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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sampling strategies for contaminated brownfield sites (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Brownfield sites often require a geochemical survey to assess the extent of contamination that is present as a result of previous industrial activities. These measurements are subsequently assessed to ascertain whether the site presents the possibility of causing significant harm to those who may use the site for specified purposes. The measurement process comprises both field sampling and chemical analysis, with sampling being of crucial importance, since previous studies have repeatedly shown that it is the sampling phase that generates the highest component of uncertainty. A variety of methods are currently available for sampling brownfield sites, such as different sampling patterns and the choice of depth and mass recovered. An investigator may also choose to employ more innovative sampling methods, such as in situ measurement strategies that can significantly reduce the overall time taken to complete the survey. The general aim of a sampling strategy is to take representative samples for chemical analysis, although this is rarely achieved due to the inherent heterogeneity of contaminants within any given site. Since it is practically impossible to sample an entire site, and thus achieve a truly representative sample, it is becoming increasingly understood that the uncertainty of the measurements should be estimated, to provide a more reliable interpretation of the survey. Various methods are currently available to estimate the measurement uncertainty that arises from both sampling and analysis, which vary in terms of complexity and cost. The level of uncertainty estimated during a site investigation should also be judged on its fitness-for-purpose (i.e. whether subsequent decisions based upon it are acceptable). The ‘optimized contaminated land investigation’ (OCLI) method is a new approach that can be used to balance the site-specific variables of any given investigation, such as the measurement costs against the level of uncertainty and costs that may arise from misclassification. This provides an objective and traceable judgement of whether the measurements are fit-for-purpose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/SUM2005343
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Land contaminated by radioactive materials (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Nuclear weapons' testing, mineral extraction industries and nuclear power generation are among the activities which have led to radioactively contaminated land. In the United Kingdom (UK), current activities such as the decommissioning of nuclear licensed sites and the sale of Ministry of Defence land require that the legislation, remediation and management of radioactively contaminated land be addressed. With an emphasis on the UK, this paper reviews potential management/remediation strategies for radioactively contaminated land, including consideration of the environmental mobility of potentially important radionuclides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/SUM2005346
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterizing the availability of metals in contaminated soils. II (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Methods that can be used to determine the distribution of metal species in soil solution are critically reviewed and assessed. They are divided into two groups: those that can provide free ion activity, and those that measure labile species in solution. Ion selective electrodes have long been regarded as a promising technique, but there are practical problems in performing accurate measurements and only the Cu electrode has been used routinely. The Donnan membrane technique is capable of measuring the free ion activity of many metals, but adequate sensitivity can be a problem. Although resin competition methods are versatile, care must be exercised to avoid perturbing the solution excessively. Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) measures labile species, so the approximation involved in interpretation as simple inorganic species, from which free ion activities can be derived, should be recognized. Diffusive gradients in thin-films also measures labile species, but it is applicable to a much wider range of metals than ASV. It requires larger volumes of solution, but it can be used directly on the whole soil where it also measures the metal that can be rapidly supplied to solution. Other techniques such as permeable liquid membranes have yet to be used for measurements on soil solution. All of these methods have strength and weaknesses, and measure different aspects of speciation. Knowledge of the availability of the metals to biota is likely to be best advanced by the critical use of one or more of these speciation methods with a thorough understanding of exactly what is being measured.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/SUM2005349
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of organically managed grassland to available phosphorus and potassium in the soil and supplementary fertilization: field trials using grass–clover leys cut for silage (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Effective use and recycling of manures together with occasional and judicious use of supplementary fertilizing materials forms the basis for management of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) within organic farming systems. Replicated field trials were established at three sites across the UK to compare the supply of P and K to grass–clover swards cut for silage from a range of fertilizing materials, and to assess the usefulness of routine soil tests for P and K in organic farming systems. None of the fertilizing materials (farmyard manure, rock phosphate, Kali vinasse, volcanic tuff) significantly increased silage yields, nor was P offtake increased. However, farmyard manure and Kali vinasse proved effective sources of K to grass and clover in the short to medium term. Available P (measured as Olsen-P) showed no clear relationship with crop P offtake in these trials. In contrast, available K (measured by ammonium nitrate extraction) proved a useful measurement to predict K availability to crops and support K management decisions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/SUM2005338
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00410.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Driving forces for sodium removal during phytoremediation of calcareous sodic and saline–sodic soils: a review (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Sodic and saline–sodic soils are characterized by the occurrence of sodium (Na+) at levels that result in poor physical properties and fertility problems, adversely affecting the growth and yield of most crops. These soils can be brought back to a highly productive state by providing a soluble source of calcium (Ca2+) to replace excess Na+ on the cation exchange complex. Many sodic and saline–sodic soils contain inherent or precipitated sources of Ca2+, typically calcite (CaCO3), at varying depths within the profile. Unlike other Ca2+ sources used in the amelioration of sodic and saline-sodic soils, calcite is not sufficiently soluble to effect the displacement of Na+ from the cation exchange complex. In recent years, phytoremediation has shown promise for the amelioration of calcareous sodic and saline–sodic soils. It also provides financial or other benefits to the farmer from the crops grown during the amelioration process. In contrast to phytoremediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals, phytoremediation of sodic and saline–sodic soils is achieved by the ability of plant roots to increase the dissolution rate of calcite, resulting in enhanced levels of Ca2+ in soil solution to replace Na+ from the cation exchange complex. Research has shown that this process is driven by the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) within the root zone, the generation of protons (H+) released by roots of certain plant species, and to a much smaller extent the enhanced Na+ uptake by plants and its subsequent removal from the field at harvest. Enhanced levels of PCO2 and H+ assist in increasing the dissolution rate of calcite. This results in the added benefit of improved physical properties within the root zone, enhancing the hydraulic conductivity and allowing the leaching of Na+ below the effective rooting depth. This review explores these driving forces and evaluates their relative contribution to the phytoremediation process. This will assist researchers and farm advisors in choosing appropriate crops and management practices to achieve maximum benefit during the amelioration process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00122.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrate leaching and residual soil nitrogen supply following outdoor pig farming (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Large nitrogen (N) inputs to outdoor pig farms in the UK can lead to high nitrate leaching losses and accumulation of surplus N in soil. We investigated the residual effects of three contrasting outdoor pig systems as compared to an arable control on nitrate leaching and soil N supply for subsequent spring cereal crops grown on a sandy loam soil during 1997/98 and 1998/99 harvest seasons. Previously, the pig systems had been stocked for 2 years from October 1995 and were designated current commercial practice (CCP, 25 sows ha−1 on stubble), improved management practice (IMP, 18 sows ha−1 on undersown stubble) and best management practice (BMP, 12 sows ha−1 on established grass). Estimated soil N surpluses by the end of stocking in September 1997 were 576, 398, 265 and 27 kg ha−1 N for the CCP, IMP, BMP and continuous arable control, respectively. Nitrate leaching losses in the first winter were 235, 198, 137 and 38 kg ha−1 N from the former CCP, IMP and BMP systems and the arable control, respectively. These losses from the former pig systems were equivalent to 41–52% of the estimated soil N surpluses. Leaching losses were much smaller in the second winter at 21, 14, 23 and 19 kg ha−1 N, respectively. Cultivation timing had no effect (P〉0.05) on leaching losses in year 1, but cultivation in October compared with December increased nitrate leaching by a mean of 14 kg ha−1 N across all treatments in year 2. Leaching losses over the two winters were correlated (P〈0.001) with autumn soil mineral N (SMN) contents. In both seasons, spring SMN, grain yields and N offtakes at harvest were similar (P〉0.05) for the three previous pig systems and the arable control, and cultivation timing had no effect (P〉0.05) on grain yields and crop N offtake. This systems study has shown that nitrate leaching losses during the first winter after outdoor pig farming can be large, with no residual available N benefits to following cereal crops unless that first winter is much drier than average.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00131.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organic carbon stocks in the soils of Brazil (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Soil organic carbon stocks to 1 m for Brazil, calculated using an updated Soil and Terrain (SOTER) database and simulation of phenoforms, are 65.9–67.5 Pg C, of which 65% is in the Amazonian region of Brazil. Other researchers have obtained similar gross results, despite very different spatial patterns mapped due to use of different methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00102.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil physical and hydraulic properties in a rice-wheat cropping system in India: effects of rice-straw management (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The effects of rice-straw management (incorporation, burning or removal) on soil organic carbon content and physical and hydraulic properties were determined after five years of rice–wheat cropping in a sandy loam soil in northwest India. Soil organic carbon content was greater with straw incorporation and straw burning than with straw removal, and aggregation status, total porosity, pore-size distribution, bulk density, dispersion ratio and soil strength were correspondingly improved. The treatment effects were confined mainly to the 0–5 cm depth. Water retention was less with straw burning than straw removal, owing to increased water repellency of the soil surfaces. Cumulative infiltration and its rate after five hours were greater with straw incorporation than straw burning or removal. Air entry values were unaffected by straw management; however, the values were greater after rice harvest than after wheat harvest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00101.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    3, 4-Dimethylpyrazole phosphate reduces nitrous oxide emissions from grassland after slurry application (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A field study was conducted to assess the effect of the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), applied at a rate of 1 kg ha−1, on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, forage production and N extraction from a grassland soil after cattle slurry applications in autumn and spring. Nitrous oxide emissions were measured daily or weekly using the closed chamber technique. DMPP efficiency after slurry application was lower in spring (16.7 °C mean soil temperature) than in autumn (11.4 °C mean soil temperature). Thus, DMPP was able to maintain soil mineral N in the ammonium form for 22 days and reduce cumulative N2O emissions by 69% in autumn, while in spring its effect on soil mineral N lasted for 7–14 days, reducing cumulative N2O losses by 48%. Furthermore, application of DMPP after slurry did not decrease biomass yield or N uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00106.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus and nitrogen turnover and risk of waterborne phosphorus emissions in crop rotations on a clay soil in southwest Sweden (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Nutrient losses from arable land are important contributors to eutrophication of surface waters, and phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) usually act together to regulate production of Cyanobacteria. Concentrations and losses of both nutrients in drainage water from pipe drains were studied and compared in 15 crop rotations on a clay soil in southwest Sweden. Special emphasis was placed on P and it was possible to evaluate critical components of the crop rotations by flow-proportional water sampling. Total P concentrations in drainage water were generally small (0.04–0.18 mg L−1), but during two wetter years out of six, high P concentrations were measured following certain management practices, including ploughing-in lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and fertilizing in advance without incorporation into the soil to meet the needs of several subsequent crops. This resulted in average flow-weighted concentrations of total P between 0.3 and 0.7 mg L−1. In crop rotations containing green manures, green fallow or leguminous leys, there was also a risk for increased P losses after these crops were ploughed in. The losses increased in the order: cash crops 〈 dairy with grass 〈 dairy with lucerne 〈 monoculture with barley 〈 organic farming with cattle slurry 〈 stockless organic farming with green manure. P balances varied between −9 and +8 kg P ha−1 and N balances between +4 and +35 kg N ha−1. The balances were not related to actual leaching losses. Phosphorus losses in drainage from set-aside were 67–82% of those from cash crops grown in ploughed and P-fertilized soil at the same site, indicating a high background P loss from this clay soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00128.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in an Alfisol under long-term application of manure and inorganic fertilizer (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Changes in surface soil properties of a savanna Alfisol under cultivation with applications of manure and inorganic NPK fertilizer were evaluated after 45 years of annual cropping. Soils from treatments with fertilizer only, fertilizer in combination with farmyard manure (FYM) at both high and low rates were compared to soil from a control receiving neither fertilizer nor manure. The high rate of FYM and fertilizer significantly improved soil aggregation, increased C, N and P status, while reducing soil penetration resistance. The results showed that there is a need to use both manure and inorganic fertilizer to maintain soil fertility in savanna soils under continuous cultivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00133.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of different methods of land preparation on runoff, soil and nutrient losses from a Vertisol in the Ethiopian highlands (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Vertisols are among the most common, high-potential soils in the central highlands of Ethiopia, where over 88% of human and 77% of the livestock population are located. Productivity from these soils is constrained by severe waterlogging due to their physical properties and intensive rainfall in summer. Traditionally, farmers plant late in the season to avoid the waterlogging, which results in harvest yields that are far below optimal. To bridge this yield gap, the broad-bed and furrow system for surface drainage has been introduced. Despite reported yields of various crops, little is known of the on-site and off-site impacts of this system. Consequently, four land preparation methods viz. (i) broad-bed and furrow (BBF), (ii) green manure (GM), (iii) the traditional system of ridge and furrow (RF) and (iv) reduced tillage (RT) were compared on standard runoff plots for 5 years (1998–2002) at Caffee Doonsaa in the central Highlands of Ethiopia. Runoff, sediment, organic carbon and nutrient (organic nitrogen and available phosphorus) losses were determined during the last two years (2001 and 2002). Over 50% of the seasonal rainfall was lost as runoff, regardless of the treatment, with significantly more of the excess water running off BBF and RT treatments in both years. The BBF system drained 67% and 54% of rainfall as runoff in 2001 and 2002, respectively, compared with 61% and 53% from the RT system during the measurement period. Although not statistically significant, the largest sediment and total nutrient losses tended to be from the BBF. The effect of the treatments on total nutrient loss and enrichment ratio was inconsistent. The nutrient concentration in the eroded sediment was greater than that of the originating surface soil but was strongly correlated. The effect of the land preparation methods was significant and varied with crops. Recommended options for best crop productivity are BBF for lentil and RT for wheat and tef.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00132.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term effects of fallow, tillage and manure application on soil organic matter and nitrogen fractions and on sorghum yield under Sudano-Sahelian conditions (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Soil organic matter (SOM) controls the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and is a key factor in soil productivity. Data on SOM quantity and quality are therefore important for agricultural sustainability. In 1990, an experiment was set up at Saria, Burkina Faso on a sandy loam Lixisol to evaluate long-term effects of tillage (hand hoeing or oxen ploughing) with or without 10 t ha−1 yr−1 of manure and fallowing on SOM and N concentrations and their distribution in particle size fractions. The field was sown annually to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench). Ten years later, total organic C and total N, SOM fractions and their N concentrations, and sorghum yield were determined. Continuous sorghum cultivation without organic inputs caused significant losses of C and N in the hoed and ploughed plots. However, addition of manure to hoed plots was effective in maintaining similar levels of C and N to fallow plots. Without manure, SOM was mainly stored in the size-fraction 〈0.053 mm (fine organic matter, FOM). SOM was mainly stored in the size-fraction between 0.053 and 2 mm (particulate organic matter, POM). In plots with manure and in fallow plots, the addition of manure more than doubled POM concentrations, with levels in tilled plots exceeding those of the fallow plots, and the highest levels in manually hoed plots. Nitrogen associated with POM (POM-N) followed a similar trend to POM. Hoeing and ploughing led to a decline in sorghum grain yield. Manure application increased yields by 56% in the hoed plots and 70% in the ploughed plots. Grain yield was not correlated with total SOM but was positively correlated with total POM. This study indicated that POM was greatly affected by long-term soil management options.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00103.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Landscape-scale soil quality change under different farming systems of a tropical farm in Hainan, China (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The impact of different tropical farming systems on soil quality was examined using a systematic sampling strategy. Total organic C, pH, extractable P, exchangeable K, bulk density, water stable aggregates, microbial biomass C, cation exchange capacity, soil depth, and clay content were determined. An assessment framework, including a minimum data set, linear scoring functions and weighted additive indices, was used to evaluate the soil quality of a tropical farm growing various crops in Hainan, China. Soil quality was evaluated according to four functions: water availability, nutrient availability, rooting suitability, and erosion resistance. Our results showed that soils were intrinsically lacking in nutrients and vulnerable to degradation, and that these problems were exacerbated by inappropriate management. There was strong evidence that long-term rubber farming caused soil acidification, soil compaction, and depletion of organic matter and nutrients. By contrast, conservation practices in coffee plantations protected or improved organic matter concentration and soil structure, resulting in higher soil quality indices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00107.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorus management in balanced agricultural systems (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The practice of large phosphorus (P) additions to agricultural land has resulted in an increased depletion of limited mineable rock phosphate resources, P accumulation in soils with an increased risk for P losses, and intensified eutrophication and deterioration of water quality in recipient water bodies. A number of measures have been used to reach balance between P inputs and outputs in agricultural systems, with the goal of achieving improved P use efficiency, sustained high crop yields and reduced P losses. This paper discusses how this goal may be achieved. Results from a Swedish long-term fertility experiment combined with results of a P leaching study using a selection of soils from the fertility experiment are used to evaluate the effects of a balanced P system on yields, soil P levels and P leaching. Three P fertilizer application strategies are compared (zero P, replacement P, and a treatment where surplus P fertilization was used to achieve a rapid increase in the soil P status). The replacement P strategy appeared to be the most sustainable system but P fixation in this system must be accounted for. When surplus P rates were applied, increased crop yields were counterbalanced by poorer use efficiency and P accumulation in soil. Topsoil P content was a poor predictor of P leaching. Instead, balancing P inputs and outputs represents a first step in the management of P losses, but additional, site-specific measures are required to counteract site-specific factors responsible for P losses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00113.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of cattle trampling on soil porosity under alternate dry and ponded conditions (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The impact of cattle trampling on the porosity of a representative soil (Typic Natraquoll) of the flooding Pampa of Argentina was studied from 1984 to 1987. Water content, total porosity (TP), macroporosity (〉 30 μm) and mean weight diameter of water-stable aggregates (MWD) were determined in undisturbed topsoil samples taken from adjacent continuously grazed (1.0 animal unit/ha/yr) and ungrazed (since 1976) areas. It was expected that trampling would decrease macroporosity when the soil was ponded, and that the damaged macropores would regenerate during the subsequent soil drying. This was only partly verified. The soil varied in TP from 58 to 64% in the ungrazed area, and from 53 to 78% in the grazed area. This variation resulted mainly from shrink-swell processes. Trampling decreased soil macroporosity (mainly 〉60 μm) from 8 to 5% and decreased MWD from 5.35 to 4.58 mm under dry soil conditions. The damaged soil pores regenerated and aggregate stability recovered during the subsequent period of surface water ponding, when soil swelling increased macropores in the grazed area but not in the ungrazed area. There was no evidence of poaching damage in this soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1993.tb00943.x
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    BOOK REVIEWS (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:Soils and the Environment By Alan Wild.Nitrate. Processes, Patterns and Management Edited by T.P. Hurt, A.L. Heathwaite and S.T. Trudgill.Urban Soil and Landscape Design By P.J. Craul.Bullock, P. & Gregory, P. J. 1991. Soils in the urban environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1993.tb00948.x
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    Minimizing nitrate losses from arable soils (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Recent experiments on soils overlying sand, chalk and limestone aquifers have shown that nitrate leaching losses can be decreased by modifying crop husbandry. Green cover during winter, if established early enough, can reduce nitrate loss. Cultivations can be timed to minimize leaching, and the advantages of irrigation (increased nitrogen offtake and smaller post-harvest soil mineral nitrogen residues) outweigh the potential disadvantage of increased leaching risk during the growing season. It is important not to over-fertilize crops. Using these techniques within farm rotations has decreased nitrate losses in small plot experiments. The next step is to measure the effects on commercial farms where the scale of operation might preclude the high level of husbandry that is required for successful nitrogen management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1993.tb00936.x
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    BOOK REVIEW (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book Reviewed in this article:Lysimeter Studies of the Fate of Pesticides in the Soil Edited by F. Führ and R. J. Hance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1993.tb00941.x
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    Preliminary investigations of soil patterns in large-scale agricultural projects in Nigeria (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The effects of increasing periods of mechanical cultivation on soil properties under maize and cassava are compared with those under savanna in south-western Nigeria. Bulk density is significantly greater under cultivation and total porosity, pH, organic matter and extractable nutrients are all significantly less than under savanna. However, the amounts of nitrate-nitrogen and extractable nutrients do not show clear decreases with increasing mechanical cultivation. As the periods of mechanization increase, changes in most soil properties indicate increasing soil degradation. The implications of these results for agricultural policies in Nigeria arc discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1993.tb00931.x
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    Effects of cropping system and rates of nitrogen in animal slurry and mineral fertilizer on nitrate leaching from a sandy loam (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Leaching of nitrate from a sandy loam cropped with spring barley, winter wheat and grass was compared in a 4-year lysimeter study. Crops were grown continuously or in a sequence including sugarbeet. Lysimeters were unfertilized or supplied with equivalent amounts of inorganic nitrogen in calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) or animal slurry according to recommended rates (1N) or 50% above recommended rates (1.5N).Compared with unfertilized crops, leaching of nitrate increased only slightly when 1N (CAN) was added. Successive annual additions of 1.5N (CAN) or 1N and 1.5N (animal slurry) caused the cumulative loss of nitrate to increase significantly. More nitrate was leached after application of slurry because organic nitrogen in the slurry-was mineralized.With 1N (CAN) the leaching losses of nitrate were in the following order: continuous spring barley undersown with Italian ryegrass 〈 continuous ley of perennial ryegrass 〈 spring barley in rotation and undersown with grass 〈 perennial ryegrass grown in rotation = winter wheat grown in rotation 〈 sugarbeet in rotation 〈 continuous winter wheat 〈 continuous barley 〈 bare fallow.At recommended levels of CAN (1N), cumulative nitrate losses over the four years were similar for the crops when grown in rotation or continuously. When crops received 1.5N (CAN) or animal slurry, nitrate losses from the crops grown continuously exceeded those from crops in rotation. Including a catch crop in the continuous cropping system eliminated the differences in nitrate leaching between the two cropping systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1993.tb00929.x
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    Nutrient balances in calcareous soils after application of different rates of pig slurry (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Changes in amounts of macro-(N, P, K) and micro-nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) were determined in two calcareous soils amended over an eight-month period with pig slurry applications ranging from 0 to 500 m3/ha, and planted in containers with green pepper (Capsicum annuum). Total N and exchangeable K increased after slurry applications of 300 m3/ha or more, and available P increased after the smallest application rate (100m3/ha). Maximum crop nutrient uptakes of 41, 40 and 91% for N, P and K occurred with the smallest dose of slurry. Large losses of N, ranging from 27 to 74% (mean 55%) of N added to soil, occurred with all slurry treatments. From 41 to 71% (mean 55%) of the total P added in pig slurry was fixed in non-assimilable forms. Most of the K from the pig slurry was available to the plants. Most of the micro-nutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu) from the slurry were immobilized in the soil, probably because of the high pH and the small amounts of organic matter in both the slurries and soils tested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1993.tb00920.x
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    Seasonal variation of pyrite oxidation rates in colliery spoil (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Oxidation rates of pyrite in colliery spoil were measured under both field and laboratory conditions. Meld oxidation rates varied through the year, depending primarily upon temperature. Rates of acid release of 7–15 μmoles H+/day were measured in field lysimeters in the period May to November. Little oxidation of the pyrite occurred between November and May; the rates in the summer months were approximately 5–10 times those during die winter. The rate of oxidation in the summer was limited by the solubility of amorphous iron oxides. Slow oxidation during the winter is probably related to the inactivity of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans at low temperatures. The rates of acid production in the laboratory in the temperature range 0–18°C were similar to those in the field. Materials inhibiting pyrite oxidation should be added when oxidation rates are slow, so that they are not overwhelmed by large amounts of acid.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1993.tb00924.x
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    Decreasing the impact of surface crusting on seedling: emergence by spray wetting (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 9 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. . A soil crust, produced by applying 44 mm of distilled water at an intensity of 290 mm/h using a rainfall simulator, was sufficiently rigid to significantly decrease emergence of barley from 76 to 40% and of oil seed rape from 82 to 61%. If the crust was kept wet by regular application of water as a fine mist, its strength was significantly decreased, but emergence remained poor because of prolonged soil wetness. After mist-spraying the crusted surface just before emergence, per cent emergence was greater than uncrusted controls.Application to the soil of a static pressure after sowing but without crusting either had no effect or increased emergence, probably because of improved seed-soil contact. However, crusting of the compacted soil decreased emergence severely. If the crust was allowed to dry it became very strong (〉 300 kPa). Mist-spraying at the time of emergence only also improved seed emergence almost to that in the uncrusted controls. Repeated mist spraying after crusting decreased the strength of the crust, but the resulting waterlogging decreased emergence to less than half those of the controls and of the treatments sprayed just before emergence only. Compared with other management techniques available for amelioration of crusted seedbeds, carefully timed fine spray watering seems to offer the best opportunity for ensuring rapid seed emergence comparable to that in uncrusted soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1993.tb00926.x
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    Rill erosion in contrasting landscapes (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The data from the national project to monitor water erosion has mostly been treated in an aggregate form, because in many of the monitored transects in any year too few fields were eroded for the data to be split into its component parts. However, in crop year 1983 erosion affected enough fields in two localities with contrasting soils for their data to be compared. Rainfall patterns in the two localities were similar. The transects covered a sandland area in Nottinghamshire and an area of clayland in and on the margins of Bedfordshire. Compared with the clayland, rilling of the sandland was widespread, related to the greater range of crops grown there, and more severe. On clayland, rills were mainly confined to valley floors, and slopes flanking these valleys generally had lower gradients than those on the sandland. On sandland, slopes were steeper in eroded fields drilled to winter cereals than they were in fields planted to potatoes or sugarbeet. Such field- based studies hint at the complex interactions of rain falling on a cropped field. Erosional thresholds are not static. The areas of fields affected by erosion and deposition were mostly very small. This helps us understand why the farmer often considers erosion unimportant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1992.tb00916.x
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    Salinity risks on calcareous soils following pig slurry applications (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The electrical conductivity of pig slurry suggests that addition of this waste to soils in arid and semi-arid areas could cause salinization. Changes in electrical conductivity and soluble salt concentration in two calcareous soils indicated a salinity risk after 24 months of pig slurry addition at rates of 400 m2/ha/yr or more. Salinity risk increased with soil water-holding capacity. Water-soluble potassium concentrations showed a greater increase than other cations in the soils because of the large amount present in the slurry. The proportion of soluble potassium in the soil depended on the soil's cation exchange capacity and on the composition of the clay fraction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1992.tb00907.x
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    The relation between fertilizer nitrogen applications and nitrate leaching from grazed grassland (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1992.tb00894.x
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    Implications of spatial averaging weather and soil moisture data for broad scale modelling activities (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Spatial averaging of data before or after modelling has important implications for large area land evaluation studies. Two procedures are evaluated for the spatial averaging of weather and soil moisture data before and after modelling (procedures A and B, respectively). The Thiessen polygon weighting technique is applied to a network of weather stations to derive daily weather values for the period 1955 to 1985 for 12 selected Agroecological Resource Areas (ARAs) on the Canadian prairies. These values are used in the model for procedure A. The components of the soil moisture balance for spring wheat are estimated with a budgeting model, assuming wheat is grown continuously for 30 years on soils with available water-holding capacities (AWCs) of 150 and 250 mm. In procedure B, the data from individual stations are used as input to the model and the same Thiessen polygon weighting coefficients are applied to the output variables. A comparison of the two procedures shows no significant difference for temperature-related variables such as frost dates, harvest date and cumulative potential evapotranspiration. The differences for moisture-related variables (soil moisture content at sowing, cumulative actual evapotranspiration, runoff and deep drainage) are often statistically significant, but the absolute differences are less than 10 mm at probability levels ranging from 10 to 90%. For many practical applications the two procedures give similar results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1992.tb00898.x
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    The amount of soil cover provided by a unit mass of guinea grass, banana leaf and palm leaf residues (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 8 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The area covered per unit mass (Am) of a mulch material is an important factor for controlling erosion, especially in the humid tropics. Values of Am for mulching materials commonly available in S.E. Nigeria - guinea grass, banana leaves and palm leaves - were found to be 0.00035, 0.00038 and 0.00020 haAg, respectively. These values are within the range (0.0001–0.0007 ha/kg) reported for other mulching materials elsewhere. They can be fitted into existing equations to determine the amount of mulches required to achieve any predetermined ground cover percentage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1992.tb00902.x
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    Prototype agricultural land evaluation systems for Canada: I. Overview of systems development (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Information on land resources and the capacity of land to support agricultural production is a prerequisite for the formation of sound agricultural policies. This paper summarizes Canadian experiences in developing national and regional land evaluation systems. Potential users expected the system to estimate the degree to which changes in biophysical and socio-economic conditions would alter options for land use and production, and to provide a context for more detailed analysis.A broad-scale land evaluation system was designed to serve the needs identified by representative user groups. Two prototype systems were developed from available information to test the major features of the system design. Neither prototype was complete; one was national in extent and capable of addressing issues of national and provincial importance, the other covered a sub-provincial area but allowed for more detailed evaluation of the effects of soil modifying processes. A full range of applications was demonstrated using one or other of the prototype systems. As a result of this project, the broad-scale land evaluation system design was improved and verified, ongoing research and data collection activities were adjusted to ensure that they meet the needs of a macroscale land evaluation system, and approaches were developed to overcome problems of land evaluation system development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1992.tb00884.x
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    Effect of trampling on the soils of the St James Walkway, New Zealand (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The influence of trampling on the soils of the St James Walkway was studied during 1985 by comparing ‘on’- and off-track sites. Trampling increased the average soil bulk density by 0.3 g/cm3 at 0–5 cm depth and by 0.1 g/cm3 at 10–15 cm depth. Trampling increased the average soil shear strength by 11 kPa at 0–5 cm depth and by 6 kPa at 5–10 cm depth. All mineral soils were compacted to some extent by trampling. The podzolized high country yellow-brown earths (Dystrochrepts) were the most affected because their organic topsoil was truncated. Their exposed subsoil was however more resistant to further damage than their topsoil. Organic soils (Medihemists) were not compacted but their very low shear strength and high moisture content make them unsuitable for tracks. Untrampled soil bulk density and soil stone content were negatively correlated with the change in bulk density by trampling, and could be used to predict the risk of soil compaction by trampling.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1992.tb00889.x
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    Bypass flow and leaching of nitrogen in a Kenyan Vertisol at the onset of the growing season (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 8 (1992), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Bypass flow and concurrent leaching of nitrogen were studied on a Vertisol in south-western Kenya under rangeland and bare, manually tilled cropland. Showers of 30 mm/hr were simulated, causing bypass flow of 47–62% in rangeland topsoils and 19–49% in cropland topsoils. Volumetric water contents after experimentation increased from 28 to 35% and from 24 to 38%, respectively, for the two land-use types.In rangeland samples up to 3.4 kg N/ha was found in the leachate of unfertilized soil. With a fertilizer application of 50 kg N/ha, up to 5.7 kg N/ha was lost from a pre-wetted soil, and more than 20 kg N/ha from dry soil. In cropland topsoils up to 2.2 kg N/ha was lost from unfertilized soil, and only up to 2.9 kg N/ha from both dry and prewetted fertilized soil. Although Vertisols are often linked with excess water, the phenomenon of bypass flow can cause water stress to crops in their early growth stages. Nitrogen leaching losses were large from dry grassland, but prewetting helped to decrease them. On intensively cultivated cropland there was little nitrogen leaching; the tilled topsoil was able to retain most of the supplied nitrogen.
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    Evaluating land use at the sub-regional level in the Atlantic zone of Costa Rica, considering biophysical land potentials (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Soils and land use in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica were mapped independently at a scale of 1: 100000. At this scale, mapping units are often composite, both in terms of soil type and land utilization type. Combinations of given soil and land utilization types were produced by overlaying the soil and land use maps, on which there was 63% coincidence of unit boundaries. Each combination of land unit and land use was evaluated in terms of bio-physical potentials. From expert judgement land use was shown to be (a) in balance with the use potential, (b) exceeding the use potential (‘over-use’) or (c) less than the use potential (‘under-use’). 18% of the area is over-used, in non-sustainable forms of land use, but 51% is under-used and could be put to more demanding types of land use.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1994.tb00478.x
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    Errata (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1994.tb00484.x
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    Prediction of water retention properties of clayey soils: validity of relationships using a single soil characteristic (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Regression equations successfully allowed the calculation of water retained at—0.3 × 105 Pa and–15 × 105 Pa matric potentials from single soil characteristics, such as bulk volume or clay content, in clayey horizons derived in similar ways from a single parent material. It is possible to use these regression equations on other soils with similar clay fabrics. The fabric is expressed numerically using the pore volume associated with clay particles.
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    The effects of lead shot deposition on soils and crops at a clay pigeon shooting site in northern England (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The impact of lead shot on soils and crops was examined at a clay pigeon shooting site in northern England. Topsoil cores were collected along a 300 m transect from the shooting range, and the numbers of lead shot pellets per soil core, total and ‘plant-available’(0.5m acetic acid extractable) lead concentrations, organic matter content, pH and cation exchange capacity were determined. The number of oilseed rape plants and their stem diameters were recorded in 1 m2 quadrats placed at the soil sampling locations. Total and ‘plant-available’ lead concentrations in the soil were most but plant numbers per m2 and mean stem diameters were least in the area of greatest lead shot deposition. Total lead concentrations in the soil commonly exceeded 5000 mg/kg; these are considerably greater than threshold ‘trigger’ concentrations proposed by the Department of the Environment, above which soils are considered to be contaminated and warrant further investigation. Concentrations of lead in the oilseed rape plants themselves were also largest in the area of most intense lead shot deposition; in root samples the lead concentration exceeded 400 mg/kg. The management and remediation of contaminated soils at the clay pigeon shooting site are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1994.tb00472.x
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    Maintaining soil fertility under increasing land use pressure in the Middle Mountains of Nepal (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Nepal is facing a serious problem of being unable to maintain soil fertility in agriculture and forestry. Land use practices initiated over the past 10–15 years have resulted in insufficient nutrient inputs, while biomass use and production have increased. Changes in forest soil fertility have resulted from intensive use of forest biomass for animal feed and collection of forest litter for use in agriculture. The agricultural fertility changes have resulted from intensifying annual crop rotations from 1.5 to 2.5 crops and insufficient inputs. The removal of biomass from the forest has curtailed the natural organic cycle by virtually eliminating nutrient inputs.The soils are very acidic and have little C, N, P and exchangeable bases, but have large amounts of active iron. Basic nutrients are not sustained in agriculture and differences in inputs and management between irrigated and rainfed agricultural systems are becoming visible. Irrigated fields show the largest cation content because of input from irrigation water. Rainfed agricultural sites, which receive the most nutrients (fertilizers and manure), have the highest pH values and C and N contents. All soil fertility conditions are marginal and put into question the long-term sustainability of current levels of production. Alterations in the cropping intensity are needed and the introduction of nitrogen fixing trees and crops seems to be the most viable option towards sustainability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1994.tb00474.x
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    The variability of winter drainage in England and Wales (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 7 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Estimates of winter drainage, D, are available for 82 locations in England and Wales for each winter during the 35-year period, 1940/1 to 1974/5. At each location, D is approximately normally distributed. The variability, expressed as a coefficient of variation, is approximately inversely proportional to the average drainage; it is large, ranging from 20–30% in Wales and the uplands of northern and western England to 60–70% in eastern England. Assuming a normal distribution, the probability of exceeding a given amount of drainage is easily found.The proportion, f of solute initially in the soil that is leached each winter can be calculated using these estimates of D in a simple layer model. However, f is not normally distributed, but can be fitted by the Type-1 extreme-value distribution.If there are n years of data, and m is the rank of a value in order of decreasing size, the estimation of the probability, P, of exceeding the mth largest value, fm, is P(ffm) =m/(n+1), and the return period, t, is 1/P years. Using the transform, W= In[—In P], graphs of/against W yield families of lines that, for a given location and depth in the soil, depend only on soil type, and from which extreme values likely to be encountered in a given return period can be forecast. Results are discussed for Mildenhall, Suffolk (= 99 ± 68 mm), Cockle Park, Northumberland (±= 275 ± 125 mm), Welshpool, Powis (±= 373 ± 121 mm), Carmarthen, Dyfed (±= 764 ± 196 mm) and Ambleside, Cumbria (±= 1280 ± 276 mm).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1991.tb00859.x
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    The Rothamsted soil and crop nitrogen service on Viewdata 1985–1989 (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 7 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. During the four consecutive winters between 1984 and 1989 a computer simulation model was used to estimate the amounts of nitrogen in a cereal crop and available from soil to the crop after winter. The model does this by taking account of daily weather and by making simple assumptions about the starting conditions each autumn after the harvest of the previous crop. Some of the information which was given to farmers on viewdata systems is displayed, together with maps showing the average amounts of nitrogen in soil and crop in spring over 10 years in eastern England. This 10-year average is used as a baseline against which to judge the simulations in each of the four winters of our viewdata service.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1991.tb00840.x
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  • 41
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    A study of the oxygen regime and rooting depth in deep peat under plantations of Sitka spruce and lodgepole pine (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Rooting depth, watertable depth and oxygen regime were measured in plots of Sitka spruce, lodgepole pine and a 50% mixture of each species planted on a deep unflushed blanket peat. The water-table was about 10 cm deeper and roots occurred about 2 cm deeper under the pine than under the spruce or the mixture. In addition the mean concentration of oxygen at 50 cm depth was significantly larger under the pine and the mixture than under the spruce, showing that the rapid early growth of the pine had started to dry the peat. There was no evidence of any improvement in the growth of the spruce in the mixture compared to the pure Sitka spruce, suggesting that the expected nursing benefit had not occurred.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1994.tb00473.x
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  • 42
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    The effect of organic matter content on soil erosion in simulated rainfall experiments in W. Sussex, UK (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 10 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The effect of organic matter content and other soil properties on soil erosion in the Rogate area, West Sussex, UK, was assessed using a rainfall simulator. Thirty soil samples (Podzols, Brown sands, Brown earths, Alluvial gley and Podzolized brown sands) collected from eroded and uneroded fields were exposed to 50 mm/h and 70 mm/h simulated rainfall. The results show that organic matter content influences soil erosion, through its effect on the stability of aggregates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1994.tb00460.x
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    The determination of field-saturated hydraulic conductivity in some Scottish soils using the Guelph permeameter (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Soil hydraulic conductivities are frequently required for process-based modelling of the soil water regime. Field-saturated hydraulic conductivity was measured with the Guelph permeameter in 10 soil series with a range of structures and textures. The permeameter offers a range of options for calculating conductivities depending on soil conditions, particularly homogeneity of pore distribution within each horizon. However, even horizons described as massive or apedal were not sufficiently homogeneous to satisfy the boundary conditions entirely.Hydraulic conductivities were calculated by the one head, fixed α* procedure; α* is an index of capillarity. No direct correlations were found between hydraulic conductivity and land use. However, the average hydraulic conductivity of coarse textured topsoils which were mainly under arable agriculture was less than that of the finer textured topsoils largely under grassland. Even limited structural development increased the hydraulic conductivities of fine textured, compact subsurface horizons. It is important to match the adopted procedure to the soil conditions both during the determination of flow rates in the field and in the subsequent analyses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1994.tb00462.x
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    Land use, rainfall and erosion risk on the South Downs (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 7 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. In 1989–90 over 80% of the erosion on agricultural land in the South Downs was on ploughed or cultivated surfaces prepared for spring planting of cereals. This was in contrast to the pattern in previous years when most erosion was in winter cereal fields. An unusual late winter rainfall peak was the primary cause. Periods of erosion risk associated with other land uses on the South Downs are also discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1991.tb00843.x
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  • 45
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    Relationships among rainfall, runoff and soil loss for the design of soil and water conservation works in submontane Punjab (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 7 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Linear, exponential and power function regressions were compared for rainfall, runoff and soil loss data. The power function performed better (R2= 0.77) than exponential or linear functions for estimating runoff from daily rainfall. However, this relationship was improved (R2= 0.96) by inclusion of a random component to the deterministic part of the function. A linear relationship between runoff and soil loss data performed better (R2= 0.77) than exponential or power functions. These relationships help in designing soil and water conservation works for supplemental irrigation in the area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1991.tb00845.x
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  • 46
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    Agro-climatic zoning and physical land evaluation in Jamaica (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Analysis of agro-climatic conditions forms the first stage of physical land evaluation. Monthly rainfall, potential evapotranspiration and air temperature data are analysed by the agro-climatic module of the Jamaica Physical Land Evaluation System (JAMPLES). Dependable rainfall (R75), the minimum amount exceeded in a given time period in 75% of the years, ranges from 537 to 5332 mm/yr at the 141 recording stations under review, and mean potential evapotranspiration (PET) ranges from 1120 to 1580 mm/yr. Annual R75/PET ratios range from 0.3–5.0 island-wide and regional differences permit delineation of four ‘moisture availability’ zones. These are subdivided with respect to the length of the ‘dependable’ growing periods (DGP) and dry periods. The DGP is less than 2 months in the southern coastal plains and 12 months long in the north-eastern part of the island. Mean daily air temperature decreases from 26 to 13°C with elevation, permitting the delineation of five temperature classes. Suitable regions for growing particular crops can be determined with the Jamaica Geographical Information System (JAMGIS), which includes a digitized version of the 1:250000 map of agro-climatic zones. More specific land suitability assessments, taking soil conditions and feasible land management practices into account, are prepared with the physical land evaluation module of JAMPLES.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1994.tb00450.x
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  • 47
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    A method to measure the susceptibility of pasture soils to poaching by cattle (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A new method of measuring susceptibility to poaching is described, based on the concept that poaching is caused by a progressive loss of soil strength during repeated treading in wet weather. Susceptibility was measured by the rate of loss of strength in response to concurrent treading and irrigation at standard rates. The pressures exerted on the ground by a walking dairy cow were simulated by a purpose-built penetrometer, whilst water was applied via a network of plastic pipes fitted with syringe needles. Measurements were performed on four pasture soils having a range of clay contents and compared in relation to a mechanism proposed for the process. The results show susceptibility to be a property not wholly determined by the clay content of the soil, but suggest that it is influenced by bulk density and the strength of the sward, which will van, according to weather and pasture management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1985.tb00976.x
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    Urea for topdressing winter cereals: an interim report (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1985.tb00663.x
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  • 49
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    The nitrate issue—a review (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: IT IS now almost two years since the Royal Society published its authoritative study group report, The Nitrogen Cycle of the UK, the first comprehensive account of the nitrate issue. For the first time a complete picture was revealed of the nitrogen cycle in the UK and the Study Group was able to make a wide-ranging series of recommendations for future research.
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  • 50
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    BOOK REVIEW (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 7 (1991), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Understanding soils — the experience of an adviser By N.H. Pizer
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1991.tb00850.x
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  • 51
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    Bioavailable potassium in river-bed sediments and release of interlayer potassium in irrigated arid soils (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 10 (1994), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Crop responses to applied potassium fertilizers are erratic in many arid and semi-arid soils. The potassium supplying potential of river-bed sediments and release of interlayer potassium from eleven alkaline soils were measured in two separate experiments. Sediments from the Chenab and Ravi Rivers in Pakistan were exhausted of potassium by successively growing wheat, maize, mungbean, and wheat in them for a total of 200 days, using Hoagland solution to supply optimum amounts of other nutrients. Cumulative plant dry matter yield was significantly greater on the Chenab sediments. The quantities of potassium supplied to plants from the sediments of the two rivers were also significantly different.Interlayer potassium was extracted for 1230 minutes from a Udic Haplustalf (Pindorian series) by twelve different solutions each with the same electrolyte content (100 cmol). The sodium adsorption ratios (SAR) of the solutions were adjusted to 5, 10, 25, and 50, each with Ca: Mg ratios of 25:75, 50: 50 or 75:25, using solutions of sodium, calcium and magnesium chloride. The potassium released from the soil was inversely related to solution SAR. Increasing proportions of magnesium relative to calcium in solution favoured the release of potassium, except in the SAR 50 solution. Significantly different quantities of potassium were extracted by various solutions. Maximum potassium (442 mg/kg) was extracted by SAR 5 solution with a Ca: Mg ratio of 25:75. Interlayer potassium subsequently removed by this solution from 11 alkaline soils ranged from 407 to 499 mg/kg. The potassium released from all but three of the soils was related to their clay content (r= 0.72; n= 8). The release of potassium from the soils followed the Elovich function. The intercept (X1) and slope (X2) estimated for the function was related to potassium released (y) by the equation: y=−1.13 + 2.74X1−0.014X2 (r= 0.998; n= 8)The results imply that river sediments treated with irrigation water containing magnesium and sodium ions can contribute substantial amounts of available potassium for plant growth.
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    Soil degradation and management under intensive sugarcane cultivation in North Queensland (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Sugarcane yields in the Herbert Valley in North Queensland have been declining over the past 15 years. Better yields are obtained where crops are grown on previously unused land. Soils under cane are more compacted, more acid, contain less organic matter and are lower in cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations. These differences reflect soil degradation caused by intensive cultivation.Contributing factors to the degradation of soils include soil compaction and structural breakdown occurring during harvest and cultivation operations, losses of organic matter due to burning of crop residues and acidification of soils due to large applications of nitrogen fertilizers.Soil management practices should aim to increase soil organic matter levels, provide a more favourable biological environment, reduce physical damage to soils during harvesting and cultivation, reduce soil acidity and improve the effectiveness of fertilizing practices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1985.tb00972.x
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    Assessment of soil erosion risk in England and Wales (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Information on rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility and land capability is combined to produce a map of England and Wales showing areas with a risk of soil erosion at rates above the soil loss tolerance level. About 20 500 km2 or 37% of the arable area is at risk. Given the shallow soils and current rates of erosion, sustained use of this area for cereal, sugar beet and vegetable production beyond the first quarter of the next century is threatened. A further 4000 km2 is at risk in non-arable areas, mainly associated with blanket peat in the uplands and with coastal sand dunes.
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  • 54
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    Review of information on lime loss and changes in soil pH gained from ADAS experiments (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Data on lime loss and soil acidification obtained from a range of ADAS experiments are reviewed. The trials, which include drainage and lysimeter studies and long-term liming, manuring and soil management experiments, indicate a wide range of annual lime losses, with maximum rates in excess of 1000 kg ha−1 CaCO3.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1985.tb00645.x
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  • 55
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    Recent trends in lime use and soil pH in England and Wales (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Survey information on the use of lime in England and Wales between 1974 and 1983 shows year-to-year fluctutions but no marked trend. Areas limed per year are compared for different types of region and cropping, and estimates given of the percentages of agricultural soils by pH according to rotation type. There was no general change in soil acidity between 1969–73 and 1974–78 but recent data show some reductions in grassland pH.
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  • 56
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    The acidity of Welsh soils (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The pH of soil surface horizons in Wales ranges from 3.5 to 7.5 and is significantly higher on agricultural land than under either rough grazing, unenclosed grassland or woodland. Sufficient information exists to map broad classes of soil pH. Rough grazing and woodland sites are concentrated on soil types which are naturally very acid. In Wales, such soils are found on the main mountain ranges and show up clearly on the map of pH. Their acidity is the result of an interrelationship between soil, climate and vegetation. However, afforestation, particularly with coniferous species, appears to lower the pH of the underlying soil. There is a trend in agricultural soils towards lower pH under a moister climate.
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    The possible role of forests in streamwater acidification (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1985.tb00649.x
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    Causes of soil acidification: a summary (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A review of recent data shows that (i) dissolved CO2 has its greatest acidifying effect in soils with pH values above about 6.5, (ii) fertilizers containing NH−1+ ions or urea will acidify soil whether the ions are taken up directly by plants or are first nitrified, (iii) oxidation of nitrogen and sulphur in soil organic matter causes acidification especially after deforestation, and (iv) the acidifying effect of rainfall and dry deposition is due to sulphuric and nitric acids, SO2 and NH−1+ ions. A table is given showing the order of magnitude of each source of acidification.
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  • 59
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    Soil Use and Management (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1985.tb00639.x
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  • 60
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    Allium white rot and its control (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. White rot (Sclerotium cepivorum) causes serious losses in Allium crops throughout the world. The pathogen produces sclerotia which survive for long periods and are the main source of inoculum. Sclerotial germination is stimulated by the host and new sclerotia are produced on the host near the soil surface. Allium crops are cultivated in various systems and environments and no one method of control is effective. There is increasing interest in control strategies based on combinations of treatments which decrease the populations of sclerotia in the soil, thereby improving the effectiveness of present methods of control. Materials and methods being tested for inclusion in programmes of integrated control include germination stimulants, soil fumigants, solar heating, roguing, aerobic composting, microbial control and combined chemical/microbial control with fungicide-resistant micro-organisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1990.tb00836.x
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    ERRATUM (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1990.tb00838.x
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  • 62
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    Artificial infestation of soil with Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici to study the relationship between take-all and wheat yields in field experiments (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The relationship between take-all and grain yield was investigated in a first spring wheat crop grown in a field experiment on artificially infested soil. Different incidences and severities of disease were obtained by using different cultivations to incorporate equal amounts of inoculum (killed oat grains colonized by the fungal pathogen) at different depths. The intention of incorporating inoculum at different stages in the same sequence of cultivations to achieve identical soil conditions with inoculum at different depths was not entirely successful because of weather conditions.For most sampling dates and different assessments of disease, there was a strong relationship between yield and disease: regression coefficients were negative and significant (P= 0.01). The linear regression model using logit transformations of disease data from infestations achieved using similar sequences of cultivations accounted for 〉 70% of the variance at all sampling dates, but with untransformed data (percentage plants and percentage roots infected) percentages of variance accounted for were much less at sampling times before anthesis. The plot area affected by premature ripening (whiteheads) also correlated well with yield where similar sequences of cultivations were used, but less well where rotovating to different depths created different soil conditions.The results are discussed in relation to published results from (1) farm surveys, (2) field experiments with natural infection and (3) experiments using different amounts of artificially-produced inoculum. The wider application of artificially-produced inoculum in field experiments on take-all is also considered.
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    Processes causing loss of calcium from agricultural soils (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1985.tb00644.x
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    On the causes of decline of Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) in Central Europe (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 1 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A careful study of the etiology and symptoms of the decline phenomena in stands of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), Scots pine (Pinus sylv L.), European beech (Fagus silv. L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) in southern Germany leads to the conclusion that all these diseases, although exhibiting some common features (e.g. premature senescence and shedding of leaves, formation of transparent crowns), vary considerably between species and, within one particular species, between forest regions. It therefore seems plausible to assume, as a first approach, that we have to deal with different types of disease or decline, and consequently also with varying sets of causes or stress factors. This approach can be demonstrated best by reviewing the present knowledge of diseases in Norway spruce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1985.tb00650.x
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    Morphological and hydraulic properties of a silt loam soil in New Zealand as affected by cropping history (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A rotation trial of four years’ pasture followed by two years’ arable was used to study the effect of cropping on the morphological and hydraulic properties of soil. An adjacent paddock in grass for the past 35 years was included as a permanent pasture reference. Initial infiltration and field saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) were least for cultivated soil and increased with increasing time under pasture. This could be explained by the contrasting porosities of resin-impregnated blocks of undisturbed soil which had been infiltrated with methylene blue dye. Small Kfs values for cultivated soil resulted mainly from a thin surface crust, although pore discontinuity at the depth of the cultivation pan (130 mm) could also have contributed. Greater Kfs values under short-term pasture resulted primarily from water flowing through biogenic pores connected to the surface. The greatest Kfs values were in soil that had been under pasture for 35 years (P35). This was attributed to flow through biogenic pores and fissures associated with the strongly-developed subangular blocky structure. The amount of water that infiltrated the two- and four-year pasture soils (P2 and P4) under ponding was 2.5 and 5 times greater, respectively, than the soil that had been cultivated for two years (C2).As irrigation duration cannot be varied under the border-dyking system used on the Canterbury Plains, the interval between irrigations must be varied if the same total amount of water is to be applied to each of these soils through the season. The interval should be less for the cultivated soil than for those under pasture, and should increase with increasing time under pasture (i.e. P35 〉 P4 〉 P2 〉 C2).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1990.tb00824.x
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    Problems in the use of urea as a nitrogen fertilizer (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) is the most effective compound currently available for retarding hydrolysis of urea fertilizer in soil and for decreasing ammonia volatilization and nitrite e accumulation in soils treated with urea. It is a poor inhibitor of plant or microbial urease, but decomposes quite rapidly in soil with formation of N-(n-butyl) phosphoric triamide, which is a potent inhibitor of urease activity.The adverse effects of urea fertilizers on seed germination and seedling growth in soil are due to ammonia produced through hydrolysis of urea by soil urease. They can be eliminated by addition of a urease inhibitor to these fertilizers.The leaf-burn commonly observed after foliar fertilization of soybeans with urea results from accumulation of toxic amounts of urea in the soybean leaves rather than formation of toxic amounts of ammonia through urea hydrolysis by leaf urease. Leaf-burn is accordingly increased rather than decreased by addition of a urease inhibitor to the urea fertilizer applied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1990.tb00804.x
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    The retention of nitrate in acid soils from the tropics (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. In most soils of temperate regions nitrate is not held on soil surfaces and moves freely in solution. But when soils carry positive charges, nitrate is held as an exchangeable anion. As a result, leaching of nitrate is delayed relative to the movement of water. The delay can be predicted provided the anion exchange capacity (AEC) can be measured and the concentration of counter-anions is known. For soils with variable charge, the AEC varies with both pH and ionic strength, and the effective AEC should be determined under conditions similar to those in soil solution. A simple leaching method is described which satisfies this requirement. Delays in the leaching of nitrate measured in columns of repacked soil were strongly related to the AEC.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1990.tb00805.x
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    The biology of nitrogen transformations (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A brief resumé of the organisms involved in the nitrogen cycle is given. Benefits accruing to micro-organisms are considered in two categories: (1) where the reaction product is incorporated into cells (nitrogen-fixing and nitrate assimilating species), (2) where the reaction is used to provide energy for growth (nitrifying and denitrifying species). Some aspects of nitrogen cycling in soils are briefly considered, including inhibition of nitrification, the importance of C/N ratios and nitrate pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1990.tb00806.x
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    Autotrophic and heterotrophic mechanisms for ammonia oxidation (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Autotrophic nitrifiers such as Nitrosomonas use ammonia mono-oxygenase for the initial stage of ammonia oxidation. Nitrification inhibitors have this enzyme as their site of action. Their mechanisms include alternative substrates, suicide substrates and cuprous copper chelators.In heterotrophs, organic nitrogen is normally in the fully reduced state, but a few cell metabolites contain N-O bonds. The synthesis and breakdown of such compounds provides a mechanism for heterotrophic nitrification. A non-enzymic mechanism for nitrogen-oxidation involves hydroxyl radicals produced by the Fenton reaction. Heterotrophic nitrification is particularly important in woodland soils, where wood-rotting fungi use free radicals to break down lignin. Tests for a radical mechanism are described.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1990.tb00807.x
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    Microbiology and chemistry of nitrogen turnover in soils: workshop report (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The workshops covered various aspects of nitrogen in the environment, with special emphasis on the problems posed by nitrogenous compounds as pollutants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1990.tb00814.x
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    GUIDANCE FOR AUTHORS (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1990.tb00787.x
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    An editor's farewell (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The standard of English in papers submitted to Soil Use and Management varies from excellent to disgraceful. Good scientific English is direct and simple in structure. It uses familiar words in their correct sense and order with the minimum of qualification. Slovenly prose may imply slipshod research, and prolixity an inability to think clearly.Make your meaning plain. Express itSo we'll know, not merely guess it.(G.V. Jacks, The Summary)
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    Change at the top (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1990.tb00789.x
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    Mechanized relay-cropping in an irrigated red-brown earth in south-eastern Australia (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 6 (1990), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Machinery was designed specifically for relay-cropping on permanent raised beds (150 mm high and 1.5 m wide) in northern Victoria. This machinery enabled maize (Zea mays) to be successfully sown at 2, 4 and 5 weeks before harvest, and 1 day after harvest (Control), of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The sowing equipment consisted of a four-row cultivator, behind which were four precision seeders. The wheels (250 mm in diameter) were spaced at 1.5 m to track along the base of the furrows. In one pass on each bed, the sowing equipment tilled two strips (each 50 mm wide, 30 mm deep and 50 mm from the outer row of wheat) and sowed maize, with little damage to the wheat crop. We extended the axle of the trailed harvester so that the wheels (250 mm in diameter) were 3 m apart, and moved the drawbar 300 mm to one side so that all wheels ran along the base of the furrows. There were no significant differences between treatments in yield (mean 2.9 t ha-1) of dryland wheat, in final emergence percentage (mean 89%) or in early growth of irrigated maize. The maize yielded significantly less grain in the treatment sown at 5 weeks (9.6 t ha-1), but not 2 or 4 weeks (mean 10.6 t ha-1) before the wheat was harvested, than in the Control (10.8 t ha-1). The wheat and maize yielded more grain than those grown traditionally as sole crops in northern Victoria.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1990.tb00791.x
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    A regression model for nitrate leaching in Northern Ireland (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A model has been developed based on multiple regression which explains 95% of the variation in nitrate loading of the major rivers in the 4453 km2 Lough Neagh catchment for the years 1971–1987. The model relates loading of nitrate in the hydrological year to fertilizer usage, previous summer rainfall, summer temperature of the current year and December-May flow. It indicates that there is an increase in nitrate loading associated with fertilizer usage, and that the equivalent of 13% of nitrogen fertilizer that is lost as leachate comprises 50% of the river loadings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1989.tb00764.x
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    Soil erosion and its control in the loess plateau of China (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The loess plateau in China is the most developed region of loess in the world in terms of extent, thickness and depositional sequence. It is also the region with the most serious soil erosion in the world. This paper reviews the factors and reasons for soil erosion in this area. The loess is prone to vertical cleavage and its surface soils are soft and loose. Rainstorms are frequent with intense rain concentrated during the summer. Irrational land use and exploitive management have been carried out for thousands of years and express themselves through the loss of grassland and natural forests. Finally, some soil conservation schemes for use in the loess plateau are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1989.tb00765.x
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    BOOK REVIEW (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: Land resources in the Loess Plateau of China Editor Professor Zhou Xianmo (S.M. Chou).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1989.tb00767.x
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    WOFOST: a simulation model of crop production (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The WOFOST simulation model is a tool for analysing the growth and production of field crops under a wide range of weather and soil conditions. Such an analysis is important first to assess to what extent crop production is limited by the factors of light, moisture and macro-nutrients, and second to estimate what improvements are possible. The theoretical concept of a production situation, as modelled by WOFOST, is explained, as is the hierarchy of potential production and water-limited and nutrient-limited production situations in the analysis. The organization of the computer files in the model, the structure of the FORTRAN source program and the available standard sets of data are described briefly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1989.tb00755.x
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    Application of nested analysis of variance in mapping procedures for land evaluation (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Assuming that other sources of error can be neglected, the reliability of a land suitability classification depends on the homogeneity of physiographically delineated map units with regard to land qualities. The map unit homogeneity of a small area in France was estimated using 64 observation points, arranged according to a nested sampling scheme, followed by nested analysis of variance.The analysis shows that in this area map units are too heterogeneous to accept the suitability classification as being completely reliable. However, alternative procedures using methods of optimal interpolation to map gradual change within the physiographic units are too expensive at a mapping scale of 1:25000 or smaller. It is not possible to produce completely accurate suitability maps at smaller scales. However, incorporating nested sampling and analysis of variance as standard procedures in land evaluation surveys costs little effort and yields at least an estimate of map accuracy and reliability of the suitability classification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1989.tb00756.x
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    Integrated resource monitoring by means of remote sensing, GIS and spatial modelling in Arid Environments (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The ultimate goal of resource monitoring is to analyse the spatial distribution of the balance between supply and demand of a certain resource. Remote sensing techniques are commonly used for the assessment of the supply of resources. By integrating remote sensing with the related techniques of geographical information systems and spatial modelling, the demand as well as the accessibility of resources can be analysed. The article gives an overview over methods for integrated resource monitoring. Examples from arid environments are also presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1989.tb00757.x
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    The influence of land capability on rural land sales: a case study in Renfrewshire, Scotland (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 5 (1989), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Since 1981 information on land sales has been recorded in the Land Register for some counties in Scotland. Rural land sale data for areas of more than 10 hectares in Renfrewshire have been analysed to determine the extent to which land capability, elevation and slope have an influence on land value. Although many factors influence the price paid for rural land, the effect of land capability in particular is demonstrated, with altitude having a minor effect. Using a best fit curvilinear model price ranges are predicted on the basis of land capability classes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1989.tb00758.x
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    Predicting deep drainage in the soil from soil properties and rainfall (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Simple predictions of deep drainage in the soil profile are often required for preliminary planning of land management where the cost of direct measurement is not warranted. Soil hydraulic conductivity and drainage of water below the root zone can be related to the salt content at the bottom of the root zone, assuming steady-state balances of water and salt. A physically based empirical model uses readily measured soil properties to predict the quantity of drainage below the root zone under varying regimes of water management and shows a good relationship with ponded infiltration rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00747.x
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    Application of the threshold concentration concept to irrigation with saline water (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The applicability of the ‘threshold concentration’ concept in formulating guidelines for irrigating with saline water was tested under field conditions on red-brown earths from different field experiments in south eastern Australia. Infiltration of water in the field and the effect of rainfall impact were studied using ring infiltrometers and a rotating-disc rainfall simulator.Three threshold concentration lines relating sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and total cation concentration (TCC) in soil extracts were tested. These lines were based on laboratory tests of soil permeability, spontaneous dispersion and mechanical dispersion. They were found to predict the infiltration problems due to rainfall impact under three different surface soil conditions - bare soil without cultivation, soil with no tillage and complete crop cover, and cultivated soils without any crop cover.Infiltration rates in continuous pasture plots were predicted by the threshold concentration line of spontaneous dispersion except in a high salt treated soil where reduced plant growth affected evapotranspiration and water intake during infiltration.
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    Soil salinity measurements (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The soil solution may contain both plant nutrients and toxic ions. The total salt concentration affects both osmotic pressure and plant water stress. This review describes the main methods of evaluating soil salinity. They are listed as extraction methods (saturation and other soil extracts, suction cups), displacement methods (pressure membrane, centrifugation) and electrical methods of total salinity measurement (salinity sensors, four-electrode methods and time-domain reflectometry). The methods are compared so that the reader may choose the one most suitable for his purpose, based on cost, on the inherent advantages or drawbacks of the methods themselves, on his need for single or repeated measurements and either estimates of total salinity or the concentration of selected ions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00749.x
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    The influence of soil properties on the environmental mobility of caesium in Cumbria (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The interaction of caesium isotopes with soil has been widely investigated and the influence of important soil properties studied. From the results of such work and a detailed knowledge of the physico-chemical properties of soils it is possible to classify Cumbrian soil according to its ability to immobilize caesium. The ‘immobilization capacity’ is a reflection principally of the clay mineral content and type, organic content, pH, ammonium content and potassium status. Although it is not quantifiable, the immobilization capacity permits ranking of the soils and indicates which areas may give rise to persistent caesium problems. Combination of the soil sensitivity classification with deposition data for Cumbria indicates that the mountainous region in the south-west of the county is the most vulnerable. This conclusion is supported by field evidence, since the area identified coincides closely with that where sheep movement and slaughter are restricted and where caesium remains persistently available to the plant-animal chain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00739.x
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    Models for radionuclide transport in soils (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Mathematical models describing radionuclide transport in soil developed for radiological assessment have increased in complexity over the last decade. In particular fairly simple ‘black box’, equilibrium approaches have given way to more complex, time-dependent, process-orientated methods. The increase in complexity of these models has outstripped the available data to specify, test and validate them. Current issues in model development include those that are associated with times up to a million years. Further development requires new laboratory and field research to provide adequate data to justify the inclusion or omission of known soil processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00741.x
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    Plant uptake of radionuclides (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The factors influencing uptake of radionuclides from soils into vegetation are discussed with reference to soil type, radionuclide, plant species and organ, and time since initial contamination. Gaps in knowledge are identified, particularly as highlighted by the unexpected behaviour of radiocaesium in many upland areas of Britain, following deposition after the Chernobyl accident. The importance of resuspended soil for contamination of aerial plant parts is also considered in relation to radionuclide type, vegetation height, and meteorological conditions.The development of an international database by the International Union of Radioecologists for soil to crop transfer factors of radionuclides derived from European experiments is briefly described. This database is now being used for statistical analyses aimed at quantifying the importance of environmental and biological factors in influencing uptake of radionuclides from the soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00740.x
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    Long-term leakage of nitrate from bare unmanured soil (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The Rothamsted Drain Gauges built in 1870 comprise blocks of soil, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m deep, isolated laterally by brickwork and undermined for the collection of drainage water but otherwise undisturbed. The soil has not been cropped, manured or cultivated subsequently. The annual nitrate leakages from these blocks were recorded for the 38 years from 1877/8 to 1914/5. The soil in the 0.5 and 1.5-m gauges lost on average about 45 kg ha−1 of nitrate-N per year during the first seven years of this period; that in the 1.0-m gauge lost slightly less. The overall decline in leakage was masked by large annual fluctuations attributable mainly to variation in rainfall. Fitting a simple function that assumed an exponential decline and took account of rainfall fluctuations gave a rate constant for each gauge from which the half-life could be estimated for the organic nitrogen feeding the leakage. The half-life for the 1.5-m gauge was 41 yr. The average nitrate leakage during the first seven years of the record differs little from estimates of the current leakage from soil carrying fully fertilized crops of winter wheat. This and the long half-life of the leakage show that pollution of drainage water by nitrate will not be controlled by limiting the use of fertilizer in the short term.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00742.x
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  • 89
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    Long-term changes in the acidity of forest soils in North-East Scotland (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Fifteen soil profiles in the Alltcailleach Forest in NE Scotland have been resampled after almost 40 years. The pH, in 0.01 M CaCl2, of the soil has decreased by 0.07 to 1.28 units in 80% of the surface organic horizons and by 0.16 to 0.54 units in 73% of the mineral horizons below 40 cm. The key factors governing increases and decreases in soil pH are changes in ground vegetation and tree canopy, although some effects of acid deposition cannot be ruled out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00744.x
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  • 90
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    Comparison of the macropore structure of a sandy loam surface soil horizon subjected to two tillage treatments (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Erosion and excessive runoff from a crusting and hard-setting red-brown earth may he ameliorated with suitable management. A field trial, near Cowra, New South Wales, to assess the long-term effect of different tillage systems was used to compare the effect of direct drilling with conventional district cultivation practices under continuous wheat. The soil was sampled in the eighth year for assessment of the soil macropore structure, measurement of bulk density and hydraulic conductivity under tension. Vertical faces were prepared from resin impregnated blocks and the macropore structure described mathematically and visually using digital images and data generated from these images. Infiltration, bulk density and image analysis data all lead to the same conclusions about changes in pore structure. Under direct drilling no crust was evident, and there was greater macroporosity (〉 0.175 mm diameter in section). The treatment effects appeared to be significant to about 30 to 35 mm depth at the time of sampling. Greater root and faunal activity were observed under direct drilling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00743.x
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  • 91
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    The disposal of leather tannery wastes by land treatment—a review (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. People in rural areas have disposed of their wastes on land for centuries, relying on the soil's ability to degrade and render harmless any toxic elements the wastes may contain. Leather tanneries produce a large amount of sludge and liquid wastes. The liquids contain much sodium and in most circumstances adversely affect both the soil and groundwater. However, in some countries they are used for irrigation. The sludges contain nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, trivalent chromium and some sodium. Given careful management these sludges can be used as soil amendments, either directly or after composting. Application rates of about 200 tonnes ha−1 have proved toxic to crops in pot trials, though larger applications than this have not adversely affected crops in the field. Much smaller rates, of less than 20 tonnes ha−1, have been used in the field to minimize nitrate contamination of groundwater. The effects of CrIII depend on complex interactions between the sludge, the soil to which it is added and the plant species grown. Safe limits for the disposal of the sludges and their long term effects are not known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00745.x
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  • 92
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    Forestry and soil erosion in Britain – a review (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Research on soil erosion under forest in Britain is reviewed. Erosion can increase as a result of afforestation in the uplands, sometimes with undesirable consequences for surface water quality. Published rates of erosion are usually close to ‘natural’ ones, at around 500 kg ha−1 yr−1. Of the forest operations that can lead to erosion ploughing is the most important. Clearfelling may also increase erosion, but little is known of its long-term effects. New developments in forestry may do much to reduce the risk of soil erosion, particularly the replacement of ploughing by subsoiling and the control of drain gradients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00734.x
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  • 93
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    Estimating losses in the yield of winter wheat as a result of drought, in England and Wales (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. A simple model for droughtiness, when linked to the distribution of soil types in England and Wales, is potentially valuable for estimating drought-induced losses of yield in winter wheat at either particular places or in larger areas of the country. The model defines droughtiness, D, in terms of the soil water extractable by the crop, AP, and the adjusted potential moisture deficit, MD: D=AP−MD.The model should represent well the growth of actual crops of winter wheat if AP, which is based on laboratory measurements, accurately simulates the extraction of soil water by roots, if MD represents the cumulative transpiration of water by wheat crops by mid-July, and if the latter is an appropriate date for testing the effect of drought on grain growth. These three assumptions have been investigated using measurements of artificially draughted crops of winter wheat.The results indicate that mid-July is a good choice for a single date and MD a good representation of the water requirement of a wheat crop that has been draughted to the point where yield is beginning to be affected. For the deep-rooting crops studied, AP underestimates the soil water extracted by the crop, and therefore overestimates the susceptibility of the soil to droughtIf average MD values are replaced by means and a standard deviation the resulting normal distribution of D-values can be used to assess the probability that drought will limit yields. When applied to a droughtiness map of England and Wales with AP-values used for the soils the model predicts that the soils growing wheat will be susceptible to drought in 16–84 years out of every 100. Our results suggest, however, that this probably applies to shallow rooting or diseased crops and that for deep-rooting, healthy crops the drought risk is much less serious.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00733.x
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  • 94
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    A comparison of tine cultivation and ploughing with two methods of straw disposal on the growth, nutrient uptake and yield of winter wheat grown on a clay soil (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Ploughing and tine cultivation to depths of 5, 15 and 25 cm were used to prepare land before sowing winter wheat. The methods were compared for two years with or without the presence of straw residues from the previous crop and the effects on crop growth and yield were assessed.Some combinations produced large differences in yield. In 1985–86 volunteer cereals were a problem where straw was not burnt, but deeper ploughing controlled them. In both years the concentrations and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium differed during the early period of growth but not at maturity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00736.x
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  • 95
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    Potassium reserves in a forested, acid upland soil and the effect on them of clear-felling versus whole-tree harvesting (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The experiment conducted jointly by the Forestry Commission (FC) and the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE) at Beddgelert Forest, North Wales, studies the effect of conventional clear-felling (CF) and whole-tree harvesting (WTH) of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) on the local ecosystem and on the future productivity of forestry at the site. Bulked soil samples were taken from Block 2 of the experiment just before felling in 1984 and two years later in 1986. Sub-samples from the horizons Ah, E and B+C were analysed for exchangeable and short- and long-term reserves of K using Ca-resin and strong acid extraction procedures. The flux of K through the soil profile after both CF and WTH resulted in a small increase in exchangeable K throughout the profile after both treatments, but in a loss of short-term reserves from the surface Ah horizons of both and an overall loss of these after WTH. The nutrient flux down-slope through the Ah horizon could result in differential nutrient deficiency in future. The data suggest that exchangeable and short-term reserves of K will support about two further cycles of conifers, with either CF or WTH, but that long-term reserves are likely to be released quickly enough to meet the needs of such a slow-growing crop; these would support about 30 cycles. Other nutrients, such as Ca or P, may prove to be more limiting than K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00735.x
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  • 96
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    Guest editorial: Soil science - its role in a changing environment (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00727.x
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  • 97
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    The effect of large applications of pig slurry on the strength of soil under grass (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. The effect of eight years of applications of five rates (0, 134, 269, 538 and 1075 m3 ha−1 a−1) of pig slurry on the soil strength two years later were studied in a field experiment. Soil strength in the 0–150 mm depth was measured on five occasions in winter using a hand-held recording cone penetrometer. On one occasion the penetration resistance at some depths greater than 100 mm was significantly (P 〈 0.001) decreased by adding more than 269 m3 of slurry ha−1 a−1. On three occasions different amounts of slurry caused significant differences in the rate of increase of penetration resistance with depth. Large applications of slurry may decrease penetration resistance because they increase organic matter, thereby increasing the water retention of the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00737.x
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  • 98
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    Subsoil strength and yield of vegetable crops (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. In a field experiment over two years, broad beans (Vicia faba), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), leeks (Allium porrum) and red beet (Beta vulgaris var. esculenta) were grown on a sandy clay loam soil in which a range of bulk densities and penetration resistances had been established by (1) thorough loosening to 0.9 m by trenching, (2) artificially compacting with tractor wheelings or (3) leaving unloosened.Loosening the soil substantially increased, and compacting it decreased, yields of all four crops. The mean penetration resistance of the subsoil at field capacity correlated negatively with dry matter production. The relationship was broadly similar for all crops and years, showing a decrease in dry matter production of about 1 t ha-1 per 0.5 MPa increase in resistance over the range examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00729.x
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  • 99
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    Nitrate leaching from a felled Sitka spruce plantation in Beddgelert Forest, North Wales (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Soil water samples from five horizons in a stagnopodzol were collected regularly over a five-year period in a Sitka spruce plantation at Beddgelert Forest, North Wales. Samples were analysed for nitrate-N and ammonium-N. After felling, inorganic-N concentrations increased markedly in the C horizon, generally decreased in the surface horizons and showed little change in the E and Bs horizons. Fluxes through the C horizon increased after felling from 10 to 70 kg N ha-1 a-1, the latter being equivalent to leaching losses in intensive lowland agricultural systems. Trends in concentration and flux were attributed to seasonal temperature and rainfall variations.Nitrate-N dominated the dissolved inorganic-N, especially in the lower horizons. Nitrification was obviously active, despite the acid soil. Nitrate leaching losses occurred, even beneath the standing crop. On felling, cessation of nitrogen uptake allowed substantially more nitrate to be leached as no alternative sink was immediately available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00728.x
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  • 100
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    The effects of shelter for cereal crops in an exposed area of Cleveland, North-East England (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 4 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Plots of spring barley, winter wheat and winter barley were sheltered with netting in a coastal area of North-East England. Crop height, yield components and grain yield were measured and compared with unsheltered crops receiving the same agronomic treatments. Plant height, ears m-2, 1000 grain weight and grain yield were increased by shelter in seasons with windy, dry weather during the tillering and stem extension phases. Negligible response was found in a wet season. One experiment suggests that greater applications of nitrogen fertilizer can counteract the effects of exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1988.tb00731.x
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