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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (3,764)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (3,355)
  • Fisheries
  • 2020-2024  (9)
  • 2000-2004  (128)
  • 1975-1979  (7,019)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2024-01-11
    Description: The 60–80s of the last century were the period of the most rapid development of commercial oceanology in the Azov and Black Sea Scientific Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (AzCherNIRO, further renamed YugNIRO). In addition to the monitoring of oceanographic processes, it was involved in the areas of general marine ecology, monitoring of marine pollution, and space oceanology. Oceanographic information is used in forecasting the state of aquatic ecosystems at various timescales and is crucial for fishing forecasts. In 1981, a satellite data reception center was established in AzCherNIRO. In the 80–90s, in YugNIRO, an optimal procedure was created for multidimensional predictive monitoring of the state of the Black Sea ecosystem. In September 1986, within the Laboratory of Commercial Oceanology of the Black Sea, a group for the conservation of marine ecosystems was created, which turned into a sector in January 1989, and into a separate laboratory in December 1996. Its reasearchers carried out multidisciplinary environmental studies, investigating the ecological status of the aquatic areas affected by the facilities of the marine industry during their operation, monitoring the level of soil contamination, and excercising the toxicological control of fish and fish products. YugNIRO oceanological studies conducted in the World Ocean from the early 1970s to the early 1990s made it possible to link the productivity and catches of exploitable species to the atmospheric circulation, changes in the climatic fields of currents, as well as to the geo- and heliophysical factors, which enabled the fishing predictions with a one-year lead time or more for the fishing areas of the Central, Southeastern and Southwestern Indian Ocean, the Patagonian Shelf, and the Indian Ocean sector of Antarctica. In the 70–90s and early 2000s, YugNIRO conducted marine geological studies facilitating fishing operations and environmental protection in the Gulf of Aden, on the bottom elevations of the tropical and subtropical parts of the Indian Ocean, in the Antarctic Shelf area, and in the Black and Azov Seas. This article lays down the current major goals and prospects of commercial oceanology.
    Description: 60–80-е годы прошедшего столетия были в АзЧерНИРО (ЮгНИРО) периодом наиболее активного развития промысловой океанологии. Кроме мониторинга океанографических процессов она начала внедряться в сферы общей экологии моря, мониторинга загрязнения моря, космической океанологии. Океанографическая информация используется при разработке прогнозов состояния водных экосистем различной заблаговременности и является неотъемлемой составляющей рыбопромысловых прогнозов. В 1981 г. в АзЧерНИРО был создан центр приема спутниковой информации. В 1980–1990-х гг. в ЮгНИРО была создана оптимальная для Черного моря схема комплексного прогностического мониторинга состояния его экосистемы. В сентябре 1986 г. в составе лаборатории промысловой океанологии Черного моря была создана группа, в январе 1989 г. — сектор, в декабре 1996 г. — лаборатория охраны морских экосистем. Сотрудниками лаборатории проводились комплексные экологические исследования состояния акваторий предприятий морехозяйственого комплекса в условиях их производственной деятельности, контроль уровня загрязненности почв, токсикологический контроль рыбы и рыбопродукции. Океанологические исследования ЮгНИРО, проводимые в Мировом океане с начала 1970-х до начала 1990-х гг., позволили получить систему связей урожайности и вылова промысловых объектов с особенностями атмосферной циркуляции, изменениями макромасштабных полей течений, гео- и гелиофизическими факторам для прогноза промысловых характеристик с заблаговременностью год и более в промысловых районах центральной, юго-восточной и юго-западной частей Индийского океана, в районе Патагонского шельфа, в индоокеанском секторе Антарктики. Выполнение морских геологических работ в рыбопромысловых и природоохранных целях проводилось ЮгНИРО в 1970–1990-х и в начале 2000-х гг. в Аденском заливе, на поднятиях тропической и субтропической частей Индийского океана, на шельфе Антарктиды, в Черном и Азовском морях. В статье формулируются основные современные цели и пути развития промысловой океанологии.
    Description: Published
    Description: Non Refereed
    Keywords: Commercial oceanography ; Marine geology ; Ecosystems ; Fisheries ; Промысловая океанография ; Морская геология ; Экосистемы ; АзЧерНИРО ; ЮгНИРО ; Промысловые прогнозы ; Океанографическая информация ; Океанологические исследования ; YugNIRO ; AzCherNIRO ; ASFA_2015::F::Fishery oceanography ; ASFA_2015::F::Forecasting ; ASFA_2015::F::Fishery institutions ; ASFA_2015::M::Monitoring
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
    Format: pp.159-169
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-01-25
    Description: La producción de ostión en Cuba aumenta hacia el este, y los máximos de abundancia y captura se presentan en la zona costera cercana a la cuenca del río Cauto, en la región correspondiente al municipio Manzanillo, provincia de Granma. En esta región habitan el ostión de mangle antillano (Crassostrea rhizophorae Guilding, 1828), y el ostión americano (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791). Aunque la tendencia histórica ha sido al incremento, posterior a 2013 (853 t) la producción promedio anual disminuye a 307 t. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el estado actual del recurso ostión y su aprovechamiento industrial en la región del golfo de Guacanayabo, en relación a la situación ambiental de sus hábitats. Se realizó un diagnóstico de la pesquería de ostión y de la gestión ambiental de la pesca extractiva para determinar impactos ecosistémicos. Se identificaron como principales factores de impacto negativo, que inciden sobre las poblaciones de ostión y sus hábitats, el incumplimiento del periodo de veda, el manejo inadecuado de la pesca extractiva, y eventos de contaminación, que afectan los bienes y servicios ecosistémicos del manglar y reducen las poblaciones de ostión. Se propone la ostricultura artesanal como alternativa pesquera sostenible y se proyectó un plan de producción de ostión para 2023-2030. Se estimó que a calidad ambiental de la región donde se desarrollan las especies de interés es adecuada para su desarrollo.
    Description: Oyster production in Cuba increases to the east, and the maximum abundance and catch occur in the coastal zone near the Cauto river basin, in the region corresponding to the Manzanillo municipality, Granma province. The West Indian mangrove oyster (Crassostrea rhizophorae Guilding, 1828), and the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin, 1791) inhabit this region. Although the historical trend has been to increase, after 2013 (853 t) the average annual production decreases to 307 t. The objective of this research was to evaluate the current state of the oyster resource and its industrial use in the region of the Guacanayabo Gulf, in relation to the environmental situation of its habitats. A diagnosis of the oyster fishery and the environmental management of extractive fishing was carried out to determine ecosystem impacts. The main factors of negative impact, which affect oyster populations and their habitats, were identified as non-compliance with the closed season, inadequate management of extractive fishing, and pollution events, which affect the goods and ecosystem services of the mangrove and reduce oyster populations. Artisanal oyster farming is proposed as a sustainable fishing alternative and an oyster production plan was projected for 2023-2030. It is estimated that the environmental quality of the region where the species of interest develop is adequate for their development.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Golfo de Guacanayabo ; Gestión ambiental ; Pesquería ; Ostricultura ; Gulf of Guacanayabo ; Environmental management ; Fisheries ; Ostrich farming
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Journal Contribution
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-03-05
    Description: Con sus 220 km2 la región geográfica de Bahía de Nipe es el mayor acuatorio en su tipo en Cuba, donde se encuentran representaciones de diversos ecosistemas a lo largo de sus costas. Los asentamientos humanos y sus múltiples actividades productivas de importancia y magnitud, le dan a esta bahía relevancia como recurso natural que sustenta usos estratégicos para el país.
    Description: Other
    Keywords: Contaminación ; Metales pesados ; Fuentes contaminantes ; Pesquerías ; Pollution ; Heavy metals ; Plaguicides ; Fisheries ; Plaguicidas ; Sources pollution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Thesis/Dissertation
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: To ensure the long-term sustainable use of African Great Lakes (AGL), and to better understand the functioning of these ecosystems, authorities, managers and scientists need regularly collected scientific data and information of key environmental indicators over multi-years to make informed decisions. Monitoring is regularly conducted at some sites across AGL; while at others sites, it is rare or conducted irregularly in response to sporadic funding or short-term projects/studies. Managers and scientists working on the AGL thus often lack critical long-term data to evaluate and gauge ongoing changes. Hence, we propose a multi-lake approach to harmonize data collection modalities for better understanding of regional and global environmental impacts on AGL. Climate variability has had strong impacts on all AGL in the recent past. Although these lakes have specific characteristics, their limnological cycles show many similarities. Because different anthropogenic pressures take place at the different AGL, harmonized multilake monitoring will provide comparable data to address the main drivers of concern (climate versus regional anthropogenic impact). To realize harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring, the approach will need: (1) support of a wide community of researchers and managers; (2) political goodwill towards a common goal for such monitoring; and (3) sufficient capacity (e.g., institutional, financial, human and logistic resources) for its implementation. This paper presents an assessment of the state of monitoring the AGL and possible approaches to realize a long-term, multi-lake harmonized monitoring strategy. Key parameters are proposed. The support of national and regional authorities is necessary as each AGL crosses international boundaries.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101988
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Biodiversity ; Climate change ; Erosion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-06-10
    Description: This draft White Paper has been prepared as part of the Vision 2030 process of the United Nations (UN) Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (hereafter, Ocean Decade). The Vision 2030 process aims to identify tangible measures of success for each of the ten Ocean Decade Challenges by 2030. From a starting point of existing initiatives underway in the Ocean Decade and beyond, and through a lens of priority user needs, the process determines critical gaps in science and knowledge, needs for capacity development, priority datasets, infrastructure, and technology for each Challenge. Focusing investments in science and knowledge to address these needs will help ensure progress towards meeting each critical Challenge by the end of the Ocean Decade in 2030. The results of the process will contribute to the scoping of future Decade Actions, identification of resource mobilisation priorities, and ensure relevance of the Challenges over time. This draft White Paper is one of a series of ten White Papers, all of which have been authored by an expert Working Group and discussed at the 2024 Ocean Decade Conference. A synthesis report, authored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO/IOC), will accompany the White Papers. With a substantial portion of people depending on the ocean as a primary source of nutrition and livelihood, a significant challenge comes into focus: How can we ensure that the ocean's resources continue to effectively nourish an expanding global population? The Ocean Decade responds to this critical concern through its Challenge 3: “Sustainably nourish the global population”.
    Description: Published
    Description: Refereed
    Keywords: Food ; Agriculture ; Sustainable economy ; Fisheries ; World population ; Ocean economy ; Nutrition ; Aquatic foods ; Aquaculture ; Sustainable production ; Forward look ; Vision paper
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report
    Format: 33pp.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-06-13
    Description: In a marine environment that is rapidly changing due to anthropogenic activities and climate change, area-based management tools are often used to mitigate threats and conserve biodiversity. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are amongst the most widespread and recognized marine conservation tools worldwide, however, MPAs alone are inadequate to address the environmental crisis. The promotion of other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) under draft Target 3 of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, i.e., conserving 30% of marine areas by 2030, holds promise to acknowledge sites and practices occurring beyond MPAs that contribute to conservation. Here, we evaluate the potential recognition of OECMs into Indonesia's national policy framework on marine resource management and provide the first-ever overview of distribution and types of potential marine OECMs in Indonesia, including a review of the existing evidence on conservation effectiveness. We identified 〉 390 potential marine OECMs, led by government, customary and local communities, or the private sector, towards diverse management objectives, including habitat protection, traditional/customary management, fisheries, tourism, or other purposes. While some evidence exists regarding the conservation effectiveness of these practices, the long-term impacts on biodiversity of all potential marine OECMs in Indonesia are unknown. Many OECM elements have been included in several national policies, yet there are no established mechanisms to identify, recognize and report sites as OECMs in Indonesia. We propose four transformational strategies for future OECM recognition in Indonesia, namely: (i) safeguard customary and traditional communities, (ii) leverage cross-sector and cross-scale collaboration, (iii) focus on delivering outcomes, and (iv) streamline legal frameworks. Our study shows that OECMs have the potential to play a significant role in underpinning marine area-based conservation in Indonesia, including supporting the Government of Indonesia in reaching national and international conservation targets and goals.
    Keywords: Area-based management ; Biodiversity conservation ; Customary management ; Fisheries ; Co-management ; Sustainable marine management
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team are delighted to present the inaugural “Frontiers in Chemistry: Rising Stars” article collection, showcasing the high-quality work of internationally recognized researchers in the early stages of their independent careers. All Rising Star researchers featured within this collection were individually nominated by the Journal’s Chief Editors in recognition of their potential to influence the future directions in their respective fields. The work presented here highlights the diversity of research performed across the entire breadth of the chemical sciences, and presents advances in theory, experiment and methodology with applications to compelling problems. This Editorial features the corresponding author(s) of each paper published within this important collection, ordered by section alphabetically, highlighting them as the great researchers of the future. The Frontiers in Chemistry Editorial Office team would like to thank each researcher who contributed their work to this collection. We would also like to personally thank our Chief Editors for their exemplary leadership of this article collection; their strong support and passion for this important, community-driven collection has ensured its success and global impact.
    Keywords: Green and Sustainable Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry ; Theoretical and Computational Chemistry ; Polymer Chemistry ; Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry ; Nanoscience ; Catalysis and Photocatalysis ; Supramolecular Chemistry ; Electrochemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry ; Chemical Biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues
    Language: English
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact
    Keywords: living marine resources ; Forecasting ; prediction ; fish ; Fisheries ; Seasonal to Decadal Prediction ; Climate services ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBK Hydrology and the hydrosphere::RBKC Oceanography (seas and oceans)
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This open access book explores fishing livelihoods in the context of the wider contexts in which they are embedded. Drawing on case studies from across the Asia-Pacific region, the book highlights how fishing livelihoods are shaped by globalisation, social relationships and governance. The book concludes by showing how better understanding these relationships can contribute to governance for healthier ecosystems and social wellbeing. This is an open access book. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; marine social science ; fishing livelihoods in the Asia-Pacific ; sustainable fishing ; environmental sustainability ; food security ; coastal conservation ; fish stocks ; fisheries governance ; Fishing livelihoods and social diversity ; Fishing livelihoods and wellbeing ; Open Access ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPQ Central / national / federal government::JPQB Central / national / federal government policies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGB Physical geography and topography ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography
    Language: English
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2004-11-13
    Description: The multibillion-dollar trade in bushmeat is among the most immediate threats to the persistence of tropical vertebrates, but our understanding of its underlying drivers and effects on human welfare is limited by a lack of empirical data. We used 30 years of data from Ghana to link mammal declines to the bushmeat trade and to spatial and temporal changes in the availability of fish. We show that years of poor fish supply coincided with increased hunting in nature reserves and sharp declines in biomass of 41 wildlife species. Local market data provide evidence of a direct link between fish supply and subsequent bushmeat demand in villages and show bushmeat's role as a dietary staple in the region. Our results emphasize the urgent need to develop cheap protein alternatives to bushmeat and to improve fisheries management by foreign and domestic fleets to avert extinctions of tropical wildlife.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brashares, Justin S -- Arcese, Peter -- Sam, Moses K -- Coppolillo, Peter B -- Sinclair, A R E -- Balmford, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 12;306(5699):1180-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Conservation Biology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. brashares@nature.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15539602" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Commerce ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; *Food Supply ; Ghana ; Humans ; *Mammals ; *Meat ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-08-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grimm, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 27;305(5688):1235.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15333821" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Humans ; Population Density ; *Recreation ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2004-09-14
    Description: It is now widely accepted that global warming is occurring, yet its effects on the world's largest ecosystem, the marine pelagic realm, are largely unknown. We show that sea surface warming in the Northeast Atlantic is accompanied by increasing phytoplankton abundance in cooler regions and decreasing phytoplankton abundance in warmer regions. This impact propagates up the food web (bottom-up control) through copepod herbivores to zooplankton carnivores because of tight trophic coupling. Future warming is therefore likely to alter the spatial distribution of primary and secondary pelagic production, affecting ecosystem services and placing additional stress on already-depleted fish and mammal populations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Richardson, Anthony J -- Schoeman, David S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1609-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK. anr@sahfos.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361622" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Climate ; Copepoda/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Fishes ; *Food Chain ; Greenhouse Effect ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Phytoplankton/*growth & development ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater ; Temperature ; Zooplankton/*growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Proffitt, Fiona -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 20;305(5687):1090.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15326320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Birds/*physiology ; *Ecosystem ; *Eels ; Fisheries ; Food Chain ; North Sea ; Plankton ; Population Density ; *Reproduction ; Scotland ; Seawater ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wright, Bruce A -- Okey, Thomas A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 25;304(5679):1903.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Fisheries ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; Population Growth ; Public Policy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allison, Edward H -- Seeley, Janet A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 20;305(5687):1104.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15326332" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asia/epidemiology ; Female ; Fisheries ; HIV Infections/*epidemiology/transmission ; Humans ; Male ; Occupations ; Prevalence ; Sexual Partners ; *Transients and Migrants
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004-07-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rembold, Christopher M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 23;305(5683):475; author reply 475.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15273376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Coronary Artery Disease/mortality/*prevention & control ; *Diet ; Environmental Pollutants/toxicity ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*administration & dosage ; Fisheries ; *Food Contamination ; Humans ; Neoplasms/chemically induced/epidemiology ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Risk Assessment ; *Salmon ; Toxicity Tests
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2004-09-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 10;305(5690):1548-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15361593" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Food Chain ; Phytoplankton/*growth & development ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater ; Temperature ; Zooplankton/*growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-10-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 10;302(5643):221-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14551417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ecosystem ; *Eels/growth & development/physiology ; Fisheries ; Fresh Water ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-08-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1034-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933987" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Atlantic Ocean ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Geologic Sediments ; *Marine Biology ; Pacific Ocean ; *Seawater
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2003-07-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sanchirico, James N -- Stoffle, Richard -- Broad, Kenny -- Talaue-McManus, Liana -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5629):47-9; author reply 47-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; California ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Humans ; Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 21
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, Robert F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 4;300(5616):36-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12677035" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; California ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Cypriniformes/physiology ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fisheries ; *Fresh Water ; Government Agencies ; National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; *Oncorhynchus kisutch/physiology ; Oregon ; United States ; Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 22
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, Carl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):895.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738833" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Environment ; Fisheries ; *Fishes/genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Plant Development ; Reproduction ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sexual Maturation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2003-08-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webster, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 29;301(5637):1167.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12947169" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Financial Support ; Fisheries ; Fresh Water ; Pacific Ocean ; Russia ; *Salmon ; United Nations/economics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 24
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002-08-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ajayi, Thomas -- Sherman, Kenneth -- Tang, Qisheng -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 2;297(5582):772.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12162321" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomass ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*economics/*methods/trends ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; Fisheries ; International Cooperation ; *Marine Biology/economics/trends ; North America ; Water Pollution/prevention & control
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: There is debate concerning the most effective conservation of marine biodiversity, especially regarding the appropriate location, size, and connectivity of marine reserves. We describe a means of establishing marine reserve networks by using optimization algorithms and multiple levels of information on biodiversity, ecological processes (spawning, recruitment, and larval connectivity), and socioeconomic factors in the Gulf of California. A network covering 40% of rocky reef habitat can fulfill many conservation goals while reducing social conflict. This quantitative approach provides a powerful tool for decision-makers tasked with siting marine reserves.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sala, Enric -- Aburto-Oropeza, Octavio -- Paredes, Gustavo -- Parra, Ivan -- Barrera, Juan C -- Dayton, Paul K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1991-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. esala@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471258" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; California ; Computer Simulation ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fisheries ; Fishes ; Invertebrates ; *Models, Biological ; *Seawater
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Magnuson, J J -- Safina, C -- Sissenwine, M P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 17;293(5533):1267-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. jmagnuson@mhub.limnology.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509715" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Identification Systems ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Behavior, Animal ; Body Temperature ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Diving ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; Swimming ; Tuna/genetics/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 27
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-03-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 12;291(5502):227-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11253825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Fisheries ; *Homing Behavior ; Isotopes ; Otolithic Membrane/*chemistry ; Perciformes/*physiology ; Population Dynamics ; Reproduction ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 28
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collie, J -- Saila, S -- Walters, C -- Carpenter, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 3;290(5493):933-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11184733" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Fresh Water ; Government Agencies ; Models, Biological ; Northwestern United States ; Population Dynamics ; *Salmon/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 29
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-07-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 27;293(5530):627-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11474097" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cnidaria ; *Ecosystem ; Eutrophication ; Fisheries ; International Cooperation ; Israel ; Jordan ; Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Time Factors ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 30
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Using a novel technique, described on page 795, paleoceanographers have been able to chart the abundance of sockeye salmon in the Bristol Bay and Kodiak Island regions of Alaska over the past 300 years--by far the most complete record yet. Through time, they found, sockeye populations have alternately soared and slipped, following natural climate variations--well before commercial fishers began throwing nets over the sides of boats.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):685-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11184190" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Pacific Ocean ; Salmon/*physiology ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: The deployment of electronic data storage tags that are surgically implanted or satellite-linked provides marine researchers with new ways to examine the movements, environmental preferences, and physiology of pelagic vertebrates. We report the results obtained from tagging of Atlantic bluefin tuna with implantable archival and pop-up satellite archival tags. The electronic tagging data provide insights into the seasonal movements and environmental preferences of this species. Bluefin tuna dive to depths of 〉1000 meters and maintain a warm body temperature. Western-tagged bluefin tuna make trans-Atlantic migrations and they frequent spawning grounds in the Gulf of Mexico and eastern Mediterranean. These data are critical for the future management and conservation of bluefin tuna in the Atlantic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Block, B A -- Dewar, H -- Blackwell, S B -- Williams, T D -- Prince, E D -- Farwell, C J -- Boustany, A -- Teo, S L -- Seitz, A -- Walli, A -- Fudge, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 17;293(5533):1310-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Tuna Research and Conservation Center, Stanford University, Hopkins Marine Station, Oceanview Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA. bblock@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Identification Systems ; Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Behavior, Animal ; Body Temperature ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Diving ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Fisheries ; Male ; Reproduction ; Seasons ; Swimming ; Temperature ; Tuna/*physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-08-19
    Description: At a press conference on 27 July, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) released a long-awaited plan to save the Columbia River's endangered salmon by restoring fish habitat, overhauling hatcheries, limiting harvest, and improving river flow. What the plan did not do, however, was call for immediate breaching of four dams on the Snake River, the Columbia's major tributary--an option that has been the subject of a nationwide environmental crusade. The NMFS will hold that option in abeyance while it sees whether the less drastic measures will do the trick. Responses from both sides were immediate and outraged.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mann, C C -- Plummer, M L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 4;289(5480):716-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10950712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Fresh Water ; Government Agencies ; Northwestern United States ; *Salmon
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2000-10-29
    Description: The effects of climate variability on Pacific salmon abundance are uncertain because historical records are short and are complicated by commercial harvesting and habitat alteration. We use lake sediment records of delta15N and biological indicators to reconstruct sockeye salmon abundance in the Bristol Bay and Kodiak Island regions of Alaska over the past 300 years. Marked shifts in populations occurred over decades during this period, and some pronounced changes appear to be related to climatic change. Variations in salmon returns due to climate or harvesting can have strong impacts on sockeye nursery lake productivity in systems where adult salmon carcasses are important nutrient sources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finney, B P -- Gregory-Eaves, I -- Sweetman, J -- Douglas, M S -- Smol, J P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):795-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. finney@ims.uaf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11052941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; *Climate ; Diatoms ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; Fresh Water ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Industry ; Nitrogen Isotopes/analysis ; Pacific Ocean ; Plankton ; Salmon/*physiology ; Temperature
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  • 34
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: Fish faunas across the continental United States have become more similar through time because of widespread introductions of a group of cosmopolitan species intended to enhance food and sport fisheries. On average, pairs of states have 15.4 more species in common now than before European settlement of North America. The 89 pairs of states that formerly had no species in common now share an average of 25.2 species. Introductions have played a larger role than extirpations in homogenizing fish faunas. Western and New England states have received the most introductions, which is a reflection of the small number of native fishes in these areas considered desirable gamefish by settlers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rahel, F J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 5;288(5467):854-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA. frahel@uwyo.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10797007" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Species Specificity ; United States
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Agriculture and human values 17 (2000), S. 125-139 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Keywords: Environment ; Fisheries ; Fordism ; Nation-State ; Regulation ; Supranational State ; Transnational corporations ; Transnational State
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This analysis uses an analytical frameworkgrounded in political economy perspectives of theglobalization of the agro-food sector combined with acase study approach focusing on the Marine StewardshipCouncil (MSC) to inform discussions regarding thecharacteristics of societal regulation in thepost-Fordist era. More specifically, this analysisuses the case of the emergence of the MSC toinvestigate propositions regarding the existence of,and location of, nascent forms of a transnationalState. The MSC proposes to regulate the certificationof sustainable fisheries at the global level throughan eco-labeling program. The MSC was created in 1996by the transnational environmental organization theWorld Wildlife Fund and the transnational corporationUnilever. The emergence of the MSC has generatedheated discussion in fisheries management circles thatis in general divided along North/South lines. Thisanalysis indicates that the case of the MSC providesvaluable insights into the possible characteristics ofsupranational regulatory mechanisms that might emulatethe role of the nation-State in the post-Fordist era.
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environment, development and sustainability 2 (2000), S. 277-304 
    ISSN: 1573-2975
    Keywords: Systems of Knowledge ; Local Knowledge ; Fisheries ; Resource Management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Sociology
    Notes: Abstract During the last 20 years, the existence of rich systems of local knowledge, and their vital support to resource use and management regimes, has been demonstrated in a wide range of biological, physical and geographical domains, such as agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry and agroforestry, medicine, and marine science and fisheries. Local knowledge includes empirical and practical components that are fundamental to sustainable resource management. Among coastal-marine fishers, for example, regular catches and, often, long-term resource sustainment are ensured through the application of knowledge that encompasses empirical information on fish behaviour, marine physical environments, fish habitats and the interactions among ecosystem components, as well as complex fish taxonomies. Local knowledge is therefore an important cultural resource that guides and sustains the operation of customary management systems. The sets of rules that compose a fisheries management system derive directly from local concepts and knowledge of the resources on which the fishery is based. Beyond the practical and the empirical, it is essential to recognise the fundamental socio-cultural importance of local knowledge to any society. It is through knowledge transmission and socialisation that worldviews are constructed, social institutions perpetuated, customary practices established, and social roles defined. In this manner, local knowledge and its transmission, shape society and culture, and culture and society shape knowledge. Local knowledge is of great potential practical value. It can provide an important information base for local resources management, especially in the tropics, where conventionally-used data are usually scarce to non-existent, as well as providing a shortcut to pinpoint essential scientific research needs. To be useful for resources management, however, it must be systematically collected and scientifically verified, before being blended with complementary information derived from Western-based sciences. But local knowledge should not be looked on with only a short-term utilitarian eye. Arguments widely accepted for conserving biodiversity, for example, are also applicable to the intellectual cultural diversity encompassed in local knowledge systems: they should be conserved because their utility may only be revealed at some later date or owing to their intrinsic value as part of the world's global heritage. At least in cultures with a Western liberal tradition, more than lip-service is now being paid to alternative systems of knowledge. The denigration of alternative knowledge systems as backward, inefficient, inferior, and founded on myth and ignorance has recently begun to change. Many such practices are a logical, sophisticated and often still-evolving adaptation to risk, based on generations of empirical experience and arranged according to principles, philosophies and institutions that are radically different from those prevailing in Western scientific circles, and hence all-but incomprehensible to them. But steadfastly held prejudices remain powerful. In this presentation I describe the 'design principles' of local knowledge systems, with particular reference to coastal-marine fishing communities, and their social and practical usefulness. I then examine the economic, ideological and institutional factors that combine to perpetuate the marginalisation and neglect of local knowledge, and discuss some of the requirements for applying local knowledge in modern management.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary HPLC ; gradient elution ; temperature programming ; phenolic compounds ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---This paper describes a liquid chromatographic method using a reversed phase capillary column coupled to an UV detector for the quantitation of thirteen pollutant phenols. Chromatographic separation was carried out with gradient elution at 25.0 ± 0.1°C. The two major anisocratic elution modes (gradient elution and temperature programming) were evaluated. The detection limit range was 10-81 pg (100 nL injected). The chromatographic method combined with liquid-liquid extraction was applied to analysis of these compounds in river water. Recoveries of 75-103% were achieved for most of them.
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 389-392 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary SFC ; zinc dialkyldithiophosphates ; lubricating oils ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 393-396 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) ; micropacked capillary columns ; waxes ; restoring ; objects of art ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 379-385 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Aroma ; “lulo del Chocó” ; Solanum topiro ; volatiles ; glycosidically bound volatiles ; glycoside TFA derivatives ; enantioselective gas chromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The volatile constituents of lulo del Chocó (Solanum topiro) fruit pulp obtained by liquid-liquid extraction were analyzed by capillary GC and capillary GC-MS. In total, 30 components were identified with methyl salicylate, hexadecanoic acid, hexanal, guaiacol, ethyl butanoate, and ethyl acetate being the major components. Chirospecific MDGC analysis revealed the predominance of (R)-ethyl-3-hydroxybutanoate (ee 40%) and the presence of racemic mixtures both of δ-octalactone and of δ-decalactone. For γ-hexalactone, γ-octalactone, and γ-decalactone enantiomeric distributions of 22.4 : 77.6, 22.9 : 77.1, and 20.0 : 80.0, (R) : (S), respectively, were determined. Glycosidically bound aroma compounds were identified by capillary GC and capillary GC-MS after isolation of the glycosidic fraction obtained by Amberlite XAD-2 adsorption and methanol elution followed by hydrolysis with a commercial pectinase enzyme. In total 13 bound aroma compounds (aglycones) were identified. These aglycones mainly consisted of compounds exhibiting aromatic structures. Additionally, with the aid of capillary GC and capillary GC-MS (EI and NCI) of trifluoroacetylated derivatives we identified eight glucosides: the novel 3,6-epoxy-7-megastigmen-5,9-diol β-D-glucopyranoside and the hexyl, benzyl, linalyl oxide (furanic), 2-phenylethyl, vomifolyl (isomer 1), (6S,9R)-vomifolyl, and scopoletin β-D-glucopyranosides.
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  • 41
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 409-412 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Cyclodextrin ; capillary electrophoresis ; system peak ; CHES 1 ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using a running buffer containing cyclodextrins (CDs) and 2-[N-cyclohexylamino]-ethanesulfonic acid (CHES), positive system peaks were observed in the analysis of a ganglioside mixture by CE-UV. These system peaks were related to CDs in the running buffer because these peaks were also detected when a plug of solution devoid of CDs but having the same CHES concentration and pH as the running buffer was injected. Neutral CDs were separated owing to the formation of inclusion complexes with the anionic CHES ion. One possible explanation for the positive system peaks is that the anionic CD-CHES inclusion complex is displaced by co-ions with higher UV absorptivity.
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  • 42
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 565-566 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Liquid chromatography ; zinc dithiocarbamate ; vulcanization accelerator ; rubber gloves ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract
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  • 43
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 603-608 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Solvation parameter model ; ystem constants for poly(dimethyldiphenylsiloxane) HP-5 and poly(ethylene glycol) HP-INNOWax stationary phases ; temperature ; molecular interaction ; retention models ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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  • 44
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 561-564 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Retention factors ; Cinnamomi ramulus ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; capillary electrophoresis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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  • 45
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 590-594 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Ion chromatography ; graphitic carbon stationary phases ; anions ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Inorganic anions could be separated on porous graphitic carbon stationary phases in ion chromatography. Ion exchange between eluent anions and sample anions on the stationary phase was confirmed by the retention behavior and the possibility of indirect photometric detection. The elution order of anions was different from that observed for commercially available anion exchangers. Chloride, nitrate, and sulfate contained in tap water could be determined in 7 min.
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  • 46
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 485-488 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Pyrethroids ; solid-phase microextraction ; water analysis ; temperature ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Synthetic pyrethroids are increasingly being used for insect control on field crops because of their advantageous environmental properties such as short field life, broad spectrum of insecticide activity, and relatively low mammalian toxicity. In the present work, experimental conditions were optimized for trace analysis of pyrethroids in water by using solid-phase microextraction followed by capillary gas chromatography. Effects of temperature, SPME-fiber diameter, and matrix were studied. SPME used off-line with a gas chromatograph electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) showed a linear response over a wide concentration range. Our results showed a strong temperature effect on pyrethroid extraction yield. The detection limit after 5 min of SPME-fiber exposure to the samples changed from 1 ppb (at 30°C) to 0.1 ppt (at 90°C), which is a 10000 increase in pyrethroid detection. The standard deviations of the analyte peak area ratios were typically in the range of 1-7% at 30°C and of 3 to 15% at 90°C. Best conditions for pyrethroids analysis were achieved using high temperature solution and a 100 μm polydimethylsiloxane fiber. No matrix (river water) influence was observed on detection of the investigated pyrethroids.
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  • 47
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 19-26 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Microfabrication ; monolith ; electrochromatography ; peptides ; reactive ion etching ; reversed phase ; nanocolumns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Monolith columns are generally fabricated by polymerization of monomers within a column. This paper reviews an alternative strategy in which the bed is microfabricated in an inorganic material by ablation. Channels of 1.5 μm width and 10 μm depth were sculpted in quartz by deep reaction ion etching. Using this approach chromatographic beds were constructed in which cubic support structures were created and arranged in rows to mimic particles in a conventional column. Beds ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions of “particles” with volumes of 15 nL to 15 μL were produced. Columns that had been derivatized with an octadecyl silane stationary phase were used to separate both low molecular weight analytes and peptides in the CEC mode. Plate height in the CEC mode was 1.2 μm at maximum efficiency.
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  • 48
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 39-43 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Monoliths ; CIM® monolithic column ; dynamic binding capacity ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The characterization of CIM® DEAE monolithic columns in terms of dynamic binding capacity is presented in this paper. Breakthrough experiments were performed for capacity determination. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a model protein. It is shown that CIM® monolithic columns have good batch-to-batch reproducibility as well as long-term stability. The experiments performed under different linear velocities demonstrated that the dynamic capacity is unaffected at least up to a linear velocity of 2450 cm/h. Furthermore, the breakthrough curve slope is constant, indicating that the capacity would remain constant at even higher linear velocities. The adsorption isotherm of BSA dissolved in 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer shows a constant capacity of around 30 mg/mL of support down to a concentration of 20 μg/mL. The capacity is substantially influenced by the ionic strength; however, 20% of the maximal capacity is still preserved at 0.3 M NaCl.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Monolith ; factor VIII ; affinity chromatography ; combinatorial peptide library ; peptide synthesis ; recombinant proteins ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: FVIII is a very complex molecule of great therapeutic significance. It is purified by a sequence of chromatographic steps including immunoaffinity chromatography. A peptide affinity chromatography method has been developed using peptides derived from a combinatorial library. Spot technology using cellulose sheets has been applied for this purpose. The dual positional scanning strategy was used for identification of the amino acids in random positions. Approximately 5000 possible candidates found in the first screening round were reduced to a panel of 36. Six candidates have been selected empirically. Five peptides seem to be directed against the light chain of FVIII, one peptide seems to be directed against the heavy chain. The peptides have been immobilized on conventional beaded material and CIM polymethacrylate monoliths. Much better performance with respect to capacity and selectivity has been observed with the monolithic material. Exposure of the ligand and its ensuing accessibility are responsible for these properties.
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  • 50
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrochromatography ; monolithic column ; electroosmotic flow ; retention mechanism ; aromatic compound ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new kind of monolithic capillary electrochromatography column with poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene-co-methacrylic acid) as the stationary phase has been developed. The stationary phase was found to be porous by scanning electron microscopy and the composition of the continuous bed was proved by IR spectroscopy to be the ternary polymer of styrene, divinylbenzene, and methacrylic acid. The effects of operating parameters, such as voltage, electrolyte, and organic modifier concentration in the mobile phase on electroosmotic flow were studied systematically. The retention mechanism of neutral solutes on such a column proved to be similar to that of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, fast analyses of phenols, chlorobenzenes, anilines, isomeric compounds of phenylenediamine and alkylbenzenes within 4.5 min were achieved.
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  • 51
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 73-80 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Continuous-bed ; sol-gel ; octadecylsilica ; mixed-mode stationary phase ; large-pore ; column technology ; capillary electrochromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Sol-gel bonded packing materials in continuous-bed columns have been prepared for capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Three packing materials were investigated: small-pore Spherisorb ODS1 (3 μm, 80 Å) with octadecyl as stationary phase, small-pore mixed-mode Spherisorb ODS/SCX (3 μm, 80 Å) with octadecyl and propyl sulfonic acid as stationary phases, and large-pore Nucleosil ODS (7 μm, 1 400 Å) with octadecyl as stationary phase. The characteristics of these columns were compared in terms of electroosmotic flow, efficiency, inertness, and retention factors. In contrast to columns containing sol-gel bonded ODS, columns containing sol-gel bonded mixed-mode ODS/SCX generated nearly pH independent electroosmotic flow (EOF) over pH 2-9. Columns containing sol-gel bonded large-pore ODS produced nearly three times lower reduced plate height than those containing small-pore ODS. Efficiencies of 220,000 plates per meter and 175,000 plates per meter were obtained from columns containing sol-gel bonded 7 μm, 1 400 Å ODS and columns containing sol-gel bonded 3 μm, 80 Å ODS, respectively, which are among the highest reported efficiencies for continuous-bed columns. In CEC, over one million plates per meter and pH independent EOF are expected from continuous-bed columns containing sol-gel bonded 1.5 μm particles with large pores and mixed-mode stationary phases.
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  • 52
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 81-88 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Monolithic chromatography columns ; capillary electrochromatography (CEC) ; micro high performance liquid chromatography ; sol-gel based columns for chromatography ; fritless capillary chromatography columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Particle-loaded (3 μm, octadecylsilica) monolithic sol-gel columns have been prepared and selected characteristics measured. Several electrical properties may be calculated from simple current measurements in the column as a whole. Resistivity in the packed segment is approximately three times that in open segments, resulting in a 60% increase in field strength in the packed regions compared to the capillary with no packing. The surprisingly high specific permeability of these sol-gel columns is characteristic of 8-μm particles, which allows their operation in the microLC mode at pressures as low as 69 kPa where their efficiency is about 50,000 plates per meter and in the CEC mode where efficiency is about 106,000 plates per meter at 5 kV. There is a relatively rapid loss of efficiency with increasing linear velocity beyond 0.2 mm/s in microLC mode, which may be due to additional diffusion processes in the inter-particulate voids. A rapid loss of efficiency above 0.5 mm/s is also observed in the CEC mode, for the same reasons. Chromatographic retention behavior in either separation mode is characteristic of conventional octadecylsilica particles, indicating that analytes have significant access to the surface within the pores of the immobilized bonded phase.
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  • 53
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 89-92 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrochromatography ; packed columns ; fritless columns ; stationary phases ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Fritless packed silica gel columns were prepared using sol-gel technology. A part of a 75 μm i.d. fused silica capillary was filled with a mixture of tetramethoxysilane and poly(ethylene glycol). After gelling at 40°C and heating at 300°C, the resultant silica gel was derivatized with dimethyloctadecylchlorosilane. A scanning electron micrograph of a cross-section of the capillary column showed that the gel took the form of a spherical particle aggregate and adhered to the column inner wall. The column performance was evaluated for electrochromatography using acetonitrile-50 mM HEPES buffer (pH 6.6) (60/40 or 40/60, v/v) as the mobile phase. An electroosmotic flow of 1.0 mm/s was generated with (60/40, v/v) acetonitrile/HEPES buffer at a field strength of 546 V/cm. Using a sol-gel-derived packed column at an electroosmotic flow of 0.5 mm/s, efficiencies of up to 1.1×105 plates/m were obtained for retained solutes.
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  • 54
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC ; monolithic column ; silica rod column ; fast separations ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The application of a new silica-based, monolithic-type HPLC-column for fast separations is presented. The column is prepared according to a new sol-gel process, which is based on the hydrolysis and polycondensation of alkoxysilanes in the presence of water soluble polymers. The method leads to “rods” made of a single piece of porous silica with a defined pore structure, i. e. macro- and mesopores. The main feature of silica rod columns is a higher total porosity, about 15% higher than of conventional particulate HPLC columns. The resulting column pressure drop is therefore much lower, allowing operation at higher flow rates including flow gradients. Consequently, HPLC analysis can be performed much faster, as it is demonstrated by various applications.
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  • 55
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 3-18 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrochromatography ; monolithic columns ; synthetic polymers ; stationary phase ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Monolithic materials have quickly become a well-established stationary phase format in the field of capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Both the simplicity of their in situ preparation method and the large variety of readily available chemistries make the monolithic separation media an attractive alternative to capillary columns packed with particulate materials. This review summarizes the contributions of numerous groups working in this rapidly growing area, with a focus on monolithic capillary columns prepared from synthetic polymers. Various approaches employed for the preparation of the monoliths are detailed, and where available, the material properties of the resulting monolithic capillary columns are shown. Their chromatographic performance is demonstrated by numerous separations of different analyte mixtures in variety of modes. Although detailed studies of the effect of polymer properties on the analytical performance of monolithic capillaries remain scarce at this early stage of their development, this review also discusses some important relationships such as the effect of pore size on the separation performance in more detail.
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  • 56
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 100-105 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Preparative chromatography ; silica monoliths ; PrepROD™ ; productivity ; SMB-chromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The use of monolithic silica sorbents for the isolation of substances by preparative liquid chromatography is demonstrated. Preparative liquid chromatography is recognized as a valuable technique for the isolation and purification of substances in the pharmaceutical and fine chemicals industry. The system technology has meanwhile reached a high standard, and the greatest future improvements are expected to arise from new and improved adsorbents. Monolithic silica sorbents offer some unique features for preparative liquid chromatography. They exhibit high efficiencies even at high flow rates due to their fast convective mass transfer and can therefore be used at very high mobile phase velocities, leading to high productivity and hence to maximum process economy. The benefits of this new type of adsorbent are illustrated for an example in batch-chromatographic mode and an example using the continuous simulated moving bed (SMB) technology.
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  • 57
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 106-110 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Silica ; monolithic column ; aging ; mesopores ; pore size distribution ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Mesopore formation in silica gels having continuous macropores has been investigated. The macroporous wet silica gel prepared by the sol-gel process including phase separation was aged in a basic solvent making use of hydrolysis of urea in a closed condition. The mesopore structure was finally obtained by subsequent evaporation drying of solvent and heat-treatment at 600°C for 2 h. The dissolution-reprecipitation kinetics at the interfaces between wet gel skeletons and an external solvent affected the size and volume of pores formed within the skeletons. Below 120°C, mesopores suitable for various chromatographic applications have been formed typically within 24 h. On the other hand, at 200°C, the pore size attained the macropore dimensions (〉50 nm), and the whole macroporous morphology was significantly modified.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Monolithic column ; silica monolith ; HPLC ; capillary liquid chromatography ; capillary electrochromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Two types of monolithic silica columns derivatized to form an ODS phase, one prepared in a fused silica capillary (SR-FS) and the other prepared in a mold and clad with an engineering plastic (poly-ether-ether-ketone) (SR-PEEK), were evaluated. The column efficiency and pressure drop were compared with those of a column packed with 5-μm ODS-silica particles and of an ODS-silica monolith prepared in a mold and wrapped with PTFE tubing (SR-PTFE). SR-FS gave a lower pressure drop than a column packed with 5-μm particles by a factor of 20, and a plate height of 20 μm at a linear velocity below 1 mm/s. SR-PEEK showed higher flow-resistance than the other monolithic silica columns, but they still showed a minimum plate height of 8-10 μm and a lower pressure drop than popular commercial columns packed with 5-μm particles. The evaluation of SR-FS columns in a CEC mode showed much higher efficiency than in a pressure-driven mode.
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  • 59
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 119-126 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; retention volume ; real gas carrier ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The problem of the calculation and interpretation of the net retention volume with a real gas as carrier is revisited. The properties of the carrier are described by a first order virial equation of state. The net retention volume of a solute is related to the mean flow rate of the carrier, therefore determination of the mean flow rate of a real gas carrier is reviewed. It is shown that the mean flow rate cannot be calculated from the mean column pressure. With a real gas carrier the local capacity factor depends on the local pressure of the real gas. The basic relationship between the net retention volume and the function describing this pressure dependence is also reviewed. Precise formulae as well as practical approximations are presented for the calculation of the mean flow rate, of the mean column pressure, and of a representative pressure related to the mean capacity factor.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemiluminescence ; diol compound ; oxalate ; post-column reaction ; ruthenium complex ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---In this paper we propose a new post-column detection method for polyols containing 1,2-diol, 1,3-diol, and saccharides. The polyols are oxidized in a photochemical reactor to yield oxalate with subsequent chemiluminescence detection using [Ru(III)(bpy)3]3+. A mixing solution of eluate and oxidizing reagent is delivered to a reaction coil, which is then irradiated with ultraviolet light to promote the oxidation reaction. The detection limits for 1,2-ethanediol (ethylene glycol) and 1,3-propanediol were 38 pmol and 23 pmol, respectively.
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  • 61
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: On-line coupled LC-GC ; nitrogen selective detection ; NPD ; carbazoles ; PANH ; personal exposure measurement ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A coupled LC-GC method for the analysis of carbazole-type PANH has been developed and evaluated. Group separation and isolation of carbazoles from interfering acridines in a complex sample matrix was accomplished by using a back-flush technique and an in situ end-capped dimethylaminopropyl silica column in the HPLC part of the system. On-line injection of the carbazole fraction into the GC column was performed with a loop-type interface utilizing concurrent solvent evaporation technique. An LOD of 1-3 pg of individual carbazole compounds was achieved by nitrogen selective detection using an NPD. The method is shown to be robust and is demonstrated by application to personal exposure measurement in an aluminum reduction plant.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 138-142 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrochromatography ; nucleosides ; short-end injection ; phenyl-bonded silica ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The influence of several experimental parameters (pH, ionic strength, organic modifier content of hydro-organic buffer) upon EOF, migration time, and retention factor has been studied in CEC with a phenyl-bonded silica column on a model mixture of five nucleosides. This paper illustrates the current interest in CEC as a method of resolving complex mixtures of neutral and ionic solutes and demonstrates the potential of the short-end injection method as a means of reducing analysis time.
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  • 63
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 143-148 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Analysis of anthraquinones ; capillary electrophoresis ; high-performance liquid chromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The separation and determination of twelve anthraquinones, viz. anthraquinone 1, chrysphanol 2, aloe-emodin 3, alizarin 4, anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid 5, purpurin 6, sennoside B 7, sennoside A 8, emodin 9, quinalizarin 10, rhein 11, and anthraflavic acid 12, were achieved by capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Detection at 260 nm with a buffer solution containing 30 mM sodium borate (adjusted to pH = 10.56 with 0.05N NaOH) and acetonitrile (9 : 1) in CE or with a linear gradient elution containing 20 mM KH2PO4 with 0.05% phosphoric acid (pH = 2.91) and methanol in HPLC was found to be the most suitable approach for this separation. Contents of six components (2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 11) in crude Rhei Rhizoma extract could easily be determined within 39 min by CE or 63 min by HPLC. The effects of buffers on this separation and the validation of the two methods were studied.
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  • 64
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 156-157 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary gas chromatography ; trichlorophenols ; ammonia ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 149-155 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; fast GC ; on-column injection ; narrow-bore column ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---In this work a fast gas chromatography set-up with on-column injection was optimized and evaluated with a model mixture of C8-C28 n-alkanes. Usual injection volumes when using narrow-bore (e. g., 0.1 mm i.d.) analytical columns are ca. 0.1 μL. The presented configuration allows introduction of 10-30-fold larger sample volumes without any distortion of peak shapes. In the set-up a normal-bore retention gap (1 m×0.32 mm i. d.) was coupled to a narrow-bore (4.8 m×0.1 mm i. d.×0.4 μm film thickness) analytical column using a low dead volume column connector. The effects of the experimental conditions such as inlet pressure, sample volume, initial injection temperature, and oven temperature on a peak focusing are discussed. H-u curves for helium and hydrogen are used to compare their suitability for high speed gas chromatography and to show the dependence of separation efficiency on the carrier gas velocity at high inlet pressures. In the fast gas chromatography system a baseline separation of C10-C28 n-alkanes was achieved in less than 3 minutes.
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  • 66
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 182-188 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography ; GC×GC ; thermal modulation ; oil analysis ; petroleum analysis ; analysis of middle-distillate oil fractions ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) is an utterly suitable separation technique for the analysis of complex samples, such as oil fractions. Once the two columns and the operating conditions are properly tuned, the technique is able to provide a detailed characterization of such materials. Some considerations applying to the tuning of a GC×GC system for a specific separation are presented and discussed. The authors present a number of different column sets and conditions which allow the separation of a non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvent, a kerosene, the light end of a crude oil, and an olefinic fraction, respectively. The highly structured GC×GC chromatograms, together with chemical knowledge about the samples, provide a much more comprehensive characterization of the samples than hitherto possible.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography ; thermal desorption modulator ; temperature programming ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---In comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, two individual separations are coupled by means of a rotating thermal desorption modulator interface. The injection pulse introduced via the interface onto the second column should be as short as possible. Parameters affecting the modulator operation are studied. In the set-up used in this study, the temperature of the second column can be programmed independently from that of the first column. Optimization of the second-dimension separation to minimize peak broadening and maximize resolution is discussed and an elegant approach to determine second-dimension retention times using a non-constant modulation frequency is demonstrated. The high separation power of the comprehensive system is demonstrated by the analysis of technical and biota samples containing chlorinated biphenyls and toxaphene.
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  • 68
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 197-201 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Multidimensional gas chromatography ; comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography ; GC×GC ; oxygenates ; MTBE ; reformulated gasoline ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) has been applied to the quantitation of oxygenates in reformulated gasoline. Target oxygenates were C1-C4 alcohols, tert-pentanol, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), diisopropyl ether (DIPE), ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE), and tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME). These were separated from the gasoline matrix using a volatility-based selectivity in the first chromatographic dimension, followed by a mixed-phase polarity/shape selectivity in the second dimension. The high resolving power of this stationary phase combination completely separated all oxygenates except DIPE, ETBE, and TAME, which exhibited coelution with other nonpolar gasoline components. Oxygenates quantitation was achieved with the use of an internal standard, an FID detector, and calibration curves. Quantitation results are in good agreement with ASTM and EPA standard methods. When coupled with our previous method for BTEX and aromatics, a single GC×GC method can now quantitate MTBE, alcohols, BTEX, and aromatics in a one-hour analysis.
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  • 69
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 474-478 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Solid-phase extraction, on-line derivatization, and measurement by ion trap mass spectrometry (ITD-MS) were used to investigate the biological degradation of pharmaceutical residues (clofibric acid, ibuprofen, diclofenac). The results of the single steps of sample pretreatment and analytical determination are reported. MS/MS measurements were performed on an ITD-MS by selecting collision induced dissociation of the molecular ions (M+) as parent ions to defined daughter ions. A pilot sewage plant and biofilm reactors operating under oxic and anoxic conditions were run as model systems with synthetic sewage water containing 10 to 50 mg/L dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and pharmaceuticals in concentrations of 10 μg/L. Clofibric acid displayed its persistent character in all cases. The pilot sewage plant and the oxic biofilm reactor showed comparable results for diclofenac and ibuprofen, which both were partly degraded. These results can explain the occurrence of these substances in sewage effluents and in the aquatic environment. A high degree of degradation was found especially for ibuprofen in the oxic biofilm reactor, which was attributed to adaptation of the biofilm to the residue. Two metabolites of ibuprofen could be identified on the basis of their mass spectra and comparison with literature data, viz. hydroxyibuprofen and carboxyibuprofen.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Silicone oil ; supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) ; micropacked columns ; MALDI-TOF ; GC/MS ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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  • 71
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 511-514 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: CZE ; indirect UV detection ; metal ions ; ecological samples ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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  • 72
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 297-303 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Sample preparation ; gas extraction techniques ; membrane-type techniques ; water analysis ; soil analysis ; gas chromatography ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---This review focuses on the role of so-called solventless methods of sample preparation in contemporary environmental analysis. The basic classification of this group of methods as well as the principal features and advantages of the techniques in current use are discussed.
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  • 73
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Comprehensive gas chromatography ; cryogenic modulation ; semi-volatile aromatics ; thermal sweeper ; peak widths ; peak asymmetries ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The two current technologies for achieving comprehensive gas chromatography (GC×GC) - the thermal sweeper and the cryogenic modulator - are compared in an interlaboratory study using a multicomponent semi-volatile aromatic compound sample. The same column set (phases, film thickness, dimensions of columns) and conditions of oven temperature program were used. Carrier gas flow settings however were different for the data reported here. The thermal sweeper has a longer overall length due to the extra ca. 30 cm length of narrow bore tubing used for the modulator/accumulator section. Data reveal that the two methods behave in an analogous manner in respect of delivering GC×GC results, with key peak parameters of peak widths and symmetry measures showing good correlation. Retention time dissimilarity on the first dimension columns in the two systems arises from different flow rates used, however the second column retention is similar, and this is due to the resulting different elution temperatures that peaks elute on the first dimension in each system. Overall, the two approaches to GC×GC appear to produce equivalent results within the scope of the application studied. Each system does have its experimental limitations; the thermal sweeper has what may be called a ‘thick film effect’, where at high temperature it can be difficult to sufficiently trap the migrating bands in the accumulator column, and the pulsing of solutes in the cryogenic system may suffer from a ‘thick wall effect’ if a column with too thick a wall dimension is used at low oven temperature.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Proteomics ; protein analysis ; multidimensional HPLC ; ion-exchange chromatography ; reversed phase chromatography ; comprehensive HPLC ; two-dimensional HPLC ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The interactive modes of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) of proteins provide a platform for the construction of a multidimensional HPLC system coupled to mass spectrometry. We present a system composed of both anion and cation exchanger columns, in the first dimension, and n-octadecyl bonded 1.5 μm nonporous silica columns in the second dimension. Both columns are operated under gradient conditions. A system suitability test with standard proteins showed that the total analysis can be performed within about 20 minutes. The fractions taken from the ion exchanger column are directly analyzed within one minute on the reversed phase column at a high flow rate. Two reversed phase columns are applied and operated alternatively: while the first column performs the separation within one minute, the analytes leaving the first dimension are enriched in an on-column focusing mode on top of the second column. The sample clean-up and enrichment is performed on a novel type of restricted access cation exchanger column with internal sulfonic acid groups and external diol groups. The columns exhibit a molecular weight exclusion limit for globular proteins of about 15 kDa. Our next studies will be directed towards the analysis of proteins and peptides from extracts of fibroblasts.
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  • 75
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 343-347 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: SPME ; desorption ; fiber conditioning ; field sampling ; sample preparation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: No abstract
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography (Ag-HPLC) ; conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) ; p-methoxyphenacyl derivatives ; single-column Ag-HPLC ; fatty acid analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Artemisia palustris ; Asterothamnus centrali-asiaticus ; capillary gas liquid chromatography ; Compositae (Asteraceae) ; Heteropappus hispidus ; seed oil ; silver ion thin layer chromatography ; trans-fatty acids ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Seed oils from the Compositae plant family are known to contain a variety of unusual fatty acids. Subsequent to the recent discovery of γ-linolenic acid in Saussurea and Youngia, further Mongolian Compositae species were investigated for their seed oil fatty acid composition. A number of δ3trans-fatty acids (16 : 1δ3t, 18 : 1δ3t and 18 : 3δ3t, 9c, 12c) were found in the seed oils of Heteropappus hispidus and Asterothamnus centrali-asiaticus. The latter fatty acid, but not the trans-monoenes, was also found in one species of Artemisia. These unusual fatty acid isomers were characterized by capillary gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) separations in combination with other chromatographic techniques (analytical thin layer chromatography, TLC and preparative argentation TLC), and infrared spectrocsopy (IR). Their identity was further confirmed by co-chromatography with other seed oils known to contain these trans-fatty acids. The fact that within the Compositae plant family there are apparently two or three distinct groups of genera containing δ3trans-fatty acids is discussed.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: 2H/1H ratio analysis ; HRGC-P-IRMS ; stable isotopes ; benzaldehyde ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Isotope ratio monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the 2H/1H ratio by pyrolysis isotope ratio mass spectrometry (P-IRMS) was used to analyze benzaldehyde originating from various sources. Based on the δ2HSMOW value of an authentic reference sample determined with an elemental analyzer (EA), the range of reproducibility and linearity was checked. Correct (EA related) and reproducible data were obtained for sample amounts 〉0.6 μg benzaldehyde (on column). In another series of experiments, the influence of sample preparation, i. e. simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) was found to be negligible. The following ranges of δ2HSMOW values were determined for benzaldehyde using five types of samples, i. e. (i) synthetic (δ2HSMOW -78 to -85‰, ex benzal chloride; +420 to +668‰, ex toluene) and ‘natural’ (including ‘ex-cassia’) references (δ2HSMOW -83 to -144‰); (ii) bitter almond oils (δ2HSMOW -113 to -148‰); (iii) fruits (δ2HSMOW -111 to -146‰); (iv) kernels (δ2HSMOW -115 to -188‰); and (v) leaves (δ2HSMOW -165 to -189‰).
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  • 79
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 373-378 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Open tubular columns ; capillary electrochromatography ; column efficiency ; injected volume ; applied voltage ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of some instrumental parameters on column efficiency in open tubular capillary electrochromatography (OTCEC) has been evaluated. First, it was investigated whether band broadening due to the sample injection process is within a tolerable range when an open tubular column (OTC) of about 10 μm i. d. is used. As a result of the small injection profile factor (K2 = 1.3), injected volumes must be sufficiently small (less than 10 pL) to avoid a significant efficiency loss (〉5%) when hydrodynamic injection by siphoning is employed. Secondly, the kinetic performance of OTCs in a CEC system was estimated from the variation of the reduced plate height (h) with the reduced linear velocity (ν) which was controlled by the voltage applied. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the theoretical h versus ν curve and the experimental values for a group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons used as test compounds. Values of 0.25 for minimum h at an optimum ν of 16 are estimated, which permit separations with around 400,000 plates per meter to be obtained in less than 5 min. Finally, the possibility of estimating the diffusion coefficients of the solutes in the mobile phase from the plot of the height of a theoretical plate versus electroosmotic flow velocity is shown.
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  • 80
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 413-429 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary electrophoresis ; enantiomer separation ; chiral drugs ; TM-γ-cyclodextrin ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---High-throughput screening is a promising new approach in analytical chemistry. Within the framework of an extended screening program (The German-Chinese Drug Screening Program), the enantioseparation of 86 drugs was investigated by capillary zone electrophoresis in the presence of the chiral solvating agent (CSA) octakis-(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-γ-cyclodextrin (TM-γ-CD). By this means, 15 drugs could be separated into enantiomeric pairs. Approximate measures for the degree of interaction (migration retardation factor, Rm) and for the degree of enantiomer recognition (migration separation factors, αm) revealed intriguing patterns that were compared with those found for native γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD). Although there is a distinct influence of the analyte structure on the electrophoretic data, interpretation remains difficult. Most remarkably, permethylation of γ-CD leads neither to a higher affinity nor to better chiral recognition, in contrast to the findings with α-CD.
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  • 81
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 445-448 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: O-Aryl,O-(1-methylthioethylideneamino)phosphates ; retention prediction ; quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) ; reversed-phase HPLC ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Using factor analysis and stepwise linear regression methods, two parameters - CMR and ECCR - were selected from eight solute-related structure parameters as the most retention-influencing parameters. The relationships between the retention data (k ´) and the two structure parameters were established for 13 O-aryl,O-(1-methylthioethylideneamino)phosphate compounds under a wide range of experimental conditions. The retention data (k ´) of another seven compounds with similar structures were predicted using these QSRR equations. Good agreement was obtained between the experimental k ´ values and predicted ones.
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  • 82
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 525-530 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Packed capillary liquid chromatography ; temperature programming ; Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ; polymer additives ; pneumatic nebulization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Temperature-programmed packed capillary liquid chromatography has been coupled off-line to Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, utilizing a commercially available interface with a pneumatic nebulizer rebuilt to handle low flow rates at elevated temperatures. The modified interface showed excellent performance with regard to non-aqueous reversed phase separations of polymer additives, resulting in constructed Gram-Schmidt chromatograms comparable to chromatograms obtained using UV detection. The spray of the in-house constructed nebulizer was not influenced by temperature changes of the column effluent, and hence temperature-programmed gradient separations could be used successfully. The relative standard deviation of peak height was 4.4% (n = 5) and the mass limit of detection was determined to be about 40 ng, using a polymer antioxidant as model compound. The present instrumental coupling has been used for characterization of the antioxidant Irgafos P-EPQ.
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  • 83
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 531-538 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary isotachophoresis ; capillary electrophoresis ; column-coupling electrophoresis ; enantiomers ; chiral ; amino acids ; tryptophan ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The ability of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) coupled on-line with capillary isotachophoresis (ITP) sample pretreatment in the column-coupling capillary electrophoresis equipment to separate trace enantiomers present in samples of complex ionic matrices and enantiomers present in their mixtures at significantly differing concentrations has been studied. Enantiomers of 2,4-dinitrophenyl labeled norleucine (DNP-Nleu) and tryptophan enantiomers were employed as model analytes in this work while urine and mixtures of tryptophan enantiomers of differing concentrations served as model samples. Experiments performed with urine samples spiked with the DNP-Nleu racemate at sub-μmol/L concentrations demonstrated excellent sample pretreatment capabilities of ITP (concentration of the analytes, in-column and post-column sample clean up) when coupled on-line with chiral CZE separations. In the CZE separations of enantiomers present in the samples at trace concentrations the sample pretreatment could be performed in both achiral and chiral ITP electrolyte systems. The use of a chiral electrolyte system was found to be essential in the ITP pretreatment of the samples containing the enantiomers at very differing concentrations. For example, a 2×10-7 mol/L concentration of L-tryptophan could be detected in the CZE separation stage of the ITP-CZE combination in samples containing about a 104 excess of D-tryptophan only when the ITP pretreatment was carried out in the electrolyte system providing the resolution of enantiomers (α-cyclodextrin served for this purpose in the present work). A post-column ITP sample clean up was found effective in enhancing the destacking rate of the trace enantiomer in the CZE stage when the migration configuration of the enantiomers was less favorable (the trace constituent migrating behind the major enantiomer).
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  • 84
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 554-560 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Comprehensive gas chromatography ; multidimensional gas chromatography ; essential oils ; coupled column analysis ; high resolution analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The essential oils from French lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) were separated by the two-dimensional GC technique of comprehensive gas chromatography. A coupled column combination of non-polar (5% phenyl equivalent) and polyethylene glycol phase columns was used to provide the desired resolution performance. By using a range of known standards, some of the peaks in lavender oil can be assigned. Some of these also occur in tea tree oil; however, from our knowledge of the major constituents in this oil and their relative retention behaviour, most of the major peaks may be tentatively assigned within the 2-dimensional separation space. There appear to be elution patterns within the 2-D space which should be useful in correlating retention with chemical and structural properties of the components, although this will require further evaluation. A range of coeluting peaks, which may not be so readily separated by using a single column capillary GC analysis, are resolved in the experiment described.
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  • 85
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 619-627 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Enantiomer separation ; mixed chiral selectors ; modified cyclodextrins ; gas chromatography ; PCB ; o,p´-DDD ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Columns containing different types of cyclodextrin derivatives have been evaluated for chiral gas chromatographic separation of atropisomeric PCBs, o,p´-DDT and o,p´-DDD. Separation was attempted on columns containing mixed chiral selectors, and the performance of two closely related selectors was also examined. The cyclodextrins were: permethylated-β-CD (PM-β-CD), heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-CD (2,3-M-6-TBDMS-β-CD), heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-hexyldimethylsilyl)-β-CD (2,3-M-6-THDMS-β-CD), and heptakis(2,3-di-O-ethyl-6-O-tert-hexyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin (2,3-E-6-THDMS-β-CD). The cyclodextrins were dissolved in OV-1701 or in a dimethylsiloxane/silarylene copolymer containing 5% phenyl in the backbone. The application of mixed chiral selectors led to improved separations, however; at most eleven PCB congeners were separated on a single column. Chiral resolution of o,p´-DDD was achieved. The use of a dimethylsiloxane/silarylene copolymer as a matrix for the cyclodextrins is a promising approach. With such a matrix, blocking of the CD cavities by silicone substituent groups can be avoided, and a reasonable CD solubility can be provided. The selectivity of heptakis(2,3-di-O-ethyl-6-O-tert-hexyldimethylsilyl)-β-CD and heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-hexyldimethylsilyl)-β-CD was quite different, the former selector could separate four congeners, while the latter separated ten congeners.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 576-582 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; amino acid enantiomers ; D-amino acids ; physiological fluids ; mammals ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Quantities of D-amino acids were determined in body fluids (urine, blood plasma and blood serum, milk) of mammals (hamster, horse, bovine, sheep, pig, and dog). Amino acids were isolated using a cation exchanger and converted into their N(O)-pentafluoropropionyl (or trifluoroacetyl) amino acid 2-propyl esters. Enantiomers were separated and quantified on a Chirasil-L-Val capillary column with mass spectrometric detection using selected ion monitoring. D-Enantiomers of most protein L-amino acids were detected. Largest absolute and relative amounts in most cases were determined for D-Ser and D-Ala in urine. Stereoisomers of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid were also measured in bovine, ovine, and porcine urine. Since D-amino acids were detected in all representative classes of the major orders of Mammalia, namely Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Rodentia, and Carnivora, and taking reports in the literature into account, it is postulated that D-amino acids occur in all mammals.
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  • 87
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 595-599 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC-MS/MS ; PCDDs ; PCDFs ; human tissue ; fish tissue ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---This paper outlines the possibilities of selectivity and sensitivity enhancement in measuring PCDD/F congeners using an ion trap GC-MS/MS. The pressure of the collision gas and the collision energy were optimized. The modified GC-MS/MS method was applied to the determination of PCDDs and PCDFs in human and fish tissues. Limits of quantification were about 1 pg/g of fat for all seventeen 2378 PCDD/Fs tested (starting amount of fat, 2 g).
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: On-line coupling HPLC/NMR ; HPLC/ESI-MS ; (2E,4Z)-decadienoic acid ; Agromyces spec ; isolation ; structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
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  • 89
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 497-501 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Historical remarks ; modern separation methods ; gas chromatography ; selective sorbents ; selectors ; discovery process ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---The research conducted and the discoveries during the development of chromatography are briefly surveyed, with emphasis being placed on gas chromatography. Some actors are presented who played major roles en route from Tswett's original discovery to modern separation methods. The article is based mainly on personal memories and encounters. A few examples of the participation of our country in the development of chromatography are mentioned as well as international contacts. Some remarks are made on the use of selective sorbents or selectors in modern analytical separations. The paper closes with a few comments on the “philosophy” of the discovery process.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Comprehensive two-dimensional GC ; time-of-flight ; oil analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---In this work a comprehensive two-dimensional system (GC×GC) was coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF/MS) for the analysis of oil samples. Group-types like the alkanes and saturated cyclic compounds (naphthenes), which are present in oil, are shown separately by selecting their unique masses. On selecting appropriate ion fragments, this method also permits the determination of sulfur- and oxygen-containing species in oil. Former results obtained by FID detection could be confirmed. After proper selection of unique ions in GC×GC-TOF both selectivity and sensitivity increase.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 515-518 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (c-SFC) ; coal analysis ; SFE ; instrumentation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---This work describes the construction and evaluation of a simple and versatile capillary supercritical fluid chromatographic (SFC) system and its application to the analysis of liquid fuels obtained by SFE. The modular supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) system uses a syringe pump, a fused silica capillary column (100 μm i.d., coated with a 0.2-μm thick film of 5% phenylpolymethylsiloxane), a FID detector, and a high pressure injection valve with a 60-nL internal loop. Coal-derived samples were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of a Brazilian high-inertinite coal from Amando Simões mine, located in Paraná state (Brazil) using toluene as solvent and operating in the static mode. SFE was followed by preparative liquid chromatography fractionation into eight discrete fractions (PLC-8 method). Two of those fractions (F-2 and F-8) were used to evaluate the proposed set-up. The system described proved to be simple, easy-to-use, and versatile when used in the analysis of a range of samples from low molecular weight-low volatility (F-2) to higher molecular weight-high polarity asphaltols (F-8).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 27-38 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Monolith ; continuous bed column ; convective interaction media ; membrane chromatography ; membrane adsorber ; HPMDC ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Monolithic stationary phases have revolutionized protein chromatography because they combine speed, capacity, and resolution in a unique manner. Since such stationary phases contain no particles but only flow-through pores, the usual mass transfer restrictions to the chromatography of large molecules are not observed and extremely fast separations become possible. Recently the area of application of monolith chromatography has been extended to the separation and analysis of small molecules and plasmid DNA. This review summarizes the state of art in high performance monolith and especially high performance monolithic disk chromatography (HPMDC). The current understanding of the theory of protein HPMDC is summarized, while an introduction to the evolving field of small molecule HPMDC is attempted. The basic differences between the monolithic disks and columns packed with conventional stationary phases (including perfusion and micropellicular particles) but also monolithic columns (porous rods) are outlined. Finally, the potential of HPMDC to analytical and preparative biochromatography is demonstrated by a discussion of recent applications of chromatographic disks for protein isolation and bioprocess analysis.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 44-46 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: In situ molecular imprinting ; continuous polymer rod ; miniaturized column ; chiral recognition ; diastereoselectivity ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Molecularly imprinted continuous polymer rods are prepared inside PEEK tubes of 1 mm i. d. by an in situ preparation technique; and chiral separations on such media have been demonstrated. The miniaturized column filled with (-)-cinchonidine-imprinted or (+)-cinchonine-imprinted polymer rods based on a copolymer of 2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate permitted diastereoseparation of (-)-cinchonidine and (+)-cinchonine; the template molecule is retained to a greater extent than the corresponding antipode. Increasing the amount of cyclohexanol in the polymerization mixture decreased the backpressure of the resultant rod and the addition of latex beads suspended in water to the prepolymerization mixture affected the selectivity and affinity of the imprinted polymer rods. The column length is adjusted easily by cutting, thus allowing easy control of retention behavior and analysis time.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 59-66 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Enantiomeric separation ; capillary electrochromatography ; positively charged polyacrylamide gel ; allyl carbamoylated β-cyclodextrin derivatives ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The novel enantiomeric separation of acidic and neutral compounds by capillary electrochromatography with β-cyclodextrin-bonded positively charged polyacrylamide gels was examined. The columns used are capillaries filled with a positively charged polyacrylamide gel, a so-called monolithic stationary phase, to which allyl carbamoylated β-CD derivatives covalently bind. The capillary wall was activated first by bifunctional reagent to make the resulting gel bind covalently inside the fused-silica tubing. Enantiomeric separations of sixteen acidic and two neutral compounds were achieved using the above-mentioned columns and 200 mmol dm-3 Tris-300 mmol dm-3 boric acid buffer (pH 8.1) as a mobile phase. High efficiencies of up to 150 000 plates m-1 were obtained for dansyl-DL-amino acids. The within-run and between-run reproducibilities of retention time and separation factor were examined for three dansyl-DL-amino acids and warfarin. The relative standard deviations of the within-run and between-run reproducibilities of retention time were less than 1.2 and 1.3% over the six injections, respectively. Those of the separation factor were less than 0.3 and 0.2%, respectively. The gel-filled capillaries were stable for at least four months with intermittent use.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Enantioselective gas chromatography ; cyclodextrins ; heptakis(2,6-di-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-β-cyclodextrin ; heptakis(2,6-di-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-3-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin ; heptakis(3,6-di-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-2-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin ; octakis(2,6-di-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-3-O-methyl)-γ-cyclodextrin ; thermodynamic parameters ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Separation factors and thermodynamic data for the separation of various chiral analytes on different di-O-tert-butyldimethyl-silylated cyclodextrin derivatives are collected and described. Modifying the substitution pattern of the tert-butyldimethylsilyl group in position 2 and 3 or changing from β- to γ-cyclodextrin significantly affects the separation properties of the cyclodextrin derivatives.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 583-589 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Monofunctionalized cyclodextrins ; enantioselective capillary-HPLC ; immobilized chiral stationary phases ; separation of chiral drugs ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl-3-O-pentyl)-β-cyclodextrin was monofunctionalized by the regioselective introduction of exactly one ω-epoxyoctyl group at the primary site of the cyclodextrin. The site-specifically substituted cyclodextrin was immobilized to commercially available aminopropyl silica by nucleophilic opening of the epoxy function of the spacer substituent resulting in a lipophilic chiral stationary phase with broad applicability for enantiomer separations in capillary-HPLC under reversed-phase conditions.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 600-602 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC separation ; lucidin ; Rubia tinctorum ; anthraquinones ; isocratic elution ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---An HPLC method has been developed for the separation of anthraquinones with particular attention to the determination of lucidin in commercially available sources of Rubia tinctorum aglycones. Variations of chromatographic conditions have been studied in order to provide suitable resolution of anthraquinones under isocratic conditions on an end-capped RP C18-column.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 644-646 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) ; thermal desorption (TD) ; capillary GC-MS ; benzoic acid ; beverages ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE), a recently introduced solventless extraction technique, was applied for the enrichment of benzoic acid in lemon flavored beverages. The stir bar is covered with 50 mg polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and the extraction mechanism is similar to that of solid phase micro extraction (SPME) but the enrichment factor is ca. 100 times higher. SBSE is followed by thermal desorption (TD)-capillary gas chromatography (CGC)-mass spectroscopy (MS). Calibration graphs for benzoic acid were linear from 1 to 1000 ppm for water and diluted soft drinks and the repeatability (n = 6) was less than 5% RSD.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Packed capillary LC ; large volume injection ; temperature programming ; ceramides ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---No abstract
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 677-680 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary ; fast separations ; mass spectrometry ; vacuum ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---There is a constant drive to speed up GC separations. Shorter analysis times provide more analyses per day, which reduces cost. One approach is to reduce column length and column diameter and columns of 0.15 mm i.d. have indeed grown in popularity. However, the majority of applications are still done with 0.25 mm and 0.32 mm columns.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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