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1

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Phosphorus losses from a structured clay soil in relation to tillage practices (2002)

Djodjic, F. ; Bergström, L. ; Ulén, B.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Soil use and management 18 (2002), S. 0

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ISSN: 1475-2743

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract. Preferential flow may enhance phosphorus transport through the soil profile and thereby increase the risks for eutrophication of watercourses. Destruction of continuous macropores in topsoil by tillage provides the possibility for better contact between soil particles and P fertilizer. This is facilitated by incorporation rather than surface application of fertilizer, which should reduce the risk of rapid P transport from the soil surface through the unsaturated zone. To test this hypothesis, undisturbed soil monoliths (0.295 m in diameter and 1.2 m in length) were collected at a field site with a clay soil in which preferential flow is the dominant solute transport mechanism. After three years of observation, average total P loads reached 1.86, 1.59 and 1.25 kg ha–1for no-tillage, conventional tillage, and conventional tillage where the P fertilizer was incorporated, respectively. More than 80% of total losses were in the form of dissolved P. The tillage treatment had no significant effect on P leaching loads compared to no-tillage, but the improved contact between soil particles and P fertilizer resulting from fertilizer incorporation significantly reduced P loads during the first year after application of 100 kg P ha–1. However, after further application of 100 kg P ha–1 two years later, there were no significant differences between the treatments.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2002.tb00223.x

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2

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Phosphorus management in balanced agricultural systems (2005)

Djodjic, F. ; Bergström, L. ; Grant, C.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0

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ISSN: 1475-2743

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract. The practice of large phosphorus (P) additions to agricultural land has resulted in an increased depletion of limited mineable rock phosphate resources, P accumulation in soils with an increased risk for P losses, and intensified eutrophication and deterioration of water quality in recipient water bodies. A number of measures have been used to reach balance between P inputs and outputs in agricultural systems, with the goal of achieving improved P use efficiency, sustained high crop yields and reduced P losses. This paper discusses how this goal may be achieved. Results from a Swedish long-term fertility experiment combined with results of a P leaching study using a selection of soils from the fertility experiment are used to evaluate the effects of a balanced P system on yields, soil P levels and P leaching. Three P fertilizer application strategies are compared (zero P, replacement P, and a treatment where surplus P fertilization was used to achieve a rapid increase in the soil P status). The replacement P strategy appeared to be the most sustainable system but P fixation in this system must be accounted for. When surplus P rates were applied, increased crop yields were counterbalanced by poorer use efficiency and P accumulation in soil. Topsoil P content was a poor predictor of P leaching. Instead, balancing P inputs and outputs represents a first step in the management of P losses, but additional, site-specific measures are required to counteract site-specific factors responsible for P losses.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00113.x

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3

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Scaling issues in sustainable management of nutrient losses (2005)

Shirmohammadi, A. ; Djodjic, F. ; Bergström, L.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0

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ISSN: 1475-2743

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract. To establish strategies for sustainable nutrient management, the priority of each identified element for different user groups and the issue of data transferability from one scale to the next need to be addressed. This is important to avoid developing policies and strategies using inaccurate data. This paper provides a thorough background on such issues and provides data from specific case studies to reflect the impact of scale on the usability and transferability of data. These data show that using information obtained in a laboratory setting for larger scales can generate major errors. Data are also provided regarding the spatial variability in total N and total P measured at different sub-watersheds within a large watershed. Results from this case study indicate that there is a definite spatial variability in N and P loadings, which makes it difficult to transfer and extrapolate from data measured at one sub-watershed to the entire watershed. Therefore, it can be concluded that using either measured or simulated data obtained at a small scale to respond to questions for larger scales may be erroneous. Such difficulty may be due to the inherent spatial variability in soils, nutrients, biology and other features of the landscape.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00120.x

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4

Electronic Resource

Phosphorus management in balanced agricultural systems (2005)

Djodjic, F. ; Bergström, L. ; Grant, C.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0

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ISSN: 1475-2743

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract. The practice of large phosphorus (P) additions to agricultural land has resulted in an increased depletion of limited mineable rock phosphate resources, P accumulation in soils with an increased risk for P losses, and intensified eutrophication and deterioration of water quality in recipient water bodies. A number of measures have been used to reach balance between P inputs and outputs in agricultural systems, with the goal of achieving improved P use efficiency, sustained high crop yields and reduced P losses. This paper discusses how this goal may be achieved. Results from a Swedish long-term fertility experiment combined with results of a P leaching study using a selection of soils from the fertility experiment are used to evaluate the effects of a balanced P system on yields, soil P levels and P leaching. Three P fertilizer application strategies are compared (zero P, replacement P, and a treatment where surplus P fertilization was used to achieve a rapid increase in the soil P status). The replacement P strategy appeared to be the most sustainable system but P fixation in this system must be accounted for. When surplus P rates were applied, increased crop yields were counterbalanced by poorer use efficiency and P accumulation in soil. Topsoil P content was a poor predictor of P leaching. Instead, balancing P inputs and outputs represents a first step in the management of P losses, but additional, site-specific measures are required to counteract site-specific factors responsible for P losses.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00413.x

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5

Electronic Resource

Scaling issues in sustainable management of nutrient losses (2005)

Shirmohammadi, A. ; Djodjic, F. ; Bergström, L.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Soil use and management 21 (2005), S. 0

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ISSN: 1475-2743

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract. To establish strategies for sustainable nutrient management, the priority of each identified element for different user groups and the issue of data transferability from one scale to the next need to be addressed. This is important to avoid developing policies and strategies using inaccurate data. This paper provides a thorough background on such issues and provides data from specific case studies to reflect the impact of scale on the usability and transferability of data. These data show that using information obtained in a laboratory setting for larger scales can generate major errors. Data are also provided regarding the spatial variability in total N and total P measured at different sub-watersheds within a large watershed. Results from this case study indicate that there is a definite spatial variability in N and P loadings, which makes it difficult to transfer and extrapolate from data measured at one sub-watershed to the entire watershed. Therefore, it can be concluded that using either measured or simulated data obtained at a small scale to respond to questions for larger scales may be erroneous. Such difficulty may be due to the inherent spatial variability in soils, nutrients, biology and other features of the landscape.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00420.x

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6

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Soil as an important interface between agricultural activities and groundwater: leaching of nutrients and pesticides in the vadose zone (2007)

Bergstrom, L. F. ; Djodjic, F.

In: Geological Society Special Publication 266: 45-52.

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Publication Date: 2007-10-08

Description: Agricultural non-point source pollution by plant nutrients and pesticides can cause severe environmental disturbances, such as deterioration in the quality of surface water and groundwater. In order to prevent this, the development and implementation of appropriate countermeasures are necessary, which requires knowledge of critical soil functions in the vadose zone. The nutrient source, the transport pathway and the availability of solutes in soil are some important conditions that affect leaching. Our results show that organic nitrogen sources are often more susceptible to leaching than inorganic N fertilizers, due to poor synchronization between the N demand of the crop and the release of inorganic N from the organic N source. Large amounts of leachable N are left in the soil after the growing season. Preferential flow, in combination with where soil solutes occur, is critical for establishing safe loading rates. In some cases, the solute is located in smaller pores of the soil matrix, and is thereby protected against preferential flow and leaching. In other cases, especially soon after application of a fertilizer or pesticide, transient flow-peaks rapidly displace the solutes through macropores in the vadose zone, which can cause large leaching loads and associated water-quality problems.

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