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  • 1
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    The lesser Pacific Striped Octopus, Octopus chierchiae: an emerging laboratory model (2022)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Grearson, A. G., Dugan, A., Sakmar, T., Sivitilli, D. M., Gire, D. H., Caldwell, R. L., Niell, C. M., Doelen, G., Wang, Z. Y., & Grasse, B. The lesser Pacific Striped Octopus, Octopus chierchiae: an emerging laboratory model. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, (2021): 753483, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.753483.
    Beschreibung: Cephalopods have the potential to become useful experimental models in various fields of science, particularly in neuroscience, physiology, and behavior. Their complex nervous systems, intricate color- and texture-changing body patterns, and problem-solving abilities have attracted the attention of the biological research community, while the high growth rates and short life cycles of some species render them suitable for laboratory culture. Octopus chierchiae is a small octopus native to the central Pacific coast of North America whose predictable reproduction, short time to maturity, small adult size, and ability to lay multiple egg clutches (iteroparity) make this species ideally suited to laboratory culture. Here we describe novel methods for multigenerational culture of O. chierchiae, with emphasis on enclosure designs, feeding regimes, and breeding management. O. chierchiae bred in the laboratory grow from a 3.5 mm mantle length at hatching to an adult mantle length of approximately 20–30 mm in 250–300 days, with 15 and 14% survivorship to over 400 days of age in first and second generations, respectively. O. chierchiae sexually matures at around 6 months of age and, unlike most octopus species, can lay multiple clutches of large, direct-developing eggs every ∼30–90 days. Based on these results, we propose that O. chierchiae possesses both the practical and biological features needed for a model octopus that can be cultured repeatedly to address a wide range of biological questions.
    Beschreibung: The cephalopod program at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) was supported by NSF 1827509 and NSF 1723141 grants. CN received funding from HFSP RGP0042. DG and DS received funding and research support from the University of Washington Friday Harbor Laboratories. ZYW was supported by funds from the Whitman Center at the MBL.
    Schlagwort(e): Iteroparity ; Cephalopod ; Model organism ; Aquaculture ; Reproduction – mollusk ; Developmental biology ; Neurobiology
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  • 2
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    An experimental method for evoking and characterizing dynamic color patterning of cuttlefish during prey capture (2022)
    POL Scientific
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Kim, D., Buresch, K. C., Hanlon, R. T., & Kampff, A. R. An experimental method for evoking and characterizing dynamic color patterning of cuttlefish during prey capture. Journal of Biological Methods, 9(2), (2022): e161, https://doi.org/10.14440/jbm.2022.386.
    Beschreibung: Cuttlefish are active carnivores that possess a wide repertoire of body patterns that can be changed within milliseconds for many types of camouflage and communication. The forms and functions of many body patterns are well known from ethological studies in the field and laboratory. Yet one aspect has not been reported in detail: the category of rapid, brief and high-contrast changes in body coloration (“Tentacle Shot Patterns” or TSPs) that always occur with the ejection of two ballistic tentacles to strike live moving prey (“Tentacles Go Ballistic” or TGB moment). We designed and tested a mechanical device that presented prey in a controlled manner, taking advantage of a key stimulus for feeding: motion of the prey. High-speed video recordings show a rapid transition into TSPs starting 114 ms before TGB (N = 114). TSPs are then suppressed as early as 470–500 ms after TGB (P 〈 0.05) in unsuccessful hunts, while persisting for at least 3 s after TGB in successful hunts. A granularity analysis revealed significant differences in the large-scale high-contrast body patterning present in TSPs compared to the camouflage body pattern deployed beforehand. TSPs best fit the category of secondary defense called deimatic displaying, meant to briefly startle predators and interrupt their attack sequence while cuttlefish are distracted by striking prey. We characterize TSPs as a pattern category for which the main distinguishing feature is a high-contrast signaling pattern with aspects of Acute Conflict Mottle or Acute Disruptive Pattern. The data and methodology presented here open opportunities for quantifying the rapid neural responses in this visual sensorimotor set of behaviors.
    Beschreibung: KCB and RTH acknowledge partial support from the Sholley Foundation.
    Schlagwort(e): Deimatic behavior ; Secondary defense ; Cephalopod ; Body patterning ; Sepia officinalis
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  • 3
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    Dispersion in the open ocean seasonal pycnocline at scales of 1-10 km and 1-6 days (2020)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 50(2), (2020): 415-437, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-19-0019.1.
    Beschreibung: Results are presented from two dye release experiments conducted in the seasonal thermocline of the Sargasso Sea, one in a region of low horizontal strain rate (~10−6 s−1), the second in a region of intermediate horizontal strain rate (~10−5 s−1). Both experiments lasted ~6 days, covering spatial scales of 1–10 and 1–50 km for the low and intermediate strain rate regimes, respectively. Diapycnal diffusivities estimated from the two experiments were κz = (2–5) × 10−6 m2 s−1, while isopycnal diffusivities were κH = (0.2–3) m2 s−1, with the range in κH being less a reflection of site-to-site variability, and more due to uncertainties in the background strain rate acting on the patch combined with uncertain time dependence. The Site I (low strain) experiment exhibited minimal stretching, elongating to approximately 10 km over 6 days while maintaining a width of ~5 km, and with a notable vertical tilt in the meridional direction. By contrast, the Site II (intermediate strain) experiment exhibited significant stretching, elongating to more than 50 km in length and advecting more than 150 km while still maintaining a width of order 3–5 km. Early surveys from both experiments showed patchy distributions indicative of small-scale stirring at scales of order a few hundred meters. Later surveys show relatively smooth, coherent distributions with only occasional patchiness, suggestive of a diffusive rather than stirring process at the scales of the now larger patches. Together the two experiments provide important clues as to the rates and underlying processes driving diapycnal and isopycnal mixing at these scales.
    Beschreibung: Results are presented from two dye release experiments conducted in the seasonal thermocline of the Sargasso Sea, one in a region of low horizontal strain rate (~10−6 s−1), the second in a region of intermediate horizontal strain rate (~10−5 s−1). Both experiments lasted ~6 days, covering spatial scales of 1–10 and 1–50 km for the low and intermediate strain rate regimes, respectively. Diapycnal diffusivities estimated from the two experiments were κz = (2–5) × 10−6 m2 s−1, while isopycnal diffusivities were κH = (0.2–3) m2 s−1, with the range in κH being less a reflection of site-to-site variability, and more due to uncertainties in the background strain rate acting on the patch combined with uncertain time dependence. The Site I (low strain) experiment exhibited minimal stretching, elongating to approximately 10 km over 6 days while maintaining a width of ~5 km, and with a notable vertical tilt in the meridional direction. By contrast, the Site II (intermediate strain) experiment exhibited significant stretching, elongating to more than 50 km in length and advecting more than 150 km while still maintaining a width of order 3–5 km. Early surveys from both experiments showed patchy distributions indicative of small-scale stirring at scales of order a few hundred meters. Later surveys show relatively smooth, coherent distributions with only occasional patchiness, suggestive of a diffusive rather than stirring process at the scales of the now larger patches. Together the two experiments provide important clues as to the rates and underlying processes driving diapycnal and isopycnal mixing at these scales.
    Beschreibung: 2020-08-06
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Atlantic Ocean ; Diapycnal mixing ; Diffusion ; Dispersion ; Mixing
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  • 4
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    Improved statistical method for quality control of hydrographic observations (2020)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37(5), (2020): 789-806, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0244.1.
    Beschreibung: Realistic ocean state prediction and its validation rely on the availability of high quality in situ observations. To detect data errors, adequate quality check procedures must be designed. This paper presents procedures that take advantage of the ever-growing observation databases that provide climatological knowledge of the ocean variability in the neighborhood of an observation location. Local validity intervals are used to estimate binarily whether the observed values are considered as good or erroneous. Whereas a classical approach estimates validity bounds from first- and second-order moments of the climatological parameter distribution, that is, mean and variance, this work proposes to infer them directly from minimum and maximum observed values. Such an approach avoids any assumption of the parameter distribution such as unimodality, symmetry around the mean, peakedness, or homogeneous distribution tail height relative to distribution peak. To reach adequate statistical robustness, an extensive manual quality control of the reference dataset is critical. Once the data have been quality checked, the local minima and maxima reference fields are derived and the method is compared with the classical mean/variance-based approach. Performance is assessed in terms of statistics of good and bad detections. It is shown that the present size of the reference datasets allows the parameter estimates to reach a satisfactory robustness level to always make the method more efficient than the classical one. As expected, insufficient robustness persists in areas with an especially low number of samples and high variability.
    Beschreibung: This study has been conducted using EU Copernicus Marine Service Information and was supported by the European Union within the EU Copernicus Marine Service In Situ phase-I and phase-II contracts led by Ifremer. The publication was also supported by SOERE CTDO2 in France. The Argo data were collected and made freely available by the International Argo Program and the national programs that contribute to it (see http://www.argo.ucsd.edu, http://argo.jcommops.org). The Argo Program is part of the Global Ocean Observing System (http://doi.org/10.17882/42182). The marine mammal data were collected and made freely available by the International MEOP Consortium and the national programs that contribute to it (see http://www.meop.net; https://doi.org/10.17882/45461). Aleix Gelabert and Dídac Costa were the skippers of the OPOO, sponsored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO) and Pharmaton. The BWR is a periodic oceanic race organized by the Fundació Navegació Oceànica de Barcelona (FNOB). Reviewer D. Briand provided some useful comments on the final version of the draft paper before submission.
    Beschreibung: 2020-11-04
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Climatology ; Salinity ; Temperature ; Data quality control ; Oceanic variability
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  • 5
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    Surface expression of a wall fountain: application to subglacial discharge plumes (2020)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 50(5), (2020): 1245-1263, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-19-0213.1.
    Beschreibung: We use laboratory experiments and theoretical modeling to investigate the surface expression of a subglacial discharge plume, as occurs at many fjords around Greenland. The experiments consider a fountain that is released vertically into a homogeneous fluid, adjacent either to a vertical or a sloping wall, that then spreads horizontally at the free surface before sinking back to the bottom. We present a model that separates the fountain into two separate regions: a vertical fountain and a horizontal, negatively buoyant jet. The model is compared to laboratory experiments that are conducted over a range of volume fluxes, density differences, and ambient fluid depths. It is shown that the nondimensionalized length, width, and aspect ratio of the surface expression are dependent on the Froude number, calculated at the start of the negatively buoyant jet. The model is applied to observations of the surface expression from a Greenland subglacial discharge plume. In the case where the discharge plume reaches the surface with negative buoyancy the model can be used to estimate the discharge properties at the base of the glacier.
    Beschreibung: We gratefully acknowledge technical assistance from Anders Jensen and thank anonymous reviewers for improving the clarity of the manuscript. CM thanks the Weston Howard Jr. Scholarship for funding. Support to CC was given by NSF project OCE-1434041 and OCE-1658079.
    Beschreibung: 2020-10-27
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Glaciers ; Ice sheets ; Convection ; Laboratory/physical models
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Surface methane concentrations along the mid-Atlantic bight driven by aerobic subsurface production rather than seafloor gas seeps. (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(5), (2020): e2019JC015989, doi:10.1029/2019JC015989.
    Beschreibung: Relatively minor amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, are currently emitted from the oceans to the atmosphere, but such methane emissions have been hypothesized to increase as oceans warm. Here, we investigate the source, distribution, and fate of methane released from the upper continental slope of the U.S. Mid‐Atlantic Bight, where hundreds of gas seeps have been discovered between the shelf break and ~1,600 m water depth. Using physical, chemical, and isotopic analyses, we identify two main sources of methane in the water column: seafloor gas seeps and in situ aerobic methanogenesis which primarily occurs at 100–200 m depth in the water column. Stable isotopic analyses reveal that water samples collected at all depths were significantly impacted by aerobic methane oxidation, the dominant methane sink in this region, with the average fraction of methane oxidized being 50%. Due to methane oxidation in the deeper water column, below 200 m depth, surface concentrations of methane are influenced more by methane sources found near the surface (0–10 m depth) and in the subsurface (10–200 m depth), rather than seafloor emissions at greater depths.
    Beschreibung: This research was supported by DOE Grant (DE‐FE0028980) to J. K. and by DOE‐USGS Interagency Agreement DE‐FE0026195.
    Beschreibung: 2020-10-04
    Schlagwort(e): Methane ; Ocean ; Isotopes ; Gas seeps ; Mid Atlantic bight ; Oxidation
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    A draft genome sequence of the elusive giant squid, Architeuthis dux (2020)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in da Fonseca, R. R., Couto, A., Machado, A. M., Brejova, B., Albertin, C. B., Silva, F., Gardner, P., Baril, T., Hayward, A., Campos, A., Ribeiro, A. M., Barrio-Hernandez, I., Hoving, H. J., Tafur-Jimenez, R., Chu, C., Frazao, B., Petersen, B., Penaloza, F., Musacchia, F., Alexander, G. C., Osorio, H., Winkelmann, I., Simakov, O., Rasmussen, S., Rahman, M. Z., Pisani, D., Vinther, J., Jarvis, E., Zhang, G., Strugnell, J. M., Castro, L. F. C., Fedrigo, O., Patricio, M., Li, Q., Rocha, S., Antunes, A., Wu, Y., Ma, B., Sanges, R., Vinar, T., Blagoev, B., Sicheritz-Ponten, T., Nielsen, R., & Gilbert, M. T. P. A draft genome sequence of the elusive giant squid, Architeuthis dux. Gigascience, 9(1), (2020): giz152. doi: 10.1093/gigascience/giz152.
    Beschreibung: Background: The giant squid (Architeuthis dux; Steenstrup, 1857) is an enigmatic giant mollusc with a circumglobal distribution in the deep ocean, except in the high Arctic and Antarctic waters. The elusiveness of the species makes it difficult to study. Thus, having a genome assembled for this deep-sea–dwelling species will allow several pending evolutionary questions to be unlocked. Findings: We present a draft genome assembly that includes 200 Gb of Illumina reads, 4 Gb of Moleculo synthetic long reads, and 108 Gb of Chicago libraries, with a final size matching the estimated genome size of 2.7 Gb, and a scaffold N50 of 4.8 Mb. We also present an alternative assembly including 27 Gb raw reads generated using the Pacific Biosciences platform. In addition, we sequenced the proteome of the same individual and RNA from 3 different tissue types from 3 other species of squid (Onychoteuthis banksii, Dosidicus gigas, and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis) to assist genome annotation. We annotated 33,406 protein-coding genes supported by evidence, and the genome completeness estimated by BUSCO reached 92%. Repetitive regions cover 49.17% of the genome. Conclusions: This annotated draft genome of A. dux provides a critical resource to investigate the unique traits of this species, including its gigantism and key adaptations to deep-sea environments.
    Beschreibung: R.R.F. thanks the Villum Fonden for grant VKR023446 (Villum Fonden Young Investigator Grant), the Portuguese Science Foundation (FCT) for grant PTDC/MAR/115347/2009; COMPETE-FCOMP-01-012; FEDER-015453, Marie Curie Actions (FP7-PEOPLE-2010-IEF, Proposal 272927), and the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF96) for its funding of the Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate. H.O. thanks the Rede Nacional de Espectrometria de Massa, ROTEIRO/0028/2013, ref. LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125, supported by COMPETE and North Portugal Regional Operational Programme (Norte2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). A.C. thanks FCT for project UID/Multi/04423/2019. M.P. acknowledges the support from the Wellcome Trust (grant number WT108749/Z/15/Z) and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory. M.P.T.G. thanks the Danish National Research Foundation for its funding of the Center for GeoGenetics (grant DNRF94) and Lundbeck Foundation for grant R52–5062 on Pathogen Palaeogenomics. S.R. was supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation grant NNF14CC0001. A.H. is supported by a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council David Phillips Fellowship (fellowship reference: BB/N020146/1). T.B. is supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council-funded South West Biosciences Doctoral Training Partnership (training grant reference BB/M009122/1). This work was partially funded by the Lundbeck Foundation (R52-A4895 to B.B.). H.J.T.H. was supported by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (#825.09.016), and currently by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under grant HO 5569/2-1 (Emmy Noether Junior Research Group). T.V. and B. Brejova were supported by grants from the Slovak grant agency VEGA (1/0684/16, 1/0458/18). F.S. was supported by a PhD grant (SFRH/BD/126560/2016) from FCT. A.A. was partly supported by the FCT project PTDC/CTA-AMB/31774/2017. C.C. and Y.W. are partly supported by grant IIS-1526415 from the US National Science Foundation. Computation for the work described in this article was partially supported by the DeiC National Life Science Supercomputer at DTU.
    Schlagwort(e): Cephalopod ; Invertebrate ; Genome assembly
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    Coupled genomic evolutionary histories as signatures of organismal innovations in cephalopods: co-evolutionary signatures across levels of genome organization may shed light on functional linkage and origin of cephalopod novelties (2020)
    Wiley
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-27
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ritschard, E. A., Whitelaw, B., Albertin, C. B., Cooke, I. R., Strugnell, J. M., & Simakov, O. Coupled genomic evolutionary histories as signatures of organismal innovations in cephalopods: co-evolutionary signatures across levels of genome organization may shed light on functional linkage and origin of cephalopod novelties. BioEssays, 41, (2019): 1900073, doi: 10.1002/bies.201900073.
    Beschreibung: How genomic innovation translates into organismal organization remains largely unanswered. Possessing the largest invertebrate nervous system, in conjunction with many species‐specific organs, coleoid cephalopods (octopuses, squids, cuttlefishes) provide exciting model systems to investigate how organismal novelties evolve. However, dissecting these processes requires novel approaches that enable deeper interrogation of genome evolution. Here, the existence of specific sets of genomic co‐evolutionary signatures between expanded gene families, genome reorganization, and novel genes is posited. It is reasoned that their co‐evolution has contributed to the complex organization of cephalopod nervous systems and the emergence of ecologically unique organs. In the course of reviewing this field, how the first cephalopod genomic studies have begun to shed light on the molecular underpinnings of morphological novelty is illustrated and their impact on directing future research is described. It is argued that the application and evolutionary profiling of evolutionary signatures from these studies will help identify and dissect the organismal principles of cephalopod innovations. By providing specific examples, the implications of this approach both within and beyond cephalopod biology are discussed.
    Beschreibung: E.A.R. and O.S. are supported by the Austrian Science Fund (Grant No. P30686‐B29). E.A.R. is supported by Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (Naples, Italy) PhD Program. The authors wish to thank Graziano Fiorito (SZN, Italy), Hannah Schmidbaur (University of Vienna, Austria), Thomas Hummel (University of Vienna, Austria) for many insightful comments and reading of the draft manuscript. The authors would like to apologize to all colleagues whose work has been omitted due to space constraints.
    Schlagwort(e): Cephalopod ; Gene duplication ; Genome rearrangement ; Novel gene ; Organismal innovation
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  • 9
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    Assessing anthropogenic noise impacts and relevant soundscape cues for marine invertebrates: leveraging squid and coral reefs as model systems (2021)
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-20
    Beschreibung: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Oceanography at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution September 2021.
    Beschreibung: Sound is utilized by marine animal taxa for many ecologically important functions, and these taxa are vulnerable to adverse effects of anthropogenic noise on hearing and behavior. However, little is known about marine invertebrates’ responses to anthropogenic noise, and the ambient environmental sounds (“soundscapes”) they detect and respond to. Most acoustic studies report sound pressure (detected by mammals and some fish), but few report particle motion, the back-and-forth vibratory component of sound detected by marine invertebrates. I investigated invertebrate use of and response to sounds in two facets: 1) behavioral responses of longfin squid, Doryteuthis pealeii to anthropogenic noise, and 2) particle motion of coral reef soundscapes in the U.S. Virgin Islands. In laboratory-based experiments I exposed D. pealeii to construction noise originally recorded from an offshore wind farm. I found significant increases in squids’ alarm responses and in failed prey capture attempts during noise. Conversely, noise exposure had no significant effects on reproductive behaviors of groups of D. pealeii, indicating high motivation of these squid to reproduce during this stressor. Collectively, these experiments revealed the importance of considering behavioral context in studies and regulatory decisions regarding invertebrates’ susceptibility to anthropogenic noise impacts. In studying coral reef soundscapes, I reported particle motion trends over several months for coral reefs varying in habitat quality, including coral cover and fish abundance. I found acoustic properties over which particle motion closely scaled with pressure, and others over which it did not. I compared soundscape data with particle motion hearing thresholds, and found that invertebrates may only detect high amplitude and low frequency transient sound cues on reefs, such as those produced by fishes. My research bring new insights on natural and anthropogenic sound cues detectable by marine invertebrates, and how and when invertebrates will be vulnerable to anthropogenic noise pollution.
    Beschreibung: My graduate work was funded in part by the US Department of Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Environmental Studies Program through Interagency Agreement Number M17PG00029 with the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (funding to Aran Mooney and Jenni Stanley). My work was also supported by the NSF Biological Oceanography award OCE-1536782 (funding to Aran Mooney). I received tuition and stipend support from the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program [Grant No. 2388357]. The Academic Program Office at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution provided tuition and stipend support as well as travel support. The MIT Student Assistance Fund, the Aquatic Noise 2019 Organizing Committee, and the Acoustical Society of America also provided travel support.
    Schlagwort(e): Cephalopod ; Renewable energy ; Ecoacoustics
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  • 10
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    Field-portable microplastic sensing in aqueous environments: a perspective on emerging techniques (2021)
    MDPI
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-20
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Blevins, M. G., Allen, H. L., Colson, B. C., Cook, A.-M., Greenbaum, A. Z., Hemami, S. S., Hollmann, J., Kim, E., LaRocca, A. A., Markoski, K. A., Miraglia, P., Mott, V. L., Robberson, W. M., Santos, J. A., Sprachman, M. M., Swierk, P., Tate, S., Witinski, M. F., Kratchman, L. B., & Michel, A. P. M. Field-portable microplastic sensing in aqueous environments: a perspective on emerging techniques. Sensors, 21(10), (2021): 3532, https://doi.org/10.3390/s21103532.
    Beschreibung: Microplastics (MPs) have been found in aqueous environments ranging from rural ponds and lakes to the deep ocean. Despite the ubiquity of MPs, our ability to characterize MPs in the environment is limited by the lack of technologies for rapidly and accurately identifying and quantifying MPs. Although standards exist for MP sample collection and preparation, methods of MP analysis vary considerably and produce data with a broad range of data content and quality. The need for extensive analysis-specific sample preparation in current technology approaches has hindered the emergence of a single technique which can operate on aqueous samples in the field, rather than on dried laboratory preparations. In this perspective, we consider MP measurement technologies with a focus on both their eventual field-deployability and their respective data products (e.g., MP particle count, size, and/or polymer type). We present preliminary demonstrations of several prospective MP measurement techniques, with an eye towards developing a solution or solutions that can transition from the laboratory to the field. Specifically, experimental results are presented from multiple prototype systems that measure various physical properties of MPs: pyrolysis-differential mobility spectroscopy, short-wave infrared imaging, aqueous Nile Red labeling and counting, acoustophoresis, ultrasound, impedance spectroscopy, and dielectrophoresis.
    Beschreibung: We greatly thank our funding agencies: Gerstner Philanthropies (to A.P.M.M.), the Richard Saltonstall Charitable Foundation (to A.P.M.M.), and the Wallace Research Foundation (to A.P.M.M. and S.S.H.). Funding for M.G.B. was provided by a Draper Fellowship and to B.C.C. by an MIT Martin Fellowship. Draper thanks EPA region 9 for their partnership and support through a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement, an industry/government agreement regarding funding and personnel contributions of time and expertise.
    Schlagwort(e): Microplastics ; Plastic pollution ; Sensors ; Analytical chemistry ; Environment ; Water ; Ocean ; Marine pollution ; Polymers ; Freshwater ; Aqueous solutions
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  • 11
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    A preindustrial sea-level rise hotspot along the Atlantic Coast of North America (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gehrels, W. R., Dangendorf, S., Barlow, N. L. M., Saher, M. H., Long, A. J., Woodworth, P. L., Piecuch, C. G., & Berk, K. A preindustrial sea-level rise hotspot along the Atlantic Coast of North America. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(4), (2020): e2019GL085814, doi:10.1029/2019GL085814.
    Beschreibung: The Atlantic coast of North America north of Cape Hatteras has been proposed as a “hotspot” of late 20th century sea‐level rise. Here we test, using salt‐marsh proxy sea‐level records, if this coast experienced enhanced sea‐level rise over earlier multidecadal‐centennial periods. While we find in agreement with previous studies that 20th century rates of sea‐level change were higher compared to rates during preceding centuries, rates of 18th century sea‐level rise were only slightly lower, suggesting that the “hotspot” is a reoccurring feature for at least three centuries. Proxy sea‐level records from North America (Iceland) are negatively (positively) correlated with centennial changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation. They are consistent with sea‐level “fingerprints” of Arctic ice melt, and we therefore hypothesize that sea‐level fluctuations are related to changes in Arctic land‐ice mass. Predictions of future sea‐level rise should take into account these long‐term fluctuating rates of natural sea‐level change.
    Beschreibung: This work is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (grant NE/G003440/1). All radiocarbon dating was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council Radiocarbon Facility (allocations 1490.0810, 1566.0511, 1604.0112). Mark Wood assisted with fieldwork. Rob Scaife analyzed pollen data for core SN‐3.3. Sönke Dangendorf and Kevin Berk acknowledge the University of Siegen for their support within the PEPSEA project. Christopher Piecuch was supported by National Science Foundation awards OCE‐1558966 and OCE‐1834739. We thank project members Miguel Ángel Morales Maqueda, Chris Hughes, Vassil Roussenov and Ric Williams for valuable discussions. We are grateful to the International Space Science Institute (ISSI; Bern, Switzerland) for support of the International Team “Towards a unified Sea Level Record”. Data used in this paper are freely available online (https://www.doi.org/10/dgvq).
    Schlagwort(e): Sea level ; Late Holocene ; Common Era ; Climate ; Ocean
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  • 12
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    Microstructure mixing observations and finescale parameterizations in the Beaufort Sea (2021)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-27
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 51(1), (2021): 19-35, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-19-0233.1.
    Beschreibung: In the Beaufort Sea in September of 2015, concurrent mooring and microstructure observations were used to assess dissipation rates in the vicinity of 72°35′N, 145°1′W. Microstructure measurements from a free-falling profiler survey showed very low [O(10−10) W kg−1] turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates ε. A finescale parameterization based on both shear and strain measurements was applied to estimate the ratio of shear to strain Rω and ε at the mooring location, and a strain-based parameterization was applied to the microstructure survey (which occurred approximately 100 km away from the mooring site) for direct comparison with microstructure results. The finescale parameterization worked well, with discrepancies ranging from a factor of 1–2.5 depending on depth. The largest discrepancies occurred at depths with high shear. Mean Rω was 17, and Rω showed high variability with values ranging from 3 to 50 over 8 days. Observed ε was slightly elevated (factor of 2–3 compared with a later survey of 11 profiles taken over 3 h) from 25 to 125 m following a wind event which occurred at the beginning of the mooring deployment, reaching a maximum of ε= 6 × 10−10 W kg−1 at 30-m depth. Velocity signals associated with near-inertial waves (NIWs) were observed at depths greater than 200 m, where the Atlantic Water mass represents a reservoir of oceanic heat. However, no evidence of elevated ε or heat fluxes was observed in association with NIWs at these depths in either the microstructure survey or the finescale parameterization estimates.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by NSF Grants PLR 14-56705 and PLR-1303791 and by NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Grant DGE-1650112.
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Arctic ; Internal waves ; Turbulence ; Diapycnal mixing
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  • 13
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    The equatorial current system west of the Galapagos Islands during the 2014-16 El Niño as observed by underwater gliders (2021)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-27
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 51(1),(2021): 3-17, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0064.1.
    Beschreibung: The strong El Niño of 2014–16 was observed west of the Galápagos Islands through sustained deployment of underwater gliders. Three years of observations began in October 2013 and ended in October 2016, with observations at longitudes 93° and 95°W between latitudes 2°N and 2°S. In total, there were over 3000 glider-days of data, covering over 50 000 km with over 12 000 profiles. Coverage was superior closer to the Galápagos on 93°W, where gliders were equipped with sensors to measure velocity as well as temperature, salinity, and pressure. The repeated glider transects are analyzed to produce highly resolved mean sections and maps of observed variables as functions of time, latitude, and depth. The mean sections reveal the structure of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC), the South Equatorial Current, and the equatorial front. The mean fields are used to calculate potential vorticity Q and Richardson number Ri. Gradients in the mean are strong enough to make the sign of Q opposite to that of planetary vorticity and to have Ri near unity, suggestive of mixing. Temporal variability is dominated by the 2014–16 El Niño, with the arrival of depressed isopycnals documented in 2014 and 2015. Increases in eastward velocity advect anomalously salty water and are uncorrelated with warm temperatures and deep isopycnals. Thus, vertical advection is important to changes in heat, and horizontal advection is relevant to changes in salt. Implications of this work include possibilities for future research, model assessment and improvement, and sustained observations across the equatorial Pacific.
    Beschreibung: We gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation (OCE-1232971, OCE-1233282) and the Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NA13OAR4830216).
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Tropics ; Currents ; El Nino ; In situ oceanic observations
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  • 14
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    Development and testing of the AXBT real-time editing system (ARES) (2021)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-27
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 38(1), (2021): 3-16, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-20-0110.1.
    Beschreibung: Airborne expendable bathythermographs (AXBTs) are air-launched, single-use temperature–depth probes that telemeter temperature observations as VHF-modulated frequencies. This study describes the AXBT Real-Time Editing System (ARES), which is composed of two components: the ARES Data Acquisition System, which receives telemetered temperature–depth profiles with no external hardware other than a VHF radio receiver, and the ARES Profile Editing System, which quality controls AXBT temperature–depth profiles. The ARES Data Acquisition System performs fast Fourier transforms on windowed segments of the demodulated signal transmitted from the AXBT. For each segment, temperature is determined from peak frequency and depth from elapsed time since profile start. Valid signals are distinguished from noise by comparing peak signal levels and signal-to-noise ratios to predetermined thresholds. When evaluated using 387 profiles, the ARES Data Acquisition System produced temperature–depth profiles nearly identical to those generated using a Sippican MK-21 processor, while reducing the amount of noise from VHF interference included in those profiles. The ARES Profile Editor applies a series of automated checks to identify and correct common profile discrepancies before displaying the profile on an editing interface that provides simple user controls to make additional corrections. When evaluated against 1177 tropical Atlantic and Pacific AXBT profiles, the ARES automated quality control system successfully corrected 87% of the profiles without any required manual intervention. Necessary future work includes improvements to the automated quality control algorithm and algorithm evaluation against a broader dataset of temperature–depth profiles from around the world across all seasons.
    Beschreibung: This work was sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (Grants N000141812819 and N0001420WX00345) and the U.S. Navy’s Civilian Institution Office with the MIT–WHOI Joint Program.
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; In situ oceanic observations ; Profilers, oceanic
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  • 15
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    The ocean twilight zone’s role in climate change (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-27
    Beschreibung: Buesseler, K., Jin, D., Kourantidou, M., Levin, D., Ramakrishna, K., Renaud, P., Ausubel, J., Baltes, K., Gjerde, K., Holland, M., Kostel, K., LaCapra, V., Martin, A., Sosik, H., Thorrold, S., Tierney, T., Joyce, K., Renier, N., Taylor, E. (2022). The Ocean Twilight Zone’s Role in Climate Change. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 32 pp.
    Beschreibung: The ocean twilight zone (more formally known as the mesopelagic zone) plays a fundamental role in global climate. It is the mid-ocean region roughly 100 to 1000 meters below the surface, encompassing a half-mile deep belt of water that spans more than two-thirds of our planet. The top of the ocean twilight zone only receives 1% of incident sunlight and the bottom level is void of sunlight. Life in the ocean twilight zone helps to transport billions of metric tons (gigatonnes) of carbon annually from the upper ocean into the deep sea, due in part to processes known as the biological carbon pump. Once carbon moves below roughly 1000 meters depth in the ocean, it can remain out of the atmosphere for centuries to millennia. Without the benefits of the biological carbon pump, the atmospheric CO 2 concentration would increase by approximately 200 ppm 1 which would significantly amplify the negative effects of climate change that the world is currently trying to curtail and reverse. Unfortunately, existing scientific knowledge about this vast zone of the ocean, such as how chemical elements flow through its living systems and the physical environment, is extremely limited, jeopardizing the efforts to improve climate predictions and to inform fisheries management and ocean policy development.
    Beschreibung: Funding is: The Audacious Project housed at TED
    Schlagwort(e): Climate ; Mesopelagic ; Twilight Zone ; Fisheries ; Carbon Dioxide Removal ; Ocean ; Biological Carbon Pump ; Solubility Pump ; Carbon ; Marine Snow
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    Materialart: Other
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  • 16
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    On the origins of the oceanic ultraviolet catastrophe (2022)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-09-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(4), (2022): 597–616, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0121.1.
    Beschreibung: We provide a first-principles analysis of the energy fluxes in the oceanic internal wave field. The resulting formula is remarkably similar to the renowned phenomenological formula for the turbulent dissipation rate in the ocean, which is known as the finescale parameterization. The prediction is based on the wave turbulence theory of internal gravity waves and on a new methodology devised for the computation of the associated energy fluxes. In the standard spectral representation of the wave energy density, in the two-dimensional vertical wavenumber–frequency (m–ω) domain, the energy fluxes associated with the steady state are found to be directed downscale in both coordinates, closely matching the finescale parameterization formula in functional form and in magnitude. These energy transfers are composed of a “local” and a “scale-separated” contributions; while the former is quantified numerically, the latter is dominated by the induced diffusion process and is amenable to analytical treatment. Contrary to previous results indicating an inverse energy cascade from high frequency to low, at odds with observations, our analysis of all nonzero coefficients of the diffusion tensor predicts a direct energy cascade. Moreover, by the same analysis fundamental spectra that had been deemed “no-flux” solutions are reinstated to the status of “constant-downscale-flux” solutions. This is consequential for an understanding of energy fluxes, sources, and sinks that fits in the observational paradigm of the finescale parameterization, solving at once two long-standing paradoxes that had earned the name of “oceanic ultraviolet catastrophe.”
    Beschreibung: The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the ONR Grant N00014-17-1-2852. YL gratefully acknowledges support from NSF DMS Award 2009418.
    Beschreibung: 2022-09-25
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Gravity waves ; Nonlinear dynamics ; Ocean dynamics ; Mixing ; Fluxes ; Isopycnal coordinates ; Nonlinear models
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  • 17
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    Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS): the Biology and Ecosystems Panel. (2022)
    IOC of UNESCO | Paris, France
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-09-27
    Beschreibung: Flyer for the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)
    Beschreibung: Australian Government
    Beschreibung: OPENASFA INPUT
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: Non Refereed
    Schlagwort(e): Global Ocean Observing System ; GOOS ; Biology Panel ; Ecosystems Panel ; Ocean ; Transport ; Renewable energy ; Recreation ; Conservation ; Waste disposal ; Ocean variables
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Report
    Format: 2pp.
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  • 18
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    Direction finding and likelihood ratio detection for oceanographic HF radars (2022)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-09-15
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 39(2), (2022): 223–235, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-21-0110.1.
    Beschreibung: Previous work with simulations of oceanographic high-frequency (HF) radars has identified possible improvements when using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) for direction of arrival; however, methods for determining the number of emitters (here defined as spatially distinct patches of the ocean surface) have not realized these improvements. Here we describe and evaluate the use of the likelihood ratio (LR) for emitter detection, demonstrating its application to oceanographic HF radar data. The combined detection–estimation methods MLE-LR are compared with multiple signal classification method (MUSIC) and MUSIC parameters for SeaSonde HF radars, along with a method developed for 8-channel systems known as MUSIC-Highest. Results show that the use of MLE-LR produces similar accuracy, in terms of the RMS difference and correlation coefficients squared, as previous methods. We demonstrate that improved accuracy can be obtained for both methods, at the cost of fewer velocity observations and decreased spatial coverage. For SeaSondes, accuracy improvements are obtained with less commonly used parameter sets. The MLE-LR is shown to be able to resolve simultaneous closely spaced emitters, which has the potential to improve observations obtained by HF radars operating in complex current environments.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Grant OCE-1658475. Computing resources were provided by the UCSB Center for Scientific Computing through an NSF MRSEC (DMR-1720256) and NSF CNS-1725797.
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Algorithms ; Data quality control ; Radars/radar observations ; Remote sensing ; Surface observations ; Quality assurance/control
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  • 19
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    Research on Synop eddy currents (large size) in the East Vietnam Sea (2022)
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-31
    Beschreibung: The field survey to determine the size, location, morphology and time of appearance of Synop vortexes in the East Vietnam Sea is not feasible in the current conditions of our country. The East Vietnam Sea stretches over 25 degrees latitude, with the main climate and weather conditions of the tropics, with monsoon and equator, so the possibility of the appearance of Synop vortexes is entirely possible. Indirectly studying the Synopic vortexes of the East Vietnam Sea, using the research model, has also obtained certain results. Recently, a number of ocean circulation models have developed strongly of three-dimensional modeling problems, the models have applied effective calculations on the seas and world oceans of Synopic processes without also describes oceanic spectra ranging from small to global in size, ranging in duration from a few seconds to thousands of years. Using the calculated ROMS (Regional Ocean Modeling System) model, the current field in the East Vietnam Sea appears many different large-sized vortex shapes. There exists a large vortex pattern covering several small internal vortices. The vortex may appear only in the western part of the East Vietnam Sea, or only in the eastern part of the East Vietnam Sea. There exist contiguous double vortices, this double vortex is usually two reversible vortices, the belt of eddies flows continuously in opposite directions from west to east or from east to west. Comparing the research results with other research results published by foreign authors shows that there is a concordance.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: Refereed
    Schlagwort(e): Synop vortex ; Eddy current ; Ocean
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution
    Format: 1-9
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  • 20
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    Moored turbulence measurements using pulse-coherent doppler sonar (2022)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-06-10
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society , 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Zippel, S. F., Farrar, J. T., Zappa, C. J., Miller, U., St Laurent, L., Ijichi, T., Weller, R. A., McRaven, L., Nylund, S., & Le Bel, D. Moored turbulence measurements using pulse-coherent doppler sonar. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 38(9), (2021): 1621–1639, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-21-0005.1.
    Beschreibung: Upper-ocean turbulence is central to the exchanges of heat, momentum, and gases across the air–sea interface and therefore plays a large role in weather and climate. Current understanding of upper-ocean mixing is lacking, often leading models to misrepresent mixed layer depths and sea surface temperature. In part, progress has been limited by the difficulty of measuring turbulence from fixed moorings that can simultaneously measure surface fluxes and upper-ocean stratification over long time periods. Here we introduce a direct wavenumber method for measuring turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rates ϵ from long-enduring moorings using pulse-coherent ADCPs. We discuss optimal programming of the ADCPs, a robust mechanical design for use on a mooring to maximize data return, and data processing techniques including phase-ambiguity unwrapping, spectral analysis, and a correction for instrument response. The method was used in the Salinity Processes Upper-Ocean Regional Study (SPURS) to collect two year-long datasets. We find that the mooring-derived TKE dissipation rates compare favorably to estimates made nearby from a microstructure shear probe mounted to a glider during its two separate 2-week missions for O(10−8) ≤ ϵ ≤ O(10−5) m2 s−3. Periods of disagreement between turbulence estimates from the two platforms coincide with differences in vertical temperature profiles, which may indicate that barrier layers can substantially modulate upper-ocean turbulence over horizontal scales of 1–10 km. We also find that dissipation estimates from two different moorings at 12.5 and at 7 m are in agreement with the surface buoyancy flux during periods of strong nighttime convection, consistent with classic boundary layer theory.
    Beschreibung: This work was funded by NASA as part of the Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS), supporting field work for SPURS-1 (NASA Grant NNX11AE84G), for SPURS-2 (NASA Grant NNX15AG20G), and for analysis (NASA Grant 80NSSC18K1494). Funding for early iterations of this project associated with the VOCALS project and Stratus 9 mooring was provided by NSF (Awards 0745508 and 0745442). Additional funding was provided by ONR Grant N000141812431 and NSF Award 1756839. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station is funded by the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (CPO FundRef Number 100007298), through the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR) under Cooperative Agreement NA14OAR4320158. Microstructure measurements made from the glider were supported by NSF (Award 1129646).
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Turbulence ; Atmosphere-ocean interaction ; Boundary layer ; Oceanic mixed layer ; In situ oceanic observations
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  • 21
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    Export of ice sheet meltwater from Upernavik Fjord, West Greenland (2022)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-06-17
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 52(3), (2022): 363–382, https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0084.1.
    Beschreibung: Meltwater from Greenland is an important freshwater source for the North Atlantic Ocean, released into the ocean at the head of fjords in the form of runoff, submarine melt, and icebergs. The meltwater release gives rise to complex in-fjord transformations that result in its dilution through mixing with other water masses. The transformed waters, which contain the meltwater, are exported from the fjords as a new water mass Glacially Modified Water (GMW). Here we use summer hydrographic data collected from 2013 to 2019 in Upernavik, a major glacial fjord in northwest Greenland, to describe the water masses that flow into the fjord from the shelf and the exported GMWs. Using an optimum multi-parameter technique across multiple years we then show that GMW is composed of 57.8% ± 8.1% Atlantic Water (AW), 41.0% ± 8.3% Polar Water (PW), 1.0% ± 0.1% subglacial discharge, and 0.2% ± 0.2% submarine meltwater. We show that the GMW fractional composition cannot be described by buoyant plume theory alone since it includes lateral mixing within the upper layers of the fjord not accounted for by buoyant plume dynamics. Consistent with its composition, we find that changes in GMW properties reflect changes in the AW and PW source waters. Using the obtained dilution ratios, this study suggests that the exchange across the fjord mouth during summer is on the order of 50 mSv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) (compared to a freshwater input of 0.5 mSv). This study provides a first-order parameterization for the exchange at the mouth of glacial fjords for large-scale ocean models.
    Beschreibung: This work was partially supported by the Centre for Climate Dynamics (SKD) at the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research. The authors thank NASA and the OMG consortium for making observational data freely available, and acknowledge M. Morlighem for good support in the early stages of this project. MM and LHS and would also like to thank Ø. Paasche, the ACER project, and the U.S. Norway Fulbright Foundation for the Norwegian Arctic Chair Grant 2019–20 that made the visit to Scripps Institution of Oceanography possible. FS acknowledges support from the DOE Office of Science Grant DE-SC0020073, Heising-Simons Foundation and from NSF and OCE-1756272. DAS acknowledges support from U.K. NERC Grants NE/P011365/1, NE/T011920/1, and NERC Independent Research Fellowship NE/T011920/1. MW was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, administered by the Universities Space Research Association under contract with NASA. CSA would like to acknowledge Geocenter Denmark for support to the project “Upernavik Glacier.”
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Arctic ; Atlantic Ocean ; Glaciers ; Ice sheets ; Buoyancy ; Entrainment ; In situ oceanic observations ; Annual variations
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  • 22
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    The air-launched autonomous micro observer (2022)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-08-05
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 39(4), (2022): 491–502, https://doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-21-0046.1.
    Beschreibung: The Air-Launched Autonomous Micro Observer (ALAMO) is a versatile profiling float that can be launched from an aircraft to make temperature and salinity observations of the upper ocean for over a year with high temporal sampling. Similar in dimensions and weight to an airborne expendable bathythermograph (AXBT), but with the same capability as Argo profiling floats, ALAMOs can be deployed from an A-sized (sonobuoy) launch tube, the stern ramp of a cargo plane, or the door of a small aircraft. Unlike an AXBT, however, the ALAMO float directly measures pressure, can incorporate additional sensors, and is capable of performing hundreds of ocean profiles compared to the single temperature profile provided by an AXBT. Upon deployment, the float parachutes to the ocean, releases the air-deployment package, and immediately begins profiling. Ocean profile data along with position and engineering information are transmitted via the Iridium satellite network, automatically processed, and then distributed by the Global Telecommunications System for use by the operational forecasting community. The ALAMO profiling mission can be modified using the two-way Iridium communications to change the profiling frequency and depth. Example observations are included to demonstrate the ALAMO’s utility.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration under Grants NA13OAR4830233 (as part of CINAR Sandy Supplemental funding from the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act of 2013) and NA14OAR4320158 and by Office of Naval Research under Grants N0001416WX01384, N0001416WX01262, and N000141512293. ALAMO floats are commercially available from MRV Systems, LLC (https://www.mrvsys.com).
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Hurricanes ; Ocean dynamics ; Mixed layer ; Aircraft observations ; Instrumentation/sensors
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 23
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    Accuracy of wind observations from open-ocean buoys: correction for flow distortion (2020)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of [publisher] for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Schlundt, M., Farrar, J. T., Bigorre, S. P., Plueddemann, A. J., & Weller, R. A. (2020). Accuracy of wind observations from open-ocean buoys: correction for flow distortion. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 37(4), 687-703, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0132.1.
    Beschreibung: The comparison of equivalent neutral winds obtained from (i) four WHOI buoys in the subtropics and (ii) scatterometer estimates at those locations reveals a root-mean-square (RMS) difference of 0.56–0.76 m s−1. To investigate this RMS difference, different buoy wind error sources were examined. These buoys are particularly well suited to examine two important sources of buoy wind errors because 1) redundant anemometers and a comparison with numerical flow simulations allow us to quantitatively assess flow distortion errors, and 2) 1-min sampling at the buoys allows us to examine the sensitivity of buoy temporal sampling/averaging in the buoy–scatterometer comparisons. The interanemometer difference varies as a function of wind direction relative to the buoy wind vane and is consistent with the effects of flow distortion expected based on numerical flow simulations. Comparison between the anemometers and scatterometer winds supports the interpretation that the interanemometer disagreement, which can be up to 5% of the wind speed, is due to flow distortion. These insights motivate an empirical correction to the individual anemometer records and subsequent comparison with scatterometer estimates show good agreement.
    Beschreibung: We gratefully acknowledge the help of three anonymous reviewers, whose input greatly improved the paper. In particular, one reviewer pointed out a mistake in our initial interpretation of scatterometer stability, which was corrected in the final manuscript. JTF and MS were supported by NASA Grant NNX14AM71G (International Ocean Vector Winds Science Team). The SPURS observations were supported by NASA (Grants NNX11AE84G, NNX15AG20G, and 80NSSC18K1494). The Stratus, NTAS, and WHOTS ocean reference stations (ORS) are long-term surface moorings deployed as part of the OceanSITES (http://www.oceansites.org) component of the Global Ocean Observing System, and are supported by NOAA’s Climate Program Office’s Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division, as are RAW, AJP, and SPB through the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR) under Cooperative Agreement NA14OAR4320158 with NOAA Climate Program Office (CPO) (FundRef No. 100007298). The technical staff of the UOP Group at WHOI and the crews of NOAA and UNOLS vessels have been essential to the successful long-term maintenance of the ORS.
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Wind ; Buoy observations ; Remote sensing
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 24
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    Field evidence of inverse energy cascades in the surfzone (2021)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 50(8),(2020): 2315-2321, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-19-0327.1.
    Beschreibung: Low-frequency currents and eddies transport sediment, pathogens, larvae, and heat along the coast and between the shoreline and deeper water. Here, low-frequency currents (between 0.1 and 4.0 mHz) observed in shallow surfzone waters for 120 days during a wide range of wave conditions are compared with theories for generation by instabilities of alongshore currents, by ocean-wave-induced sea surface modulations, and by a nonlinear transfer of energy from breaking waves to low-frequency motions via a two-dimensional inverse energy cascade. For these data, the low-frequency currents are not strongly correlated with shear of the alongshore current, with the strength of the alongshore current, or with wave-group statistics. In contrast, on many occasions, the low-frequency currents are consistent with an inverse energy cascade from breaking waves. The energy of the low-frequency surfzone currents increases with the directional spread of the wave field, consistent with vorticity injection by short-crested breaking waves, and structure functions increase with spatial lags, consistent with a cascade of energy from few-meter-scale vortices to larger-scale motions. These results include the first field evidence for the inverse energy cascade in the surfzone and suggest that breaking waves and nonlinear energy transfers should be considered when estimating nearshore transport processes across and along the coast.
    Beschreibung: Funding was provided by a Vannevar Bush Faculty Fellowship [from OUSD(R&E)] and NSF.
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Coastlines ; Eddies ; Wave breaking
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 25
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    Scaling the laws of thermal imaging-based whale detection (2020)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 37(5), (2020): 807-824, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0054.1.
    Beschreibung: Marine mammals are under growing pressure as anthropogenic use of the ocean increases. Ship strikes of large whales and loud underwater sound sources including air guns for marine geophysical prospecting and naval midfrequency sonar are criticized for their possible negative effects on marine mammals. Competent authorities regularly require the implementation of mitigation measures, including vessel speed reductions or shutdown of acoustic sources if marine mammals are sighted in sensitive areas or in predefined exclusion zones around a vessel. To ensure successful mitigation, reliable at-sea detection of animals is crucial. To date, ship-based marine mammal observers are the most commonly implemented detection method; however, thermal (IR) imaging–based automatic detection systems have been used in recent years. This study evaluates thermal imaging–based automatic whale detection technology for its use across different oceans. The performance of this technology is characterized with respect to environmental conditions, and an automatic detection algorithm for whale blows is presented. The technology can detect whales in polar, temperate, and subtropical ocean regimes over distances of up to several kilometers and outperforms marine mammal observers in the number of whales detected. These results show that thermal imaging technology can be used to assist in providing protection for marine mammals against ship strike and acoustic impact across the world’s oceans.
    Beschreibung: This work was funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) under Award N000141310856, by the Environmental Studies Research Fund (ESRF; esrfunds.org) under Award 2014-03S and by the Alfred-Wegener-Institute Helmholtz Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung. DPZ and OB declare competing financial interests: 1) Patent US8941728B2, DE102011114084B4: A method for automatic real-time marine mammal detection. The patent describes the ideas basic to the automatic whale detection software as used to acquire and process the data presented in this paper. 2) Licensing of the Tashtego automatic whale detection software to the manufacturer of IR sensor. The authors confirm that these competing financial interests did not alter their adherence good scientific practice. We thank P. Abgrall, J. Coffey, K. Keats, B. Mactavish, V. Moulton, and S. Penney-Belbin for data collection or IR image review. We thank S. Besaw, J. Christian, A. Coombs, P. Coombs, W. Costello, T. Elliott, E. Evans, I. Goudie, C. Jones, K. Knowles, R. Martin, A. Murphy, D. and J. Shepherd; and the staffs at the Irish Loop Express, the Myrick Wireless Interpretive Centre, the Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve, and the lighthouse keepers for logistical assistance at our remote field site. We thank D. Boutilier and B. McDonald (DFO) for assisting us in obtaining license to occupy permits for Cape Race. We thank D. Taylor (ESRF Research Manager) for his support.
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Instrumentation/sensors ; Remote sensing ; Animal studies ; Field experiments
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  • 26
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    Recommendations for plankton measurements on OceanSITES moorings with relevance to other observing sites (2022)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-12-06
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Boss, E., Waite, A., Karstensen, J., Trull, T., Muller-Karger, F., Sosik, H., Uitz, J., Acinas, S., Fennel, K., Berman-Frank, I., Thomalla, S., Yamazaki, H., Batten, S., Gregori, G., Richardson, A., & Wanninkhof, R. Recommendations for plankton measurements on OceanSITES moorings with relevance to other observing sites. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, (2022): 929436, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.929436.
    Beschreibung: Measuring plankton and associated variables as part of ocean time-series stations has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of ocean biology and ecology and their ties to ocean biogeochemistry. It will open temporal scales (e.g., resolving diel cycles) not typically sampled as a function of depth. In this review we motivate the addition of biological measurements to time-series sites by detailing science questions they could help address, reviewing existing technology that could be deployed, and providing examples of time-series sites already deploying some of those technologies. We consider here the opportunities that exist through global coordination within the OceanSITES network for long-term (climate) time series station in the open ocean. Especially with respect to data management, global solutions are needed as these are critical to maximize the utility of such data. We conclude by providing recommendations for an implementation plan.
    Beschreibung: This work was partially supported from funding to SCOR WG 154 (P-OBS) provided by national committees of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) and from a grant to SCOR from the U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE-1840868). FM-K acknowledges the support provided for participation by the Marine Biodiversity Observation Network (MBON) sponsored by NASA, NOAA, ONR, BOEM. HS acknowledges support from the Simons Foundation.
    Schlagwort(e): Plankton ; Ocean ; Measurements ; Sensors ; OceanSITES ; Ocean biology
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  • 27
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    The Western Alboran Gyre: an analysis of its properties and its exchange with surrounding water (2021)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 50(12), (2020): 3379-3402, https://do.org/10.1175/JPO-D-20-0028.1.
    Beschreibung: One of the largest and most persistent features in the Alboran Sea is the Western Alboran Gyre (WAG), an anticyclonic recirculation bounded by the Atlantic Jet (AJ) to the north and the Moroccan coast to the south. Eulerian budgets from several months of a high-resolution model run are used to examine the exchange of water across the Eulerian WAG’s boundary and the processes affecting the salinity, temperature, and vorticity of the WAG. The volume transport across the sides of the WAG is found to be related to vertical isopycnal movement at the base of the gyre. Advection is found to drive a decay in the salinity minimum and anticyclonic vorticity of the Eulerian WAG. Given the large contributions of advection, a Lagrangian analysis is performed, revealing geometric aspects of the exchange that are hidden in an Eulerian view. In particular, stable and unstable manifolds identify a stirring region around the outer reaches of the gyre where water is exchanged with the WAG on a time scale of weeks. Its complement is an inner core that expands with depth and exchanges water with its surroundings on much longer time scales. The 3D evolution of one parcel, or lobe, of water as it enters the WAG is also described, identifying a general Lagrangian subduction pathway.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported on DOD (MURI) Grant N000141110087, ONR Grant N000141812417, and NSF Grant OCE-1558806.
    Beschreibung: 2021-05-18
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Mediterranean Sea ; Fluxes ; Lagrangian circulation/transport ; General circulation models
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 28
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    The influence of an eddy in the success rates and distributions of passively advected or actively swimming biological organisms crossing the continental slope (2021)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 50(7), (2020): 1839-1852, https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-19-0209.1.
    Beschreibung: The Lagrangian characteristics of the surface flow field arising when an idealized, anticyclonic, mesoscale, isolated deep-ocean eddy collides with continental slope and shelf topography are explored. In addition to fluid parcel trajectories, we consider the trajectories of biological organisms that are able to navigate and swim, and for which shallow water is a destination. Of particular interest is the movement of organisms initially located in the offshore eddy, the manner in which the eddy influences the ability of the organisms to reach the shelf break, and the spatial and temporal distributions of organisms that do so. For nonswimmers or very slow swimmers, the organisms arrive at the shelf break in distinct pulses, with different pulses occurring at different locations along the shelf break. This phenomenon is closely related to the episodic formation of trailing vortices that are formed after the eddy collides with the continental slope, turns, and travels parallel to the coast. Analysis based on finite-time Lyapunov exponents reveals initial locations of all successful trajectories reaching the shoreline, and provides maps of the transport pathways showing that much of the cross-shelf-break transport occurs in the lee of the eddy as it moves parallel to the shore. The same analysis shows that the onshore transport is interrupted after a trailing vortex detaches. As the swimming speeds are increased, the organisms are influenced less by the eddy and tend to show up en mass and in a single pulse.
    Beschreibung: IR and LP were supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant OCE-1558806. DC was supported by NSF U.S. National Science Foundation’s Physical Oceanography program through Grants OCE-1059632 and OCE-1433953 as well as the Academic Programs Office, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. We acknowledge high-performance computing support from Yellowstone (http://n2t.net/ark:/85065/d7wd3xhc) provided by NCAR’s Computational and Information Systems Laboratory, sponsored by the National Science Foundation.
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Eddies ; Nonlinear dynamics ; Transport
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 29
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    Depth structure of Ningaloo Niño/Niña events and associated drivers (2021)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Climate 34(5), (2021): 1767-1788, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-1020.1.
    Beschreibung: Marine heatwaves along the coast of Western Australia, referred to as Ningaloo Niño, have had dramatic impacts on the ecosystem in the recent decade. A number of local and remote forcing mechanisms have been put forward; however, little is known about the depth structure of such temperature extremes. Utilizing an eddy-active global ocean general circulation model, Ningaloo Niño and the corresponding cold Ningaloo Niña events are investigated between 1958 and 2016, with a focus on their depth structure. The relative roles of buoyancy and wind forcing are inferred from sensitivity experiments. Composites reveal a strong symmetry between cold and warm events in their vertical structure and associated large-scale spatial patterns. Temperature anomalies are largest at the surface, where buoyancy forcing is dominant, and extend down to 300-m depth (or deeper), with wind forcing being the main driver. Large-scale subsurface anomalies arise from a vertical modulation of the thermocline, extending from the western Pacific into the tropical eastern Indian Ocean. The strongest Ningaloo Niños in 2000 and 2011 are unprecedented compound events, where long-lasting high temperatures are accompanied by extreme freshening, which emerges in association with La Niñas, that is more common and persistent during the negative phase of the interdecadal Pacific oscillation. It is shown that Ningaloo Niños during La Niña phases have a distinctively deeper reach and are associated with a strengthening of the Leeuwin Current, while events during El Niño are limited to the surface layer temperatures, likely driven by local atmosphere–ocean feedbacks, without a clear imprint on salinity and velocity.
    Beschreibung: The following support is gratefully acknowledged: the Feodor-Lynen Fellowship by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the WHOI Postdoctoral Scholar program (to SR), the Office of Naval Research under project number N-00014-19-12646 (to GG), the James E. and Barbara V. Moltz Fellowship for Climate-Related Research (to CCU), and IndoArchipel from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) as part of the Special Priority Program (SPP)-1889 “Regional Sea Level Change and Society” (SeaLevel) (for PW).
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Australia ; Indian Ocean ; Extreme events ; General circulation models ; Ocean models
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  • 30
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    Reply to "comments on 'corrections for pumped SBE 41CP CTDs determined from stratified tank experiments'" (2020)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Martini, K. I., Murphy, D. J., Schmitt, R. W., & Larson, N. G. Reply to "comments on 'corrections for pumped SBE 41CP CTDs determined from stratified tank experiments'". Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 37(2), (2020): 357-363, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0171.1.
    Beschreibung: The response in Johnson (2020) that the method used to determine cell thermal mass correction coefficients for SBE 41CP CTD data from Argo floats is biased as determined by Martini et al. (2019) is valid. However, the recommendation for correction coefficients should not be followed due to these three errors in Johnson (2020): Alignment is as large a source of dynamic error as cell thermal mass in the SBE 41CP CTD. Order of operations was overlooked, so that cell thermal mass is used to correct for alignment errors caused by the temporal mismatch of temperature and conductivity. The cell thermal mass corrections determined in Johnson et al. (2007) and Johnson (2020) also bias salinity. In this response we will do the following: Detail how the corrections in Johnson (2020) are biased because the optimization procedure does not accurately model physics in the tank and conductivity cell. Verify using in situ data from Argo floats deployed in the ocean that alignment is a significant source of error for the SBE 41CP as shown in Martini et al. (2019). Determine cell thermal mass correction coefficients from the stratified tank experiment merging the methods of Johnson (2020) and Martini et al. (2019) to optimize against a model that better represents the physics in the tank and conductivity cell. Compare the corrections using in situ data using the coefficients determined in Johnson et al. (2007), Martini et al. (2019), Johnson (2020), and this manuscript.
    Beschreibung: Thanks to Pelle Robbins for finding the in situ profiles used for this analysis in the vast database of Argo floats, John Gilson showing me how to access that high-resolution data, Ray Schmitt for use of the stratified tank, Susan Wijffels, Breck Owens, and Annie Wong for intellectual support, and Diego Sorrentino and Vlad Simontov for validating the sampling scheme in the SBE 41CP.
    Beschreibung: 2020-08-24
    Schlagwort(e): Ocean ; Algorithms ; Data processing ; In situ oceanic observations ; Measurements ; Profilers, oceanic
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  • 31
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    Dark reduction drives evasion of mercury from the ocean (2022)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lamborg, C. H., Hansel, C. M., Bowman, K. L., Voelker, B. M., Marsico, R. M., Oldham, V. E., Swarr, G. J., Zhang, T., & Ganguli, P. M. Dark reduction drives evasion of mercury from the ocean. Frontiers in Environmental Chemistry, 2, (2021): 659085, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvc.2021.659085.
    Beschreibung: Much of the surface water of the ocean is supersaturated in elemental mercury (Hg0) with respect to the atmosphere, leading to sea-to-air transfer or evasion. This flux is large, and nearly balances inputs from the atmosphere, rivers and hydrothermal vents. While the photochemical production of Hg0 from ionic and methylated mercury is reasonably well-studied and can produce Hg0 at fairly high rates, there is also abundant Hg0 in aphotic waters, indicating that other important formation pathways exist. Here, we present results of gross reduction rate measurements, depth profiles and diel cycling studies to argue that dark reduction of Hg2+ is also capable of sustaining Hg0 concentrations in the open ocean mixed layer. In locations where vertical mixing is deep enough relative to the vertical penetration of UV-B and photosynthetically active radiation (the principal forms of light involved in abiotic and biotic Hg photoreduction), dark reduction will contribute the majority of Hg0 produced in the surface ocean mixed layer. Our measurements and modeling suggest that these conditions are met nearly everywhere except at high latitudes during local summer. Furthermore, the residence time of Hg0 in the mixed layer with respect to evasion is longer than that of redox, a situation that allows dark reduction-oxidation to effectively set the steady-state ratio of Hg0 to Hg2+ in surface waters. The nature of these dark redox reactions in the ocean was not resolved by this study, but our experiments suggest a likely mechanism or mechanisms involving enzymes and/or important redox agents such as reactive oxygen species and manganese (III).
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by NSF Grant OCE-1355720 (to CH, CL, and BV).
    Schlagwort(e): Mercury ; Evasion ; Elemental ; Dark ; Ocean ; Reactive oxygen species ; Manganese ; Global model
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  • 32
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    A code of conduct is imperative for ocean carbon dioxide removal research (2022)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publikationsdatum: 2022-10-26
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Loomis, R., Cooley, S. R., Collins, J. R., Engler, S., & Suatoni, L. A code of conduct is imperative for ocean carbon dioxide removal research. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, (2022): 872800, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.872800.
    Beschreibung: As the impacts of rising temperatures mount and the global transition to clean energy advances only gradually, scientists and policymakers are looking towards carbon dioxide removal (CDR) methods to prevent the worst impacts of climate change. Attention has increasingly focused on ocean CDR techniques, which enhance or restore marine systems to sequester carbon. Ocean CDR research presents the risk of uncertain impacts to human and environmental welfare, yet there are no domestic regulations aimed at ensuring the safety and efficacy of this research. A code of conduct that establishes principles of responsible research, fairness, and equity is needed in this field. This article presents fifteen key components of an ocean CDR research code of conduct.
    Beschreibung: JC acknowledges funding support from Bezos Earth Fund.
    Schlagwort(e): Carbon dioxide removal ; Ocean ; Policy ; Research governance ; Geoengineering
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  • 33
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    An ocean productivity database using consistent, globally-acquired data from in situ primary productivity based on 14C assimilation, and including ancillary data, 1985-2008 (2022)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-11-15
    Beschreibung: Dataset: ISPP14C Synthesis
    Beschreibung: In situ primary productivity based on 14C assimilation and nutrients from samples collected by many research projects and on numerous cruises globally, 1985-2008. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/814803
    Beschreibung: National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) NNX14AM15G, Office of Naval Research (ONR) N00014-86-K-0204, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-9312355, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-9311255, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-9311244, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-9311312, Office of Naval Research (ONR) N00014-81-C-0062, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-8817515, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-8121011, NSF Office of Polar Programs (formerly NSF PLR) (NSF OPP) OPP-9530611, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-8120773, NSF Office of Polar Programs (formerly NSF PLR) (NSF OPP) OPP-9531990, NSF Office of Polar Programs (formerly NSF PLR) (NSF OPP) OPP-9531981, Office of Naval Research (ONR) N00014-89-J-1150, Office of Naval Research (ONR) NO0014-87-K-0160, Office of Naval Research (ONR) NO0014-89-J-1160, Office of Naval Research (ONR) NO0014-94-L-0394, National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) NNX14AQ47A
    Schlagwort(e): Productivity ; Ocean ; Dataset ; JGOFS ; Atlantic
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 34
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    Organized and quality-controlled CalCOFI data for CTD casts and bottle measurements from CalCOFI stations between La Jolla, California to Point Conception between 1984-2019 (2022)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-11-09
    Beschreibung: Dataset: Luminoxyscape environmental
    Beschreibung: In this dataset, we analyzed daytime casts (09:00-16:00) of both discrete bottle data and continuous CTD casts from CalCOFI stations restricted to an area from La Jolla, California to Point Conception and 215 km maximum offshore. This dataset has combined bottle and CTD casts to represent the date range 1984-2019. We used the oxygen and irradiance measurements to determine the visual luminoxyscape for each of the larval species. This range was bounded by the oxygen (partial pressure) where the pO2 would permit 50% minimum retinal function (V50; 13, 7.2, 10.2, and 6.8 kPa for larvae of 'Doryteuthis opalescens', 'Octopus bimaculatus', 'Metacarcinus gracilis', and 'Pleuroncodes planipes', respectively), and where there is sufficient irradiance for a visual response (0.0311 µmol photons m-2 s-1) for each species. Additionally, oxygen limits for metabolism were used to determine the depth of occurrence of the Pcrit (the oxygen below which the animal cannot maintain a constant metabolic rate). The depths of occurrence for metabolic limits were determined for larvae of 'D. opalescens' and 'O. bimaculatus'. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/860397
    Beschreibung: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1829623
    Beschreibung: 2022-12-31
    Schlagwort(e): Vision ; Marine invertebrate ; Larvae ; Crustacean ; Cephalopod
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 35
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    Maximum depths of the visual luminoxyscape for four species of marine invertebrate larvae from CalCOFI stations between La Jolla, California to Point Conception between 1984-2019 (2022)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-11-09
    Beschreibung: Dataset: Luminoxyscape maximum depth
    Beschreibung: In this dataset, the maximum depths of the visual luminoxyscape for four species of marine invertebrate larvae were recorded. Data in this study are from CalCOFI stations restricted to an area from La Jolla, California to Point Conception and 215 kilometers maximum offshore (Station 60). We analyzed daytime casts (09:00-16:00) of both discrete bottle data and continuous CTD casts to represent the date range of 1984-2019 and used the oxygen and irradiance measurements to determine the visual luminoxyscape for each of the larval species. This range was bounded by the oxygen (partial pressure) where the pO2 would permit 50% minimum retinal function (V50; 13, 7.2, 10.2, and 6.8 kPa for larvae of 'Doryteuthis opalescens', 'Octopus bimaculatus', 'Metacarcinus gracilis', and 'Pleuroncodes planipes', respectively), and where there is sufficient irradiance for a visual response (0.0311 µmol photons m-2 s-1) for each species. Additionally, oxygen limits for metabolism were used to determine the depth of occurrence of the Pcrit (the oxygen below which the animal cannot maintain a constant metabolic rate). The depths of occurrence for metabolic limits were determined for larvae of 'D. opalescens' and 'O. bimaculatus'. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/859867
    Beschreibung: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1829623
    Schlagwort(e): Vision ; Marine invertebrate ; Larvae ; Crustacean ; Cephalopod
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Dataset
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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