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  • Springer Nature  (248,907)
  • Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
  • 2020-2023  (436)
  • 2015-2019  (249,525)
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  • 1
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    South Atlantic paleobathymetry since early Creteceous (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 7(11819)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-24
    Description: We present early Cretaceous to present paleobathymetric reconstructions and quantitative uncertainty estimates for the South Atlantic, offering a strong basis for studies of paleocirculation, paleoclimate and paleobiogeography. Circulation in an initially salty and anoxic ocean, restricted by the topography of the Falkland Plateau, Rio Grande Ridge and Walvis Rise, favoured deposition of thick evaporites in shallow water of the Brazilian-Angolan margins. This ceased as sea oor spreading propagated northwards, opening an equatorial gateway to shallow and intermediate circulation. This gateway, together with subsiding volcano-tectonic barriers would have played a key role in Late Cretaceous climate changes. Later deepening and widening of the South Atlantic, together with gateway opening at Drake Passage would lead, by mid-Miocene (∼15 Ma) to the establishment of modern-style thermohaline circulation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 2
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    Evidence of long-term NAO influence on East-Central Europe winter precipitation from a guano-derived δ15N record (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 7(1), ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-06
    Description: Currently there is a scarcity of paleo-records related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), particularly in East-Central Europe (ECE). Here we report δ15N analysis of guano from a cave in NW Romania with the intent of reconstructing past variation in ECE hydroclimate and examine NAO impacts on winter precipitation. We argue that the δ15N values of guano indicate that the nitrogen cycle is hydrologically controlled and the δ15N values likely reflect winter precipitation related to nitrogen mineralization prior to the growing season. Drier conditions indicated by δ15N values at AD 1848–1852 and AD 1880–1930 correspond to the positive phase of the NAO. The increased frequency of negative phases of the NAO between AD 1940–1975 is contemporaneous with higher δ15N values (wetter conditions). A 4‰ decrease in δ15N values at the end of the 1970’s corresponds to a strong reduction in precipitation associated with a shift from negative to positive phase of the NAO. Using the relationship between NAO index and δ15N values in guano for the instrumental period, we reconstructed NAO-like phases back to AD 1650. Our results advocate that δ15N values of guano offer a proxy of the NAO conditions in the more distant past, helping assess its predictability.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 3
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    Along-shelf connectivity and circumpolar gene flow in Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica) (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific reports, Springer Nature, 8(17856), pp. 1-16
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-04
    Description: The Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarctica) is a critically important forage species with a circumpolar distribution and is unique among other notothenioid species for its wholly pelagic life cycle. Previous studies have provided mixed evidence of population structure over regional and circumpolar scales. The aim of the present study was to test the recent population hypothesis for Antarctic silverfish, which emphasizes the interplay between life history and hydrography in shaping connectivity. A total of 1067 individuals were collected over 25 years from different locations on a circumpolar scale. Samples were genotyped at fifteen microsatellites to assess population differentiation and genetic structuring using clustering methods, F-statistics, and hierarchical analysis of variance. A lack of differentiation was found between locations connected by the Antarctic Slope Front Current (ASF), indicative of high levels of gene flow. However, gene flow was significantly reduced at the South Orkney Islands and the western Antarctic Peninsula where the ASF is absent. This pattern of gene flow emphasized the relevance of large-scale circulation as a mechanism for circumpolar connectivity. Chaotic genetic patchiness characterized population structure over time, with varying patterns of differentiation observed between years, accompanied by heterogeneous standard length distributions. The present study supports a more nuanced version of the genetic panmixia hypothesis that reflects physical-biological interactions over the life history.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 4
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    Arctic megaslide at presumed rest (2016)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 6(38529), ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-16
    Description: Slope failure like in the Hinlopen/Yermak Megaslide is one of the major geohazards in a changing Arctic environment. We analysed hydroacoustic and 2D high-resolution seismic data from the apparently intact continental slope immediately north of the Hinlopen/Yermak Megaslide for signs of past and future instabilities. Our new bathymetry and seismic data show clear evidence for incipient slope instability. Minor slide deposits and an internally-deformed sedimentary layer near the base of the gas hydrate stability zone imply an incomplete failure event, most probably about 30000 years ago, contemporaneous to or shortly after the Hinlopen/Yermak Megaslide. An active gas reservoir at the base of the gas hydrate stability zone demonstrate that over-pressured fluids might have played a key role in the initiation of slope failure at the studied slope, but more importantly also for the giant HYM slope failure. To date, it is not clear, if the studied slope is fully preconditioned to fail completely in future or if it might be slowly deforming and creeping at present. We detected widespread methane seepage on the adjacent shallow shelf areas not sealed by gas hydrates.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
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    Production of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in Arctic Ocean sediments (2016)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, (39213), pp. 1-10
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-05
    Description: Little is known about the production of fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in the anoxic oceanic sediments. In this study, sediment pore waters were sampled from four different sites in the Chukchi-East Siberian Seas area to examine the bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and their optical properties. The production of FDOM, coupled with the increase of nutrients, was observed above the sulfate-methane-transition-zone (SMTZ). The presence of FDOM was concurrent with sulfate reduction and increased alkalinity (R2 〉 0.96, p 〈 0.0001), suggesting a link to organic matter degradation. This inference was supported by the positive correlation (R2 〉 0.95, p 〈 0.0001) between the net production of FDOM and the modeled degradation rates of particulate organic carbon sulfate reduction. The production of FDOM was more pronounced in a shallow shelf site S1 with a total net production ranging from 17.9 to 62.3 RU for different FDOM components above the SMTZ depth of ca. 4.1 mbsf, which presumably underwent more accumulation of particulate organic matter than the other three deeper sites. The sediments were generally found to be the sources of CDOM and FDOM to the overlying water column, unearthing a channel of generally bio-refractory and pre-aged DOM to the oceans.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 6
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    Reconciling glacial Antarctic water stable isotopes with ice sheet topography and the isotopic paleothermometer (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 9(3537), ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-17
    Description: Stable water isotope records from Antarctica are key for our understanding of Quaternary climate variations. However, the exact quantitative interpretation of these important climate proxy records in terms of surface temperature, ice sheet height and other climatic changes is still a matter of debate. Here we report results obtained with an atmospheric general circulation model equipped with water isotopes, run at a high-spatial horizontal resolution of one-by-one degree. Comparing different glacial maximum ice sheet reconstructions, a best model data match is achieved for the PMIP3 reconstruction. Reduced West Antarctic elevation changes between 400 and 800 m lead to further improved agreement with ice core data. Our modern and glacial climate simulations support the validity of the isotopic paleothermometer approach based on the use of present-day observations and reveal that a glacial ocean state as displayed in the GLAMAP reconstruction is suitable for capturing the observed glacial isotope changes in Antarctic ice cores.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 7
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    The winter pack-ice zone provides a sheltered but food-poor habitat for larval Antarctic krill (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Ecology & Evolution, Springer Nature, 1, pp. 1853-1861, ISSN: 2397-334X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-03
    Description: A dominant Antarctic ecological paradigm suggests that winter sea ice is generally the main feeding ground for krill larvae. Observations from our winter cruise to the southwest Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean contradict this view and present the first evidence that the pack-ice zone is a food-poor habitat for larval development. In contrast, the more open marginal ice zone provides a more favourable food environment for high larval krill growth rates. We found that complex under-ice habitats are, however, vital for larval krill when water column productivity is limited by light, by providing structures that offer protec- tion from predators and to collect organic material released from the ice. The larvae feed on this sparse ice-associated food during the day. After sunset, they migrate into the water below the ice (upper 20 m) and drift away from the ice areas where they have previously fed. Model analyses indicate that this behaviour increases both food uptake in a patchy food environment and the likelihood of overwinter transport to areas where feeding conditions are more favourable in spring.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 8
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    Submarine slope failures due to pipe structure formation (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 9(1), pp. 715, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-04
    Description: There is a strong spatial correlation between submarine slope failures and the occurrence of gas hydrates. This has been attributed to the dynamic nature of gas hydrate systems and the potential reduction of slope stability due to bottom water warming or sea level drop. However, 30 years of research into this process found no solid supporting evidence. Here we present new reflection seismic data from the Arctic Ocean and numerical modelling results supporting a different link between hydrates and slope stability. Hydrates reduce sediment permeability and cause build-up of overpressure at the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. Resulting hydro-fracturing forms pipe structures as pathways for overpressured fluids to migrate upward. Where these pipe structures reach shallow permeable beds, this overpressure transfers laterally and destabilises the slope. This process reconciles the spatial correlation of submarine landslides and gas hydrate, and it is independent of environmental change and water depth.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 9
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    Tundra landform and vegetation productivity trend maps for the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Data, Springer Nature, 5, pp. 180058, ISSN: 2052-4463
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-15
    Description: Arctic tundra landscapes are composed of a complex mosaic of patterned ground features, varying in soil moisture, vegetation composition, and surface hydrology over small spatial scales (10–100 m). The importance of microtopography and associated geomorphic landforms in influencing ecosystem structure and function is well founded, however, spatial data products describing local to regional scale distribution of patterned ground or polygonal tundra geomorphology are largely unavailable. Thus, our understanding of local impacts on regional scale processes (e.g., carbon dynamics) may be limited. We produced two key spatiotemporal datasets spanning the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska (~60,000 km2) to evaluate climate-geomorphological controls on arctic tundra productivity change, using (1) a novel 30m classification of polygonal tundra geomorphology and (2) decadal-trends in surface greenness using the Landsat archive (1999–2014). These datasets can be easily integrated and adapted in an array of local to regional applications such as (1) upscaling plot-level measurements (e.g., carbon/energy fluxes), (2) mapping of soils, vegetation, or permafrost, and/or (3) initializing ecosystem biogeochemistry, hydrology, and/or habitat modeling.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 10
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    Predictability of Arctic sea ice on weather time scales (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 8(6514), pp. 1-7, ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-30
    Description: The field of Arctic sea ice prediction on “weather time scales” is still in its infancy with little existing understanding of the limits of predictability. This is especially true for sea ice deformation along so-called Linear Kinematic Features (LKFs) including leads that are relevant for marine operations. Here the potential predictability of the sea ice pack in the wintertime Arctic up to ten days ahead is determined, exploiting the fact that sea ice-ocean models start to show skill at representing sea ice deformation at high spatial resolutions. Results are based on ensemble simulations with a high-resolution sea ice-ocean model driven by atmospheric ensemble forecasts. The predictability of LKFs as measured by different metrics drops quickly, with predictability being almost completely lost after 4–8 days. In contrast, quantities such as sea ice concentration or the location of the ice edge retain high levels of predictability throughout the full 10-day forecast period. It is argued that the rapid error growth for LKFs is mainly due to the chaotic behaviour of the atmosphere associated with the low predictability of near surface wind divergence and vorticity; initial condition uncertainty for ice thickness is found to be of minor importance as long as LKFs are initialized at the right locations.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 11
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    Functional characterization of the circadian clock in the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 7(17742), ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-08
    Description: Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a key species in Southern Ocean ecosystem where it plays a central role in the Antarctic food web. Available information supports the existence of an endogenous timing system in krill enabling it to synchronize metabolism and behavior with an environment characterized by extreme seasonal changes in terms of day length, food availability, and surface ice extent. A screening of our transcriptome database “KrillDB” allowed us to identify the putative orthologues of 20 circadian clock components. Mapping of conserved domains and phylogenetic analyses strongly supported annotations of the identi ed sequences. Luciferase assays and co-immunoprecipitation experiments allowed us to de ne the role of the main clock components. Our ndings provide an overall picture of the molecular mechanisms underlying the functioning of the endogenous circadian clock in the Antarctic krill and shed light on their evolution throughout crustaceans speciation. Interestingly, the core clock machinery shows both mammalian and insect features that presumably contribute to an evolutionary strategy to cope with polar environment’s challenges. Moreover, despite the extreme variability characterizing the Antarctic seasonal day length, the conserved light mediated degradation of the photoreceptor EsCRY1 suggests a persisting pivotal role of light as a Zeitgeber.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 12
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    Reduced arctic tundra productivity linked with landform and climate change interactions (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 8(1), pp. 2345, ISSN: 2045-2322
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    Publication Date: 2018-04-15
    Description: Arctic tundra ecosystems have experienced unprecedented change associated with climate warming over recent decades. Across the Pan-Arctic, vegetation productivity and surface greenness have trended positively over the period of satellite observation. However, since 2011 these trends have slowed considerably, showing signs of browning in many regions. It is unclear what factors are driving this change and which regions/landforms will be most sensitive to future browning. Here we provide evidence linking decadal patterns in arctic greening and browning with regional climate change and local permafrost-driven landscape heterogeneity. We analyzed the spatial variability of decadal-scale trends in surface greenness across the Arctic Coastal Plain of northern Alaska (~60,000 km²) using the Landsat archive (1999–2014), in combination with novel 30 m classifications of polygonal tundra and regional watersheds, finding landscape heterogeneity and regional climate change to be the most important factors controlling historical greenness trends. Browning was linked to increased temperature and precipitation, with the exception of young landforms (developed following lake drainage), which will likely continue to green. Spatiotemporal model forecasting suggests carbon uptake potential to be reduced in response to warmer and/or wetter climatic conditions, potentially increasing the net loss of carbon to the atmosphere, at a greater degree than previously expected.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 13
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    Competition-induced starvation drives large-scale population cycles in Antarctic krill (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Ecology & Evolution, Springer Nature, 1(0177)
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    Publication Date: 2017-11-29
    Description: Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba)—one of the most abundant animal species on Earth—exhibits a five to six year population cycle, with oscillations in biomass exceeding one order of magnitude. Previous studies have postulated that the krill cycle is induced by periodic climatological factors, but these postulated drivers neither show consistent agreement, nor are they supported by quantitative models. Here, using data analysis complemented with modelling of krill ontogeny and population dynamics, we identify intraspecific competition for food as the main driver of the krill cycle, while external climatological factors possibly modulate its phase and synchronization over large scales. Our model indicates that the cycle amplitude increases with reduction of krill loss rates. Thus, a decline of apex predators is likely to increase the oscillation amplitude, potentially destabilizing the marine food web, with drastic consequences for the entire Antarctic ecosystem.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 14
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    An innovative methodology for the non-destructive diagnosis of architectural elements of ancient historical buildings (2018)
    Springer Nature
    In:  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-26
    Description: In the following we present a new non-invasive methodology aimed at the diagnosis of stone building materials used in historical buildings and architectural elements. This methodology consists of the integrated sequential application of in situ proximal sensing methodologies such as the 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanner for the 3D modelling of investigated objects together with laboratory and in situ non-invasive multi-techniques acoustic data, preceded by an accurate petrographical study of the investigated stone materials by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The increasing necessity to integrate different types of techniques in the safeguard of the Cultural Heritage is the result of the following two interdependent factors: 1) The diagnostic process on the building stone materials of monuments is increasingly focused on difficult targets in critical situations. In these cases, the diagnosis using only one type of non-invasive technique may not be sufficient to investigate the conservation status of the stone materials of the superficial and inner parts of the studied structures 2) Recent technological and scientific developments in the field of non-invasive diagnostic techniques for different types of materials favors and supports the acquisition, processing and interpretation of huge multidisciplinary datasets.
    Description: Regione Autonoma della Sardegna (RAS) (Sardinian Autonomous Region), Regional Law 7th August 2007, no. 7, Promotion of scientific research and technological innovation in Sardinia (Italy).
    Description: Published
    Description: 4334
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Non-invasive methodology ; Stone building materials ; Diagnosis ; 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanner ; Non-invasive multi-techniques acoustic data ; Microscopy ; Methodology for the non-destructive diagnosis of architectural elements ; Cultural Heritage
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 15
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    Enhanced North Pacific deep-ocean stratification by stronger intermediate water formation during Heinrich Stadial 1 (2019)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 10(656), ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-16
    Description: The deglacial history of CO2 release from the deep North Pacific remains unresolved. This is due to conflicting indications about subarctic Pacific ventilation changes based on various marine proxies, especially for Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS-1) when a rapid atmospheric CO2 rise occurs. Here, we use a complex Earth System Model to investigate the deglacial North Pacific overturning and its control on ocean stratification. Our results show an enhanced intermediate-to-deep ocean stratification coeval with intensified North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) formation during HS-1, compared to the Last Glacial Maximum. The stronger NPIW formation causes lower salinities and higher temperatures at intermediate depths. By lowering NPIW densities, this enlarges vertical density gradient and thus enhances intermediate-to-deep ocean stratification during HS-1. Physically, this process prevents the North Pacific deep waters from a better communication with the upper oceans, thus prolongs the existing isolation of glacial Pacific abyssal carbons during HS-1.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 16
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    Studying the cardiovascular system of a marine crustacean with magnetic resonance imaging at 9.4 T (2019)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine, Springer Nature, ISSN: 1352-8661
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-27
    Description: An approach is presented for high-field MRI studies of the cardiovascular system (CVS) of a marine crustacean, the edible crab Cancer pagurus, submerged in highly conductive seawater. Structure and function of the CVS were investigated at 9.4 T. Cardiac motion was studied using self-gated CINE MRI. Imaging protocols and radio-frequency coil arrangements were tested for anatomical imaging. Haemolymph flow was quantified using phase-contrast angiography. Signal-to-noise-ratios and flow velocities in afferent and efferent branchial veins were compared with Student’s t test (n = 5). Seawater induced signal losses were dependent on imaging protocols and RF coil setup. Internal cardiac structures could be visualized with high spatial resolution within 8 min using a gradient-echo technique. Variations in haemolymph flow in different vessels could be determined over time. Maximum flow was similar within individual vessels and corresponded to literature values from Doppler measurements. Heart contractions were more pronounced in lateral and dorso-ventral directions than in the anterior–posterior direction. Choosing adequate imaging protocols in combination with a specific RF coil arrangement allows to monitor various parts of the crustacean CVS with exceptionally high spatial resolution despite the adverse effects of seawater at 9.4 T.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 17
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    Magma plumbing system and seismicity of an active mid-ocean ridge volcano (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 7(42949), pp. 1-9
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-23
    Description: At mid-ocean ridges volcanism generally decreases with spreading rate but surprisingly massive volcanic centres occur at the slowest spreading ridges. These volcanoes can host unexpectedly strong earthquakes and vigorous, explosive submarine eruptions. Our understanding of the geodynamic processes forming these volcanic centres is still incomplete due to a lack of geophysical data and the difficulty to capture their rare phases of magmatic activity. We present a local earthquake tomographic image of the magma plumbing system beneath the Segment 8 volcano at the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. The tomography shows a confined domain of partial melt under the volcano. We infer that from there melt is horizontally transported to a neighbouring ridge segment at 35 km distance where microearthquake swarms and intrusion tremor occur that suggest ongoing magmatic activity. Teleseismic earthquakes around the Segment 8 volcano, prior to our study, indicate that the current magmatic spreading episode may already have lasted over a decade and hence its temporal extent greatly exceeds the frequent short-lived spreading episodes at faster opening mid-ocean ridges.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 18
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    Evidence for a palaeo-subglacial lake on the Antarctic continental shelf (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 8, pp. 15591, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: Subglacial lakes are widespread beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet but their control on ice-sheet dynamics and their ability to harbour life remain poorly characterized. Here we present evidence for a palaeo-subglacial lake on the Antarctic continental shelf. A distinct sediment facies recovered from a bedrock basin in Pine Island Bay indicates deposition within a low-energy lake environment. Diffusive-advection modelling demonstrates that low chloride concentrations in the pore water of the corresponding sediments can only be explained by initial deposition of this facies in a freshwater setting. These observations indicate that an active subglacial meltwater network, similar to that observed beneath the extant ice sheet, was also active during the last glacial period. It also provides a new framework for refining the exploration of these unique environments.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 19
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    West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by Holocene warm water incursions (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Springer Nature, 547(7661), pp. 43-48, ISSN: 0028-0836
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: Glaciological and oceanographic observations coupled with numerical models show that warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) incursions onto the West Antarctic continental shelf cause melting of the undersides of floating ice shelves. Because these ice shelves buttress glaciers feeding into them, their ocean-induced thinning is driving Antarctic ice-sheet retreat today. Here we present a multi-proxy data based reconstruction of variability in CDW inflow to the Amundsen Sea sector, the most vulnerable part of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, during the Holocene epoch (from 11.7 thousand years ago to the present). The chemical compositions of foraminifer shells and benthic foraminifer assemblages in marine sediments indicate that enhanced CDW upwelling, controlled by the latitudinal position of the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds, forced deglaciation of this sector from at least 10,400 years ago until 7,500 years ago—when an ice-shelf collapse may have caused rapid ice-sheet thinning further upstream—and since the 1940s. These results increase confidence in the predictive capability of current ice-sheet models.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 20
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    Erratum to: Distribution, density and abundance of Antarctic ice seals off Queen Maud Land and the eastern Weddell Sea (2017)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biology, Springer Nature, 40(5), pp. 1167-1168, ISSN: 0722-4060
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    Publication Date: 2017-10-20
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 21
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - CCSN 02-128 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-06
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - CCSN 02-128 - male - 2.93 m - Pelvic location - Cape Cod Stranding Network
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 22
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 16475 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 16475 - female - length unknown - Pelvic location - Harvard University
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - UMA 4825 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - UMA 4825 - male 2.75 m - Pelvic location - UMASS Amherst
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    Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 7899 (2022)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-30
    Description: Tursiops truncatus (Bottlenose Dolphin) - MCZ 7899 - male - length unknown - Pelvic location - Harvard University
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    LFASE data transcription software CGG2ROSE2 version 1.1 : program report (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Seismic data obtained using borehole seismometers during the LFASE experiment (Stephen et al, 1989; Koelsch et al, 1990) are retrieved from the seafloor instrument package and converted to a data format more suitable for analysis with existing computer systems. This report describes the computer program CGG2ROSE2 for converting LFASE optical disk files recorded in CGG format by the data acquisition computer into standard ROSE format data files on a VAX/VMS computer. CGG2ROSE2 provides features for rearranging LFASE data into smaller segments, making corrections to timing information, and replacing file header information.
    Keywords: Seismic arrays ; Seismology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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    LFASE data processing system overview (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This technical report provides an overview of the LFASE data processing system. This software system is made up of over twenty-five programs which are used to acquire, reduce, and analyze acoustic seismic data collected during the Low Frequency Acoustic Seismic Experiment (LFASE) (Stephen et al, 1989; Koelsch et al, 1990). This report is directed at scientific and engineering personnel who wish to understand the overall LFASE data processing system as well as the individual processing procedures which are utilized during each stage of data reduction and interpretation. The report is also directed at programmers, data processors, technicians, and other individuals who plan to work with LFASE programs and data.
    Keywords: Seismic arrays ; Seismology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Bottom array specifications for the low frequency acoustic seismic experiment (LFASE) (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Low Frequency Acoustic Seismic Experiment (LFASE) was conducted to measure sound propagation and ambient noise above, at and below the sea floor. To this end an array consisting of four geophone nodes was introduced into a DSDP borehole. These seismic sensors were clamped inside the borehole at various depths below the ocean floor. The geophone array was connected by an electromechanical cable to a bottom reentry structure (BCU frame) housing the Data Recording Unit (DRU), the Data Telemetry Unit (DTU), the Bottom Control Unit (BCU) and the power supply.
    Description: Report prepared under Office of Naval Research Contracts #N00014-89-C-0018, N00014-89-J-1012 and Office of Naval Technology Contract #00014-90-C-0098, WHOI Project #13/1012
    Keywords: Seismic arrays ; Seismology ; Melville (Ship) Cruise HYDR01MV ; Melville (Ship) Cruise HYDR05MV ; Melville (Ship) Cruise HYDR09MV ; Melville (Ship) Cruise HYDR10MV
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    2015 program of study : stochastic processes in atmospheric & oceanic dynamics (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Stochastic Processes in Atmospheric & Oceanic Dynamics was the theme at the 2015 GFD Program. Professors Charlie Doering (University of Michigan) and Henk Dijkstra (University of Utrecht) were the principal lecturers. Their lectures were collectively twopronged. The first prong was launched by Charlie, who laid down the mathematical foundations of random variables, stochastic processes and the nature and analysis of stochastic differential equations. In the second, Henk took us through the many places in the Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate system where the infrastructure from the first prong plays out. John Wettlaufer and Oliver Bühler were the stochastic co‐directors. In keeping with the theme, the Cottage was in constant motion with many visitors and long‐term staff members. Following the thematic principal lectures, the seminar room was busy all summer, with talks spanning an impressive range of topics that we are typically fortunate to experience in Walsh Cottage. Importantly, some of the newer staff ably jumped into the supervision of fellows projects ‒ directly or indirectly. The fellows pursued a rich range of projects and have produced a fine set of reports.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation Grant #OCE-1332750
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    The Long Term Upper Ocean Study (LOTUS) : cruise summary and hydrographic data report : Oceanus 154, May 1984 (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: OCEANUS cruise 154 (16-23 May 1984) was the final cruise in the two year field program of the Long Term Upper Ocean Study (LOTUS). The work occurred primarily in the LOTUS area (34°N, 70°W), where the entire moored array was recovered. The moorings were the following: the LOTUS-6 surface mooring (No. 792), a subsurface mooring (No. 788), two intermediate moorings (Nos. 789, 790), and a C. S. Draper Labs profiling current meter (PCMlH) mooring. Also on OCEANUS 154, a mooring was deployed for the U. S. Geological Survey at approximately 40°10'N, 69°58'W. On the return trip, an engineering test mooring was recovered at approximately 39°11'N, 70°01'W, some elements removed for testing, and then redeployed in the same location. This report presents the hydrographic data collected on OCEANUS 154, as well as providing details of the work that was accomplished.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-84-C-0134, NR 083-400.
    Keywords: Navigation ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC154
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    Technical report on a portable gravity meter platform and first test results (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This report describes the new portable platform and gravity meter system which has been assembled at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. It consists of three functionally distinct parts. The first of these is a recently developed gyro-stabilized two-axis platform. This platform has been designed to carry the vibrating string accelerometer (VSA) and its associated oven assembly as the gravity sensor. The new platform represents a major reduction in both size and weight over other platforms suitable for gravity measurement. The second major part of this system is a new gravity readout which interfaces with the VSA, processes the VSA output, and prepares the resulting filtered acceleration data for output to the acquisition system. The readout has been designed to allow flexible use of the gravity system on a variety of vehicles, including ships, submarines and aircraft. The third part of this new meter is the data acquisition system. It consists of a microprocessor interfaced to a Kennedy 9-track tape drive. Both the platform and the readout are connected to the microprocessor. Results are presented from Endeavor cruise 88 that demonstrate the ability of the platform to stabilize the gravity meter and for the gravity system to produce raw data with a resolution of 48 milligals at a sampling rate of 10 Hz. Digital signal processing techniques which were used to filter the data and extract the gravity signal with a resolution of 0.48 milligals are also discussed.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-82-C-0019; NR 083-004.
    Keywords: Gravimeters ; Signal processing
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    Final technical report : contract N00014-81-C-0010 : 1 October 1980 - 30 September 1982 (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Laboratory, theoretical and numerical research was conducted into the structure and stability of baroclinic non-linear currents in a rotating fluid. A rotating version of the dam-break problem in which a . density current is generated after a barrier has been removed was studied. The speed of the current and its width and depth were measured by Whitehead (1981) and more extensively by Stern, Whitehead, and Lien Hua (1982), who report the experiments and compare the results to theory. Properties of a limiting bore solution for rotation density currents predicted earlier by Stern are incorporated into the above theory to predict the speed of the nose of the current. Experiments are described in which the current width is measured to be in reasonable agreement with the theory. Theoretical studies of the stability of a free isolated baroclinic jet whose free surface in cross-section intersects the water surface at two points by Griffiths, Killworth and Stern (1982) was undertaken. The waves permit the release of both kinetic and potential energy. They can have rapid growth rates, thee-folding time for waves on a current with zero potential vorticity being close to one-half of a rotation period. Experiments with a current of buoyant fluid at the free surface of a lower layer were also conducted. The current was observed to be always unstable. Killworth and Stern (1982) showed that a coastal density current in a rotating system is unstable to downstream wave disturbances when the mean potential vorticity increases towards the (vertically-walled) coast and when the mean current vanishes there. Other new instability modes were also found which do not require the potential vorticity extremum of quasi-geostrophic theory. Paldor, in his Ph.D. thesis, used Rayleigh integral to prove that an unbounded geostrophic front of uniform potential vorticity is stable with respect to small perturbations of arbitrary wavelength. Stern and Paldor (1983) used extremum concepts to analyze large amplitude disturbances in a boundary layer shear flow with an inviscid and longwave theory. It was found that initially weak horizontal convergences were concentrated and amplified in time.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-81-C-0010 and for the National Science Foundation, Ocean Science Division under Grant 0CE 80-18322.
    Keywords: Ocean currents ; Hydrodynamics
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    Survey of shoreline structures, Popponesset Beach, MA (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The structures along a 12 km section of the shoreline of Cape Cod, Mass., were evaluated for condition and effectiveness at protecting the coast. Structures in the area include groins, jetties, revetments, and seawalls; each has been located, photographed and described. The region has been subject to erosion in recent years, including the loss of a 1 km section of barrier spit. The role of shoreline structures in controlling or enhancing the erosion was examined as part of a larger study of coastal processes in the area. The shoreline structures serve two primary functions: beach enhancement and protection of the bluffs from erosion. The structures• effects on bluffs and beaches in their immediate vicinity (approximately lOOm along the coastline to the north and south of the structure) are detailed in this report. Seawalls generally protect the cliffs into which they are built without enhancing erosion of surrounding bluffs, though the bluffs are protected at the expense of the beaches in the central area (Meadow Point). Large scale changes in beach configuration are not primarily caused by local, small-scale structures, but rather by a more regional paucity of sand input into the system. This scarcity is caused in part by large jetties controlling inlet flows to Waquoit Bay, which impedes free transport of sand into the area.
    Description: Funding was provided through a Massachusetts Coastal Zone Management Program Community Assistance Grant by the Town of Mashpee and through NOAA, Office of Sea Grant under Grant NA80AA-D-00077 (RB-40).
    Keywords: Shore protection ; Sediment transport
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    Effects of commercial fishing on adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a Quebec river (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Despite an absence of freshwater exploitation, the adult salmon run in the Matamek River, Quebec, declined during 1975-1980 to 〈23% of the level thought to occur there prior to 1967. Returns in 1979 and 1980 of adults tagged as smolts were 1.0% and 0.9%, respectively. Numbers of emigrating smolts and their corresponding adult returns are not significantly correlated, although we observed a trend towards more salmon (2 sea year fish) returning with larger numbers of migrating smolts. Since 1967 there is noted a decrease in the age at which returning adults smolted and females appear to now constitute a larger percentage of returning grilse and salmon. These, and other changes in life history characteristics, appear to be caused solely by commercial exploitation.
    Description: Prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Department of Recreation, Fish and Game of the Province of Quebec.
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon ; Fish populations ; Atlantic salmon ; Fisheries
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    The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution digital ocean bottom hydrophone instrument : technical report (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This report describes the design and capabilities of a new ocean bottom hydrophone instrument. The instrument is microprocessor controlled and records digitally on a commercially available cartridge tape recorder with a formatted capacity of 16.7 megabytes. It can operate at sampling intervals between 80 and 8500 Hz and has a dynamic range of 120dB. Both the hardware and software are designed to provide the maximum flexibility in operation allowing either preprogrammed or event detect operation for either short deployment high sampling rate experiments or extended deployment low data rate applications. The microprocessor and recording electronics are capable of handling four data channels and thus the existing recording package is suitable for the ocean bottom seismometer application (or similar} with little or no modification.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-82-C-0019; NR 083-004.
    Keywords: Hydrophone ; Underwater acoustics
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    USNS Bartlett cruise 40-B data report (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: A joint cruise with Dr. Michael Gregg of the Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington was conducted from 8-24 January, 1983, aboard the USNS Bartlett to study the effects of wintertime cooling in a warm core ring. At the beginning of the cruise an XBT survey of ring 821 (found at 40°40'N, 66°W, east of the New England Seamounts) showed a rather confused pattern of surface temperature and salinity with the average depth of the mixed layer about 30m. On January 16-17, a storm passed near the ring with winds to 45 knots and temperatures below 0°C. An XBT survey at the end of the cruise showed that vertical mixing and cooling during the outbreak of cold air resulted in a more coherent pattern in the surface temperature and salinity of the ring and an increase in the thickness of the mixed layer to 180 m.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-82-C-0019; NR 083-004.
    Keywords: Bartlett (Ship) Cruise 40-B
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    Report of the Fisheries Ecology Meeting, June 8-11, 1981 (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: An Ad Hoc Group of the Ocean Sciences Board of the Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Research Council, was formed in 1980 to study the constraints that impede advances in the understanding of fisheries ecology. In order to continue the discussions of the Ad Hoc Group and plan strategies or actions that might be taken to resolve the critical questions of fisheries ecology, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration sponsored a Fisheries Ecology Meeting at Woods Hole, June 8-11, 1981. The Woods Hole meeting addressed various topics related to a) fisheries ecology: the point of view of management, b) regional experience, c) fish and their environment, d) population dynamics, e) socioeconomics, f) the national environment for conducting fisheries ecology research, and g) actions that need to be undertaken.
    Description: Prepared for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration~ the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and the Pew Memorial Trust.
    Keywords: Fishes ; Fishery management ; Fish populations
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    Matamek annual report for 1978 (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is a report describing activities associated with the Matamek program in 1978. Research was conducted on biological, chemical and physical factors related to salmonid production in Matamek River and Matamek Lake. Canadian universities, the Quebec government and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution cooperated in this program .
    Description: Supported by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Department of Tourism, Fish and Game of the Province of Quebec.
    Keywords: Fishery management ; Salmonidae
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    Factors limiting the development of aquaculture : a Japanese experience (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: An understanding of those factors which have limited the development of Japanese aquaculture may have some applications to the problems of aquaculture in developing countries. The history of aquaculture in Japan is reviewed from chronological, geographical, species and institutional points of view. Conclusions reached in this study reveal that throughout the history of Japan aquaculture development has been limited by variables which can be identified. The most important factor is the existence of leadership which coordinates supply and demand, environmental suitability, technical capability, legality, experience, infrastructure and social welfare incentives with economic feasibility. The development of aquaculture depends on simultaneous development of all these factors, not on the preponderance of any one of them. Within the framework of this generalization, issues pertaining to aquaculture development in developing countries could be handled by adaptation to local conditions.
    Description: Prepared with funds from the Pew Memorial Trust and by the Department of Commerce, NOAA Office of Sea Grant under Grant #04-8-MOl-l49, and the Institution's Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program.
    Keywords: National Sea Grant Program (U.S.) ; Aquaculture
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    Uptake of heavy metals, organic trace contaminants and viruses by the Japanese oyster, Crassostrea gigas, grown in a waste recycling aquaculture system : final report (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: A study of 24 weeks duration was carried out in which oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were grown in four regimes. These were: (i) on phytoplankton cultured in a mixture of secondary treated sewage effluent and seawater for a period of 12 weeks followed by a second 12 week period of feeding on phytoplankton cultured in a "clean," inorganically enriched regime; (ii) as for (i) except that the secondary effluent was sand filtered prior to use; (iii) as for (ii) except that the effluent was charcoal filtered prior to use; and (iv) using "clean," inorganically enriched phytoplankton food for the 24 week duration. At intervals of two weeks, populations of oysters were removed for assay for trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) and organic contaminants (hydrocarbons, P . C.B.' s). No significant accumulation or depuration of any metal or organic contaminant was evident in any of the regimes. In terms of these contaminants all oysters are within acceptable edible standards as set by F.D.A. A series of experiments was carried out to examine the public health implications of enterovirus survival in a mollusc culture system fertilized with secondary treated sewage effluent. Using MS-2 bacteriophage and vaccine strain poliovirus it would appear that depuration could be effected in 20-25 days in C. gigas at l5°C. However this does NOT mean that such a time span would be adequate for other enteroviruses. Further work is required in this area.
    Description: Supported by NOAA Office of Sea Grant, Department of Commerce, Grant No. 04-07-158-44104 .
    Keywords: Oyster culture ; Aquaculture ; Crassostrea gigas
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 November 1960 - 30 April 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Digital computing techniques have been used in special computing applications in underwater acoustics at WHOI for many years, but recently we have commenced intensive application of digital data handling and computing facilities to a variety of computing, data storage, and data handling problems. Progress in these applications is described under Acoustic Instrumentation below. Some bathymetric studies carried out recently under another contract have shown that even very narrow-beam, single-beam echo sounders simply cannot provide reliable depth sounding information where the topography is complex. In this work we have been experimenting with the inverted echo sounder, discussed below, originally developed to measure depth of the sound velocimeter. The inverted echo sounder is lowered to a position within a few feet of the bottom. The total acoustic travel time from surface to bottom may be read as the sum of the travel times from the instrument to the bottom and surface . True depth is then computed in the usual way with appropriate s cnmd velocity data. In its present form the inverted echo sounder is suitable for mapping ~mall areas~ a few square miles, provided there is a suitable means of positioning the instrument. We have experimented with radio-acoustic navigation, and intend to experiment with vertical triangulation from the suspending ship as well. Steady demands for new, modified, and improved instrumentation have been responded to in echo sounding, seismic profiling, and spectrum analysis, as detailed below.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under Contracts Nonr-1367(00)NR261-102 and Nonr-2129(00)NR261-104
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic instruments
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    UCTD and EcoCTD Observations from the CALYPSO Pilot Experiment (2018): Cruise and Data Report (2019)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: From May 27, 2018 to June 02, 2018, a scientific campaign was conducted in the Alboran Sea as part of an ONR Departmental Research Initiative, CALYPSO. The pilot cruise involved two ships: the R/V Socib, tasked with sampling fixed lines repeatedly, and the NRV Alliance that surveyed along the trajectory of Lagrangian platforms. A large variety of assets were deployed from the NRV Alliance, with the objective to identify coherent Lagrangian pathways from the surface ocean to interior. As part of the field campaign, an Underway-CTD (UCTD) system was used to measure vertical profiles of salinity, temperature and other properties while steaming, to achieve closely spaced measurements in the horizontal along the ship's track. Both a UCTD probe and an biooptically augmented probe, named EcoCTD, were deployed. The EcoCTD collects concurrent physical and bio-optical observations. This report focuses exclusively on the data collected by these two underway systems. It describes th e datasets collected during the pilot cruise, as well as the important processing steps developed for the EcoCTD.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract #N000141613130
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    Some current measurements in the Sargasso Sea (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Also published as: Deep-Sea Research 12 (1965): 805-814
    Description: Long-term current measurements at depths of 50 and 100m obtained with Richardson current meters at two deep-water moorings south of Bermuda are reported. The records are dominated by anticyclonic rotations which appear and degenerate, possibly in response to the passage of storms. Spectral analysis of the records indicates that this motion has a period of 24 hours at a depth of 50 m, and 25·3 hours at a depth of 100m. No explanation is given to account for this difference in period over a 50-m separation. Both records indicate the existence of semidiurnal tidal motion. The long-term motions at both depths indicate a systematic change in the net direction of flow over a three-month period.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-2196(00) NR 083-004.
    Keywords: Ocean currents--Measurement ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Sargasso Sea
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    WHOI Hawaii Ocean Timeseries Station (WHOTS) : WHOTS-14 2017 mooring turnaround cruise report (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Hawaii Ocean Time-series Station (WHOTS), located approximately 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, is intended to provide long-term, high-quality air-sea fluxes as a part of the NOAA Climate Observation Program. The WHOTS mooring also serves as a coordinated part of the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) program, contributing to the goals of observing heat, fresh water and chemical fluxes at a site representative of the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring instrumented for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 22.75°N, 158°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations are used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. This report documents recovery of the thirteenth WHOTS mooring (WHOTS-13) and deployment of the fourteenth mooring (WHOTS-14). Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element and were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each ASIMET system measures, records, and transmits via Argos and Iridium satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 155 m of the moorings were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, conductivity and velocity in a cooperative effort with Dr. Roger Lukas of the University of Hawaii. A pCO2 system and ancillary sensors were installed on the buoys in cooperation with Adrienne J. Sutton at the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. The WHOTS mooring turnaround was conducted on the NOAA ship Hi’ialakai (R/V HA). Operations were a joint effort undertaken by the Upper Ocean Processes group (UOP) of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the University of Hawaii’s (UH) Hawaii Ocean Time-series group (HOT), and the able-bodied crew of R/V HA. The cruise took place between 25 July and August 3 2017. Operations began with deployment of the WHOTS-14 mooring on 27 July. This was followed by a period of intercomparison, where meteorological measurements and CTDs were collected at both the W13 and W14 stations. Recovery of the WHOTS-13 mooring took place on 31 July. This report details the in-port operations, pre-cruise buoy preparations, cruise operations and data collected.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158 and the Cooperative Institute for the North Atlantic Region (CINAR).
    Keywords: Hydrography--North Pacific Ocean--Observations ; Oceanographic instruments--North Pacific Ocean--Observations
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    Alvin instrumentation (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Also published as: 1967 NEREM record : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 9 (1967): 196-197
    Description: THIS PAPER DESCRIBES the equipments used to establish the relative position of ALVIN from her mother ship, the R/V LULU. Operating procedures used at sea are also discussed. A recent review within the Deep Submergence Research Vehicle Program at WHOI established a set of conclusions and guidelines, for internal use, governing the ALVIN locating equipments and procedures.
    Description: The Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr- 3484(00).
    Keywords: Underwater navigation
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    POWER-US Workshop Final Report on Offshore Wind Energy and Passive Acoustic Monitoring: Establishing Standards for Operational Real-time Systems (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Workshop held November 21, 2019, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
    Description: Real-time autonomous Passive Acoustic Monitoring systems (real-time PAMS) have the ability to detect marine mammal species, including the North Atlantic Right Whale, and provide notification of their presence. This workshop, held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) on November 21st, 2019, sought to develop an initial framework for creating equipment and performance standards that could be used to benchmark all real-time PAMS as well as data standards that ensure system interoperability. Forty attendees were present, spanning industry, regulatory, scientific, and conservation stakeholder groups. Through presentations and breakout sessions, the group identified and discussed the potential abilities of real-time PAMS to improve situational awareness during wind energy development activities, the types of implementations that are possible in the coming years, and the roadblocks preventing near-term, widespread use of this technology as a risk mitigation solution. Participants agreed that real-time autonomous PAMS hold tremendous promise for reducing the potential risk associated with development activities while at the same time allowing more flexibility to developers. Successful implementation of real-time PAMS for offshore wind energy use was seen as possible now based on existing technology. Workshop attendees identified a number next steps that would further the effectiveness of real-time PAMS within the offshore wind energy industry. However, the lack of a regulatory process for defining the sensing requirements for a particular implementation, as well as the dynamic operational framework within which real-time PAMS would be used were seen as the biggest challenges to effective near-term use.
    Description: Workshop Sponsors: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and POWER-US
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    Preliminary report CHAIN #11 : 22 February - 22 March 1960 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The second half of CHAIN Cruise #11, 22 February until 22 March, 1960, is detailed as to type of measurements made with their specific locations. The cruise areas were in the St. Croix region, the Puerto' Rico Trench and the tracks from the Bahamas to Bermuda to Woods Hole. Camera lowerings, lowerings of the thermal probe and accompanying cores, dredging, sound velocimeter lowerings, and acoustic studies of the scattering layer were the special events undertaken while precision bathymetry and towing of the Continuous Temperature Recording Chain were on a watch standing basis.
    Description: Undersea Warfare Branch, Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr- 1367(00) (NR- 261-10 2)
    Keywords: Underwater photography ; Submarine topography ; Marine sediments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    On the estimation of the directional spectrum of ocean waves from time series observations of surface elevations (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: A mathematical model, consistent with certain physical features of ocean waves may be constructed by superposition of long crested sinusoidal gravity waves. Such a model, as proposed by Pierson (1955) and Longuet-Higgins (1957), depends upon the random superposition of the component waves, so that the interpretation of ocean wave measurements must be regarded as a statistical problem. Barber (1958) has suggested that measurement of sea surface elevation as a function of time at several points along a line array may be used to deduce the distribution of energy with regard to frequency and direction of the component gravity waves. In fact, by preserving the time relationship among the signals from several detectors in a line array , the array need not be physically rotated to examine component gravity waves coming from various directions. After developing the physical basis and mathematical notation for a stochastic model of ocean waves the limitations and potential errors in the measurement and calculation of directional spectra from finite and discrete data are discussed. Finally, some directional spectra calculated from measurements of wind generated waves in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts are presented without attempting interpretation.
    Description: This research was supported in part by the Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program, S-R009 01 01, administered by the David Taylor Model Basin and the Office of Naval Research Under Contract Nonr-3351(00) NR 083- 501 and Nonr 2734(00) NR 083-143.
    Keywords: Ocean waves--Mathematical models
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May 1966 - 31 October 1966 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This i s a status report for the period 1 May 1966 to 31 October 1966 for Contract Nonr - 4029 with the Office of Naval Research. Subjects of this contract are in Oceanic Acoustics, Physical Oceanography, Sea Floor Properties and Advisory Activities. Preliminary results of a cruise by CHAIN to the Mediterranean and the Red Sea during the summer of 1966 are given. Sound-velocity and temperature structure south of Bermuda as observed from ATLANTIS II (June, July 1966) are described. Continuing analysis of acoustical and geophysical data is discussed. Papers, reports, and technical memoranda written during this period are listed.
    Description: The Undersea Warfare Branch., Office of Naval Research., under Contract.Nonr-4029(00) NR 260-101.
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics
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  • 49
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    Whale and porpoise voices : a phonograph record (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Includes accompanying booklet and image of record jacket
    Description: The vocal sounds of cetaceans are a little known and even less understood feature of the complex adaptation of these animals, whose ancestors lived on the dry land, to an entirely aquatic existence. Even in the clearest surface waters, sight is limited to about a hundred feet or less in daytime, and visibility ranges are mostly negligibly short for fast-swimming animals, so that they are effectively partly or wholly blinded. Therefore sound and hearing have an especially important place in their lives. Sound is used not only in direct communication, but also to a large degree in navigation and hunting (echo-location). The excerpts presented here are samples of such sounds made by eighteen species, all obtained by eavesdropping in the open sea (except for the Inia selection, which was made in captivity). These recordings have not been speeded up or slowed down, and so are true in natural frequency and time; there has been no editing or filtering except as noted.
    Keywords: Porpoises ; Whales ; Animal sounds
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Recording, acoustical
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  • 50
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    Bibliography on diving and diver safety for a scientific diving program (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Diving, scientific diving, and diver safety are specialized subject areas not generally well-represented in even the largest of academic libraries, largely because of difficulties in locating appropriate items to include in the collection. However, in order to adequately fulfill his/her responsibilities, the Diving Safety Officer of a scientific diving program needs easy access to a broad range of books, reports, and journals covering all aspects of diving. This bibliography outlines a comprehensive collection appropriate to the needs of a scientific diving program in a research or academic institution. Items are grouped in broad subject areas corresponding to various aspects of the diving program. Both title and author indexes are also included.
    Keywords: Deep diving ; Scuba diving
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 51
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    Multiple source location estimation using the EM Algorithm (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: We present a computationally efficient scheme for multiple source location estimation based on the EM Algorithm. The proposed scheme is optimal in the sense that it converges iteratively to the exact Maximum Likelihood estimate for all the unknown parameters simultaneously. The method can be applied to a wide range of problems arising in signal and array processing.
    Description: Funding provided by the Naval Air Systems Command under contract Number N00014-85-K-0272.
    Keywords: Estimation theory ; Signal processing
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 52
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    A sea floor winch system for wire line re-entry of deep sea boreholes (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The following report describes the scientific motivations for the use of a Sea Floor Winch System for Wireline Re-entry of Deep Sea Boreholes and presents a conceptual design for the winch system.
    Description: This report has been prepared for the Scripps Institution of Oceanography under U.C.S.D. Order # G29733-0901.
    Keywords: Oceanographic instruments ; Winches
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Abstracts of papers submitted in 1983 for publication, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This volume contains all abstracts submitted for publication during calendar year 1983 by the staff and students of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Because some of the abstracts may not be published in the journal to which they have been submitted initially, we have purposely omitted identifying the journals. The volume is intended to be informative, but not a bibliography.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Data file : New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The purpose of this data file, which has been modelled after Hathaway (1971), is to make available most of the basic data that was collected as part of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's study of New Bedford Harbor. The New Bedford Harbor project, which was jointly funded by the Office of Sea Grant and Woods Hole, was designed to examine the past and present patterns of dispersal and accumulation of fine-grained sediments and waste materials in New Bedford Harbor and its approaches.
    Description: Prepared for the Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Sea Grant under Contract 04-6-158-44016 and 04-6-158-44106.
    Keywords: Estuarine sediments ; Estuarine pollution ; Marine sediments ; Sedimentation analysis ; Factory and trade waste ; Sewage disposal ; Water quality
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 55
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    The Matamek research program : annual report for 1983 (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This report summarizes activities associated with the Institution's Matamek Research Station during 1983. Research was conducted on the biological, chemical and physical environment of streams and rivers, principally in the Maisie and Matamek River watersheds, on the effects of beaver in shaping the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, on salmonid ecology, on decomposition dynamics, on invertebrate community dynamics, on sedimentary diatom responses to acid precipitation, and on microbial production. Canadian universities, American universities, the University College of North Wales, the Quebec government, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution cooperated in this program.
    Description: Funding was provided by: Matamek and Education Programs of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution NOAA, Office of Sea Grant, Grant NA 80-AA-D-00077 National Science Foundation, Grant DEB 81-05677 Tai Ping Foundation National Scientific and Engineering Research Council, Canada Atlantic Salmon Association Department of Recreation, Fish and Game Province of Quebec University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario Natural Environment Research Council, United Kingdom
    Keywords: Stream ecology ; Aquatic ecology ; Fishes ; Salmon
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  • 56
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    U.S. "Mussel Watch" Program : transuranic element data from Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1976-1983 (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Bivalves (Mytilus edulis, Mytilus californianus, Crassostrea virginica and Ostrea equestris) were collected once per year during 1976, 1977, and 1978 along the United States coast and analyzed for 239,240 Pu, 241Am and 137Cs as part of the U. S. Mussel Watch program. Monthly samples were collected during 1976-1980 from Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island and Bodega Head, California and analyzed for 239,240 Pu, 241Am , and 137Cs. There is no evidence in the data for systematic regional or local elevated concentrations of radionuclides as a result of releases from the nuclear fuel cycle. Elevated concentrations of 239,240 Pu in mussels from the central California coast are due to uptake from upwelled water fed by North Pacific water which has elevated 239,240 Pu from input of nuclear weapons test fallout. Monthly fluctuations in radionuclide concentrations in the Narragansett Bay mussels appear to be primarily influenced by spawning. The slight monthly fluctuations in the radionuclide concentrations for the Bodega Head mussels are less coherent from year to year compared to Narragansett Bay although 239,240 Pu may be influenced by upwelling season. Limited data on transplants of mussels as well as mussel data from the Ebro estuary on the Spanish coast and from the Irish Sea are also reported.
    Description: Prepared for the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency under Cooperative Research Agreement No. CR-807181 between Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the U. S. E.P.A. Environmental Research Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island,and U.S. E.P.A. Contract No. 68-03-3193.
    Keywords: Mussel Watch Project ; Mussels ; Radioisotopes
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    Abstracts of papers submitted in 1982 for publication, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
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    Computer storage and retrieval of position-dependent data : technical report (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: A data storage and retrieval scheme has been designed and implemented which provides cost effective and easy access to location-dependent, 'geophysical' data. The system is operational on a Digital Equipment Corporation VAX-11/780 computer. Values of measured and computed geophysical parameters, such as geomagnetic field, water depth and gravity field, are stored in the library system. In addition, information about the data, such as port stops, project name and funding agency are also saved. These data are available to a time sharing computer user, validated to use the software package, through a query language designed to interact with this data library. The data can be searched and retrieved both sequentially and geographically.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contracts N00014-79-C-0071; NR 083-004 and N00014-82-C-0019; NR 083- 004 and JOI, Inc.
    Keywords: Information storage and retrieval systems ; Computer programs
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 59
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    Atlantis II : cruise 102 : moored and shipboard surface meteorological measurements during JASIN 1978 (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: During cruise 102 of the R/V Atlantis-II in the Joint Air-Sea Interaction Project (JASIN), surface meteorological data were gathered by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution personnel from two moored buoys and from the ship. One buoy (JASIN W2/WHOI 651) carried a Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR) and a Vector Measuring Wind Recorder (VMWR); these instruments provided 18 days of intercomparison data and 38 days of meteorological data from 30 July to 6 September 1978. The other buoy (JASIN H2) carried a VMWR and gave 25 total days of data from 16 July to 10 August, and from 26 August to 1 September. A PET computer, hardwired to sensors positioned on the ship, displayed data that were logged during both legs of the cruise. Manual data were gathered by the science watches. This report describes the PET system, and displays and compares all the data. VAWR hourly meteorological data are listed for the 38 day period. Scientific interpretation of these data, such as calculations of heat fluxes, will be published separately.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE77-25803 and OCE76-80174, and for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Joint Air-Sea Interaction Project ; Meteorology ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Atlantis II (Ship : 1963-) Cruise AII102
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    Proceedings of a Workshop on Coastal Zone Research in Massachusetts : (November 27-28, 1978) (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: A workshop on Coastal Zone Research held on 27 and 28 November, 1978, at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, brought together fifty researchers actively studying physical processes in the Massachusetts coastal zone (Appendix 1). Presentations were given by nearly half of the participants to acquaint other researchers with their past, present, and future research interests. Summaries of the presentations are included in Appendix 3. Although the scope of the workshop was narrow, emphasizing only selected aspects of coastal zone research, it represented an important attempt to assess our knowledge of physical processes in the nearshore, and to encourage cooperation and communication between scientists. Two sets of recommendations evolved from the workshop. The first set recommends ways to facilitate scientist - user communication, and provide more rapid dissemination of coastal research results. The second set describes areas of future research in the Massachusetts coastal zone. Neither of the two sets of recommendations is comprehensive: they reflect primarily the opinions and judgements of the workshop participants. Because of the interest expressed by the participants, the workshop will be held on an annual basis until the need for such meetings disappears. Future workshops may have specific goals, e.g. preparation of coastal erosion maps or historical shoreline change maps. Future meetings may also have more state, federal, and local governmental participants in an effort to foster scientist - user communications. The workshop was co-sponsored by the Woods Hole Sea Grant Program and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The Woods Hole Sea Grant Program has offered to co-sponsor future Workshops on Coastal zone Research as part of their continued interest in the Massachusetts coastal zone.
    Description: Prepared for the Department of Commerce, NOAA Office of Sea Grant under Grant 04-8-M01-149 and the Institution's Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program.
    Keywords: Coastal zone management ; Beach erosion ; Sediment transport
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    Wind Waves at Sea (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
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    SeisCORK meeting report (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: SeisCORK meeting, November 15 and 16, 2004, Stress/Mohr Engineering, Houston, Texas 77041-1205
    Description: The purpose of this meeting was to explore design options to simultaneously acquire borehole seismic data and hydro-geological data (pressure, temperature, fluid sampling and microbiological sampling) on a single CORK system. The scientific focus was to add a seismic component to the Juan de Fuca Hydrogeology program. By permanently installing a sensor string in the borehole our goal was to enable: l) time-lapse VSP's and offset VSP's with sufficient data quality to study amplitude versus offset, shear wave anisotropy, and lateral heterogeneity; 2) monitoring of micro- and nano- earthquake activity around the site for correlation with pressure transients. Because of the difficulty in ensuring adequate coupling through multiple casing strings we concluded that it was impractical to install the vertical seismic array with 10m spacing (50-60 nodes) that would be necessary for VSP's and time-lapse VSP's. We did describe a scenario for a vertical seismic array with approximately 100m spacing (5-6 nodes) that could be used for offset-VSP's and seismic monitoring. This uses some unique technology and involves two seismic strings: one in the annulus between the 4- 1/2" and 10-3/4" casings and one in the middle of the 4-1/2" casing.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-0450318.
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    Gibraltar experiment : summary of the field program and initial results of the Gibraltar experiment (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: During the period October 1985 to October 1986 a large group of oceanographers collaborated in an intensive field effort called the Gibraltar Experiment. Scientists from Morocco, Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States joined together to obtain an extensive suite of measurements which greatly enlarged the oceanographic data base for the Strait of Gibraltar. Primary experiment goals included obtaining one realization of the annual flow cycle, understanding the dynamical balances of the strait flow, developing strategies for long-term monitoring of the Strait, and increasing knowledge of strait effects on the adjacent ocean. Preliminary results show progress toward each of these four goals.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through contract Numbers N00014-82-C-0019, N00014-85-C-0001, and N00014-87-K-0007.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Ocean currents ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise ; Malaspina (Ship) Cruise ; Lynch (Ship) Cruise ; Tofino (Ship) Cruise
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Bibliography of technical reports 1986 (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The technical reports prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1986 are listed in this bibliography.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Bibliography
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    Stratus 14 : fourteenth setting of the Stratus Ocean Reference Station cruise on board RV Cabo de Hornos April 14 - 30, 2015 Valparaiso, Chile (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Ocean Reference Station at 20°S, 85°W under the stratus clouds west of northern Chile is being maintained to provide ongoing climate-quality records of surface meteorology, air-sea fluxes of heat, freshwater, and momentum, and of upper ocean temperature, salinity, and velocity variability. The Stratus Ocean Reference Station (ORS Stratus) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. It is recovered and redeployed annually, with past cruises that have come between October and January. This cruise was conducted on the Chilean research vessel Cabo de Hornos. During the 2015 cruise on the Cabo de Hornos to the ORS Stratus site, the primary activities were the recovery of the previous (Stratus 13) WHOI surface mooring, deployment of the new Stratus 14 WHOI surface mooring, in-situ calibration of the buoy meteorological sensors by comparison with instrumentation installed on the ship and CTD casts near the moorings. Surface drifters were also launched along the track.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA140AR4320158
    Keywords: Cabo de Hornos (Ship) Cruise Stratus 14
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    Seafloor borehole array seismic system (SEABASS) (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Seafloor Borehole Array Seismic System (SEABASS) has been developed to measure the pressure and three dimensional particle velocity of the VLF sound field (2-50HZ) below the seafloor in the deep ocean (water depths of up to 6km). The system consists off our three-component borehole seismometers (with an optional hydrophone), a borehole digitizing unit, and a seafloor control and recording package. The system can be deployed using a wire line re-entry capability from a conventional research vessel in Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) boreholes. Data from below the seafloor are acquired either on-board the research vessel via coaxial tether or remotely on the seafloor in a self-contained package. If necessary the data module from the seafloor package can be released independently and recovered on the surface. This paper describes the engineering specifications of SEABASS, the tests that were carried out, and preliminary results from an actual deep sea deployment. Ambient noise levels beneath the seafloor acquired on the Low Frequency Acoustic-Seismic Experiment (LFASE) are within 20dB of levels from previous seafloor borehole seismic experiments and from land borehole measurements. The ambient noise observed on LFASE decreases by up to 12dB in the upper 100m of the seafloor in a sedimentary environment.
    Description: This work was carried out under JHU Contract # 602809-0 and under ONR contracts #N00014-89-C-0018, #N00014-89-J-1012, and #N00014-90-C-0098.
    Keywords: Very Low Frequency (VLF) sound fields (2-50 Hz) ; Seafloor Borehole Array Seismic System (SEABASS) ; Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). ; Low Frequency Acoustic-Seismic Experiment (LFASE)
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    AFRAME : a video animation capability for displaying FINDIF numerical model output (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This report describes the development of a facility for recording time-varying computer graphics on video tape. The primary purpose of the facility is to produce animation sequences of ocean and seafloor acoustic wave fields from output of the synthetic seismogram numerical model FINDIF, and to record them on convenient portable VHS video tapes. The facility utilizes a suite of computer programs called AFRAME, and an Abekas model A60 digital video disk which is connected to the modeling computer and to broadcast quality video recording equipment.
    Description: This work was carried out under ONR Grant #N00014-90-J-1493
    Keywords: Seismograms ; Acoustic models ; Underwater acoustics
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    A preliminary review of the the amberjacks, genus Seriola, of the western Atlantic (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Presented at the Third International Game Fish Conference, Miami Beach, Florida, November 19, 1958
    Description: From the introduction: The genus Seriola belongs to the large and widespread group of carangid fishes which also includes the jacks (genus Caranx) and the pompanos (genus Trachinotus) .as well as other genera. Several species of amberjacks have been recorded in the western Atlantic, and scientific workers still disagree over their nomenclature. I believe that it is fairly easy to separate the various species, once they have acquired their adult characteristics. There are difficulties, however, in determining the correct scientific names for the respective species. A major one arises from the inadequte original descriptions of several of the species and the apparent lack of type specimens for some of them. Moreover, few American workers have been able to examine the types or an adequate amount of material from the respective type localities. Furthermore the important changes in color pattern, in body and fin proportions, and even in counts, which the respective species undergo with growth, tend to make the study of the genus especially difficult. Therefore, for each species it is necessary to examine a series of specimens covering its complete size range. In comparing species, individuals of approximately the same size should be selected, and in dealing with early descriptions it is important to take into consideration the size of the specimens on which they were based.
    Keywords: Seriola
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    MODE Hot Line News Table of Contents Nos. 1-85 (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Table of Contents and List of Contributors for issues 1-85 (1972-1975)
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  • 70
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    Progress report on the development of the seafloor borehole array seismic system (phase II) : July 14, 1992 to January 31, 1996 (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Seafloor Borehole Array Seismic System (SEABASS) was originally developed to record autonomously on the seafloor the signals received on a four-sonde three-component borehole geophone array in the VLF band (2-50Hz)(Stephen eta!., 1994). The system is designed to use the wireline re-entry capability (Spiess, 1993; Spiess eta!., 1992) to install and retrieve the seafloor instrumentation (Figures 1 and 2). Following the successful demonstration of this technology on the LFASE (Low Frequency Acoustic-Seismic Experiment) project in September 1989, it was decided to extend the capability to broadband (1000sec-5Hz) borehole seismometers which could be used for permanent seafloor seismic observatories in the Ocean Seismic Network (Orcutt and Stephen, 1993; Purdy and Dziewonski, 1988; Purdy and Orcutt, 1995; Stephen, 1995; Sutton and Barstow, 1990; Sutton eta!., 1988; Sutton eta!., 1965). The Broadband Borehole Seismic System (B3S2) is the prototype system for permanent broadband borehole seismic observatories on the seafloor. It has three major components: i) a broadband borehole seismometer, the Teledyne 54000, modified for seafloor operations by Scripps-IGPP; ii) the re-entry system provided by Scripps-MPL; and iii) the seafloor recording system developed by WHO I. Because of the similarity of the seafloor recording system to SEABASS we have named this new system SEABASS-ll. This report discusses the development of SEABASS-Il at WHOI in the period from July 14, 1992 to January 31, 1996. The motivation for the project and a work statement are contained in WHOI proposals 7016 and 7016.1. This report is a collection of documentation prepared while the work was being carried out. Some of the issues discussed in early memos were subsequently changed. Modifications and further testing of SEABASS-ll, as well as final system integration tests with the borehole andreentry systems (both of which are also still being modified and tested) have still to be carried out in preparation for the OSN Pilot Experiment Cruise in Spring 1997. This is a preliminary report only and presents work in progress. It will be useful to the engineering team as a historical reference of the sequence of events in the development of SEABASS-ll but it should not be considered as a technical manual for the instrumentation.
    Keywords: Seismology ; Borehole gravimetry ; Ocean bottom ; Oceanographic instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 71
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    Bay scallop fishery, problems and management : proceedings of a workshop held at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, 28 October 1983 (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Funding for the workshop was provided by the Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Sea Grant College Program under Grant No. NA80-AA-D-00077.
    Keywords: Scallop fisheries ; Scallop culture ; Bay scallop
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 72
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    The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) : NTAS-15 Mooring Turnaround Cruise Report cruise on board RV Endeavor January 25 - February 13, 2016 Narragansett RI, USA - San Juan, Puerto Rico (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Northwest Tropical Atlantic Station (NTAS) was established to address the need for accurate air-sea flux estimates and upper ocean measurements in a region with strong sea surface temperature anomalies and the likelihood of significant local air–sea interaction on interannual to decadal timescales. The approach is to maintain a surface mooring outfitted for meteorological and oceanographic measurements at a site near 15°N, 51°W by successive mooring turnarounds. These observations are used to investigate air–sea interaction processes related to climate variability. The NTAS Ocean Reference Station (ORS NTAS) is supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Climate Observation Program. This report documents recovery of the NTAS-14 mooring and deployment of the NTAS-15 mooring at the same site. Both moorings used Surlyn foam buoys as the surface element. These buoys were outfitted with two Air–Sea Interaction Meteorology (ASIMET) systems. Each system measures, records, and transmits via Argos satellite the surface meteorological variables necessary to compute air–sea fluxes of heat, moisture and momentum. The upper 160 m of the mooring line were outfitted with oceanographic sensors for the measurement of temperature, salinity and velocity. The mooring turnaround was done by the Upper Ocean Processes Group of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), onboard R/V Endeavor, Cruise EN573. The cruise took place between January 25 and February 13 2016. The NTAS-15 mooring was deployed on February 2, and the NTAS-14 mooring was recovered on February 4. A 24-hour intercomparison period was conducted on February 5, during which data from the buoy, telemetered through Argos satellite system, and the ship’s meteorological and oceanographic data were monitored while the ship was stationed 0.2 nm downwind of NTAS-15 buoy. A similar procedure was done at NTAS-14 but for only about 10 hours on the morning of February 4. This report describes these operations, as well as other work done on the cruise and some of the precruise buoy preparations. Other operations during EN573 consisted in the recovery and deployment of the Meridional Overturning Variability Experiment (MOVE) subsurface moorings array (MOVE 1 in the east, and MOVE 3 and 4 in the west near Guadeloupe). Acoustic download of data from Pressure Inverted Echo Sounders (PIES) was also conducted. MOVE is designed to monitor the integrated deep meridional flow in the tropical North Atlantic.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant No. NA14OAR4320158.
    Keywords: Endeavor (Ship: 1976-) Cruise EN573
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  • 73
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    Bibliography of technical reports, 1982 (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
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  • 74
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    Abstracts of papers submitted in 1981 for publication, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This Summary of Abstracts contains all abstracts submitted for publication during calendar year 1981 by the staff and students of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Because some of the abstracts may not be published in the journal to which they have been submitted initially, we have purposely omitted identifying the journals. The volume is intended to be informative, but not a bibliography.
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  • 75
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    Bibliography of technical reports, 1981 (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The technical reports prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 1981 are listed in this bibliography.
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  • 76
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    Annual report of the Coastal Research Center of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Coastal research at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution was the subject of a special series of seminars and discussions in 1978-1979 which led to the identification of three important issues: (1) The need for more formal multidisciplinary interactions in order to effectively tackle some key research problems; (2) The need for facilities for experimentation; and (3) The need for unrestricted funds to initiate new multidisciplinary research ventures or to act as the "glue" binding together ongoing research projects. The Coastal Research Center was established in late 1979 with the charge of meeting these needs and initiating and carrying out projects in coastal research. Work within the Center is carried out by scientists and students from the scientific departments, visiting scientists, and post-doctoral investigators. A Planning Committee advises the Center Director in areas of research projects, budgets, and experimental facilities. Three specific projects were chosen for initial emphasis: (1) Georges Bank; (2) Assimilative Capacity; (3) Instrumentation. Planned new facilities for coastal research include an experimental laboratory which is now under construction, a 100-meter flume, a greenhouse, and an addition to the existing Environmental Systems Laboratory.
    Description: Prepared for the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the Charles W. Culpeper Foundation, the Kresge Foundation and the Mobil Foundation.
    Keywords: Coasts ; Coastal research
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 77
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    Dimensions and sinking speeds of tropical radiolarian skeletons from the parflux sediment traps : technical report (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Length, width and projected area (58 species) and weight (53 species) of radiolarian. skeletons, mainly from the Panama Basin PARFLUX sediment trap (5°21.8'N, 82°01.4'W) samples, were measured. Volume and density contrast were computed. The measured mean weight values for the examined species range from 0.05 pg/shell to 24 μg/shell. The weight is best correlated with projected area among the studied size dimensions of Radiolaria as a whole group. The density contrast of the radiolarian skeletons, relative to seawater, generally falls between 0.01 and 0.5 g/cm3 and appear to be constant with an order of magnitude increase of the shell diameter. The sinking speeds of specimens of 55 radiolarian species measured in 3, 10 and 20°C seawater range from 13 to 416 m/day. Despite the wide variety of morphology between the species, the sinking speed is best correlated with weight/shell with reasonably small deviations from a regression line. Using the sinking speeds residence times of the 55 species in the 5 Krn pelagic water column range from 2 weeks to 14 months.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 80-19386.
    Keywords: Radiolaria ; Sedimentation and deposition
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  • 78
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    Nantucket shoals flux experiment (NSFE79) : part 2, moored array data report (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Nantucket Shoals Flux Experiment (NSFE79) was conducted across the continental shelf and upper slope south of Nantucket from March, 1979 to April , 1980 to measure the flow of shelf water from the Georges Bank/Gulf of Maine region into the Middle Atlantic Bight. Conceived as a cooperative field experiment involving the Northeast Fisheries Center (NMFS), U.S. Geological Survey (Woods Hole), University of New Hampshire, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the experiment contained two principal components, a moored array of current meter and bottom instrumentation deployed at six locations across the shelf and upper slope spanning a depth range from 46 m to 810 m, and a series of 27 hydrographic surveys made along or near the moored array line during the experiment. A basic description of the NSFE79 hydrographic data has been given in Part 1 by Wright (1983). A description of the moored array components and the basic moored array data sets is presented here in Part 2.
    Description: The NEFC participation was supported by the NMFS Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction (MARt-1AP) Program. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) supported the USGS field and analysis component under t~emoranda of Understanding M550-MU6-79, M551-MU8- 24, M551-MU9-4, and M551-MU0-18. The WHO! and UNH field programs were supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 78-19513 and OCE 78-26229.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Hydrography ; Ocean currents ; Moored arrays
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  • 79
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    Hydrographic station data obtained in the East China Sea, August 1981 (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: A hydrographic survey was made on August 1-16, 1981 on the People's Republic of China R/V Shijian to measure the regional hydrographic structure in the East China Sea near the mouth of the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River. The objectives of the hydrographic program were to document the spatial structure of the Chang Jiang discharge over the continental shelf and characterize the river's influence on the shelf water masses during a period of maximum river discharge. A summary of the hydrographic observations made during Cruise ECS81-1 on the R/V Shijian is presented in graphic form.
    Description: Prepared for the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration under Cooperative Agreement NA81AA-H-00008 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant 0CE 80-14941.
    Keywords: Oceanography ; Stream measurements ; Shijian (Ship) Cruise ECS81-1
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  • 80
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    Workshop on Cooperative International Marine Affairs (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Held at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass., April 20-21, 1982
    Description: This report details the results of a workshop held at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHO!) on April 20-21, 1982. The workshop, part of an effort by the Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program (MPOM) of WHO! intended to assist interested developing countries in formulating strategies for ocean resource use and management within their new 200-rnile exclusive economic zones. The effort, presently called the Cooperative International Marine Affairs Program (CIMAP), began in November of 1981 after the William H. Donner Foundation of New York City responded favorably to a proposal submitted by Dr. David A. Ross, Director of MPOM.
    Description: Prepared by the Marine Policy and Ocean Management Program with funds from the William H. Donner Foundation, the Pew Memorial Trust, and the. Johnson Endowment Fund.
    Keywords: Oceanography
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  • 81
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    Pump it Up workshop report (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Workshop held 28-29 September 2017, Cape Cod, MA
    Description: A two-day workshop was conducted to trade ideas and brainstorm about how to advance our understanding of the ocean’s biological pump. The goal was to identify the most important scientific issues that are unresolved but might be addressed with new and future technological advances.
    Keywords: Biological pump
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 82
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    The development of ocean test beds for ocean technology adaptation and integration into the emerging U.S. offshore wind energy industry (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The landscape of applied ocean technology is rapidly changing with forces of innovation emerging from basic ocean science research methodologies as well as onshore high tech sectors. There is a critical need for ocean-related industries to continue to modernize via the adoption of state-of-the-art practices to advance rapidly changing industry objectives, maintain competitiveness, and be careful stewards of the ocean as a common resource. These objectives are of national importance for the dynamic ocean energy sector, and a mechanism by which new and promising technologies can be validated and adopted in an open and benchmarked process is needed. POWER-US seeks to develop Ocean Test Beds as research and development infrastructure capable of driving innovative observations, modeling, and monitoring of the physical, biological, and use characteristics present in offshore wind energy installation areas.
    Description: AK acknowledges internal support from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution via the Houghton Foundation Award.
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  • 83
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    Oceanographic and underwater acoustics research : conducted during the period 1 May - 31 October 1963 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is a report of the research program under contracts Nonr-4029 (1 May - 31 October 1963), and Nonr-3243 (1 May - 31 October 1963} . Both contracts are with the Office of Naval Research, Code 466. Contract Nonr-4029 is a continuation of Contract Nonr-1367. Under Contract Nonr-4029, ATLANTIS· II and CHAIN, in May and August, were employed in searching for the sunken submarine THRESHER by various means. Under the same contract, activities were devoted also to the development of systems or components of systems for search and for navigational control required in such operations. One system of submerged navigation was employed for locating suspended instruments by acoustic ranging from the ship. A second navigation system was also tested which depends on acoustic ranging either from the ship or from the suspended instrument to a hydrophone buoyed near the bottom. This hydrophone is connected to a radio link in a surface buoy. This system will be useful not only for navigation but also for bottom reflection studies. A program has been started to print and mount all photos taken by WHOI on the THRESHER search; it will be coordinated with other similar efforts in the continuing investigation of the disaster. Under Contracts Nonr-4029 and Nonr-3243 considerable progress has been made in other research, which is described in this report .
    Description: Submitted to Under sea Warfare Branch Office of Naval Research Under· Contracts Nonr- 4029(00)NR261-10 2 and Nonr- 3243(00) NR261-136
    Keywords: Submarine geology ; Underwater acoustics ; Oceanographic instruments
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  • 84
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    Final Report on Gravity Program (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The report presented is the final one under Air Force Cambridge Research Center Contract 19(604)·2157 with the Woods Role Oceanographic Institution. The report covers a program of pendulum and gravimeter measurements conducted over the period 1950·1959. The original objective of the program was to establish a series of reliable gravity control measurements through the use of pendulums over a sufficient range of gravity to permit the calibration of geodetic gravimeters with an accuracy of one part in 5000 over a range of 5000 mgals and thus assure a potential accuracy of 1 mgal or better with such gravimeters on any global series of measurements. With time this objective was modified to include the establishment of pendulum gravity measurements outside of North America as there appeared to be no unanimity of international opinion regarding a gravity standard. A second objective of the program was to expand the gravity coverage and standardize existing gravity surveys within the United States so that reliable gravity anomaly maps could be prepared. A third objective was to strengthen and expand the world network of airport gravity bases established earlier under the auspices of the Office of Naval Research so that data in all parts of the world could be integrated onto the same datum and gravity standard. The report is subdivided on the basis of these objectives into three principal parts plus an introductory chapter giving the history o~ the program, and a final chapter presenting recommendations as to further work deemed desirable. Dr. J. C. Rose, who has been in charge of the pendulum program since its inception, prepared the second portion of the report, which deals with the pendulum measurements, and the writer prepared the remainder.
    Description: Work carried out under Contract AF19 (604)2157 with the Geophysics Research Directorate Air Force Cambridge Research Center Air Research and Development Command.
    Keywords: Gravity--Measurement
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  • 85
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    Sonar research conducted during the period 1 January - 31 March 1961 (2020)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is a report of activities supported under Contract NObsr-72521 for the period 1 January through 31 March 1961. It also contains mention of other reports, papers, and undertakings of the submarine geophysics group (listed under "Personnel") which are believed to be of interest to the Bureau of Ships. During this period no cruises have been supported directly under this contract. Eight members of the group under the leadership of Dr. Voorhis have participated in a cruise of CHAIN to the Romanche Trench. Their principal objective was to determine the sill depth which controls the exchange of deep, cold water ,between the western and eastern sides of the Atlantic Ocean. This sill was previously identified from hydrographic evidence to lie somewhat east of the Romanche Trench. A second objective was to continue the observations of temperature structure near the sea's surface with the thermistor chain. Another group, under Mr. Baxter's leadership, continued a sound transmission study in the Bermuda area in support of Project ARTEMIS. A third group, under Dr. Hays's direction, commenced a finely detailed bathymetric survey of an area of special interest to Project ARTEMIS. In all three of these studies we are making use of one or more experimental techniques in the use of sonobuoys, underwater acoustic navigation for submerged instruments, and sound coherence studies which are planned for use eventually in sound transmission and bottom reflection research under this contract.
    Description: Bureau of Ships Under Contract NObsr-72521
    Keywords: Sonar ; Underwater acoustics ; Submarine geology
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  • 86
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    Resource partitioning of phytoplankton metabolites that support bacterial heterotrophy (2020)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ferrer-González, F. X., Widner, B., Holderman, N. R., Glushka, J., Edison, A. S., Kujawinski, E. B., & Moran, M. A. Resource partitioning of phytoplankton metabolites that support bacterial heterotrophy. ISME Journal, (2020), doi:10.1038/s41396-020-00811-y.
    Description: The communities of bacteria that assemble around marine microphytoplankton are predictably dominated by Rhodobacterales, Flavobacteriales, and families within the Gammaproteobacteria. Yet whether this consistent ecological pattern reflects the result of resource-based niche partitioning or resource competition requires better knowledge of the metabolites linking microbial autotrophs and heterotrophs in the surface ocean. We characterized molecules targeted for uptake by three heterotrophic bacteria individually co-cultured with a marine diatom using two strategies that vetted the exometabolite pool for biological relevance by means of bacterial activity assays: expression of diagnostic genes and net drawdown of exometabolites, the latter detected with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance using novel sample preparation approaches. Of the more than 36 organic molecules with evidence of bacterial uptake, 53% contained nitrogen (including nucleosides and amino acids), 11% were organic sulfur compounds (including dihydroxypropanesulfonate and dimethysulfoniopropionate), and 28% were components of polysaccharides (including chrysolaminarin, chitin, and alginate). Overlap in phytoplankton-derived metabolite use by bacteria in the absence of competition was low, and only guanosine, proline, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine were predicted to be used by all three. Exometabolite uptake pattern points to a key role for ecological resource partitioning in the assembly marine bacterial communities transforming recent photosynthate.
    Description: This work was supported by grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (5503) and the National Science Foundation (IOS-1656311) to MAM, ASE, and EBK, and by the Simons Foundation grant 542391 to MAM within the Principles of Microbial Ecosystems (PriME) Collaborative.
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  • 87
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    Initial cruise report : Chain 115, leg 6 (2021)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Leg 6 of CHAIN Cruise 115 began in Rio de Janeiro on 22 April 1974, and terminated in Recife on 18 May 1974. A multi-disciplinary scientific program was carried out within the Vema Channel and on the northern flanks of the Rio Grande Rise (see Figure 1). Personnel and scientific programs representing several institutions (W.H.O.I., Scripps, Lamont-Doherty) were included in the project; Brazilian observers representing PETROBRAS and the National Research Council also participated in the program.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant GA-41186. Financial support for shipboard operations and most of the scientific programs during Leg 6 of CHAIN Cruise 115 was provided under National Science Foundation grant GA-41185. Seismic profiling and bathymetry were supported under O.N.R. Contract N00014-66-C-0241. Bottom current measurements received support under N.S.F. Grant No. GA-41285 to W. Patzert and to J.L. Reid (Scripps). Support for the Lamont-Doherty nephelometer program was provided under O.N.R. Contract N00014-67-A-0108-0004 and N.S.F. Grant GA-27281. Supplementary equipment items required for the transponder navigation system were provided by the Woods Hole Ocean Industry Program.
    Keywords: Ocean bottom ; Ocean currents ; Rio Grande
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  • 88
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    Time delay estimation in stationary and non-stationary environments (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: We develop computationally efficient iterative algorithms for finding the Maximum Likelihood estimates of the delay and spectral parameters of a noise-like Gaussian signal radiated from a common point source and observed by two or more spatially separated receivers. We first consider the stationary case in which the source is stationary (not moving) and the observed signals are modeled as wide sense stationary processes. We then extend the scope by considering a non-stationary (moving) source radiating a possible non-stationary stochastic signal. In that context, we address the practical problem of estimation given discrete-time observations. We also present efficient methods for calculating the Jog-likelihood gradient (score), the Hessian, and the Fisher's information matrix under stationary and non-stationary conditions.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Naval Air Systems Command through contract Number N00014-85-K-0272.
    Keywords: Array processors
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  • 89
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    A bibliographic listing of coastal and marine protected areas : a global survey (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This document is the result of a survey of over 600 books, articles, technical reports and personal correspondence reviewing approximately 1,000 coastal and marine protected areas in 87 countries and, in turn, was intended to support a larger project that had been undertaken by the Marine Policy and Ocean Management Center of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in conjunction with the Government of Ecuador to consider the establishment of protected status for the marine area of the Galapagos Archipelago. To provide background for this larger project, a review of existing or proposed marine protect ed areas was initiated. This bibliographic listing is one result of this review.
    Description: This report was prepared by the Marine Policy and Ocean Management Center of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution with funds from the Tinker Foundation, the U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, Office of Sea Grant under Grant Number NA84-AA-D-00033 (E/L-1), and the J.N. Pew, Jr. Charitable Trust.
    Keywords: Marine parks and reserves
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 90
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    Satellite image processing for the Agulhas Retroflexion region (2015)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: In order to analyze the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer satellite data from South Africa, a software package has been written. Methodology and algorithms are described which create geometrically corrected registered satellite images over the Agulhas Retroflexion region. Also discussed are programs to overlay latitude and longitude lines, ship tracks, and ancillary data. A method of masking the land and compositing images for cloud removal is also described.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract Numbers N00014-82-C-0019, NR 083-004, N00014-85-C-001, NR 083-004, and N00014-87-K-0007, NR 083-004.
    Keywords: Remote sensing ; Electronic data processing
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 91
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    UCTD and EM/APEX measurements in support of the April 2015 AirSWOT Campaign : cruise and data report (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: AirSWOT is an aircraft mounted instrument for measuring and imaging sea surface height (SSH), and it is similar to the SWOT (Surface Water Ocean Topography) instrument that will be deployed on a satellite in 2020. A field campaign was conducted in April 2015 to examine the performance of AirSWOT and to better understand how the measurement is affected by surface waves and currents. Supporting measurements were collected from the R/V Shana Rae, the R/V Fulmar, and a second aircraft (a Partenavia P68 operated by Aspen Helicopter, Oxnard,CA for UCSD/SIO). From 17-20 April 2015, the R/V Shana Rae, a 50-foot research vessel, was used for collection of Underway CTD (or UCTD) measurements and for deployment and recovery of three EM/APEX floats in a study area off the central California coast. The UCTD measurements are being used to estimate the sea surface height signal associated with variations in ocean density structure. The EM/APEX floats provide time series of the same, as well as vertical profiles of ocean velocity. The purpose of this report is to document the shipboard operations on the R/V Shana Rae and the resulting UCTD and EM/APEX data sets.
    Description: This work was performed for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, sponsored by the United States Government under the prime Contract NNN12AA01C between the Caltech and NASA under subcontract number 1523706. Farrar and Girton were also supported by NASA Grants NNX13AD90G.
    Keywords: Shana Rae (Ship) Cruise
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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    Seismic reflection, magnetic, and gravity profiles of the eastern Atlantic continental margin and adjacent deep-sea floor. II. Congo Canyon (Republic of Zaire) to Lisbon (Portugal) (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: One of the programs of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration (I.D.O.E.) is a geological and geophysical study of the eastern Atlantic continental margin and adjacent deep-sea floor. This report is a compilation of the geophysical traverses made from the Congo Canyon (Republic of Zaire) to Lisbon, Portugal during the first half of 1973. Also included in the atlas are geophysical traverses from Woods Hole to Dakar and from Dakar to Latitude 10°N made during January-February, 1972.
    Description: Supported under National Science Foundation Grant No. GX-28193.
    Keywords: Submarine topography ; Marine geophysics ; Continental margins ; Atlantis II (Ship : 1963-) Cruise AII75
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: application/pdf
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    Performance analysis of time-delay estimation systems (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This is the second part of a study which deals with the problem of passive time delay estimation. The focus here is on systems employing wideband signals and/or arrays of very widely separated receivers. A modified (improved) version of the Ziv-Zakai lower bound (ZZLB) is used to analyze the effect of additive noise and signal ambiguities on the attainable mean square estimation errors. When the lower bound is plotted as a function of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) one observes two distinct threshold phenomena dividing the SNR domain into three disjointed segments: at high SNR the lower bound coincides with the Cramer-Rae lower bound (CRLB). This is the ambiguity-free mode of operation where differential delay estimation is subject only to local errors. At moderate SNR (between the two thresholds), the lower bound exceeds the CRLB by a factor of 12(ω0/W)2 where ω0 and W are, respectively, the center frequency and signal bandwidth. In this region the ambiguities in the received signal phases cannot be resolved, however a useful estimate of the differential delay can still be obtained using the received signal envelopes. At low SNR, the lower bound approaches a constant level depending only on the variance of the a-priori search domain of the unknown delay parameter. In this region signal observations are subject to envelope ambiguities as well, thus essentially useless for the delay estimation.
    Description: This technical report was prepared for the Naval Underwater Systems Center, New London, Connecticut, under Contract N00140-83-C-KA35.
    Keywords: Automatic control ; Linear systems ; Estimation theory
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Tripod modification of sphincter corer : construction, operation, core extrusion and sampling efficiency (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: A 21-cm diameter sphincter corer (Burke, 1968) has been modified by mounting it in a tripod frame. This modification results in more dependable recovery of undisturbed surficial sediment and greater penetration into firm sediment. The device is useful in water depths from 2-6000 m, is adaptable for use on small boats, is very easily employed on large research vessels, and can be readily disassembled for more convenient transporting and storing.
    Description: Funding was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract EY-76-C-3563, Sandia National Laboratory under Contract 37/3164 and the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission under Contract NRC- 04-76-349.
    Keywords: Underwater drilling ; Ocean bottom ; Core drilling
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Volatile organic compounds in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Volatile organic compounds (VOC) have been determined in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, water samples as part of an investigation into the sources, fates, and transport of volatile organic compounds in estuarine and coastal seawater. This report tabulates the concentrations of a wide range of VOC along a transect 1n Narragansett Bay for two summer and two winter sampling cruises.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Environmental Protection Agency under Grants R8060?212 and CR807795 to the Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory ~ University of Rhode Island.
    Keywords: Chemical oceanography ; Seawater ; Hydrocarbons ; Volatile organic compounds
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Signal and noise levels in numerical scattering chamber snapshots (2017)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: A study was carried out to quantify the level of numerical noise in numerical scattering chamber (NSC) calculations and to compare these noise levels with signal levels of body waves, interface waves and ambient noise. The amplitudes of signal and noise in snapshots from the numerical scattering chamber were quantified at 50 and 65 periods for a few reference models. Models with homogeneous subseafloor structure were studied to determine the level of numerical noise; models with a wavenumber-correlation length product of one were examined to determine signal levels. Models were run with both Higdon and telegraph equation absorbing boundaries since the numerical noise within the grid depends on the boundary formulation. Amplitudes were measured along data traces obtained at a grid depth of 3.33 λw and at the seafloor. Forward traveling head waves had typical amplitudes of ±125 but may reached ±250 near the direct wave. Diffraction amplitudes were observed up to ±300. Stoneley wave amplitudes ranged from ±800 up to ±20,000. Numerical noise levels were less than ±25 in most areas of the water and less than ±350 along most of the seafloor. Regardless of the absorbing boundary type, however, there was a region of noise extending up to 15 λw behind the first seafloor reflection at 3.33 λw in which noise levels range from ±100 up to ±600. In this region it is difficult to resolve signal from systematic numerical noise.
    Description: This work was carried out under ONR Grant #N00014-90-J-1493
    Keywords: Underwater acoustics ; Scattering
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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    Report E, report on general bibliography of the Persian Gulf Region, suggestions for design and equipment of Persian Gulf marine vessel and marine field operations equipment (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This report presents a bibliography of literature on the Persian Gulf and sections concerning design and equipment for a Persian Gulf marine research vessel and for a marine field operation.
    Description: Prepared with funds from the Iranian Department of the Environment.
    Keywords: Marine resources ; Oceanographic instruments
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    POLYMODE data inventory, POLYGON Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment, June 1981 (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Joint US-USSR Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (POLYMODE)
    Description: Under grant OCE78-25612 from the Office of the International Decade of Ocean Exploration of the National Science Foundation .
    Keywords: Ocean currents
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Paleozoic diversification of terrestrial chitin-degrading bacterial lineages (2019)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gruen, D. S., Wolfe, J. M., & Fournier, G. P.. Paleozoic diversification of terrestrial chitin-degrading bacterial lineages. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 19, (2019): 34, doi:10.1186/s12862-019-1357-8.
    Description: Background Establishing the divergence times of groups of organisms is a major goal of evolutionary biology. This is especially challenging for microbial lineages due to the near-absence of preserved physical evidence (diagnostic body fossils or geochemical biomarkers). Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) can serve as a temporal scaffold between microbial groups and other fossil-calibrated clades, potentially improving these estimates. Specifically, HGT to or from organisms with fossil-calibrated age estimates can propagate these constraints to additional groups that lack fossils. While HGT is common between lineages, only a small subset of HGT events are potentially informative for dating microbial groups. Results Constrained by published fossil-calibrated studies of fungal evolution, molecular clock analyses show that multiple clades of Bacteria likely acquired chitinase homologs via HGT during the very late Neoproterozoic into the early Paleozoic. These results also show that, following these HGT events, recipient terrestrial bacterial clades likely diversified ~ 300–500 million years ago, consistent with established timescales of arthropod and plant terrestrialization. Conclusions We conclude that these age estimates are broadly consistent with the dispersal of chitinase genes throughout the microbial world in direct response to the evolution and ecological expansion of detrital-chitin producing groups. The convergence of multiple lines of evidence demonstrates the utility of HGT-based dating methods in microbial evolution. The pattern of inheritance of chitinase genes in multiple terrestrial bacterial lineages via HGT processes suggests that these genes, and possibly other genes encoding substrate-specific enzymes, can serve as a “standard candle” for dating microbial lineages across the Tree of Life.
    Description: This work was supported by a National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program Award to DSG., and Simons Collaboration on the Origins of Life Award #339603 and NSF Integrated Earth Systems Program Award #1615426 to GPF. The funding agencies for this study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, or in writing the manuscript.
    Keywords: Horizontal gene transfer ; Chitinase ; Chitin ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Arthropods
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    Coastal mixing and optics moored array experiment (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-05
    Description: This 5 CDROM set contains in-situ and numerical weather prediction model data collected during the Coastal Mixing and Optics (CMO) Experiment. These data were analyzed in a manuscript entitled "Evaluation of NCEP regional numerical weather prediction model surface fields over the Middle Atlantic Bight" which can be found in Postscript format on CDROM 1 in the "paper" directory. Three NWP models (the early Eta, meso Eta and RUC-1) were evaluated using in-situ meteorological observations and air-sea flux estimates from the central CMO buoy and six NDBC buoys. Based on these evaluations, gridded air-sea flux fields for use in the CMO experiment were generated from the meso Eta model surface fields. Both the original and adjusted meso Eta model surface fields can be found in this CDROM set. CDROM 1 contains all of the in-situ measurements as well as the model data extracted at each of the moored buoys. CDROM 1 also contains the AVHRR 14 km SST analysis from NCEP, the GCIP incoming surface shortwave product, plots of the 0, 3, 6 and 9 hour adjusted meso Eta forecasts for both the meteorology and air-sea fluxes and two QuickTime animations of the adjusted meso Eta model fields. CDROMs 2 and 3 contain the meso Eta model surface data acquired from NCEP archives and reformatted from GRIB to NetCDF. CDROMs 4 and 5 contain the CMO air-sea flux fields derived from the meso Eta surface fields. The source code of the program used to generate the CMO flux fields is in the "code" directory on CDROM 1.
    Description: The CMO moored array was conceived and designed by co-principal investigators S. Anderson, J. Edson, S. Lentz and A. Plueddemann. Successful field operations were due to the efforts of W. Ostrom, R. Trask, B. Way, the WHOI Upper Ocean Processes Group and the fine crew of the R/V Oceanus under the direction of Captain P. Howland. J. Edson provided sonic anemometer data and R. Pinker provided the GCIP radiation fields. The staff of the NDBC are to be commended for their data collection, quality control and distribution efforts. The CMO moored array experiment was supported by the Office of Naval Research under contract N00014-95-1-0339.
    Keywords: Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Numerical weather forecasting ; Coastal Mixing and Optics (CMO) Experiment
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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