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  • 1
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: A new relative humidity and air temperature sensor, the Sensirion Model SHTl, has been thoroughly tested by the Upper Ocean Processes (UOP) group at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. One-minute averages from two of the sensors, as well as a Väisälä HMP4SA, were recorded for over a year. A third Sensirion sensor was kept in the laboratory and calibrated at monthly intervals with the other three sensors. The standard deviation of the difference in relative humidity between the Sensirion sensors and the Väisälä was about 2% RH. The difference in air temperature was about 0.2°C. Drift rates in relative humidity for the two Sensirion sensors were 2.7% RH/yr and -0.3% RH/yr, and in air temperature, O.1°C/yr and 0/3°C/yr. Because one of the two Sensirion sensors deployed outside had significant variations in its calibration, the UOP group will not adopt these sensors. However, their very small size, low-cost, and low-power requirements may make them desirable for other uses.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant Number NA17RJ1223.
    Keywords: Relative humidity sensor ; Air temperature sensor ; Sensor tests
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 6835307 bytes
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: During cruise 102 of the R/V Atlantis-II in the Joint Air-Sea Interaction Project (JASIN), surface meteorological data were gathered by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution personnel from two moored buoys and from the ship. One buoy (JASIN W2/WHOI 651) carried a Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR) and a Vector Measuring Wind Recorder (VMWR); these instruments provided 18 days of intercomparison data and 38 days of meteorological data from 30 July to 6 September 1978. The other buoy (JASIN H2) carried a VMWR and gave 25 total days of data from 16 July to 10 August, and from 26 August to 1 September. A PET computer, hardwired to sensors positioned on the ship, displayed data that were logged during both legs of the cruise. Manual data were gathered by the science watches. This report describes the PET system, and displays and compares all the data. VAWR hourly meteorological data are listed for the 38 day period. Scientific interpretation of these data, such as calculations of heat fluxes, will be published separately.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE77-25803 and OCE76-80174, and for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-76-C-0197; NR 083-400 to the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
    Keywords: Joint Air-Sea Interaction Project ; Meteorology ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Atlantis II (Ship : 1963-) Cruise AII102
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 3
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    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The design and testing of an all-thermistor (no thermopile) pyrgeometer (LWT) is descrbed. After calibration by comparison with a Kipp & Zonen CG4, 9.2 months of data show mean differences of order 1-2 W m-2 with standard deviations of order 7-8 W m-2. Approximately half of the mean difference and the standard deviation derived from 40 occasions when the LWT readings were anomalously high for periods of 2-l4 hours, principally at night. No reason has been found for the anomalous behavior. During the 9.2 months, of data, there were also 11 periods of a few hours each when the Eppley PIR indicated noticeably higher flux values than did the Kipp & Zonen CG4. The conclusion reached is that contemporary thermistors allow temperature measurements of suffcient accuracy, and the thermopile can be eliminated from pyrgeometers. The differences seen between the Kipp & Zonen and the Epply raise doubts about their absolute accuracies on time scales of hours, although their long-term averages are quite comparable.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Contract Number OCE98-l8470.
    Keywords: Longwave sensor ; Pyrgeometer ; Thermistor
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: During May and June 2000, an intercomparison was made of buoy meteorological systems from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), and the Japanese Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC). Two WHOI systems mounted on a 3 m discus buoy, two PMEL systems mounted on separate buoy tower tops and one JAMSTEC system mounted on a wooden platform were lined parallel to, and 25 m from Nantucket Sound in Massachusetts. All systems used R. M. Young propeller anemometers, Rotronic relative humidity and air temperature sensors and Eppley short-wave radiation sensors. The PMEL and WHOI systems used R. M.Young self-siphoning rain gauges, while the JAMSTEC system used a Scientific Technology ORG-115 optical rain gauge. The PMEL and WHOI systems included an Eppley PIR long-wave sensor, while the JAMSTEC had no longwave sensor. The WHOI system used an AIR DB-1A barometric pressure sensor. PMEL and JAMSTEC systems used Paroscientific Digiquartz sensors. The Geophysical Instruments and Measurements Group (GIM) from Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) installed two Portable Radiation Package (PRP) systems that include Eppley short-wave and long-wave sensors on a platform near the site. It was apparent from the data that for most of the sensors, the correlation between data sets was better than the absolute agreement between them. The conclusions made were that the sensors and associated electronics from the three different laboratories performed comparably.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under Grant Number NA96GPO429.
    Keywords: Meteorological sensor intercomparison ; Meteorological sensor performance ; Moored instrument measurements
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 9976018 bytes
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: An analysis has been made of the calibrations done during 1990 through 1994 on Rotronic MP- 100 relative humidity sensors (used in the Improved METeorological (IMET) system and sensors built at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) with the Vaisala Humicap sensing element (used in the Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR)). The shift from one calibration to the next is, typically, 2-3% RH which represents the major uncertainty in relative humidity with either of these sensors. The direction of each shift appears to be random; thus, there does not appear to be any long-term drifts.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation, under Grant No. OCE-91-15000.
    Keywords: Rotronic ; Vaisala ; RH sensor calibration stability
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 1033121 bytes
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: For approximately 1.5 year, daily observations of barometrc pressure were made with a varety of sensors and compared to readings from a Paroscientific Model 760-16B while all sensors were maintained at a temperature of 20°C±2°C. The results of two samples from each of three inexpensive (strain gauge integral to a silicon chip) pressure sensors are reported on. The SenSym Model SCXI5AN, Nova PI and the Microswitch Model 134PC15A1 had standard deviations of 0.2, 2.6, and 5.6 mb, respectively. The SenSym and Nova sensors had drift rates of 0.5 and 0.9 mb per year, respectively. A fourth sensor, the Microswitch, had output that was too noisy for a meaningful computation of drift rate. Neither of the Omega Model PX93-015GV samples operated properly. The excellent results indicate that strain gauge sensors are worth considering for measuring barometrc pressure in situations where the highest accuracy is not required. Temperature effects, which can be substantial in strain gauge sensors, were not investigated. Pressure cycling tests of an AIR Model DB-1A show that cycles of 3-10 psi above ambient pressure do not affect the accuracy of the sensor, even after millions of cycles. Therefore, rough weather conditions at sea, i.e., waves washing over the barometer port on a drifting buoy, are unlikely to cause inaccuracy in an AIR sensor.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-91-15000.
    Keywords: Inexpensive pressure sensors ; Stability tests ; AIR-DB-1A cycling tests
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 689037 bytes
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Waverider buoy data are normally transmitted on a 27 MHz analog radio link to a shore station a few miles away, where the buoy data are plotted on a paper strip-chart recorder or logged digitally for later computer processing. Instead, we have constructed a relay station on Martha's Vineyard island that retransmits the received Waverider data over a digital, 148 MHz packet-radio link to a personal computer in our laboratory on Cape Cod, where the data are edited, processed, spectrally analyzed, and then sent over an Ethernet line to our Institution mainframe computer for archiving. Telephone modem access of a special wave-data file on the mainframe permits unattended data dissemination to the public. The report describes the entire system, including Waverider buoy mooring hardware, computer programs, and equipment. The purpose of the project was to learn what difficulties are involved in the automated acquisition and dissemination of telemetered oceanographic data, and to gain experience with packet radio techniques. Although secondary to these purposes, the long-term surface-wave monitoring off the southwest shore of Martha's Vineyard has its own scientific, engineering, and environmental benefits.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through contract Number N00014-86-K-0715 under the University Research Initiative Program.
    Keywords: Radio frequency ; Packet transmission
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Subduction is the mechanism by which water masses formed in the mixed layer and near the surface of the ocean find their way into the upper thermocline. The subduction process and its underlying mechanisms were studied through a combination of Eulerian and Langrangian measurements of velocity, measurements of tracer distrbutions and hydrographic properties and modeling. An array of five surface moorings carrying meteorological and oceanographic instrumentation were deployed for a period of two years beginning in June 1991 as part of an Office of Naval Research (ONR) funded Subduction experiment. Three eight month deployments were planned. The moorings were deployed at 18°N 34°W, 18°N 22°W, 25.5°N 29°W, 33°N 22°W and 33°N 34°W. A Vector Averaging Wind Recorder (VAWR) and an Improved Meteorological Recorder (IMET) collected wind speed and wind direction, sea surface temperature, air temperature, short wave radiation, barometric pressure and relative humidity. The IMET also measured precipitation. The moorings were heavily instrumented below the surface with Vector Measuring Current Meters (VMCM), and single point temperature recorders. Expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data were collected and meteorological observations were made while transitting between mooring locations. In addition a series of 59 cm stations were made and water samples taken to be analyzed for tritium levels, salinity and dissolved oxygen content. This report describes the work that took place during RRS Charles Darwin cruise number 73 which was the third scheduled Subduction mooring cruise. During this cruise the second setting of the moorings were recovered and redeployed for a third eight month period. This report includes a description of the instrumentation that was deployed and recovered, has information about the underway measurements (XBT and meteorological observations) that were made including plots of the data, includes a description of the work conducted in conjunction with the tracer/hydrography program and presents a chronology of the cruise events.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under contract N00014-90-J-1490.
    Keywords: Air-sea interaction ; Moored instruments ; Subduction ; Charles Darwin (Ship) Cruise CD73
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 4133014 bytes
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  • 9
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    Unknown
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: A modified version of the Eppley PSP pyranometer has been designed for use on ships and moored buoys. Seventeen have been built by the Eppley Laboratory for the Upper Ocean Processes Group and deployed on buoys in the deep ocean. Six others have been incorporated into IMET systems mounted on U.S. research ships. A comparison study between four Improved METeorology (IMET) PSPs and one standard PSP shows that the two are completely equivalent in performance. The IMET PSP is more corrosion resistant, compact, robust, and is easier to mate to electronics modules. It is available from the Eppley Laboratory for about the same price as the standard PSP.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-91-15000.
    Keywords: Pyranometer ; Eppley PSP ; Buoy
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 1430612 bytes
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Humidity sensors using various principles of operation are evaluated for the potential use at sea on buoys and ships. Thin film capacitive polymer sensors include the Vaisala Humicap HMP-14U (with WHOI electronics), Hy-Cal Engineerig Ultra-H (also with WHOI electronics), the new Vaisala HMP-35A, and the Rotronic MP-lOOF. Impedance sensors include the Thunder Scientific PC-2101, Phys-Chem PCRC-ll, and the General Eastern 850. The Hygrometrix 8503A is the only organically based cellulose crystallite sensor evaluated. Chilled mirror dew sensors include the EG&G 200M Dewtrak, which was used as a comparative standard, the General Eastern Dew-lO and the WHOI D10IQ Intelligent Dew Point Sensor. The IR-200 infrared optical hygrometer from Ophir is also included in this study. The performance of the EG&G 200M Dewtrak was quite disappointing. Errors of up to 2.5°C in air temperature were observed due to inadequate shielding from solar radiation.
    Description: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OCE-87-09614.
    Keywords: Humidity sensors ; Meteorological instrumentation ; Marine meteorology
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 2205505 bytes
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