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  • 04.03. Geodesy  (8)
  • 03.02. Hydrology  (3)
  • 04.01. Earth Interior  (3)
  • bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education
  • MDPI  (7)
  • Springer  (5)
  • Società Geologica Italiana  (1)
  • Springer Nature  (1)
  • American Institute of Physics
  • 2020-2022  (14)
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Years
Year
  • 1
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    Strain Pattern and Kinematics of the Canary Islands from GNSS Time Series Analysis (2021)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-04
    Description: Following the 2004 seismic unrest at Tenerife and the 2011–2012 submarine eruption at El Hierro, the number of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observation sites in the Canary Islands (Spain) has increased, offering scientists a useful tool with which to infer the kinematics and present-day surface deformation of the Canary sector of the Atlantic Ocean. We take advantage of the common-mode component filtering technique to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the velocities retrieved from the daily solutions of 18 permanent GNSS stations distributed in the Canaries. The analysis of GNSS time series spanning the period 2011–2017 enabled us to characterize major regions of deformation along the archipelago through the mapping of the 2D infinitesimal strain field. By applying the triangular segmentation approach to GNSS velocities, we unveil a variable kinematic behaviour within the islands. The retrieved extension pattern shows areas of maximum deformation west of Tenerife, Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura. For the submarine main seismogenic fault between Tenerife and Gran Canaria, we simulated the horizontal deformation and strain due to one of the strongest (mbLg 5.2) earthquakes of the region. The seismic areas between islands, mainly offshore Tenerife and Gran Canaria, seem mainly influenced by the regional tectonic stress, not the local volcanic activity. In addition, the analysis of the maximum shear strain confirms that the regional stress field influences the E–W and NE–SW tectonic lineaments, which, in accordance with the extensional and compressional tectonic regimes identified, might favour episodes of volcanism in the Canary Islands.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3297
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: GNSS time series ; kinematics and ground deformation ; Canary Islands ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 04.07. Tectonophysics ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Geodetic Study of the 2006–2010 Ground Deformation in La Palma (Canary Islands): Observational Results (2021)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-07
    Description: La Palma is one of the youngest of the Canary Islands, and historically the most active. The recent activity and unrest in the archipelago, the moderate seismicity observed in 2017 and 2018 and the possibility of catastrophic landslides related to the Cumbre Vieja volcano have made it strongly advisable to ensure a realistic knowledge of the background surface deformation on the island. This will then allow any anomalous deformation related to potential volcanic unrest on the island to be detected by monitoring the surface deformation. We describe here the observation results obtained during the 2006–2010 period using geodetic techniques such as Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Advanced Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (A-DInSAR) and microgravimetry. These results show that, although there are no significant associated variations in gravity, there is a clear surface deformation that is spatially and temporally variable. Our results are discussed from the point of view of the unrest and its implications for the definition of an operational geodetic monitoring system for the island
    Description: This research was mainly funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades research project DEEP-MAPS, grant agreement number RTI2018-093874-B-I00. It was also partially supported by the CSIC project 201530E019 and the project GEOSIR, grant agreement AYA2010-17448 from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2566
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: A-DInSAR ; GNSS ; gravimetry ; La Palma ; Canary Islands ; volcanic unrest ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    The Viscosity and Atomic Structure of Volatile-Bearing Melilititic Melts at High Pressure and Temperature and the Transport of Deep Carbon (2021)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-05
    Description: Understanding the viscosity of mantle-derived magmas is needed to model their migration mechanisms and ascent rate from the source rock to the surface. High pressure–temperature experimental data are now available on the viscosity of synthetic melts, pure carbonatitic to carbonate–silicate compositions, anhydrous basalts, dacites and rhyolites. However, the viscosity of volatile-bearing melilititic melts, among the most plausible carriers of deep carbon, has not been investigated. In this study, we experimentally determined the viscosity of synthetic liquids with ~31 and ~39 wt% SiO2, 1.60 and 1.42 wt% CO2 and 5.7 and 1 wt% H2O, respectively, at pressures from 1 to 4.7 GPa and temperatures between 1265 and 1755 C, using the falling-sphere technique combined with in situ X-ray radiography. Our results show viscosities between 0.1044 and 2.1221 Pa s, with a clear dependence on temperature and SiO2 content. The atomic structure of both melt compositions was also determined at high pressure and temperature, using in situ multi-angle energy-dispersive X-ray di raction supported by ex situ microFTIR and microRaman spectroscopic measurements. Our results yield evidence that the T–T and T–O (T = Si,Al) interatomic distances of ultrabasic melts are higher than those for basaltic melts known from similar recent studies. Based on our experimental data, melilititic melts are expected to migrate at a rate ~from 2 to 57 km yr􀀀1 in the present-day or the Archaean mantle, respectively.
    Description: Published
    Description: 267
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: magma ; rheology ; viscosity ; ascent rate ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Volcanic CO2 seep geochemistry and use in understanding ocean acidification (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-03
    Description: Ocean acidification is one of the most dramatic effects of the massive atmospheric release of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) that has occurred since the Industrial Revolution, although its effects on marine ecosystems are not well understood. Submarine volcanic hydrothermal fields have geochemical conditions that provide opportunities to characterise the effects of elevated levels of seawater CO2 on marine life in the field. Here, we review the geochemical aspects of shallow marine CO2-rich seeps worldwide, focusing on both gas composition and water chemistry. We then describe the geochemical effects of volcanic CO2 seepage on the overlying seawater column. We also present new geochemical data and the first synthesis of marine biological community changes from one of the best-studied marine CO2 seep sites in the world (off Vulcano Island, Sicily). In areas of intense bubbling, extremely high levels of pCO2 ([10,000 latm) result in low seawater pH (\6) and undersaturation of aragonite and calcite in an area devoid of calcified organisms such as shelled molluscs and hard corals. Around 100–400 m away from the Vulcano seeps the geochemistry of the seawater becomes analogous to future ocean acidification conditions with dissolved carbon dioxide levels falling from 900 to 420 latm as seawater pH rises from 7.6 to 8.0. Calcified species such as coralline algae and sea urchins fare increasingly well as sessile communities shift from domination by a few resilient species (such as uncalcified algae and polychaetes) to a diverse and complex community (including abundant calcified algae and sea urchins) as the seawater returns to ambient levels of CO2. Laboratory advances in our understanding of species sensitivity to high CO2 and low pH seawater, reveal how marine organisms react to simulated ocean acidification conditions (e.g., using energetic tradeoffs for calcification, reproduction, growth and survival). Research at volcanic marine seeps, such as those off Vulcano, highlight consistent ecosystem responses to rising levels of seawater CO2, with the simplification of food webs, losses in functional diversity and reduced provisioning of goods and services for humans.
    Description: Published
    Description: 93–115
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Calcifying species , Ecosystem effects, Natural analogues, Submarine hydrothermalism ; 03. Hydrosphere ; 03.04. Chemical and biological ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    New Insights into Long-Term Aseismic Deformation and Regional Strain Rates from GNSS Data Inversion: The Case of the Pollino and Castrovillari Faults (2021)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-07
    Description: We present a novel inverse method for discriminating regional deformation and long-term fault creep by inversion of GNSS velocities observed at the spatial scale of intraplate faults by exploiting the different spatial signatures of these two mechanisms. In doing so our method provides a refined estimate of the upper bound of the strain accumulation process. As case study, we apply this method to a six year GNSS campaign (2003–2008) set up in the southern portion of the Pollino Range over the Castrovillari and Pollino faults. We show that regional deformation alone cannot explain the observed deformation pattern and implies high geodetic strain rate, with a WSW-ENE extension of 86±41×10−9/yr. Allowing for the possibility of fault creep, the modelling of GNSS velocities is consistent with their uncertainties and they are mainly explained by a shallow creep over the Pollino fault, with a normal/strike-slip mechanism up to 5 mm/yr. The regional strain rate decrease by about 70 percent and is characterized by WNW-ESE extension of 24±28×10−9/yr. The large uncertainties affecting our estimate of regional strain rate do not allow infering whether the tectonic regime of the area is extensional or strike-slip, although the latter is slightly more likely
    Description: Published
    Description: 2921
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: regional deformation ; fault creep ; GNSS velocities ; inverse theory ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    A deformation study of Anthemountas graben (northern Greece) based on in situ data and new InSAR results (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: The focus of this study is Anthemountas basin in northern Greece, where land subsidence phenomena had been previously identified. The basin has a NNW-SSE orientation, which is optimal to the currently acting ~ N-S extension field in the back-arc Aegean area and is bordered to its north and south edge by two, well-pronounced faults. The region of study is located close to the greater metropolitan city of Thessaloniki and comprises a number of critical facilities including the city’s international airport. The research object is the monitoring of the evolution of the displacement at Anthemountas graben, using InSAR time-series and the investigation of the dominant driving mechanism. We show new surface displacement results from the ENVISAR satellite, and overall, an enhanced dataset of SAR time-series is presented, spanning the period 1992 to 2010, by using the satellites ERS1, ERS2 and ENVISAT. Results indicate a continuously deforming environment in both decades, with an increasing magnitude. The detailed study of the deformation pattern together with the analysis of in situ data defines aquifer overpumping as the main cause of the detected displacement of both decades. Critical regions are examined in detail, as for example: an area close to Thermi, the town of Perea and the Thessaloniki’s international airport, a major hub of the Balkans. The latter was subjected to an increasing deforming velocity during the monitoring period. Overall, we conclude that a water management plan should be of high priority for the area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 518
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Aquifer activity ; InSAR time-series ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Geodetic Deformation versus Seismic Crustal Moment-Rates: Insights from the Ibero-Maghrebian Region (2021)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-07
    Description: Seismic and geodetic moment-rate comparisons can reveal regions with unexpected potential seismic hazards. We performed such a comparison for the Southeastern Iberia—Maghreb region. Located at the western Mediterranean border along the Eurasia–Nubia plate convergence, the region has been subject to a number of large earthquakes (M ≥ 6.5) in the last millennium. To this end, on the basis of available geological, tectonic, and seismological data, we divided the study area into twenty-five seismogenic source zones. Many of these seismogenic source zones, comprising the Western Betics, the Western Rif mountains, and the High, Middle, and Saharan Atlas, are characterized by seismic/geodetic ratio values lower than 23%, evidencing their prevailing aseismic behavior. Intermediate seismic/geodetic ratio values (between 35% and 60%) have been observed for some zones belonging to the Eastern Betics, the central Rif, and the Middle Atlas, indicating how crustal seismicity accounts only for a moderate fraction of the total deformation-rate budget. High seismic/geodetic ratio values (〉 95%) have been observed along the Tell Atlas, highlighting a fully seismic deformation.
    Description: The research performed in this study was partially supported by the Spanish CGL2015-65602-R, CGL2016-80687-R and RTI2018-093874-B-100 projects, and the Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 – call made by the University of Jaén 2018.
    Description: Published
    Description: 952
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake catalogs ; seismic/aseismic behavior ; GNSS ; earthquake hazards ; Eurasia-Nubia plate ; 04. Solid Earth ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Use of CORS Time Series for Geodynamics Applications in Western Sicily (Italy) (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-05
    Description: In the last few decades, the use of GNSS Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) networks allowed improving the accuracy of realtime positioning and post-processing positioning. In this way, several applications have been performed including remote sensing, agriculture, cultural heritage and geodynamics studies. The latter have been developed analysing CORS time-series and consistent data over long periods were needed to validate the results. In Italy, specifically in Sicily, two CORS networks were be used to monitor the geodynamics motions: the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) GNSS CORS network in the eastern part and the University of Palermo (UNIPA) GNSS CORS network in the western part. In this research, preliminary results of time series about geodynamics motions of the western part of Sicily have been presented. In particular, the time series of the UNIPA GNSS CORS network have been analyzed over time by using the static positioning, over a period of approximately 5 years. Results showed a linear trend for all CORS time series, according to literature. An innovative methodology, the static Precise Point Positioning (PPP) has been also tested, to determine the time series of one CORS and compare the results with the static solution. The comparison between the two methodologies (static and PPP) demonstrated the capabilities of PPP technique with benefits in terms of costs and time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 61-76
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Keywords: GNSS time series analysis ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 9
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    Redox state determination of eclogite xenoliths from Udachnaya kimberlite pipe (Siberian craton), with some implications for the graphite/diamond formation (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-12
    Description: The formation of diamonds within eclogitic rocks has been widely linked to the fate of carbon during subduction and, therefore, referred to conditions of pressure, temperature, and oxygen fugacity (fo2). Mantle-derived eclogite xenoliths from Udachnaya kimberlite pipes represent a unique window to investigate the formation of carbon-free, graphite–diamondbearing and diamond-bearing rocks from the Siberian craton. With this aim, we exploited oxy-thermobarometers to retrieve information on the P–T–fo2 at which mantle eclogites from the Siberian craton equilibrated along with elemental carbon. The chemical analyses of coupled garnet and omphacitic clinopyroxene were integrated with data on their iron oxidation state, determined both by conventional and synchrotron 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The calculated fo2s largely vary for each suite of eclogite samples from 0.10 to − 2.43 log units (ΔFMQ) for C-free eclogites, from − 0.01 to − 2.91 (ΔFMQ) for graphite–diamond-bearing eclogites, and from − 2.08 to − 3.58 log units (ΔFMQ) for diamond-bearing eclogites. All eclogite samples mostly fall in the fo2 range typical of diamond coexisting with CO2- rich water-bearing melts and gaseous fluids, with diamondiferous eclogites being more reduced at fo2 conditions where circulating fluids can include some methane. When uncertainties on the calculated fo2 are taken into account, all samples essentially fall within the stability field of diamonds coexisting with CO2- bearing melts. Therefore, our results provide evidence of the potential role of CO2- bearing melts as growth medium on the formation of coexisting diamond and graphite in mantle eclogites during subduction of the oceanic crust.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: redox, eclogite, diamond, magmas ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Precise Topographic Model Assisted Slope Displacement Retrieval from Small Baseline Subsets Results: Case Study over a High and Steep Mining Slope (2021)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-07
    Description: Due to the intrinsic side-looking geometry of synthetic aperture radar (SAR), time series interferometric SAR is only able to monitor displacements in line-of-sight (LOS) direction, which limits the accuracy of displacement measurement in landslide monitoring. This is because the LOS displacement is only a three dimensional projection of real displacement of a certain ground object. Targeting at this problem, a precise digital elevation model (DEM) assisted slope displacement retrieval method is proposed and applied to a case study over the high and steep slope of the Dagushan open pit mine. In the case study, the precise DEM generated by laser scanning is first used to minimize topographic residuals in small baseline subsets analysis. Then, the LOS displacements are converted to slope direction with assistance of the precise DEM. By comparing with ground measurements, relative root mean square errors (RMSE) of the estimated slope displacements reach approximately 12-13% for the ascending orbit, and 5.4-9.2% for the descending orbit in our study area. In order to validate the experimental results, comparison with microseism monitoring results is also conducted. Moreover, both results have found that the largest slope displacements occur on the slope part, with elevations varying from -138 m to -210 m, which corresponds to the landslide area. Moreover, there is a certain correlation with precipitation, as revealed by the displacement time series. The outcome of this article shows that rock mass structure, lithology, and precipitation are main factors affecting the stability of high and steep mining slopes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 6674
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: digital elevation model; high and steep slope; landslide monitoring; open-pit mine; small baseline subsets analysis ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    Deep carbon degassing in the Matese massif chain (Southern Italy) inferred by geochemical and isotopic data (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-22
    Description: The Italian Apennines are among the most important sources of freshwater for several Italian regions. With evidences of deep CO2-rich fluids intruding into aquifers in the nearby central-southern Apennines, a thorough investigation into the geochemistry of groundwater became critical to ensure the water quality in the area. Here, we show the main hydrogeochemical processes occurring in the Matese Massif (MM) aquifer through the investigation of 98 water samples collected from springs and water wells. All waters were classified as HCO3 type with Ca dominance (from 50% up to 97%) and variable amount of Mg (from 1% up to 49%). A multivariate statistical approach through the application of the factor analysis (FA) highlighted three main hydrogeochemical processes: (i) water-carbonate rock interactions mostly enhanced in peripheral areas of the MM by CO2 deep degassing; (ii) addition of NaCl-rich components linked to recharging process and to water mixing processes of the groundwater with a thermal component relatively rich in Cl, Na, and CO2; (iii) anthropogenic activities influencing groundwater composition at the foothills of MM. Furthermore, the first detailed TDIC, pCO2, and δ13C-TDIC distribution maps of the MM area have been created, which track chemical and isotopic anomalies in several peripheral areas (Pratella, Ailano, and Telese) throughout the region. These maps systematically highlight that the greater the amount of dissolved carbon occurs the heavier the C isotope enrichment, especially in the peripheral areas. Conversely, spring waters emerging at higher altitudes within MM are only slightly mineralized and associated with δ13C-TDIC values mainly characterized by recharging processes with the addition of biogenic carbon during the infiltration process through the soil.
    Description: Published
    Description: 46614–46626
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CO2 degassing; Factor analysis; Mineral springs; Total dissolved inorganic carbon; δ13C-TDIC ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Seismic Ambient Noise Imaging of a Quasi-Amagmatic Ultra-Slow Spreading Ridge (2021)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-21
    Description: Passive seismic interferometry has become very popular in recent years in explorationgeophysics. However, it has not been widely applied in marine exploration. The purpose of thisstudy is to investigate the internal structure of a quasi-amagmatic portion of the Southwest IndianRidge by interferometry and to examine the performance and reliability of interferometry in marineexplorations. To reach this goal, continuous vertical component recordings from 43 ocean bottomseismometers were analyzed. The recorded signals from 200 station pairs were cross-correlated inthe frequency domain. The Bessel function method was applied to extract phase–velocity dispersioncurves from the zero crossings of the cross-correlations. An average of all the dispersion curveswas estimated in a period band 1–10 s and inverted through a conditional neighborhood algorithmwhich led to the final 1D S-wave velocity model of the crust and upper mantle. The obtained S-wavevelocity model is in good agreement with previous geological and geophysical studies in the regionand also in similar areas. We find an average crustal thickness of 7 km with a shallow layer of lowshear velocities and high Vp/Vs ratio. We infer that the uppermost 2 km are highly porous and maybe strongly serpentinized.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2811
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04.06. Seismology ; 04.01. Earth Interior
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Piovono idee! diventa progetto continuità (2020)
    Società Geologica Italiana
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-29
    Description: Piovono idee! (Cloudy with a Chance of ideas!) is the participative scientific dissemination initiative of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia on environmental education designed specifically for the last two primary school classes (ISCDE 1) and the first middle school class (ISCDE 2), so it was chosen by the “Don Milani” (ex ISA1) comprehensive institute of La Spezia as continuity project between the two different school orders for the school year 2017/2018. The aim was to promote scientific culture in Primary and Middle Schools emphasizing the importance of Science in everyday life in order to favor sustainable development of Society. To knowledge the mechanisms that regulate the environment is increasingly important and the educational dialogue between School and Research endorses reflection starting from the sharing of personal experiences on the flood phenomena that often affect the area of la Spezia with a participatory experimental approach. Piovono idee! is an interactive learning experience on hydrogeological risk and climate change. The active path is rich of experiments, educational-scientific laboratories and interactive exhibits to better understand the geological phenomena through manipulation. The team role-playing games reinforce and stimulate emotional intelligence instilling correct behaviour and best practices. Visitors spontaneously ask questions in the area of experience, and find answers in the area of knowledge, learn the key concepts through learning by doing activities and conclude with role playing to reflect on the sustainability of their daily behavior (area of action). The exploration of Geosciences becomes a mean of raising pupils’ awareness of environmental problems by understanding natural phenomena. They learn that, through active and responsible citizenship actions, coexistence with natural hazards is possible. We can all do something to prevent catastrophes if we respect Nature and our territory.
    Description: Published
    Description: 62-68
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: rischio idrogeologico ; consapevolezza ; prevenzione ; sostenibilità ; dialogo educativo ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 05.08. Risk ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
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    Blind source separation problem in GPS time series (2020)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-03
    Description: A critical point in the analysis of ground dis- placement time series, as those recorded by space geodetic techniques, is the development of data-driven methods that allow the different sources of deformation to be discerned and characterized in the space and time domains. Multivariate statistic includes several approaches that can be considered as a part of data-driven methods. A widely used technique is the principal component analysis (PCA), which allows us to reduce the dimensionality of the data space while maintain- ing most of the variance of the dataset explained. However, PCA does not perform well in finding the solution to the so-called blind source separation (BSS) problem, i.e., in recovering and separating the original sources that gener- ate the observed data. This is mainly due to the fact that PCA minimizes the misfit calculated using an L 2 norm (χ 2 ), look- ing for a new Euclidean space where the projected data are uncorrelated. The independent component analysis (ICA) is a popular technique adopted to approach the BSS problem. However, the independence condition is not easy to impose, and it is often necessary to introduce some approximations. To work around this problem, we test the use of a modi- fied variational Bayesian ICA (vbICA) method to recover the multiple sources of ground deformation even in the presence of missing data. The vbICA method models the probability density function (pdf) of each source signal using a mix of Gaussian distributions, allowing for more flexibility in the description of the pdf of the sources with respect to standard ICA, and giving a more reliable estimate of them. Here we present its application to synthetic global positioning system (GPS) position time series, generated by simulating deforma- tion near an active fault, including inter-seismic, co-seismic, and post-seismic signals, plus seasonal signals and noise, and an additional time-dependent volcanic source. We evaluate the ability of the PCA and ICA decomposition techniques in explaining the data and in recovering the original (known) sources. Using the same number of components, we find that the vbICA method fits the data almost as well as a PCA method, since the χ 2 increase is less than 10 % the value cal- culated using a PCA decomposition. Unlike PCA, the vbICA algorithm is found to correctly separate the sources if the correlation of the dataset is low (〈0.67) and the geodetic network is sufficiently dense (ten continuous GPS stations within a box of side equal to two times the locking depth of a fault where an earthquake of Mw 〉 6 occurred). We also provide a cookbook for the use of the vbICA algorithm in analyses of position time series for tectonic and non-tectonic applications.
    Description: Published
    Description: 323–341
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 04. Solid Earth ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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