calcified matrix. These cells were provisionally called osteocytic osteoblasts. They represent the “transition state” between osteoblasts and osteocytes. On the basis of histological studies with light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the PF population was considered to originate primarily from the periosteal fibroblasts, the OB population from the osteoblasts and osteocytic osteoblasts. The population of cells still present in calvaria after removal of periosteal fibroblasts and osteoblasts was called the OC population. This cell population was very much enriched with osteocytes. The fourth isolated population (PC) was a mixed population of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and preosteoblasts. On exposure to parathyroid hormone (PTH), all four cell populations showed increased lactate production, but only the OB and OC populations displayed increased cAMP production. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) stimulated cAMP production in both OB and PF cells. From the results of this study it was concluded that PTH receptors are present on all of the cell types studied, but that occupancy of the receptor induces adenylate cyclase stimulation only in osteocytes and fully differentiated osteoblasts.
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    A scanning electron microscopic investigation of in vitro osteogenesis (1980)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 43-50 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteogenesis ; In vitro ; Electron microscopy ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chick limb mesenchymal cells differentiate into muscle, cartilage, fibrous, and bone tissue. Previous reports show that when stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells are cultured in vitro, chondrocytes, myocytes, fibrocytes, and osteoblasts can be identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical parameters. The study reported here demonstrates that phenotypic expression in culture seems to be dependent on the initial plating density, Scanning electron microscopic observations indicate that when stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells are initially seeded at high densities (5 × 106 cells per 35 mm culture dish), mounds of cells appear in culture. These mounds represent cartilage nodules composed of a fine fibrous matrix and chondrocytes, surrounded by a loose fibrous connective tissue matrix. Cultures initially plated at intermediate densities (2.0–2.5 × 106 cells/35 mm culture dish) produce a flattened layer of fibrocytes overlying a matrix of collagen fibers and calcium phosphate deposits as determined by electron-microprobe analysis; these observations are indicative of osteoblast expression. Cells seeded at this intermediate density appear larger and possess greater surface area than cells seeded at high density. It is suggested that conditions that permit such increased cell surface area coupled with a relative compaction due to cell crowding may provide conditions permissive for osteogenesis. Based on morphological criteria, it appears that chick limb mesenchymal cell osteogenesis in vitro is not associated with chondrogenesis but represents a separate route of phenotypic expression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02408605
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    Fine structure of fetal rat calvarium; provisional identification of preosteoclasts (1980)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 31 (1980), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Calvarium ; Electron microscopy ; Preosteoclasts ; Osteoclasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary This is a study of the fine structure of cells of the 20-day fetal rat calvarium. Special attention is given to identifying and characterizing preosteoclasts. These cells are relatively common and located largely, but not exclusively, at the endocranial bone surface. The preosteoclasts are characterized by abundant mitochondria, an incomplete perinuclear Golgi apparatus, and variable-shaped dense granules. The dense granules are unique in appearance in that they contain an internal dense matrix surrounded by a clear halo. Most granules are circular in shape but some are elongate or tubular in form. Granules with identical appearance are observed in osteoclasts. The preosteoclasts are mononucleate, or occasionally binucleate. It is suggested that because preosteoclasts are morphologically distinctive and relatively abundant, it should be feasible to separate these cells from a heterogeneous cell isolate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02407163
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  • 82
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    Effects of demineralization in an ethanolic solution of triethylammonium EDTA on solubility of bone matrix components and on ultrastructural preservation (1980)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 175-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Decalcification ; Electron microscopy ; Bone matrix ; Bone glycoproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A solution of triethylammonium EDTA in 80% ethanol was evaluated as a demineralizing reagent for bone in comparison with aqueous solutions of EDTA. Biochemical analysis and acrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracts of finely powdered bovine bone showed that most of the macromolecular components of the organic matrix extractable in aqueous EDTA were retained when the triethylammonium EDTA reagent was used. Ultrastructural examination of chick tibias decalcified with the reagents showed a better preservation of cellular morphology, especially the membranous components, and more uniformly distributed ground substance, though slightly less in quantity, when the aqueous reagent was used. Use of the two reagents appears to be complementary, the alkylammonium reagent being more appropriate for use in studies of the organic matrix of bone, including immunohistochemical studies of bone glycoproteins. The aqueous reagent is more appropriate for use in studies of cellular ultrastructure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02408537
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  • 83
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    Crystal orientation in the shell of the domestic fowl: An electron diffraction study (1981)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 33 (1981), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Avian eggshell ; Microstructure ; Electron microscopy ; Electron diffraction ; Calcite growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The eggshell of the domestic fowl has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and diffraction. Thin sections of shell were prepared by chemical and ion-beam thinning techniques. Each calcite column of the palisade layer consisted of crystallites of diameter 20 to 30 µm with some tendency for crystallite alignment within a single column. Evidence indicates that there was no significant preferred orientation in the palisade layer as a whole. Only in the surface layer was any preferred orientation detected, and here {1014} planes tended to lie parallel to the surface. The results are compared with previously published data, and calcite nucleation and growth are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02409423
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  • 84
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    Electron microscopy of calcification during high-density suspension culture of chondrocytes (1993)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Chondrocytes ; High-density suspension culture ; Electron microscopy ; Matrix vesicle ; Apatite formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chondrocyte cultures grown in centrifuge tubes with intermittent centrifugation differentiate into hypertrophic chondrocytes and form calcification. We examined chondrocytes cultured in this system electron microscopically. Rat growth-plate chondrocytes were seeded in a plastic centrifuge tube and cultured in the presence of Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 50 μg of ascorbic acid per ml. Specimens were examined by using electron microscopy and selected-area electron-diffraction techniques. In the early stage of culture, a few chondrocytes were scattered and extracellular matrices were not observed. In the middle stage of the cultures, the chondrocytes resembled proliferative cells. Matrix vesicles appeared to be budding from the cell surfaces of chondrocytes and were observed sparsely in the extracellular matrices, which were well formed around the chondrocytes. Matrix vesicles increased substantially during the following cultures. In the mature stage of the cultures, crystal formation related to matrix vesicles was observed. In the 33-day cultures, several masses of calcified matrix were formed and it was confirmed to be apatite by selected-area electron diffraction analysis. The chondrocytes appeared hypertrophic during this same stage. The 56-day culture was similar to the 33-day culture. It was concluded that this culture system provides an extracellular-matrix mineralization which is produced by chondrocytes per se.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01321891
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  • 85
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    High-pressure freezing of soybean nodules leads to an improved preservation of ultrastructure (1992)
    Springer
    Planta 188 (1992), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Bradyrhizobium ; Electron microscopy ; Glycine (root nodules) ; High-pressure freezing ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High-pressure freezing of chemically untreated nodules of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), in sharp contrast to chemical fixation and prefixation, appears to preserve the ultrastructure close to the native state. This is supported by the observation that the peribacteroid membrane of high-pressure-frozen samples is tightly wrapped around the bacteroids, a finding that is fully consistent with the current views on the physiology of oxygen and metabolite transport between plant cytosol and bacteroids. In soybean root nodules, the plant tissue and the enclosed bacteria are so dissimilar that conventional aldehyde-fixation procedures are unable to preserve the overall native ultrastructure. This was demonstrated by high-pressure freezing of nodules that had been pre-fixed in glutaraldehyde at various buffer molalities: no buffer strength tested preserved all ultrastructural aspects that could be seen after high-pressure freezing of chemically untreated nodules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00216809
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  • 86
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    DNA integration into recipient yeast chromosomes by trans-kingdom conjugation between Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Trans-kingdom conjugation ; DNA integration ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Escherichia coli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary IncQ-derived conjugative shuttle vectors, which carried the yeast gene URA3 and/or the yeast autonomously replicating sequence (ARS1), were constructed. Both the ars-plus plasmid pAY205 and the ars-less plasmid pAY201 were successfully transmitted from E. coli to S. cerevisiae by the action of mob and tra. In this trans-kingdom conjugation, plasmid pAY205 could replicate and be retained in transconjugants. Plasmid pAY201 caused the formation of “micro-colonies” of abortive transconjugants due to its transient expression and rapid disappearance. Nevertheless, one per about 103 colonies caused by transmitted pAY201 plasmids were uncurable by integration into the homologous region of a yeast chromosome. Analyses by restriction enzyme mapping and Southern hybridization indicate that this integration is primarily caused by a double crossover during conjugation and not by a single reciprocal recombination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318467
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  • 87
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    The PAR1 (YAP1/SNQ3) gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ac-jun homologue, is involved in oxygen metabolism (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transcriptional activator ; Oxidative stress ; Glutathione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The PAR1/SNQ3 gene of S. cerevisiae, which increases resistance to iron chelators in multi-copy transformants, is identical to the YAP1 gene, a yeast activator protein isolated as a functional homologue of the human c-jun oncogene by binding specifically to the AP-1 consensus box. The observed H2O2-sensitivity of par1 mutants has been attributed to an increased sensitivity to reduced oxygen intermediates. Accordingly, par1 mutants did not survive an elevated oxygen pressure and were very sensitive to menadione and methylviologene, two chemicals enhancing the deleterious effects of oxygen. The specific activities of enzymes involved in oxygen detoxification, such as superoxide dismutase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase, were decreased in par1 mutants and increased after PAR1 over-expression. As in the case of oxygen detoxification enzymes, the cellular levels of glutathione were similarly affected. These observations indicate that PAR1/YAP1/SNQ3 is involved in the gene regulation of certain oxygen detoxification enzymes. The finding that H2O2 promotes DNA-binding of human c-jun is consistent with a similar function for PAR1/YAP1/SNQ3 and c-jun in cellular metabolism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00351681
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  • 88
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    An yeast nuclear mutation conferring temperature-sensitivity to the mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 281-283 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondrial trp-tRNA synthetase ; Nuclear mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The conditional respiratory-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant pet-ts2281 was complemented by an yeast genomic DNA library. The gene thus isolated was sequenced and proved to be identical to the known MSW1 sequence encoding mitochondrial tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (Myers and Tzagoloff 1985). Compared to the wild-type, the ts2281 mutant allele of MSW1 contained a single T→C transition leading to a Leu→Ser replacement at position 294 of the protein sequence. In addition to this mutational alteration, our sequence data for the wild-type gene differ from the originally published MSW1 sequence at five other DNA positions which affect two locally restricted regions of the polypeptide chain. As expected, at the non-permissive temperature ts2281 cells are specifically defective in mitochondrial trp-tRNA formation and, thus, in overall mitochondrial protein synthesis. In addition, the patterns of cytochrome b mRNA maturation intermediates were distinctly different in ts2281 and wild-type yeast cells. The mutational effect of the observed amino-acid substitution in ts2281 is discussed in terms of weakened hydrogen bonding in the C-terminal half of the MSW1-encoded protein.
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  • 89
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    Cloning and expression of Hormoconis resinae glucoamylase P cDNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 38-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Glucoamylase ; Gene cloning ; Hormoconis resinae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA coding for glucoamylase P of Hormoconis resinae was cloned using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe coding for a peptide fragment of the purified enzyme and polyclonal anti-glucoamylase antibodies. Nucleotide-sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 1848 base pairs coding for a protein of 616 amino-acid residues. Comparison with other fungal glucoamylase amino-acid sequences showed homologies of 37–48%. The glucoamylase cDNA, when introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the yeast ADC1 promoter, directed the secretion of active glucoamylase P into the growth medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324663
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  • 90
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    Mistranslation of human phosphoglycerate kinase in yeast in the presence of paromomycin (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 95-99 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Translational fidelity ; Paromomycin ; Stuttering ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Missense errors in the translation of mRNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were screened by looking for charge heterogeneity of proteins on two-dimensional gels resulting from the substitution of charged and neutral amino acids. No such mistranslation was detected in wild-type yeast strains grown in the presence of the translational error-inducing antibiotic paromomycin. However, paromomycin-induced mistranslation of a heterologous mRNA, encoding human phosphoglycerate kinase expressed in yeast, was seen. We suggest that the combination of error-prone translation of a heterologous mRNA, and growth in the presence of paromomycin, leads to an accumulation of mistranslated proteins that can be detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313794
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  • 91
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    Normal mitochondrial structure and genome maintenance in yeast requires the dynamin-like product of the MGM1 gene (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 141-148 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Dynamin ; Mitochondria ; GTP binding protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The isolation and characterization of MGM1, and yeast gene with homology to members of the dynamin gene family, is described. The MGM1 gene is located on the right arm of chromosome XV between STE4 and PTP2. Sequence analysis revealed a single open reading frame of 902 residues capable of encoding a protein with an approximate molecular mass of 101 kDa. Loss of MGM1 resulted in slow growth on rich medium, failure to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources, and loss of mitochondrial DNA. The mitochondria also appeared abnormal when visualized with an antibody to a mitochondrial-matrix marker. MGM1 encodes a dynamin-like protein involved in the propagation of functional mitochondria in yeast.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324678
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  • 92
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    Saccharomyces cerevisiae YDR1, which encodes a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily, is required for multidrug resistance (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: ABC superfamily ; Multidrug resistance ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; YDR1 gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A multidrug resistance gene, YDR1, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which encodes a 170-kDa protein of a member of the ABC superfamily, was identified. Disruption of YDR1 resulted in hypersensitivity to cycloheximide, cerulenin, compactin, staurosporine and fluphenazine, indicating that YDR1 is an important determinant of cross resistance to apparently-unrelated drugs. The Ydr1 protein bears the highest similarity to the S. cerevisiae Snq2 protein required for resistance to the mutagen 4-NQO. The drug-specificity analysis of YDR1 and SNQ2 by gene disruption, and its phenotypic suppression by the overexpressed genes, revealed overlapping, yet distinct, specificities. YDR1 was responsible for cycloheximide, cerulenin and compactin resistance, whereas, SNQ2 was responsible for 4-NQO resistance. The two genes had overlapping specificities toward staurosporine and fluphenazine. The transcription of YDR1 and SNQ2 was induced by various drugs, both relevant and irrelevant to the resistance caused by the gene, suggesting that drug specificity can be mainly attributed to the functional difference of the putative transporters. The transcription of these genes was also increased by heat shock. The yeast drug-resistance system provides a novel model for mammalian multidrug resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310491
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  • 93
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    Sequence and localization of the gene encoding yeast phosphoglycerate mutase (1991)
    Springer
    Current genetics 20 (1991), S. 167-171 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Glycolysis ; Repetitive elements τ/δ ; Promoter ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In this study we report on the complete nucleotide sequence of the yeast phosphoglycerate mutase gene (GPM1) and its essential 5′ and 3′ non-coding regions. The transcriptional start points were determined by S1-mapping and sequencing of a cDNA clone. Several sequences identified as important for transcriptional regulation in yeast promoters are present upstream of the transcription start point. 3′ to the coding region we sequenced a composite repetitive element which, apparently, originated from a recombination between a delta-and a tau-element. Finally, we mapped the GPM1 gene 13 cM distal to fas1 on chomosome XI.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312781
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    Molecular cloning of the PEL1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is essential for the viability of petite mutants (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 307-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Growth control ; Genetic mapping ; Molecular cloning ; Nucleo-mitochondrial interaction ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Viability of petites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The PEL1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for the cell viability of mitochondrial petite mutants, for the ability to utilize glycerol and ethanol on synthetic medium, and for cell growth at higher temperatures. By tetrad analysis the gene was assigned to chromosome III, centromere proximal of LEU2. The PEL1 gene has been isolated and cloned by the complementation of a pel1 mutation. The molecular analysis of the chromosomal insert carrying PEL1 revealed that this gene corresponds to the YCL4W open reading frame on the complete DNA sequence of chromosome III. The putative Pel1 protein is characterized by a low molecular weight of approximately 17 kDa, a low codon adaptation index, and a high leucine content.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336781
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    Sequence analysis of a Papaver somniferum L. mitochondrial DNA fragment promoting autonomous plasmid replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces lactis (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 366-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Papaver somniferum L. ; ARS ; Mitochondrial DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The minimal fragment of mitochondrial DNA from Papaver somniferum L. (poppy) able to promote autonomous plasmid replication in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was sequenced. Sequence analysis of the 917-bp MK4/8 DNA fragment revealed a high AT content, and the presence of two 12-bp sequences differing from the ARS core consensus of S. cerevisiae only by a T and C insertion, respectively. The mitochondrial insert contains a further six 11-bp sequences with one mismatch to the S. cerevisiae core consensus, more then 20 related sequences with two base pair exchanges, numerous direct and inverted repeats, and many copies of a sequence motif called the ARS box. The original 4.2-kb mitochondrial DNA fragment, as well as the minimal 917-bp subfragment in vector pFL1-E (a variant of YIP5, lacking an origin of replication in yeast), were then tested for their ability to replicate autonomously in another fungus, Kluyveromyces lactis.
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    The ogd1 and kgd1 mutants lacking 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity in yeast are allelic and can be differentiated by the cloned amber suppressor (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 377-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: 2-Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase ; Molecular cloning ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sequencing ; Suppressor ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The activity of mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase in S. cerevisiae can be impaired either by the ogd1 or the kgd1 mutation. The OGD1 gene and two suppressor genes were isolated by complementation of the ogd1 mutant. The complementation of the kdg1 mutant by the OGD1 gene, an allelism test, and meiotic mapping, revealed that the ogd1 and kgd1 mutations are allelic. The two mutations were differentiated by the cloned suppressor gene which was able to partially complement ogd1, but not kgd1. The molecular analysis of the suppressor gene revealed its identity with the natural tRNA CAG Gln gene found in the upstream region of URA10.
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  • 97
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    Starvation for His-tRNAHis in yeast causes translational arrest without a high level of misincorporation of glutamine at histidine codons (1992)
    Springer
    Current genetics 21 (1992), S. 177-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase mutant ; PGK overexpression ; In vivo misreading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hts1.1 temperature-sensitive histidinyl-tRNA synthetase mutation enables Saccharomyces cerevisiae to be starved for His-tRNAHis by upshift to the non-permissive temperature of 38°C. If yeast behaves similarly to bacterial and mammalian cells, this lack of His-tRNAHis should greatly enhance misreading at histidine codons (CAU/CAC) by Gln-tRNAGln, resulting in substitution of the neutral amino acid glutamine in place of histidine, a basic amino acid. Such misreading causes the isoelectric point (pI) of proteins to shift to lower values, and is readily detectable as “stuttering” on two-dimensional (2D) protein gels. By gel analysis of pulse-labelled proteins of hts1.1 yeast cells that were overexpressing phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), our study sought to detect this specific translational error in PGK protein. It was not detected by this relatively sensitive technique, indicating that missense errors due to glutamine insertion at histidine codons do not occur in yeast at the readily-detectable level found in bacterial and mammalian cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336838
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  • 98
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    Use of reporter genes for the isolation and characterisation of different classes of sporulation mutants in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 451-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation mutants ; Reporter genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Reporter genes consisting of sporulation-specific promoters fused to lacZ were used as markers to monitor the sporulation pathway of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Strains transformed with these lacZ gene fusions expressed β-galactosidase (assayable on plates using the substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside, X-gal) in a sporulation-dependent manner. Mutagenesis experiments performed on transformed strains resulted in the recovery of a number of novel sporulation mutants. Three classes of mutants were obtained: those which overexpressed the reporter gene under sporulation conditions, those which did not express the gene under any conditions, and those which expressed the gene in vegetative cells not undergoing sporulation. On the basis of the blue colony-colour produced in the presence of X-gal these have been described as superblue, white, and blue vegetative mutants, respectively. These were further characterised using earlier reporter genes and other marker systems. This study established that the multicopy reporter plasmids chosen do not interfere with sporulation; they are valid tools for monitoring the pathway and they provide a way to isolate mutations not readily selected by other markers.
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    Physical mapping of the MEL gene family in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 461-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Chromosome fragmentation ; MEL gene family ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nine members, MEL2–MEL10, of the MEL gene family coding for α-galactosidase were physically mapped to the ends of the chromosomes by chromosome fragmentation. Genetic mapping of the genes supported the location of all the MEL genes in the left arm of their resident chromosomes.
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    Parameters affecting lithium acetate-mediated transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and development of a rapid and simplified procedure (1993)
    Springer
    Current genetics 24 (1993), S. 455-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have compared a number of procedures for the transformation of whole cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and assessed the effects of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) or ethanol, both of which have been reported to enhance transformation efficiency. We find that simplified methods benefit from the addition of one of these compounds, and although differences are observed between strains as to the more beneficial reagent, peak transformation efficiency is, in general obtained with 10% DMSO or 10% EtOH. Increases of between six- and 50-fold are observed, despite a reduction in cell viability, and at this concentration the two compounds are not additive in their effects. The optimum level appears to depend on a balance between improved DNA uptake and reduced cell viability. As a result of this work we present a straightforward and rapid transformation procedure.
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