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  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Seawater carbonate chemistry and the intrinsic and extrinsic phenotypic characteristics and the survival of important calcifiers, the edib oysters Crassostrea angulata and C. hongkongensis (2023)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Ocean acidification (OA) has important effects on the intrinsic phenotypic characteristics of many marine organisms. Concomitantly, OA can alter the extended phenotypes of these organisms by perturbing the structure and function of their associated microbiomes. It is unclear, however, the extent to which interactions between these levels of phenotypic change can modulate the capacity for resilience to OA. Here, we explored this theoretical framework assessing the influence of OA on intrinsic (immunological responses and energy reserve) and extrinsic (gut microbiome) phenotypic characteristics and the survival of important calcifiers, the edible oysters Crassostrea angulata and C. hongkongensis. After one-month exposure to experimental OA (pH 7.4) and control (pH 8.0) conditions, we found species-specific responses characterised by elevated stress (hemocyte apoptosis) and decreased survival in the coastal species (C. angulata) compared with the estuarine species (C. hongkongensis). Phagocytosis of hemocytes was not affected by OA but in vitro bacterial clearance capability decreased in both species. Gut microbial diversity decreased in C. angulata but not in C. hongkongensis. Overall, C. hongkongensis was capable of maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system and energy supply under OA. In contrast, C. angulata's immune function was suppressed, and the energy reserve was imbalanced, which might be attributed to the declined microbial diversity and the functional loss of essential bacteria in the guts. This study highlights a species-specific response to OA determined by genetic background and local adaptation, shedding light on the understanding of host-microbiota-environment interactions in future coastal acidification.
    Keywords: Abundance; Abundance, standard deviation; Albumin; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard deviation; Animalia; Apoptosis cells; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard deviation; Bacteria clearance in hemocytes; Benthic animals; Bicarbonate ion; Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard deviation; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate ion, standard deviation; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Containers and aquaria (20-1000 L or 〈 1 m**2); Crassostrea angulata; Crassostrea hongkongensis; Figure; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Glycogen; Immunology/Self-protection; Laboratory experiment; Laboratory strains; Mollusca; Mortality/Survival; Not applicable; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Other studied parameter or process; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, standard deviation; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; pH, standard deviation; Phagocytosis rate; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Replicates; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Single species; Species, unique identification; Species, unique identification (Semantic URI); Species, unique identification (URI); Strain; Survival; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, standard deviation; Time in days; Treatment; Triglycerides; Type of study
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 21357 data points
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  • 2
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    CO2-driven ocean acidification alters and weakens integrity of the calcareous tubes produced by the serpulid tubeworm, Hydroides elegans (2012)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Chan, B S Vera; Li, Chaoyi; Lane, Ackley Charles; Wang, Yanchun; Lu, Xingwen; Shih, Kaimin; Zhang, Tong; Thiyagarajan, Vengatesen (2012): CO2-Driven Ocean Acidification Alters and Weakens Integrity of the Calcareous Tubes Produced by the Serpulid Tubeworm, Hydroides elegans. PLoS ONE, 7(8), e42718, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042718
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: As a consequence of anthropogenic CO2-driven ocean acidification (OA), coastal waters are becoming increasingly challenging for calcifiers due to reductions in saturation states of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals. The response of calcification rate is one of the most frequently investigated symptoms of OA. However, OA may also result in poor quality calcareous products through impaired calcification processes despite there being no observed change in calcification rate. The mineralogy and ultrastructure of the calcareous products under OA conditions may be altered, resulting in changes to the mechanical properties of calcified structures. Here, the warm water biofouling tubeworm, Hydroides elegans, was reared from larva to early juvenile stage at the aragonite saturation state (Omega A) for the current pCO2 level (ambient) and those predicted for the years 2050, 2100 and 2300. Composition, ultrastructure and mechanical strength of the calcareous tubes produced by those early juvenile tubeworms were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nanoindentation. Juvenile tubes were composed primarily of the highly soluble CaCO3 mineral form, aragonite. Tubes produced in seawater with aragonite saturation states near or below one had significantly higher proportions of the crystalline precursor, amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) and the calcite/aragonite ratio dramatically increased. These alterations in tube mineralogy resulted in a holistic deterioration of the tube hardness and elasticity. Thus, in conditions where Omega A is near or below one, the aragonite-producing juvenile tubeworms may no longer be able to maintain the integrity of their calcification products, and may result in reduced survivorship due to the weakened tube protection.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Animalia; Annelida; Aragonite saturation state; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite/Aragonite ratio; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; Elasticity; EXP; Experiment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Hardness; Hong_Kong_OA; Hydroides elegans; Laboratory experiment; Magnesium/Calcium ratio; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Ratio; Salinity; Single species; Species; Temperature, water; Treatment; Tropical
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 741 data points
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  • 3
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Temperature Dependent Effects of Elevated CO2 on Shell Composition and Mechanical Properties of Hydroides elegans: Insights from a Multiple Stressor Experiment (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Chan, B S Vera; Thiyagarajan, Vengatesen; Lu, Xingwen; Zhang, Tong; Shih, Kaimin (2013): Temperature Dependent Effects of Elevated CO2 on Shell Composition and Mechanical Properties of Hydroides elegans: Insights from a Multiple Stressor Experiment. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e78945, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078945
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: The majority of marine benthic invertebrates protect themselves from predators by producing calcareous tubes or shells that have remarkable mechanical strength. An elevation of CO2 or a decrease in pH in the environment can reduce intracellular pH at the site of calcification and thus interfere with animal's ability to accrete CaCO3. In nature, decreased pH in combination with stressors associated with climate change may result in the animal producing severely damaged and mechanically weak tubes. This study investigated how the interaction of environmental drivers affects production of calcareous tubes by the serpulid tubeworm, Hydroides elegans. In a factorial manipulative experiment, we analyzed the effects of pH (8.1 and 7.8), salinity (34 and 27), and temperature (23°C and 29°C) on the biomineral composition, ultrastructure and mechanical properties of the tubes. At an elevated temperature of 29°C, the tube calcite/aragonite ratio and Mg/Ca ratio were both increased, the Sr/Ca ratio was decreased, and the amorphous CaCO3 content was reduced. Notably, at elevated temperature with decreased pH and reduced salinity, the constructed tubes had a more compact ultrastructure with enhanced hardness and elasticity compared to decreased pH at ambient temperature. Thus, elevated temperature rescued the decreased pH-induced tube impairments. This indicates that tubeworms are likely to thrive in early subtropical summer climate. In the context of climate change, tubeworms could be resilient to the projected near-future decreased pH or salinity as long as surface seawater temperature rise at least by 4°C.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Animalia; Annelida; Aragonite saturation state; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite/Aragonite ratio; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; Elasticity; EXP; Experiment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Hardness; Hong_Kong; Hydroides elegans; Laboratory experiment; Magnesium/Calcium ratio; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Ratio; Salinity; Single species; Species; Strontium/Calcium ratio; Temperature; Temperature, water; Treatment; Tropical
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 748 data points
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Emission of an Edge Dislocation from a Thin-Film-Covered Crack (1997)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 145-149 (Oct. 1997), p. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/44/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FKEM.145-149.161.pdf
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of an edge dislocation with an interfacial crack (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 72 (1992), S. 2215-2226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The stress and displacement fields of an edge dislocation near a semi-infinite or a finite interfacial crack are formulated by using the complex potential theory of Muskhelishvili's elasticity treatment of plane strain problems. The image forces exerted on the dislocation have an oscillatory character (with respect to the dislocation position) if the dislocation is originated elsewhere and moves to the vicinity of a finite interfacial crack. There is no such oscillation of image forces if the edge dislocation is emitted from the finite interfacial crack or if the crack is semi-infinite. The stress intensity factors produced by the edge dislocation also have an oscillatory character for both semi-infinite and finite interfacial cracks. They also depend on whether the dislocation is emitted from the crack or comes from elsewhere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351614
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An array of dislocations in a strained epitaxial layer. II. Work hardening (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 2363-2366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The sequential generation of dislocations in a strained epitaxial layer is considered. It is found that an additional work component results from dislocation-dislocation interactions after some dislocations are generated and located in the interface between the epitaxial layer and the substrate. The interaction energies induced by a single dislocation and a dislocation array are derived. It is found that, in general, when the distance between a fresh dislocation and the nearest pre-existing dislocation is comparable to the layer thickness, the additional work component achieves the level of the self energy of an isolated dislocation. The additional work increases sharply with decreasing distance between the fresh and pre-existing dislocations. If the spacing between the dislocations exceeds approximately 20 times the layer thickness, the additional work becomes insignificant. These results are consistent with experimental observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356256
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An edge dislocation near a macrocrack with a microcrack (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 6079-6087 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The elastic interaction between an edge dislocation and a macrocrack with a microcrack has been investigated by means of the Muskhelishvili potential method. The stress and displacement fields were obtained. From the stress field, we derived the stress intensity factor at each crack tip and the image force on the dislocation. The effects of the distance between two cracks on the crack shielding and of the image force on the edge dislocation were examined. The effects of the microcrack length on the shielding of the macrocrack and of the image force of the dislocation were also considered. The dislocations in the microcrack play an important role in fracture. Two conditions, an edge dislocation emitting from the microcrack and originating from elsewhere, are discussed. We compare the mechanical behavior between edge and screw dislocations near the macrocrack with the microcrack. Newton's third law is satisfied for this system. Two special cases are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355192
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of an edge dislocation with a wedge crack (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 4873-4880 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The elastic interaction of an edge dislocation with a wedge crack is investigated using Muskhelishvili's complex potential treatment of elasticity. The stress intensity factors induced by the dislocation, the strain energy, and the image force acting on the dislocation are formulated, calculated, and plotted. Especially, the influence of wedge angle on the shielding effects and on image forces is investigated. The results show that the radial component of the image force is inversely proportional to the distance from the crack tip to the dislocation and the tangential image force increases with increasing wedge angle as the dislocation position is kept unchanged. When the slip plane passes the crack tip, whether the edge dislocation shields or antishields the crack tip depends on its Burgers vector. In this case, the slip plane of the edge dislocation of Burgers vector b1+ib2=beiθmax inclined at an angle θmax with respect to the positive real axis corresponding to the maximum mode I crack shielding increases slightly to a maximum and then decreases with increasing wedge angle. Regardless of wedge angle, the maximum mode II shielding (or anti-shielding) occurs when the dislocation is located at the positive real axis. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359775
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropic elasticity study of the critical thickness of an epilayer on a substrate with different elastic constants (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 4948-4957 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The critical thickness of an epilayer on a substrate with different elastic constants is investigated by following Stroh's treatment of anisotropic elasticity [Philos. Mag. 3, 625 (1958)]. A closed formula is derived to calculate the critical thickness and an exact solution may involve numerical evaluation of the equation. The results indicate that the self-energy of the dislocation is controlled by the soft phase between the epilayer and the substrate, while the interaction energy depends only on the elastic constants of the thin film. It is easier for a dislocation to be formed if the substrate is softer than the film, and consequently the critical thickness is smaller. On the other hand, a soft epilayer can have a large thickness without any mismatch dislocation. Explicit equations are given here for the {100}, {110}, and {111} epitaxial planes. The system of a GexSi1−x epilayer on a Si substrate was taken as an example to demonstrate the influence of the difference in elastic constants on the critical thickness. Even though the difference between the elastic constants of the epilayer and the substrate is not very large, ignoring this difference can cause a relative error over 20% in calculation of the critical thickness. For this system, a simplified equation yields sufficiently accurate results. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359785
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An array of dislocations in a strained epitaxial layer. I. Elastic energy (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 2358-2362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The total energy of an array of dislocations in a strained epitaxial layer is composed of the self energy of the dislocations, the strain energy which arises from the lattice mismatch between the layer and its substrate and the interaction energy between the dislocations and the mismatch strains. The sum of the self energy and the interaction energy represents the formation energy of the dislocations. In this study, the self energy is formulated using complex potentials. Two limiting conditions are used to check the solution. The first is that the self energy of the array reduces to that for an isolated single dislocation as the dislocation spacing in the array approaches infinity. Secondly, as the layer thickness approaches infinity, the self energy reduces to that for a dislocation wall. A negative formation energy promotes dislocation generation while a positive formation energy implies a suppression of dislocation generation. A critical thickness required for the generation of an isolated dislocation is found by locating the layer thickness which corresponds to a zero value of the formation energy. The critical dislocation density at a given thickness is also determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356255
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