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  • 1
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Lifetime of the propagating species and initiation rate constants (ki) were evaluated for the cationic polymerization of p-methoxystyrene initiated by I2, CH3SO3H, BF3O(C2H5)2, and SnCl4. The lifetime was found to be fairly long, ranging from 0.2 to several seconds in 1,2-dichloroethane at 30°C; that for the intermediate generated by iodine (2–6 s) much exceeded the others. The ki value increased in the order: I2 〈 CH3SO3H ≪ BF3O(C2H5)2 ∼ SnCl4.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The spontaneous aquation reaction of Co(NH3)5Br2+ was enhanced by addition of sodium polyethylenesulfonate, an anionic polyelectrolyte. The volume of activation was negative in the absence of the macroions and positive in their presence. This suggests that the macroions dehydrate the activated complex more strongly than the reactants, if it may be attributed solely to the solute-solvent interaction term.
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  • 3
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 35-39 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The morphological influence of water-soluble polymers on the aqueous bilayer aggregate (vesicle and/or lamella) of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide was investigated by electron microscopy. Positively charged polymers and uncharged polymers either destroyed the aggregate or was ineffective. On the other hand, the negatively-charged copolymer of acrylamide and acrylate separated the bilayer and produced smaller vesicles.
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  • 4
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 47-53 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 6
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 7
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 665-670 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary It was found that isotactic polymerization of propylene took place over titanium ion-exchanged Y-zeolite without organometallic compounds. The results obtained have led to the conclusions that Ti4+ species as well as Ti3+ species are active for the polymerization and that neither Ti-alkyl bonds nor Cl ligands are necessarily essential for polymerization of propylene.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new azo monomer (2) was synthesized and copolymerized with styrene. The resulting azo copolymer could be used as an initiator for the acrylonitrile polymerisation yielding grafted copolymers. Quantitative treatment of the grafting experiments leads to the conclusion that the intermediate thiyl radicals show less reactivity towards monomers than phenyl radicals.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Coordination chain polymers of Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), zn(II), and Cd(II) with 5,5-(benzidinebisazo)-8-hydroxyquinoline were synthesized by refluxing a mixture of metal acetate hydrates and ligand (1∶1) in DMSO. From analytical data an empirical formula of ML.2H2O is indicated. Ir spectra reveal coordination through O and N of oxine units, thus forming the polymeric chain; presence of coordinated water is also indicated. Magnetic moments and electronic spectra suggest octahedral geometry around the central metal ion. Besides the presence of 2H2O, TGA shows the order of thermal stability as : Cd∼Zn〉 Mn〉 Co∼Ni∼Cu〉Fe.
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  • 10
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 715-722 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Synopsis Several poly(amidine) and poly(guanidine) copolymers and their hydrochloride salts were synthesized by introducing the functional groups into suitable polymers. The properties of the resulting copolymers were investigated by base and acid titration.
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  • 11
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 697-707 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of PMMA samples of different molecular weights and degrees of copolymerisation have been tested for their crack-healing behavior. Slightly above Tg, a diffusional interpenetration of chain segments takes place. The fracture toughness in the plane of the interpenetrated interface was measured in short- and longtime experiments. After very short penetration times of only 5 min, full material resistance was regained in short-time experiments, whereas the long-time properties were not restored. A qualitative explanation of these effects, based on structural parameters, is given.
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  • 12
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 727-731 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 13
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 723-725 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Divalent metal salts of mono(hydroxyethyl)phthalate (HEP) were considered to be of interest as difunctional ionic monomers and are useful for the preparation of condensation polymers. Recently, Matsuda1 reported the preparation of Ca, Mg and Zn salts of mono-(hydroxyethyl)phthalate and their polymers2–7. He prepared these salts by the reaction of HEP with the respective divalent metal oxides. But so far there was no report on the preparation of Pb2+ and Mn2+ salts of HEP. Since metal dicarboxylates can be obtained by the reaction of organic dibasic acids and metal acetates8, Pb2+ and Mn2+ acetates can similarly react with HEP to give their respective salts at the optimum temperature. We report here the synthesis and characterisation of Pb2+ and Mn2+ salts of mono(hydroxyethyl)-phthalate (HEP).
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  • 14
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 743-748 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract PMMA and PC samples were subjected to several cooling rates from the glass transition temperature. Stress-relaxation data, obtained with these samples under strains larger than the yield strain, were not influenced by the cooling rate previously experienced by the material. This shows that after yielding the effect of previous aging is quickly erased; similar indications, drawn from calorimetric measurements, were already available in (11–12).
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  • 15
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 749-753 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A new type of polymer support for immobilizing enzymes, a copolymer grafted onto nylon was investigated. Polyacrylamide was used and successfully coupled to β-galactosidase (from yeast and bacteria) using two different methods to give activities of the order of 5 units/g of polymer for the yeast enzyme, and 156 units/g for the E.coli enzyme. Lactose did not affect the yield. The azide method gave better results than the glutaraldehyde method. β-galactosidase coupled enzyme was fairly stable but not as good as the free enzyme. Papain was also coupled to the polyacrylamide grafted nylon using both methods; the glutaraldehyde gave better results with 1.5mg of enzyme being coupled for each gram of polymer.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Both asparagine and isoasparagine were converted into polyaspartic acids by refluxing the corresponding aqueous solutions at neutral pH in the presence of a salt. The properties of the resulting polyaspartic acids were studied. The dissociation behavior of the carboxyl groups in the polypeptides were studied by the potentiometric titration. The analysis of the titrational data was performed by a modified Speakman's method. The analysis show that both polyaspartic acids prepared from asparagine and isoasparagine have α- and β-aspartyl residues and the ratio of α- and β-aspartyl residues is 75 ∶ 25∼85 ∶ 15. A possible mechanism for the formation of α- and β-aspartyl residues in the polymer was discussed.
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  • 17
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 181-189 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Conclusions The 13C NMR spectra of H-H PS and H-H PVCH show the influence of the long range order on the chemical shift of several carbons. There is some hope to improve the resolution by the choice of appropriate solvents. The attribution of the lines to specific stereosequences would require the preparation and separation of optically pure dimers and trimers. It is, however, already possible to compare the microstructure of H-H polymers prepared by different chemical ways.
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  • 18
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 215-220 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly-l-lysines containing nucleic acid bases, that is, adenine, thymine, uracil and theophylline were synthesized. The nucleic acid base substituted l-lysine derivatives were prepared from α,N-Cbz-l-lysine and the p-nitrophenyl esters of the carboxyethyl derivatives of the nucleic acid bases. The polymers were obtained from these l-lysine derivatives by the NCA method.
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  • 19
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Treatment of wood meal with aqueous alkali in the presence of anthraquinone at 80°C leads to a conversion of reducing hexose end groups in the polysaccharides to mannonic and gluconic acid end groups. Xylose end groups are oxidized to xylonic and lyxonic acid groups. This leads to a stabilization of the polysaccharides against endwise alkaline degradation.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present paper describes the terpolymerization involving 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane, methyl acrylate, and carbon disulfide, which took place without any added initiator in benzonitrile or dimethylformamide. The structure and composition of terpolymer were determined by NMR and IR spectra, as well as by elemental analysis. A reaction scheme proceeding via zwitterion was proposed (Eq. 2–5).
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  • 21
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 253-258 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(vinyl chloride-g-isobutylene) has been synthesized using mildly dehydrochlorinated (NaOH treated) PVC in conjunction with BCl3 coinitiator. Treatment of PVC with NaOH increases initial thermal dehydrochlorination rate and renders the polymer suitable for efficient grafting. Untreated PVC produces negligible grafting.
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  • 22
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 347-354 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The fragmentation of linear polyethylene of high molecular weight, of normal alkanes, and of other nonbranched poly- α- olefins in a pyrolyzer connected with a gas chromatograph was studied previously. From the evaluation of the fragments longer than C11 or than the respective pentamer random decomposition process was suggested for these polymers. This process was described with characteristic cleavage probabilities for the C-C-bonds in the backbone of the chain. It is not possible to apply this simple model to the decomposition of normal alkanes without consideration of the volatilization. An approach to this problem is presented in this paper.
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  • 23
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 397-402 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary By means of a new tensile rheometer for polymer melts, stress-strain curves σ(ε) and the elastic recovery εR(ε) of a low density polyethylene melt were measured up to total strains ε=7, i.e. stretch λ=1097, at 150°C and two strain rates, ε=0.03 and 0.1 s−1. Tensile tests up to very high strains e give relevant results only if the test performance is characterized by quality parameters which are defined and given in this paper. The test results show a maximum in a as well as in εR at about ε=5.5. Hence, in the range of ε investigated, a rheologically steady-state of flow does not exist.
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  • 24
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 517-522 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The photochemical and thermal cis-trans isomerization of 4,4 -(diamido)azobenzene derivative built in the polyester segment of a segmented poly(ester urethane) has been investigated. The photoisomerization in bulk proceeds more slowly than in solution and lower fractions of cis-isomers are reached in the photostationary state. The thermal cis-trans isomerization follows first order kinetics in polymers with amorphous soft phase but can only be described by two simultaneous first order processes in annealed samples. This is attributed to restrictions in the chain segmental mobility; it is assumed that the isomerization behaviour reflects different molecular motions in the bulk polymer.
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  • 25
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 523-528 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The kinetic theory of crosslinking by step reactions (Kuchanov 1978) may be extended beyond the gel point, and the structure and amount of sol may be described. For random reactions, the kinetic theory yields results identical with the theory of branching processes based on cascade substitution (Gordon 1962, 1975, Dobson 1965). The extension of the kinetic theory may be employed in order to compare deviations between the two theories expected for the dependent reactivities of functional groups.
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  • 26
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 529-534 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The mechanism of initiation of polymerization of methyl acrylate by di-t-butyl peroxalate at 60°C, has been investigated using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl as a radical trapping agent and isolation of the resulting products. The following processes were identified: Tail addition of t-butoxy radicals to monomer, hydrogen abstraction from the methyl group of the monomer and fragmentation of the t-butoxy radicals to methyl radicals followed by tail addition of these to the methyl acrylate.
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  • 27
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 647-652 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The photostabilizing effect of a hindered piperidine derivative was studied in the photooxidation of polypropylene films by following the formation of carbonyl and hydroperoxide groups, as well as the change of concentration of the stabilizer. This additive — the tetramethylpiperidine sebacate — proved to be more effective than hydroxybenzophenone, hydroxybenztriazole or a sulphur containing nickel complex, since no oxidation products were formed after irradiation with 20O Mlxh dose. Addition of the piperidine derivative together with hydroxybenztriazole or with the organic nickel complex was less effective than with hydroxybenzophenone. In latter case concentration of both stabilizers under irradiation decreased at a slower rate than in the case of separate application. The effect of Cyasorb UV 531 and Tinuvin 770 was additive and the spontaneous rupture of the samples took place only after a long period of irradiation (∼ 250 Mlxh).
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  • 28
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Polarized Raman spectra of doubly oriented samples of atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) have been measured. The great usefulness of such polarized spectra has been clarified for the vibrational analysis. The normal coordinate treatments of syndiotactic and isotactic poly(vinyl alcohol) chain models gave good agreement between the observed and calculated frequencies.
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  • 29
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Concentrated solutions (〉20 wt%) of poly (γ -benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG) were investigated using small angle light scattering (SALS). The gels and cholesteric liquid crystals formed in PBLG concentrated solutions, were analyzed in terms of theories previously developed for SALS from crystalline polymers. It was found that there are two types of the fibrillar aggregation of α-helices in gels and furthermore, two types of the orientation correlation of α-helices in cholesteric liquid crystals.
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  • 30
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 691-695 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
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    Notes: Summary In a second example of the functionalization of soluble polymers the conversion of the hydroxyl groups of poly (oxyethylene) into carboxyl groups is reported. As protected carboxyl component, 4-toluenesulfonyl lactic acid ethyl ester was synthesized and was allowed to react with sodium salt of poly(oxyethylene). Polymer-analogous hydrolysis of the di(lactic acid ethyl ester) poly(oxyethylene) yielded the carboxyl derivative of poly (oxyethylene).
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  • 31
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 671-678 
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    Notes: Summary The use of a Ce (IV)-thiomalic acid (Ce4+-TMA) redox system as an initiator in the polymerization of acrylamide (M) in an aqueous medium has been investigated. The Ce4+ forms a 1∶1 complex with TMA, decomposing through free radical mechanism in an acid medium. From 5 to 15% conversion the rate equation is $$R_p = - \frac{{d[M]}}{{dt}} = k[M]^{3/2} [Ce^{4 + } ]^x [TMA]$$ where Rp is the rate of polymerization and x is 0.5 or 1.0 depending upon the concentration of monomer. The overall energy of activation has been calculated to be 9.12 k cal. deg−1 mol−1(38.12 kJ/mol) in the investigated range of temperature (25°–40°C) the degree of polymerization (P) of the polymer is directly proportional to [M]. The number of average molecular weight of the polymer remains unaffected at lower concentration of Ce4+ and is found to decrease at higher concentrations. In this investigation the kinetics and mechanism of the Ce(IV)-thiomalic acid (TMA) redox system to initiate the polymerization of acrylamide has been studied. Acrylamide (E. Merck) was purified by usual methods. Thiomalic acid and eerie ammonium sulfate were used without purification. All solutions were p repared in twice distilled water. The polymerization procedure adopted was similar to the one used by MISRA et al. [3, 4]. The polymerization was followed by quantitative estimation of the double bonds in acrylamide as described [8]. A small variable induction period was observed perhaps due tothe residual oxygen in the thiol solution. Curves were plotted after eliminating the induction period. The average molecular weights of the p olymers were determined by viscosity measurements at 30°C in an aqueous medium using the relationship of DAINTON et al. [2]. $$[\eta ] 30^\circ = 6.8 x 10^{ - 4} \bar Mn^{0.66} $$ Where [η]=intrinsic viscosity of the polymer solution and ¯Mn=molecular weight of the sample.
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  • 32
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  • 33
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 737-741 
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    Notes: Abstract The method of stress relaxation has been used to study the effect of ketones on polyethylene as it changes with temperature. From the observation of the stress relaxation in polyethylene under ketones and its temperature dependence, the activation energy of penetrant-enhanced relaxation of polyethylene caused by ketones were obtained and the effect of ketones on polyethylene were discussed.
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  • 34
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 755-761 
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary β-Galactosidase and glucose oxidase have been immobilized on cellulose-polyacrylamide (C-PAM) graft copolymers, using the azide method or through glutaraldehyde. The original (C-PAM) copolymers were prepared via radiation-induced grafting under controlled conditions by both post-irradiation and simultaneous procedures. The optimum conditions for coupling of the copolymers to the enzymes were established as were the levels of activity of the immobilized enzymes. Grafting by the simultaneous route was seen to be more efficient than postirradiation grafting. Indirect evidence of grafting was found from elemental and thermal analysis. Binding of β-galactoside was found to be more successful than that of glucose oxidase. A relationship between the level of immobilized enzyme activity and the extent of grafting in the copolymer was established for the β-galactosidase system.
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  • 35
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 763-770 
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    Notes: Summary The heat of mixing of polyisobutylene with ethylbenzene was measured from 18.2 to 69.2° C with a Tian-Calvet twin micro-calorimeter, and the exchange enthalpy parameter X12 in Flory's theory was estimated. The X12 obtained was discussed also in comparison with the one based on Manzini model. Further combining with osmotic pressure data, temperature dependence of the entropy parameter Q12 was referred.
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  • 36
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 793-799 
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    Notes: Abstract Styrene oxide of different enantiomeric compositions was polymerized in bulk using a potassium alkoxide initiator. A preferential consumption of the enantiomer in excess was observed. The magnitude of this effect depends on the enantiomeric composition of the initial monomer: the more unbalanced is the latter, the stronger is the stereoelection observed. The stereoelective effect was almost completely suppressed by addition of complexing agents such as crown-ethers or cryptands. The observed phenomena are explained in terms of polymer-chain effects.
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    Notes: Summary The change in the scattering pattern of polyisobutylene fibres following rapid stretching was measured using synchrotron radiation. The half-time for the crystallisation process is approximately 50 seconds. Upon release the crystalline portions disappear immediately.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 845-848 
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 849-856 
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    Notes: Summary The MgCl2 supported TiCl3 catalyst was prepared by grinding the mixture of TiCl3·3Py and MgCl2 in a ball mill. The catalyst was treated either i.vac. at 50–200°C or with alkylaluminum halides to remove the residual pyridine, and propylene polymerization was conducted at 65°C using the resulting catalysts combined with triethylaluminum. The catalyst treated with diethylaluminum chloride showed an extremely high activity for the polymerization.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 857-864 
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    Notes: Summary The elastic equations of state for 2-component networks are derived from a joint Gaussian distribution function composed of Gaussians for each component. The free energy of elasticity is then applied to the case of uni-directional deformations for compatible systems. The stress-strain equations are shown to be equivalent to those for a single component network except in the case where the macroscopic strain is sufficient to cause the ratio of average chain lengths of the components to change with the strain. The stress-strain equations are developed for both dry and swollen networks.
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  • 41
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    Notes: Summary The concentration dependence of the elasticity modulus (G) of gels produced by heating soybean globulins (SBG) has been investigated in the concentration range C=7.5–58.4%. The tests included constant rate loading and stress relaxation. The experimental results are presented in the form of a modulus reduction parameter b(C)=G(C) / G(C∘), where C∘=15% corresponds to the standard reference state. Whatever the testing conditions, the results are described by a single smooth curve similar, to a constant factor, to the concentration dependence of the equilibrium elasticity modulus of SBG gels. The experimental relationship b (C) agrees with the theoretical concentration dependence of the equilibrium polymer gel modulus according to Hermanns if it is assumed that the gel-point of SBG, Co=6.6 %. Within an order of magnitude this value of Co is consistent with the experimental data. We have to thank the European Branch Director of Central Soya Intern., Inc., Mr.J.F.Casey for kindly providing us defatted soya flour.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 897-907 
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    Notes: Summary This paper describes new fire-resistant bisphenol A and monoalkyl monoalkaline bis(hydroxy-4 phenyl) alkyl phosphonate copolycarbonates. We show that inclusion of minute quantities (in molar percentages of 0.5 to 1%) of monoalkaline potassium salts of bis(hydroxy-4 phenyl)-alkyl phosphonic acid considerably improves the fire-resistant of the bisphenol A polycarbonate. We obtain oxygen indices of 34 to 35.
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  • 43
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    Notes: Summary Spontaneous alternating copolymerizations of 2-phenyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane (MN) with p- and with o-formylbenzoic acids (ME) were examined. The copolymerizations took place without catalysts affording the copolymer 3 via zwitterion 6. The copolymerizations involve the oxidation of the phosphorus monomer and the reduction of formylbenzoic acid. The scheme of the copolymerizations was presented. The yields of copolymers were quite different between these two copolymerizations. With ortho acid, the copolymer yield was low due to producing phthalide 4.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 167-170 
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    Notes: Summary A new reversible photochromic copolymer of maleic anhydride with styrene containing azo side groups was prepared. The system reacts to irradiation by a reversible trans-cis photoisomerization of light-sensitive azo groups. Irradiation also causes a change in the refractive index, so that the polymer may be employed in recording optical information in the form of phase hologram. The resolution of the material is higher than 2000 lines/mm. In spite of the large variability of organic compounds, according to available information only two groups of compounds have been utilized in the reversible recording of volume phase holograms. These are dimers of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons (Tomlinson et al. 1972) and stilbene derivatives (Anonym 1974). In this paper we describe a new reversible material for recording volume phase holograms (Matějka et al. 1978).
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  • 45
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    Notes: Summary Alternating copolymerization of 2-acryloxypropionic acid (APA) as a new MN with two MN monomers of phosphorus containing ethylene phenyl phosphonite (EPO) and ethylene phenyl phosphite (EPI) have been disclosed. Copolymerizations took place without added catalyst to produce 1∶1 alternating copolymers of APA-EPO and of APA-EPI. The structures of the copolymers were determined by IR and NMR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, as well as the identification of the alkaline hydrolysis products. The copolymerizations were explained in terms of a mechanism of zwitterion intermediates involving a hydrogen transfer process.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 191-198 
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 199-204 
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    Notes: Synopsis Poly (ester)s are degraded by the attack of classical carbenium ions. In a representative study it is demonstrated that the carbenium ions are by far more reactive to cleave ester linkages than are protons. The change of molecular weight distribution of the poly-(ester) during reaction with carbenium ions is reported In an example on low molecular weight compounds the reaction path has been clarified.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 221-225 
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    Notes: Summary Various attempts to induce the anionic polymerisation of 2-vinylfuran and some of its homologues were carried out. Negative results were obtained, except with sodium biphenyl in hexamethylphosphotriamide, a system which gave limited yields and not a living polymerisation. The results are interptreted on the basis of side reactions of the furan ring marring the normal vinyl propagation, A critical discussion of previous conflicting reports is also given.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 233-237 
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    Notes: Summary Investigation of the photochemistry of benzoin derivatives in a polymer medium leads to the suggestion that oxygen play an important part in the first processes which occur under U.V. irradiation. This is of interest for the understanding of the photocrosslinking process.
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    Notes: Summary A brief kinetic study is reported of the polymerisation of ethylene catalysed by four aluminium-titanium chloro-organic complexes, three of which are new. These systems proved efficient both in terms of polymerisation rate and of the linearity of the high polymers obtained. A comparison is made with previous work in this field.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 415-420 
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    Notes: Summary Cyclopentadienylation of PVC with alkaline (NaCPD, LiCPD) and acidic (Me2CPDAl) cyclopentadienylating agents has been investigated. In terms of product quality (absence of discoloration, gelation) Me2 CPDAl was found to be a superior cyclopentadienylating agent than NaCPD and LiCPD.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 427-431 
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    Notes: Summary In a first example of the functionalization of soluble polymers the conversion of the hydroxyl groups of poly(oxyethylene) into primary amino groups has been studied. Starting from poly(oxyethylene), the preparation of the diphthalimido derivative via the disodium salt is described. Prom this regiospecific functionalized polymer the di(aminoethyl) poly(oxyethylene), which exhibits excellent solubility properties, can be obtained by polymeranalogous hydrazinolysis.
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that the probability for the formation of alternating macromolecules by monomer donor-acceptor complexes can be determined from the microtacticity of the copolymers. If the stereoregularity in the alternating copolymerization is described by the Bernoullian trial two other probabilities concerning the meso-diad formation can be determined by this method. If the stereoregularity is described by the first order Markov chain the transition probabilities can be calculated. Thus a more detailed analysis of the propagation mechanism in alternating copolymerization can be carried out.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 433-436 
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    Notes: Summary Cationic copolymerination of α-MS and IBVE was successfully carried out using “H2O”/EtAlCl2 initiator system and CH2Cl2 solvent at −50°C. The effect of monomer feed concentration on the copolymer yield and composition was studied. Small concentrations of IBVE had significant effect on the copolymer yield and composition, while that of α-MS had only marginal effect. Tg of the copolymers was linearly dependent on the α-MS content strongly indicating that the copolymerization was of random nature.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 459-464 
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    Notes: Summary The Stefan-Winkelmann diffusion technique has been used to determine vapor pressures of high boiling point compound-solvents mixtures. Data are reported at a temperature of 67°C for the mixtures polyphenyl ether (6 rings) — benzene and carbowax 1500 — benzene and at a temperature of 100°C for the mixtures polyphenyl ether (6 rings) — toluene and tricresylphosphate-toluene. The range of concentration is only limited by the appearance of a solid phase, and results are in good agreement with those determined by vapor pressure osmometry.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 469-473 
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    Notes: Summary 1-isopropenyl anthracene was dimerized by reaction with TiCl4 in CH2Cl2 and the structure of the dimer studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The spectrum was assigned and is in agreement with simulation. The structure results from the attack of carbocation on carbon 9.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 475-479 
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    Notes: Summary 9-isopropenyl phenanthrene was dimerized by reaction with TiCl4, in CH2Cl2 and the structure of the dimer studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The structure results from the attack of carbocation on carbon 9.
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    Notes: Summary Radical copolymerisation of MMA(r1) and NVC(r2) yields values of the apparent reactivity ratios r1 = 1.80, r2 = 0.06 (benzene) and r1 = 0.57, r2 = 0.75 (methanol) at 55°C. It is suggested that the apparent increase in reactivity of NVC in methanol arises from high local monomer concentrations due to formation of microphases containing the growing copolymer chains in which NVC is preferentially partitioned. Fluorescence emission and u.v. absorption spectra for copolymers prepared in both solvents are identical and consistent with the occurrence of only very short sequences of NVC units.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 569-573 
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    Notes: Summary The anionic polymerization of δ-valerolactone in tetrahydrofuran with lithium tert-butoxide was found to give a living ring-chain equilibrium system, in which the cyclic oligomers are produced by back-biting degradation from the initially formed linear polymers. The molar cyclization equilibrium constant for the trimer through hexamer decreased in proportion to −2.5 power of the ring size, in accord with the Jacobson-Stockmayer theory.
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    Notes: Synopsis It was confirmed by EPR that 4-amino-2,2,6,6--tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMP-NH2) is cleaved by chymotrypsin from 4-(N-glycyl-L-phenylalanyl)amino −2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl attached as a substrate with paramagnetic leaving group to the end of side chains of water soluble hydroxypropyl methacrylamide (HPMA) compolymers.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 599-602 
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    Notes: Summary γ-Ethyl-L-glutamate derivatives having pendant nucleic acid bases, that is, uracil, adenine and theophylline were synthesized. The γ-ethyl-L-glutamate having theophylline moiety was polymerized by using the N-carboxyamino acid anhydride (NCA) method.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 619-623 
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    Notes: Summary The analytical relationship between the molecular weight averages obtained from an experimental GPC elu tion curve and the true ones is calculated by use of one integration method in order to solve the convolution integral. The knowledge of these relationship signifies an useful tool to carry out critical considerations on the operation of different methods existing for the calculation of the spreading correction and for the elaboration of the calibration function.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 625-629 
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 653-657 
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    Notes: Summary The polymerization of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (trimer) is studied in different solvents. A soluble low molecular weight polymer is obtained when benzene is the solvent, a highly cross-linked polymer when cyclohexane is the solvent, and a mixture of soluble and insoluble polymers results when the solvent is chlorobenzene. The conversion-concentration curve for the trimer shows a dependence of the amount of soluble and insoluble polymer formed on the trimer concentration. No polymerization took place when the solvent was toluene, nitrobenzene or THF, but a reaction between solvent and trimer was detected.
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    Polymer bulletin 1 (1979), S. 659-664 
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    Notes: Summary The effect of radiation on the mechanical behaviour of the crosslinked copolymer of maleic anhydride and styrene containing photochromic azo groups was investigated. The analysis of results of the observed photomechanical conversion proved a considerable influence of the thermal effect in addition to the effect of photoisomerization of the photochrome. The interpretation of some photomechanical experiments described earlier may be obscured by a rise in temperature caused by the absorption of radiation.
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    Colloid & polymer science 257 (1979), S. 977-980 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Notes: Summary Aluminium hydroxide gels were recrystallised in high pH solution for 2–1000 hr to give a series of gibbsite powders of different surface areas, 1`11/2, P11/8, P11/48, P11/360 and P11/X; their average platelet lengths were 30, 60, 130, 260 and 450 nm. The dissolution equilibria of these powders in sodium hydroxide solutions of C=1-8 M were studied at 20° to 80°C. The equilibrium constants (for formation of diaquo-tetrahydroxoaluminate anion) increased with temperature and with increasing surface area; the K value for P11/2 was about four times that of P 11/X at 20 °C and about three times (that for P 11/X) at 80 °C. The dissolutions were endothermic; however, the value over this temperature range increased from −29.5 kJ mol−1 (for P11/X) to −24.7 kJ (for P 11/2). This increase was related to the appreciable surface energies of the high surface-area materials. The (− ΔG°) values increased with increasing temperature and in turn with increasing surface area; the (− ΔG°) values for 1`11/2 dissolution at any temperature were about 4 kJ mol−1 higher than those for P11/X dissolution.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The spherical averaging of the paracrystalline lattice factor for isotropic structures is carried out. These scattering curves differ markedly from the neutron small angle scattering curves from model networks with deuterium labelled crosslinks. A description of the experimental curves with a pair correlation function of the real gas type seems possible.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Rotationsmittelung des parakristallinen Gitterfaktors für vollständig isotrope Strukturen wird durchgeführt. Die Neutronenkleinwinkelstreukurven von Modellnetzwerken mit deuteriummarkierten Netzpunkten können damit nicht beschrieben werden. Hingegen erscheint eine Beschreibung unter Annahme der Paarkorrelationsfunktion eines realen Gases in Übereinstimmung mit dem Experiment zu sein.
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    Colloid & polymer science 257 (1979), S. 1009-1011 
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    Colloid & polymer science 257 (1979), S. 1012-1012 
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    Colloid & polymer science 257 (1979), S. 1013-1013 
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    Colloid & polymer science 257 (1979), S. 1014-1014 
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    Colloid & polymer science 257 (1979), S. 934-941 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß von Schrumpfspannungen auf das mechanische Verhalten von Partikeln mit verstärkten Mischkörpern untersucht. Mittels analytischen Ausdrücken wurden wirkliche Systeme behandelt und der Einfluß der verschiedenen Parameter untersucht. Durch Energiebetrachtungen wurde ein Vergleichsmodul bestimmt, der auch für die Verformungsarbeit maßgebend ist, die durch Schrumpfspannungen in den belasteten Mischkörper eingeführt wird. Dies stellt einen Parameter dar, der nützlich für die Untersuchung der Bedingungen ist, unter denen Reißen oder Bruch des Mischkörpers aus der kombinierten Wirkung von ausgeübten und bleibenden Spannungsfeldern auftreten kann.
    Notes: Summary The effect of shrinkage stresses on the mechanical behaviour of particle composites was investigated. By means of analytical expressions, actual systems were considered, and the effect of the various parameters was studied. Energy considerations were applied to determine an “equivalent” bulk modulus, accounting also for the additional strain energy introduced into the composite upon loading, due to shrinkage. This is a useful parameter for the investigation of the conditions under which cracking or fracture of the composite may occur, as result of the combined action of applied and residual stress fields.
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    Colloid & polymer science 257 (1979), S. 1015-1015 
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 1-3 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine vorläufige Studie der Morphologie und der Kettenorientierung von vier Polydecamethylenoxyd-Fraktionen niederen Molekulargewichtes, die aus verdünnter Methylalkohol-Lösung kristallisiert wurden, wird wiedergegeben. Die Einzelkristalle zeigen bevorzugt die orthorhombische Projektion der Einheitszelle, obgleich einige auch die Polytetrahydrofuranstruktur präsentieren. Die charakteristischen Röntgenstrahllangperioden deuten in allen Fällen auf eine kettengefaltete Kristalloberfläche hin.
    Notes: Summary A preliminary study on the morphology and chain orientation of four low molecular weight poly(decamethylene oxide) fractions crystallized from ethyl alcohol diluted solution is reported. The single crystals predominantly show the polyethylene orthorhombic unit cell projection although some also present the polytetrahydrofuran structure. The characteristic X-ray long periods obtained are indicative in all cases of a chain folded crystal surface.
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 892-897 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this paper circular structures in 6-polyamidespherulithes are reported. By using selected electron micrographs the characteristic features are described. It is shown that the circular structures cannot be explained solely as banded spherulithes which are formed by radially twisting lamellae. Using special techniques specimens were obtained, in which spherulithes in a different development phase were surrounded by glassy material. In these glassy areas circular features could also be observed, which follow the contours of the spherulithes. To explain this observation it is suggested that there are stationary fluctuations in concentration or thickness distribution, before solidification takes place. Growing spherulithes then have to follow these fluctuations. This concept allows all observations to be understood.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über das Auftreten von Ringsystemen in Polyamid-6-Sphätolithen berichtet. An ausgewählten elektronenmikroskopischen Aufnahmen werden die Merkmale der Ringsysteme beschrieben, Es zeigt sich, daß die hier auftretenden Ausbildungsformen nicht allein mit dem Modell der tordierten Lamelle erklärt werden können. Durch spezielle Techniken wurden außerdem Präparate hergestellt,, in denen Sphärolithe von unterschiedlichem Ausbildungszustand in glasig erstarrter Umgebung vorlagen. Auch in den glasig erstarrten Bereichen wurden Ringsysteme gefunden, die sich den Konturen der Sphärolithe anpassen. Zur Erklärung dieser Beobachtung wird vorgeschlagen, stationäre Konzentrations- und Dickenverteilungen in den Präparatfilmen bereits vor der Kristallisation bzw. Erstarrung anzunehmen, denen die Sphärolithe beim Wachstum folgen. Mit dieser Vorstellung ließen sich alle beobachteten Erscheinungen verstehen.
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 905-915 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine allgemeine Formel für die Hochfrequenz-Grenzviskosität von verdünnten Polymerlösungen wird abgeleitet.N Perlen miteinander verknüpft mitN-1-Bindungen werden als Modell einer Polymerkette verwendet und die Viskosität berechnet von der Summe der Reibungsverluste aller Perlen. Dabei wird angenommen, daß die Kette frei durchströmt ist und die interne Rotation um die Bindung eingefroren ist, sowie daß die Perlen sich durch hydrodynamische Kräfte unter gewissen geometrischen Spannungen bewegen. Die abgeleitete Formel zeigt Gleichheit zu dem frequenzunabhängigen Term in derErpenbeck-Kirkwood-Theorie für die Viskosität des gleichen Modells. Die Formel wird angewendet auf freibewegliche Ketten, und es wird gezeigt, daß die intrinsic-Grenzviskosität der Kette 2,51 mal größer ist als die eines individuellen Segments, welches aus einer Einzelbindung mit zwei Halbperlen an jedem Ende besteht. Dieses Ergebnis wird mit gegebenen experimentellen Daten für die Hochfrequenzviskosität von Poly-L-glutamatsäure im Zustand der stückweisen Helix und von Polystyrol im hochviskosen Zustand verglichen.
    Notes: Summary A general formula for the high-frequency limiting viscosity of dilute solution of polymers is derived.N beads successively connected withN-1 bonds are employed as the model of a polymer chain and the viscosity is calculated from the sum of frictional loss of each beads, assuming that the chain is free-draining, the internal rotation of the bonds is frozen and the beads move by the hydrodynamic force under some geometrical constraints. The derived formula proves to be equivalent to the frequency-independent term in theErpenbeck-Kirkwood theory on the viscosity for the same model. The formula is applied to a freely jointed chain and it is shown that the intrinsic limiting viscosity of the chain is 2.51 times as large as that of the individual segment which consists of a single bond with two half beads at each ends. This result is compared with existing experimental values of the high-frequency viscosity of poly(L-glutamic acid) in the broken helix state and polystyrene in a highly viscous solvent.
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 929-936 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Abtropffläche bei den geläufigen Stalagmometern erfüllt oft nicht die Ansprüche, nach denen man die bekannten Korrektionsfaktoren vonHarkins undBrown benützen darf, um die richtigen Werte der Oberflächenspannung zu bekommen. Es wurde weiterhin gezeigt, daß diese Korrektionen nicht den Bedingungen entsprechen, bei denen die Ermittlung der dynamischen Oberflächenspannung,γt, stattfindet. Darum wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen der Masse der unter den dynamischen Bedingungen entstehenden Tropfen,Gt, und dem Intervall ihrer Bildung,t, für reine Flüssigkeiten festgestellt. Aus den zu den statischen Bedingungen extrapolierten Werten (für 1/t=0) wurde ein Korrektionsdiagramm (Abhängigkeit von ΔGt auft) konstruiert. Es wurde gefunden, daß die BeziehungG s =Gt - ΔGt = kγt (k ist eine empirische Konstante) nicht nur für reine Flüssigkeiten, sondern auch für Gleichgewicht und dynamische Werte der Tensidlösungen gilt, was mit den Wasserlösungen des Natriumdodecylsulfats demonstriert wurde, wenn für Wasser bestimmte ΔG t-Werte angewendet wurden. Die Methode des Tropfenwiegens ermöglicht also, mit Hilfe der empirischen Korrektionen die Abhängigkeit zwischenγt und dem Alter der statischen Oberfläche in Intervallen von einigen Sekunden bis zum extrapolierten Gleichgewichtswert γ e festzustellen. Ein Vorteil der angeführten Methode sind richtige und gut reproduzierbare Resultate.
    Notes: Summary The tips of capillaries of common stalagmometers do not often meet conditions enabling the application of the well known correction factors according toHarkins andBrown to a correct determination of the surface tension of liquids. It was shown that those corrections are not suitable for the determination of the dynamic surface tension,γt. Therefore, for pure liquids the relationship between the mass of drops formed under dynamic conditions,G t, and their formation interval,t, was determined. By means of theG t values extrapolated to static conditions (1/t=0) a correction graph was designed (dependency of ΔGt ont). It was learnt that the relationshipG s =Gt-ΔGt=kγt (k is the empirical constant) is valid not only for pure liquids but also for equilibrium as well as dynamic surface tension of solutions which was demonstrated on aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate to whichΔG t determined for water were applied. Consequently, the drop weighing method enables, with the help of empirical corrections, to determine the dependency ofγt on the static surface age within the range from several seconds to the extrapolated equilibrium value,γ e The advantage of the above method resides in the fact that it yields correct and well reproducible results.
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 38-47 
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 92-92 
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 92-96 
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 852-874 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this report a survey is given on recent results gathered from the literature, on an investigation of the IUPAC Working Party „Structure and Properties of Commercial Polymers” on Polystyrene, and on measurements carried out by the author on Polystyrene, Polyvinylchloride, Polyethylene, and Polypropylene. Based on these examples which refer to uniaxially oriented thermoplastic polymers there are treated the relations between the stretching conditions, the molecular orientation, the anisotropy of the mechanical properties and the anisotropy of the time, dependences of these properties. In all the investigations performed by the author it was found that the mechanical properties are direct functions of the molecular orientation, independently of the conditions which led to the orientation. Furthermore it turned out that the relaxation spectra of drawn polymers and consequently also the time-dependences of their mechanical properties are considerably influenced by the orientation process.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Bericht gibt einen Überblick über neuere Arbeiten aus der Literatur, eine Untersuchung der IUPAC-Arbeitsgruppe „Structure and Properties of Commercial Polymers” an Polystyrol und über eigene Messungen des Vf. an Polystyrol, Polyvinylchlorid, Polyäthylen und Polypropylen. An Hand dieser Beispiele werden für einachsig orientierte thermoplastische Polymere die Zusammenhänge zwischen den Verstreckbedingungen, dem molekularen Orientierungszustand und der Anisotropie der mechanischen Eigenschaften sowie der Anisotropie ihrer Zeitabhängigkeiten behandelt. In allen vom Vf. untersuchten Fällen wurde gefunden, daß die mechanischen Eigenschaften unmittelbar von der molekularen Orientierung abhängen, unabhängig davon, unter welchen Bedingungen diese Orientierung erreicht wurde. Ferner zeigte es sich, daß das Relaxationszeitspektrum und damit die Zeitabhängigkeiten der mechanischen Eigenschaften durch den Orientierungsvorgang erheblich verändert werden können.
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 881-891 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A report is given on measurements of the spinlattice relaxation timeT 1 of polyisobutylene (PIB) and polycarbonate (PC) in the temperature region 4.5270 K. Both materials show two minima inT 1, a low temperature minimum at about 7 K and a high temperature minimum at about 240 K. Whereas the high temperature minimum is related to classical methyl-group rotation, the low temperature minimum is considered to be due to tunneling methyl groups. The low temperature region is evaluated in accordance with the theory ofS. Clough, yielding tunnel frequencies of 20.3 MHz for PIB and 25 MHz for PC. It is shown that these values, in connection with the activation energy of the classical rotation, allow to make statements on the shape of the hindrance potential of the methyl-group motion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über Messungen der SpingitterrelaxationszeitT 1 an Polyisobutylen (PIB) und Polycarbonat (PC) im Temperaturbereich von 4,5 K-270 K berichtet. Für beide Substanzen weisen die Messungen zwei Minima auf, ein Tieftemperaturminimum bei etwa 7 K und ein Hochtemperaturminimum bei etwa 240 K. Während das Hochtemperaturminimum der klassischen Methylgruppenrotation zugeordnet wird, wird das Tieftemperaturminimum einer Tunnelbewegung der CH3-Gruppen zugeschrieben. Dieser Tieftemperaturbereich wird in Anlehnung an die Theorie vonS. Glough ausgewertet. Für die Tunnelfrequenz der CH3-Gruppen in PIB wird 20.3 MHz und in PC wird 25 MHz berechnet. Es wird gezeigt, daß diese Werte in Verbindung mit der Aktivierungsenergie für die klassische Rotation Aussagen über die Form des Behinderungspotentials der CH3-Grup-penbewegung möglich machen.
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 922-928 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For studying the influence of the side-chains on the state of orderRaman and infrared spectra of the isotactic poly-α-olefins polydodecene-1, polytetradecene-1, polyhexadecene-1 and polyoctadecene-1 were measured at different temperatures. The spectra of the slowly cooled samples show that most sidechain methylene groups form a planar TT-conformation. A change in this structure is observed at the beginning of the first endothermic DTA peak. The most sensitive bands due to this change in the state of order can be found in theRaman spectra in the range of the CH2-bending vibration and in the infrared spectra in the range of the CH2-rocking vibration.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung DieRaman- und Infrarotspektren der isotaktischen Poly-α-olefine Polydodecen-1, Polytetradecen-1, Polyhexadecen-1 und Polyoctadecen-1 wurden bei verschiedenen Temperaturen gemessen, um den Einfluß der Seitenketten auf den Ordnungszustand innerhalb dieser Polymeren zu untersuchen. Aus den Spektren der langsam aus der Schmelze abgekühlten Proben kann geschlossen werden, daß sich die meisten Methylengruppen der Seitenketten in einer planaren TT-Konformation befinden. Mit Beginn des ersten endothermen Peaks der DTA-Kurve wird eine Änderung dieser Struktur beobachtet. Die gegenüber dieser Änderung des Ordnungszustandes besonders empfindlichen Banden finden sich in denRamanspektren im Bereich der CH2-bending-Schwingungen und im Bereich der CH2-rocking-Schwingungen bei den Infrarotspektren.
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 954-959 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We measured the electrical potential across the cell KCl-solution/methylisobutylketone/KCl-solution. The origin of the potential can be explained by two theories: the theory of the diffusion potential and the adsorption theory. The, measurements demonstrate that the diffusion potential is negligible and that the main part of the total potential is given by the difference of the interfacial potentials.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um Aussagen über das Potential einer Konzentrationskette mit einer organischen Flüssigkeit, deren Moleküle stark polarisiert sind, zu bekommen, wurde das System KCI-Lösung/Methyl-isobutylketon/KCl-Lösung untersucht. Für die Interpretierung der Ergebnisse im System dieser Art liegen zwei Theorien vor: Die Theorie des Diffusionspotentials und die Adsorptionstheorie. Es wurde festgestellt, daß das Diffusionspotential in der untersuchten Kette klein und das gemessene Potential durch die Differenz der Phasengrenzpotentiale gegeben ist.
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 937-953 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By applying the theory of the association of water to spread films,Gibbs' equation andSzyszkowski's equation are made more intelligible under molecularkinetic aspects. The adsorption of the polar substances, dissolved in water, at the water/air interface leads to the multistage adsorption isotherm shown in fig. 2, which in this case is neither the adsorption of a pile of several molecule layers, nor a capillary condensation, but the formation of accurately defined states of association in the interface. Its formation is due to the solvates in the interior of the solution which also show clearly defined states of association and were described as “clusters”. These clusters manifest themselves in measurable characteristics, e. g. surface tension, specific gravity, refractive index, in the heat of solution, the solubility limit, etc. Such a cluster should be visualized as an organic molecule surrounded by a defined water shell, the water gathering round the molecule, which provides the matrix, in complex-type or quasi-crystalline state. The cluster is constantly subjected to thermal disturbances and, as analogon to the interface complexes, is thus in a state of equilibrium with the adjacent molecule associations. Owing to theBrownian movement, such clusters only penetrate into the interface if there is an unoccupied space in the interface to which the associations adhere. If this is not the case, the clusters rebound from the interface as from a rigid wall. Arriving in an unoccupied space they get rid of the water ballast forced on them in their state as clusters around the hydrophobic molecule part, thus losing potential energy. It is shown that the energy of the molecule is not capable of transferring to it the required cluster formation energy, which means that a detergent can not get back into the aqueous solution without energy supply, once it is in the air/water interface.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch die Anwendung der von uns entwickelten Vorstellung der Assoziation des Wassers an gespreiteten Filmen werden dieGibbssche Gleichung und dieSzyszkomski-Gleichung molekular-kinetisch dem Verständnis nähergebracht. Die Adsorption der in Wasser gelösten polaren Substanzen an der Luft/Wasser-Grenzfläche führt zu der in Abb. 2 dargestellten mehrstufigen Adsorptionsisotherme. Es handelt sich hierbei nicht um die Adsorption von mehreren Moleküllagen übereinander und auch nicht um eine Kapillarkondensation, sondern um die Ausbildung diskreter Assoziationszustände in der Grenzfläche. Ihre Bildung ist die Folge der im Lösungsinneren befindlichen Solvate, die ebenfalls diskrete Assoziationszustände aufweisen und so als „Cluster” gekennzeichnet wurden. Diese Cluster manifestieren sich im realen Verhalten von Oberflächenspannung, Dichte, Brechungsindex, in der Lösungswärme, in der Löslichkeitsgrenze usw. Ein solches Cluster ist ein mit einer definierten Wasserhülle umgebenes organisches Molekül, bei dem das Wasser komplexartig oder quasi-kristallin um das matrixgebende Molekül lagert. Dieses Cluster ist ständiger thermischer Störung ausgesetzt und steht so als Analogon zu den Grenzflächenkomplexen mit den ihm benachbarten Molekülassoziationen im Gleichgewicht. Derartige Cluster dringen aufgrund derBrownschen Bewegung nur dann in die Grenzfläche ein, wenn eine Leerstelle in der mit Assoziaten besetzten Grenzfläche f rei ist. Andernfalls prallen sie von ihr wie von einer festen Wand ab. Beim Eintritt in die Leerstelle streifen sie den ihnen im Cluster um den hydrophoben Molekülteil aufgezwungenen Wasserballast ab und verlieren somit an potentieller Energie. Es wird gezeigt, daß dieMaxwell-Verteilung der thermischen Energie bei Zimmertemperatur für die in der Grenzfläche befindlichen Moleküle nur zu einem vernachlässigbar kleinen Anteil in der Lage ist, die erforderliche Cluster-Bildungsenergie aufzubringen, so daß ein einmal in der Luft/Wasser-Grenzfläche befindliches Detergenz praktisch nicht mehr in die wäßrige Phase zurück kann.
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 1025-1025 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine Methode entwickelt, die adsorbierte Menge aus hochverdünnten Lösungen von oberflächen-aktiven Substanzen — Natriumdodecylsulfat in gesättigter Ammoniumsulfatlösung-aus Oberflächenspannungs-Konzentrationskurven zu berechnen. Ferner wurde aus diesen Daten die Oberflfichendruck(F)-Fläche pro Molekül(A)-Kurve konstruiert. Sie stimmt mit derjenigen über-ein, die unmittelbar an Natriumdodecylsulfatfilmen auf der Oberflache gesattigter Ammoniumsulfatlösungen gemessen wurde. Die berechnete Menge im Sattigungswert stimmt gut mit derjenigen dberein, die nach radioaktiver Methode gemessen wurde.
    Notes: Summary A method was devised to obtain a correct surface tension vs. equilibrium concentration curve for a very dilute solution of surface active substance, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate dissolved in an aqueous solution of saturated ammonium sulfate, where the decrease of the bulk concentration due to the adsorption is not negligible. Adsorption isotherm was obtained by applyingGibbs adsorption equation to the curve, and the pressure vs. area curve was plotted. The latter plot is in agreement with that directly measured for the spread film on saturated ammonium sulfate solution, the surface pressure of which was obtained by the extrapolation to time zero of the plot of log surface pressure vs. square root of time. The amount of calculated saturation value is in agreement with that directly measured by the radiotracer method. These agreements show the validity of the present method of obtaining surface tension and adsorption isotherms, together with the method of extrapolation to obtain the surface pressure vs. area curve for soluble film.
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 174-174 
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 173-173 
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 173-173 
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 109-113 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Voraussetzungen für die Entstehung von Schichtstrukturen bei der Diffusion von Kalziurnionen in Natriumalginatlösung wurden untersucht. Diese Strukturen bilden sich nur in Abwesenheit von Konvektion. Ihrer Entstehung folgt eine Konzentrierung von Alginat nahe der Diffusionsgrenze. Das Einfrieren und Auftauen von Gelen mit Schichtstruktur führt zur Exfoliation über die Fläche senkrecht zur Diffusionsrichtung.
    Notes: Summary The conditions of the formation of laminated structures during calcium ion diffusion into sodium alginate solution have been investigated. These structures arise only under conditions excluding convection. After their formation the alginate concentrates near the diffusion boundary. Freezing and thawing of the gels with laminated structures leads to their exfoliation over the surfaces perpendicular to the diffusion direction.
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 120-126 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf der Basis der Gleichungen der makroskopischen Theorie der Molekularkräfte wurde der Einfluß der Adsorptionsschicht von Tensiden und der Grenzschicht von Wasser, das eine im Vergleich mit Volumenwasser abgeänderte Struktur aufweist, auf den Spaltdruck des Wassers in symmetrischen und nicht symmetrischen Systemen untersucht. Zur Berechnung wurden die Spektral-charakteristiken der zusammenwirkenden Körper benutzt. Quantitativ ausgewertet ist die Abschirmungswirkung der Adsorptionsschicht von Tensiden der Dicke σ = 10Å für Wasserschichten zwischen den Oberflächen von Quarz und von Gold, sowie für freie Filme und für Wasserfilme, die sich auf den Oberflächen von Quarz und von Gold befinden. Es ist gezeigt worden, daß die strukturellen Veränderungen der Grenzschichten von Wasser nur wenig den H M -Bestandteil des Spaltdruckes beeinflussen. Man hat eine Veränderung des Vorzeichens vom H M -Bestandteil bei einer Veränderung der Dicke von benetzenden Filmen festgestellt. Es hat sich herausgestellt, daß die erhaltenen Resultate in quantitativer Hinsicht wesentlich von den Berechnungen abweichen, die auf der Basis derHamakerschen Gleichung durchgeführt worden sind. Die erhaltenen Isothermen des Spaltdruckes H M (h) mögen von Interesse sein zur Berechnung der Stabilität von Kolloidsystemen und von Flüssigkeitsfilmen.
    Notes: Summary Using the equations of the macroscopic theory ofvan der Waals forces, there has been analyzed the effect of surfactant adsorbed layers and the boundary layers of water with modified structure on the disjoining pressure of water interlayers in symmetrical and nonsymmetrical systems. Calculations have been done based on the spectral properties of interacting bodies. A qualitative assessment of the shielding effect of surfactant layers (σ = 10Å) has been effected for water interlayers between the surfaces of quartz and gold, free films, and wetting films of water on the surface of quartz and gold. The structural modifications of the boundary water layers have been shown to affect but slightly the HM component of disjoining pressure. It has been established that the sign of the H M changes as the thickness of wetting films varies. The quantitative results thus derived have been found to differ substantially from the results of calculations carried out with the use of the Hamaker equation. The obtained isoterms of disjoining pressure HM (h) may prove to be of interest in calculating the stability of colloidal systems and liquid films.
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  • 96
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 174-174 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 97
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 174-175 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 98
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 175-175 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 99
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 844-851 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An increase of internal energy during stretching of “elastic hard” polypropylene fibres can be measured by means of a deformation calorimeter. Comparing the change in internal energy with formation of the specific surface area yields a value of free surface energy σe = 145 erg/cm2. That formation of specific surface area and the decrease during unloading is responsible for the recovery mechanism of the “hard elastic” fibres. Additional there is a part originating in entropic change of interlamellar layers.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit der Methbde der Verstreckungskalorimetrie wird eine Erhöhung der Inneren Energie bei der Deformation von elastischen Hartfasern nachgewiesen. Die Zuordnung der Inneren Energieänderung zur Bildung von Oberflächen in der Probe ergibt einen Wert für die freie Oberflächenenergie von 145 erg/cm2. Diese Bildung von Oberflächen und deren Abbau beim Entlasten wird verantwortlich gemacht für den Rückstellmechanismus der elastischen Hartfasern, in Verbindung mit entropieelastischer Deformation der interlamellaren Bereiche.
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  • 100
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    Colloid & polymer science 253 (1975), S. 875-880 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The internal stress level (σi) can be determined from the time course of creep or stress relaxation. This paper shows the results of a stress relaxation analysis applied to polyethylene samples of varying structure, in the first hand highly oriented (cold-drawn) samples. The σi-level in such samples was substantially higher than that of polyethylene with spherulitic structure. Experiments with varying molecular weight and thermal treatment indicated that the magnitude of the σi-level is probably associated with the state of the amorphous parts. This view is supported by results of measurements on samples subjected to beta-radiation. The ati-level correlates well with the degree of shrinkage resulting from thermal treatment of colddrawn samples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Innere Spannungen (ai) können aus dem Verlauf des Kriechens oder der Spannungsrelaxation bestimmt werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Relaxationsverhalten von in erster Hand kaltgestreckten Polyäthylenproben verschiedener Morphologie analysiert. Kaltgestreckte Proben ergeben höhere σi-Werte als aus der Schmelze kristallisierte Proben. Versuche mit Proben verschiedenen Molekulargewichtes und variierender Wärmebehandlung deuten darauf hin, daß das σi-Niveau hauptsächlich durch die amorphen Anteile beeinflußt wird. Dieser Befund wird auch durch Messungen an elektronenbestrahlten Proben gestützt. Das σi-Niveau zeigt eine gute Korrelation mit der Schrumpfung, die bei Wärmebehandlung an kaltgestreckten Proben beobachtet wird.
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