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  • Climate
  • Southern Ocean
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (12)
  • Frontiers Media  (6)
  • 2020-2022
  • 2015-2019  (18)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1
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    Evolving the physical global ocean observing system for research and application services through international coordination (2019)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Sloyan, B. M., Wilkin, J., Hill, K. L., Chidichimo, M. P., Cronin, M. F., Johannessen, J. A., Karstensen, J., Krug, M., Lee, T., Oka, E., Palmer, M. D., Rabe, B., Speich, S., von Schuckmann, K., Weller, R. A., & Yu, W. Evolving the physical global ocean observing system for research and application services through international coordination. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, (2019): 449, doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00449.
    Description: Climate change and variability are major societal challenges, and the ocean is an integral part of this complex and variable system. Key to the understanding of the ocean’s role in the Earth’s climate system is the study of ocean and sea-ice physical processes, including its interactions with the atmosphere, cryosphere, land, and biosphere. These processes include those linked to ocean circulation; the storage and redistribution of heat, carbon, salt and other water properties; and air-sea exchanges of heat, momentum, freshwater, carbon, and other gasses. Measurements of ocean physics variables are fundamental to reliable earth prediction systems for a range of applications and users. In addition, knowledge of the physical environment is fundamental to growing understanding of the ocean’s biogeochemistry and biological/ecosystem variability and function. Through the progress from OceanObs’99 to OceanObs’09, the ocean observing system has evolved from a platform centric perspective to an integrated observing system. The challenge now is for the observing system to evolve to respond to an increasingly diverse end user group. The Ocean Observations Physics and Climate panel (OOPC), formed in 1995, has undertaken many activities that led to observing system-related agreements. Here, OOPC will explore the opportunities and challenges for the development of a fit-for-purpose, sustained and prioritized ocean observing system, focusing on physical variables that maximize support for fundamental research, climate monitoring, forecasting on different timescales, and society. OOPC recommendations are guided by the Framework for Ocean Observing which emphasizes identifying user requirements by considering time and space scales of the Essential Ocean Variables. This approach provides a framework for reviewing the adequacy of the observing system, looking for synergies in delivering an integrated observing system for a range of applications and focusing innovation in areas where existing technologies do not meet these requirements.
    Description: BS received support from the Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research, a collaboration between the CSIRO and the Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology and the Australian Government Department of the Environment and CSIRO through the Australian Climate Change Science Programme and by the National Environmental Science Program. JK was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the grant agreement no. 633211 (AtlantOS). MP was supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by the BEIS and Defra. SS was supported by the Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, and Ifremer funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the grant agreement no. 633211 (AtlantOS), CNES, and ANR grants.
    Keywords: Observing system evaluation ; Observing system design ; Sustained observations ; Observing networks ; Observation platforms ; Climate ; Weather ; Operational services
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  • 2
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    Ocean time series observations of changing marine ecosystems: An era of integration, synthesis, and societal applications (2019)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Benway, H. M., Lorenzoni, L., White, A. E., Fiedler, B., Levine, N. M., Nicholson, D. P., DeGrandpre, M. D., Sosik, H. M., Church, M. J., O'Brien, T. D., Leinen, M., Weller, R. A., Karl, D. M., Henson, S. A., & Letelier, R. M. Ocean time series observations of changing marine ecosystems: An era of integration, synthesis, and societal applications. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, (2019): 393, doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00393.
    Description: Sustained ocean time series are critical for characterizing marine ecosystem shifts in a time of accelerating, and at times unpredictable, changes. They represent the only means to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic forcings, and are the best tools to explore causal links and implications for human communities that depend on ocean resources. Since the inception of sustained ocean observations, ocean time series have withstood many challenges, most prominently availability of uninterrupted funding and retention of trained personnel. This OceanObs’19 review article provides an overarching vision for sustained ocean time series observations for the next decade, focusing on the growing challenges of maintaining sustained ocean time series, including ship-based and autonomous coastal and open-ocean platforms, as well as remote sensing. In addition to increased diversification of funding sources to include the private sector, NGOs, and other groups, more effective engagement of stakeholders and other end-users will be critical to ensure the sustainability of ocean time series programs. Building a cohesive international time series network will require dedicated capacity to coordinate across observing programs and leverage existing infrastructure and platforms of opportunity. This review article outlines near-term observing priorities and technology needs; explores potential mechanisms to broaden ocean time series data applications and end-user communities; and describes current tools and future requirements for managing increasingly complex multi-platform data streams and developing synthesis products that support science and society. The actionable recommendations outlined herein ultimately form the basis for a robust, sustainable, fit-for-purpose time series network that will foster a predictive understanding of changing ocean systems for the benefit of society.
    Description: This work was led by HB in the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) Project Office, which is supported by the NSF OCE (1558412) and the NASA (NNX17AB17G).
    Keywords: Ocean time series ; Marine ecosystems ; Climate ; End-users ; Synthesis ; Sustained observations
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  • 3
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    Delivering sustained, coordinated, and integrated observations of the Southern Ocean for global impact (2019)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Newman, L., Heil, P., Trebilco, R., Katsumata, K., Constable, A., van Wijk, E., Assmann, K., Beja, J., Bricher, P., Colemans, R., Costa, D., Diggs, S., Farneti, R., Fawcett, S., Gille, S. T., Hendry, K. R., Henley, S., Hofmann, E., Maksym, T., MazIoff, M., Meijers, A., Meredith, M. M., Moreau, S., Ozsor, B., Robertson, R., Schloss, I., Schofield, O., Shi, J., Sikes, E., Smith, I. J., Swart, S., Wahlin, A., Williams, G., Williams, M. J. M., Herraiz-Borreguero, L., Kern, S., Liesers, J., Massom, R. A., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Miloslavich, P., & Spreen, G. Delivering sustained, coordinated, and integrated observations of the Southern Ocean for global impact. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, (2019): 433, doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00433.
    Description: The Southern Ocean is disproportionately important in its effect on the Earth system, impacting climatic, biogeochemical, and ecological systems, which makes recent observed changes to this system cause for global concern. The enhanced understanding and improvements in predictive skill needed for understanding and projecting future states of the Southern Ocean require sustained observations. Over the last decade, the Southern Ocean Observing System (SOOS) has established networks for enhancing regional coordination and research community groups to advance development of observing system capabilities. These networks support delivery of the SOOS 20-year vision, which is to develop a circumpolar system that ensures time series of key variables, and delivers the greatest impact from data to all key end-users. Although the Southern Ocean remains one of the least-observed ocean regions, enhanced international coordination and advances in autonomous platforms have resulted in progress toward sustained observations of this region. Since 2009, the Southern Ocean community has deployed over 5700 observational platforms south of 40°S. Large-scale, multi-year or sustained, multidisciplinary efforts have been supported and are now delivering observations of essential variables at space and time scales that enable assessment of changes being observed in Southern Ocean systems. The improved observational coverage, however, is predominantly for the open ocean, encompasses the summer, consists of primarily physical oceanographic variables, and covers surface to 2000 m. Significant gaps remain in observations of the ice-impacted ocean, the sea ice, depths 〉2000 m, the air-ocean-ice interface, biogeochemical and biological variables, and for seasons other than summer. Addressing these data gaps in a sustained way requires parallel advances in coordination networks, cyberinfrastructure and data management tools, observational platform and sensor technology, two-way platform interrogation and data-transmission technologies, modeling frameworks, intercalibration experiments, and development of internationally agreed sampling standards and requirements of key variables. This paper presents a community statement on the major scientific and observational progress of the last decade, and importantly, an assessment of key priorities for the coming decade, toward achieving the SOOS vision and delivering essential data to all end-users.
    Description: PH was supported by the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centers Program through the Antarctica Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, and the International Space Science Institute’s team grant #406. This work contributes to the Australian Antarctica Science projects 4301 and 4390.
    Keywords: Southern Ocean ; observations ; modeling ; ocean–climate interactions ; ecosystem-based management ; long-term monitoring ; international coordination
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  • 4
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    The tropical Atlantic observing system (2019)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Foltz, G. R., Brandt, P., Richter, I., Rodriguez-Fonsecao, B., Hernandez, F., Dengler, M., Rodrigues, R. R., Schmidt, J. O., Yu, L., Lefevre, N., Da Cunha, L. C., Mcphaden, M. J., Araujo, M., Karstensen, J., Hahn, J., Martin-Rey, M., Patricola, C. M., Poli, P., Zuidema, P., Hummels, R., Perez, R. C., Hatje, V., Luebbecke, J. F., Palo, I., Lumpkin, R., Bourles, B., Asuquo, F. E., Lehodey, P., Conchon, A., Chang, P., Dandin, P., Schmid, C., Sutton, A., Giordani, H., Xue, Y., Illig, S., Losada, T., Grodsky, S. A., Gasparinss, F., Lees, T., Mohino, E., Nobre, P., Wanninkhof, R., Keenlyside, N., Garcon, V., Sanchez-Gomez, E., Nnamchi, H. C., Drevillon, M., Storto, A., Remy, E., Lazar, A., Speich, S., Goes, M., Dorrington, T., Johns, W. E., Moum, J. N., Robinson, C., Perruches, C., de Souza, R. B., Gaye, A. T., Lopez-Paragess, J., Monerie, P., Castellanos, P., Benson, N. U., Hounkonnou, M. N., Trotte Duha, J., Laxenairess, R., & Reul, N. The tropical Atlantic observing system. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6(206), (2019), doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00206.
    Description: he tropical Atlantic is home to multiple coupled climate variations covering a wide range of timescales and impacting societally relevant phenomena such as continental rainfall, Atlantic hurricane activity, oceanic biological productivity, and atmospheric circulation in the equatorial Pacific. The tropical Atlantic also connects the southern and northern branches of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and receives freshwater input from some of the world’s largest rivers. To address these diverse, unique, and interconnected research challenges, a rich network of ocean observations has developed, building on the backbone of the Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA). This network has evolved naturally over time and out of necessity in order to address the most important outstanding scientific questions and to improve predictions of tropical Atlantic severe weather and global climate variability and change. The tropical Atlantic observing system is motivated by goals to understand and better predict phenomena such as tropical Atlantic interannual to decadal variability and climate change; multidecadal variability and its links to the meridional overturning circulation; air-sea fluxes of CO2 and their implications for the fate of anthropogenic CO2; the Amazon River plume and its interactions with biogeochemistry, vertical mixing, and hurricanes; the highly productive eastern boundary and equatorial upwelling systems; and oceanic oxygen minimum zones, their impacts on biogeochemical cycles and marine ecosystems, and their feedbacks to climate. Past success of the tropical Atlantic observing system is the result of an international commitment to sustained observations and scientific cooperation, a willingness to evolve with changing research and monitoring needs, and a desire to share data openly with the scientific community and operational centers. The observing system must continue to evolve in order to meet an expanding set of research priorities and operational challenges. This paper discusses the tropical Atlantic observing system, including emerging scientific questions that demand sustained ocean observations, the potential for further integration of the observing system, and the requirements for sustaining and enhancing the tropical Atlantic observing system.
    Description: MM-R received funding from the MORDICUS grant under contract ANR-13-SENV-0002-01 and the MSCA-IF-EF-ST FESTIVAL (H2020-EU project 797236). GF, MG, RLu, RP, RW, and CS were supported by NOAA/OAR through base funds to AOML and the Ocean Observing and Monitoring Division (OOMD; fund reference 100007298). This is NOAA/PMEL contribution #4918. PB, MDe, JH, RH, and JL are grateful for continuing support from the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel. German participation is further supported by different programs funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Deutsche Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), and the European Union. The EU-PREFACE project funded by the EU FP7/2007–2013 programme (Grant No. 603521) contributed to results synthesized here. LCC was supported by the UERJ/Prociencia-2018 research grant. JOS received funding from the Cluster of Excellence Future Ocean (EXC80-DFG), the EU-PREFACE project (Grant No. 603521) and the BMBF-AWA project (Grant No. 01DG12073C).
    Keywords: Tropical Atlantic Ocean ; Observing system ; Weather ; Climate ; Hurricanes ; Biogeochemistry ; Ecosystems ; Coupled model bias
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  • 5
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    Constraining Southern Ocean air-sea-ice fluxes through enhanced observations (2019)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in [citation], doi:[doi]. Swart, S., Gille, S. T., Delille, B., Josey, S., Mazloff, M., Newman, L., Thompson, A. F., Thomson, J., Ward, B., du Plessis, M. D., Kent, E. C., Girton, J., Gregor, L., Heil, P., Hyder, P., Pezzi, L. P., de Souza, R. B., Tamsitt, V., Weller, R. A., & Zappa, C. J. Constraining Southern Ocean air-sea-ice fluxes through enhanced observations. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6, (2019): 421, doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00421.
    Description: Air-sea and air-sea-ice fluxes in the Southern Ocean play a critical role in global climate through their impact on the overturning circulation and oceanic heat and carbon uptake. The challenging conditions in the Southern Ocean have led to sparse spatial and temporal coverage of observations. This has led to a “knowledge gap” that increases uncertainty in atmosphere and ocean dynamics and boundary-layer thermodynamic processes, impeding improvements in weather and climate models. Improvements will require both process-based research to understand the mechanisms governing air-sea exchange and a significant expansion of the observing system. This will improve flux parameterizations and reduce uncertainty associated with bulk formulae and satellite observations. Improved estimates spanning the full Southern Ocean will need to take advantage of ships, surface moorings, and the growing capabilities of autonomous platforms with robust and miniaturized sensors. A key challenge is to identify observing system sampling requirements. This requires models, Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs), and assessments of the specific spatial-temporal accuracy and resolution required for priority science and assessment of observational uncertainties of the mean state and direct flux measurements. Year-round, high-quality, quasi-continuous in situ flux measurements and observations of extreme events are needed to validate, improve and characterize uncertainties in blended reanalysis products and satellite data as well as to improve parameterizations. Building a robust observing system will require community consensus on observational methodologies, observational priorities, and effective strategies for data management and discovery.
    Description: SS was funded by a Wallenberg Academy Fellowship (WAF 2015.0186). EK was funded by the NERC ORCHESTRA Project (NE/N018095/1). LP was funded by the Advanced Studies in Oceanography of Medium and High Latitudes (CAPES 23038.004304/2014-28) and the Research Productivity Program (CNPq 304009/2016-4). BdS was a research associate at the F.R.S-FNRS. PeH was supported by the Australian Antarctic Science Projects 4301 and 4390, and the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Programme through the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre and the International Space Science Institute Project 406. SG and MM were funded by National Science Foundation awards OCE-1658001 and PLR-1425989. AT was supported by NASA (NNX15AG42G) and NSF (OCE-1756956).
    Keywords: Air-sea/air-sea-ice fluxes ; Southern Ocean ; Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Climate ; Ocean-ice interaction
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  • 6
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    Genome reconstructions indicate the partitioning of ecological functions inside a phytoplankton bloom in the Amundsen Sea, Antarctica (2015)
    Frontiers Media
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 6 (2015): 1090, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01090.
    Description: Antarctica polynyas support intense phytoplankton blooms, impacting their environment by a substantial depletion of inorganic carbon and nutrients. These blooms are dominated by the colony-forming haptophyte Phaeocystis antarctica and they are accompanied by a distinct bacterial population. Yet, the ecological role these bacteria may play in P. antarctica blooms awaits elucidation of their functional gene pool and of the geochemical activities they support. Here, we report on a metagenome (~160 million reads) analysis of the microbial community associated with a P. antarctica bloom event in the Amundsen Sea polynya (West Antarctica). Genomes of the most abundant Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria populations have been reconstructed and a network analysis indicates a strong functional partitioning of these bacterial taxa. Three of them (SAR92, and members of the Oceanospirillaceae and Cryomorphaceae) are found in close association with P. antarctica colonies. Distinct features of their carbohydrate, nitrogen, sulfur and iron metabolisms may serve to support mutualistic relationships with P. antarctica. The SAR92 genome indicates a specialization in the degradation of fatty acids and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (compounds released by P. antarctica) into dimethyl sulfide, an aerosol precursor. The Oceanospirillaceae genome carries genes that may enhance algal physiology (cobalamin synthesis). Finally, the Cryomorphaceae genome is enriched in genes that function in cell or colony invasion. A novel pico-eukaryote, Micromonas related genome (19.6 Mb, ~94% completion) was also recovered. It contains the gene for an anti-freeze protein, which is lacking in Micromonas at lower latitudes. These draft genomes are representative for abundant microbial taxa across the Southern Ocean surface.
    Description: This work was performed with financial support from NSF Antarctic Sciences awards ANT-1142095 to AP.
    Keywords: Southern Ocean ; Amundsen Sea Polynya ; Phytoplankton bloom ; Phaeocystis ; Micromonas ; Microbial communities ; Metagenomics ; Genome reconstruction
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  • 7
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    [In Depth] How a ‘Godzilla’ El Niño shook up weather forecasts (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: The 14-month El Niño climate event that ended this month brought impacts across the globe, from wildfires in Indonesia to drought in Peru. The main drivers of El Niño conditions, ocean temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific, were as high as 3°C above the average, making this event one of the three most intense El Niños on record. For the most part, forecasts of its impacts on weather patterns were borne out, but forecasters fared relatively poorly in California, which relies on El Niños to deliver rains to parched areas. Along the U.S. West Coast, the jet stream was shifted hundreds of kilometers north last winter, which had the effect of dousing the Pacific Northwest with extraordinary precipitation while Southern California experienced its fourth straight year of drought. Now, scientists are analyzing why their climate models were blindsided and how they can be improved. Author: Eli Kintisch
    Keywords: Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    [In Depth] Sea ice retreat said to accelerate Greenland melting (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-17
    Description: Last summer the northern parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet experienced record melting as summer temperatures rose as high as 19°C (66°F), while southern Greenland was unusually cold, with just average melting. Now, scientists have linked the melt pattern with a 500-kilometer-wide, high-pressure vortex, known as a block, that loitered north of the island during June and July 2015, wreaking weather havoc. Such atmospheric blocks are expected to result from melting sea ice, some researchers say—a claim that has added fuel to a contentious dispute over the global influence of the warming Arctic. Until now, the dispute has focused on how disappearing sea ice might be favoring extreme midlatitude weather, such as floods in Texas or heat waves in Russia. The new study is one of three recent papers that have expanded the debate to the melting of Greenland. Author: Eli Kintisch
    Keywords: Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    [Perspective] How Antarctica got its ice (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: Ice sheets such as those on Greenland and Antarctica today not only respond to changing climate but can also cause climate to change. Their sizes have fluctuated substantially in the past. In particular, Antarctica was effectively ice-free until its ice cover began to expand rapidly at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary around 34 million years ago (see the figure). Recent research, including a report by Galeotti et al. on page 76 of this issue (1), helps to identify the mechanisms that led to this rapid ice sheet growth. Authors: Caroline H. Lear, Dan J. Lunt
    Keywords: Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Agriculture facilitated permanent human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau after 3600 B.P (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-17
    Description: Our understanding of when and how humans adapted to living on the Tibetan Plateau at altitudes above 2000 to 3000 meters has been constrained by a paucity of archaeological data. Here we report data sets from the northeastern Tibetan Plateau indicating that the first villages were established only by 5200 calendar years before the present (cal yr B.P.). Using these data, we tested the hypothesis that a novel agropastoral economy facilitated year-round living at higher altitudes since 3600 cal yr B.P. This successful subsistence strategy facilitated the adaptation of farmers-herders to the challenges of global temperature decline during the late Holocene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, F H -- Dong, G H -- Zhang, D J -- Liu, X Y -- Jia, X -- An, C B -- Ma, M M -- Xie, Y W -- Barton, L -- Ren, X Y -- Zhao, Z J -- Wu, X H -- Jones, M K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jan 16;347(6219):248-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1259172. Epub 2014 Nov 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China. fhchen@lzu.edu.cn ghdong@lzu.edu.cn. ; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China. ; Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130-48, USA. ; Center for Comparative Archaeology, Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. ; Qinghai Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Xining 810007, China. ; Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100710, China. ; School of Archaeology and Museology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. ; McDonald Institute of Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3ER, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25593179" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acclimatization ; Agriculture/*history ; *Altitude ; Archaeology ; Climate ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Radiometric Dating ; Temperature ; Tibet
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Synchronous centennial abrupt events in the ocean and atmosphere during the last deglaciation (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-26
    Description: Antarctic ice-core data reveal that the atmosphere experienced abrupt centennial increases in CO2 concentration during the last deglaciation (~18 thousand to 11 thousand years ago). Establishing the role of ocean circulation in these changes requires high-resolution, accurately dated marine records. Here, we report radiocarbon data from uranium-thorium-dated deep-sea corals in the Equatorial Atlantic and Drake Passage over the past 25,000 years. Two major deglacial radiocarbon shifts occurred in phase with centennial atmospheric CO2 rises at 14.8 thousand and 11.7 thousand years ago. We interpret these radiocarbon-enriched signals to represent two short-lived (less than 500 years) "overshoot" events, with Atlantic meridional overturning stronger than that of the modern era. These results provide compelling evidence for a close coupling of ocean circulation and centennial climate events during the last deglaciation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Tianyu -- Robinson, Laura F -- Burke, Andrea -- Southon, John -- Spooner, Peter -- Morris, Paul J -- Ng, Hong Chin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 25;349(6255):1537-41. doi: 10.1126/science.aac6159.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bristol Isotope Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. tc14502@bristol.ac.uk. ; Bristol Isotope Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. ; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, St. Andrews, UK. ; School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404835" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*chemistry ; Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Climate ; *Global Warming ; *Ice Cover ; Oceans and Seas ; Radiometric Dating ; Thorium/analysis ; Uranium/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Greenlandic Inuit show genetic signatures of diet and climate adaptation (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-19
    Description: The indigenous people of Greenland, the Inuit, have lived for a long time in the extreme conditions of the Arctic, including low annual temperatures, and with a specialized diet rich in protein and fatty acids, particularly omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). A scan of Inuit genomes for signatures of adaptation revealed signals at several loci, with the strongest signal located in a cluster of fatty acid desaturases that determine PUFA levels. The selected alleles are associated with multiple metabolic and anthropometric phenotypes and have large effect sizes for weight and height, with the effect on height replicated in Europeans. By analyzing membrane lipids, we found that the selected alleles modulate fatty acid composition, which may affect the regulation of growth hormones. Thus, the Inuit have genetic and physiological adaptations to a diet rich in PUFAs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fumagalli, Matteo -- Moltke, Ida -- Grarup, Niels -- Racimo, Fernando -- Bjerregaard, Peter -- Jorgensen, Marit E -- Korneliussen, Thorfinn S -- Gerbault, Pascale -- Skotte, Line -- Linneberg, Allan -- Christensen, Cramer -- Brandslund, Ivan -- Jorgensen, Torben -- Huerta-Sanchez, Emilia -- Schmidt, Erik B -- Pedersen, Oluf -- Hansen, Torben -- Albrechtsen, Anders -- Nielsen, Rasmus -- R01-HG003229/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Sep 18;349(6254):1343-7. doi: 10.1126/science.aab2319.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark. Greenland Center for Health Research, University of Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland. ; National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark. Steno Diabetes Center, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark. ; Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Genetics, Evolution, and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. Department of Anthropology, University College London, London WC1H 0BW, UK. ; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark. Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark. Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Medicine, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark. ; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark. Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. ; Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark. Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark. ; School of Natural Sciences, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA. ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark. Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, 9100 Aalborg, Denmark. ; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. torben.hansen@sund.ku.dk albrecht@binf.ku.dk rasmus_nielsen@berkeley.edu. ; The Bioinformatics Centre, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. torben.hansen@sund.ku.dk albrecht@binf.ku.dk rasmus_nielsen@berkeley.edu. ; Department of Integrative Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Department of Statistics, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. torben.hansen@sund.ku.dk albrecht@binf.ku.dk rasmus_nielsen@berkeley.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26383953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acclimatization/*genetics ; Alleles ; Arctic Regions ; Body Height/genetics ; Body Weight/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics ; Climate ; *Diet, High-Fat ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3/*administration & dosage/analysis ; Female ; Genetic Loci ; Genome, Human/genetics ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Greenland ; Humans ; Inuits/*genetics ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Male ; Membrane Lipids/analysis/genetics ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    PALEOCLIMATOLOGY. Dinosaur climate probed (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Jun 12;348(6240):1185. doi: 10.1126/science.348.6240.1185.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; China ; Climate ; *Dinosaurs ; *Extinction, Biological ; *Geologic Sediments ; *Global Warming ; *Greenhouse Effect ; *Lakes ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Deposition, exhumation, and paleoclimate of an ancient lake deposit, Gale crater, Mars (2015)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-10
    Description: The landforms of northern Gale crater on Mars expose thick sequences of sedimentary rocks. Based on images obtained by the Curiosity rover, we interpret these outcrops as evidence for past fluvial, deltaic, and lacustrine environments. Degradation of the crater wall and rim probably supplied these sediments, which advanced inward from the wall, infilling both the crater and an internal lake basin to a thickness of at least 75 meters. This intracrater lake system probably existed intermittently for thousands to millions of years, implying a relatively wet climate that supplied moisture to the crater rim and transported sediment via streams into the lake basin. The deposits in Gale crater were then exhumed, probably by wind-driven erosion, creating Aeolis Mons (Mount Sharp).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grotzinger, J P -- Gupta, S -- Malin, M C -- Rubin, D M -- Schieber, J -- Siebach, K -- Sumner, D Y -- Stack, K M -- Vasavada, A R -- Arvidson, R E -- Calef, F 3rd -- Edgar, L -- Fischer, W F -- Grant, J A -- Griffes, J -- Kah, L C -- Lamb, M P -- Lewis, K W -- Mangold, N -- Minitti, M E -- Palucis, M -- Rice, M -- Williams, R M E -- Yingst, R A -- Blake, D -- Blaney, D -- Conrad, P -- Crisp, J -- Dietrich, W E -- Dromart, G -- Edgett, K S -- Ewing, R C -- Gellert, R -- Hurowitz, J A -- Kocurek, G -- Mahaffy, P -- McBride, M J -- McLennan, S M -- Mischna, M -- Ming, D -- Milliken, R -- Newsom, H -- Oehler, D -- Parker, T J -- Vaniman, D -- Wiens, R C -- Wilson, S A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2015 Oct 9;350(6257):aac7575. doi: 10.1126/science.aac7575.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geologic and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. ; Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK. ; Malin Space Science Systems, Post Office Box 910148, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. ; Department of Geological Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. ; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA. ; Astrogeology Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA. ; Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. ; Laboratoire Planetologie et Geodynamique de Nantes-Le Centre National de la Recherche, Unite Mixte de Recherche 6112 and Universite de Nantes, 44322 Nantes, France. ; Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA. ; Department of Geology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA. ; Department of Space Sciences, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. ; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. ; Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Laboratoire de Geologie de Lyon, Universite de Lyon, 69364 Lyon, France. ; Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. ; Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada. ; Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2100, USA. ; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. ; Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. ; Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. ; Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. ; LZ Technology, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA. ; Space Remote Sensing, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26450214" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Climate ; Exhumation ; *Lakes ; *Mars ; Paleontology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-09
    Description: Human activity is leaving a pervasive and persistent signature on Earth. Vigorous debate continues about whether this warrants recognition as a new geologic time unit known as the Anthropocene. We review anthropogenic markers of functional changes in the Earth system through the stratigraphic record. The appearance of manufactured materials in sediments, including aluminum, plastics, and concrete, coincides with global spikes in fallout radionuclides and particulates from fossil fuel combustion. Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles have been substantially modified over the past century. Rates of sea-level rise and the extent of human perturbation of the climate system exceed Late Holocene changes. Biotic changes include species invasions worldwide and accelerating rates of extinction. These combined signals render the Anthropocene stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene and earlier epochs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Waters, Colin N -- Zalasiewicz, Jan -- Summerhayes, Colin -- Barnosky, Anthony D -- Poirier, Clement -- Galuszka, Agnieszka -- Cearreta, Alejandro -- Edgeworth, Matt -- Ellis, Erle C -- Ellis, Michael -- Jeandel, Catherine -- Leinfelder, Reinhold -- McNeill, J R -- Richter, Daniel deB -- Steffen, Will -- Syvitski, James -- Vidas, Davor -- Wagreich, Michael -- Williams, Mark -- Zhisheng, An -- Grinevald, Jacques -- Odada, Eric -- Oreskes, Naomi -- Wolfe, Alexander P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Jan 8;351(6269):aad2622. doi: 10.1126/science.aad2622.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK. ; Department of Geology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK. ; Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge University, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1ER, UK. ; Department of Integrative Biology, Museum of Paleontology, and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Morphodynamique Continentale et Cotiere, Universite de Caen Normandie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 24 Rue des Tilleuls, F-14000 Caen, France. ; Geochemistry and the Environment Division, Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, 15G Swietokrzyska Street, 25-406 Kielce, Poland. ; Departamento de Estratigrafia y Paleontologia, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain. ; School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK. ; Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland-Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA. ; Laboratoire d'Etudes en Geophysique et Oceanographie Spatiales (CNRS, Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Universite Paul Sabatier), 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France. ; Department of Geological Sciences, Freie Universitat Berlin, Malteserstrasse 74-100/D, 12249 Berlin, Germany. ; Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. ; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90233, Durham, NC 27516, USA. ; The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia. ; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado-Boulder, Box 545, Boulder, CO 80309-0545, USA. ; Marine Affairs and Law of the Sea Programme, The Fridtjof Nansen Institute, Lysaker, Norway. ; Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. ; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. ; Institut de Hautes Etudes Internationales et du Developpement, Chemin Eugene Rigot 2, 1211 Geneve 11, Switzerland. ; Department of Geology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya. ; Department of the History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26744408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum/analysis ; *Biota ; Carbon Cycle ; Climate ; Construction Materials/analysis ; *Earth (Planet) ; Fossil Fuels/adverse effects ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Ice/analysis ; Introduced Species ; Plastics/analysis ; Radioactive Fallout/analysis ; Radioisotopes/analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 16
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    [In Depth] Corals tie stronger El Niños to climate change (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-09
    Description: A detailed, long-term ocean temperature record derived from corals on Christmas Island in Kiribati and other islands in the tropical Pacific shows that the extreme warmth of recent El Niño events reflects not just the natural ocean-atmosphere cycle but a new factor: global warming caused by human activity. Over the last 7000 years, El Niños, which warm the eastern Pacific, waxed and waned. Then, during the 20th century, their intensity began to climb. The trend is likely to continue, boding ever-more-destructive El Niños in the future. The finding helps settle a long-standing debate about the role of global warming in these events, which had been hard to resolve because records are short and spotty in the remote parts of the Pacific where El Niño hits hardest. Author: Christopher Pala
    Keywords: Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    [Perspective] The smoking gun of the ice ages (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-09
    Description: Forty years ago, Hays, Imbrie, and Shackleton in a paper in Science tested the hypothesis that small changes in Earth's orbital geometry—namely precession, obliquity, and eccentricity—were responsible for the waxing and waning of the great continental ice sheets during the Quaternary period, which began about 2.58 million years ago (1). The paper is considered to be the “smoking gun” in support of the astronomical hypothesis of the Ice Ages, which is over a century old and most often ascribed to Milutin Milankovitch (2). Author: David A. Hodell
    Keywords: Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    [This Week in Science] Pacemaker of the ice ages, 40 years on (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-09
    Description: Author: Julia Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink
    Keywords: Climate
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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