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  • Articles  (443)
  • Ultrastructure  (395)
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  • 2020-2020
  • 1970-1974  (443)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 38-48 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bivalve ; Molluse ; Shell ; Carbonates ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La technique du bombardement à l'aide d'ion d'argon est utilisée pour réduire l'épaisseur de la coquille de carbonate de calcium des bivalvesMytilus etMercenaria pour examen au microscope électronique par transmission et en diffraction électronique; une comparaison est réalisée à l'aide de répliques simples, servant de témoins. Les résultats obtenus confirment les études antérieures de répliques et de microscopie par balayage. De plus, une structure “aérée” est mise en évidence dans la coquille des aragonites, et surtout dans le nacre deMytilus. Cette structure est interprêtée comme un artefact induit par la chaleur, formé par l'inclusion d'eau et de matériel organique, interprétation qui concorde avec les études chimiques et de microscopie électronique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Beschießung mit Argonionen wurde angewendet, um die Dicke von Calciumcarbonat-Schalen der zweischaligen MuschelnMytilus undMercenaria zu reduzieren. Diese Technik erlaubte die Ausführung von Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie und Elektronendiffraktion, wobei gleiche Proben nach einer bereits bestehenden Methode vorbereitet und als Kontrollen herangezogen wurden. Es wurden zusätzliche Resultate zu den Muschelstruktur-studien erhalten, welche früher publizierte Arbeiten unterstützen, die mit der Abklatschmethode und der Raster-Elektronenmikroskopie ausgeführt worden waren. Zusätzlich wurde eine „schaumartige” Struktur der Muschelaragoniten, besonders im Perlmutter vonMytilus, beobachtet. Da es sich um ein durch Hitze verursachtes Artefakt handelt, wird diese Struktur als Einschlüsse von Wasser und organischem Material interpretiert, was den Befunden von verschiedenen veröffentlichten chemischen und elektronenmikroskopischen Arbeiten entspricht.
    Notes: Abstract Use is made of the argon ion-bombardment technique to reduce the thickness of calcium carbonate shells of the bivalvesMytilus andMercenaria for transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction, with comparison of single-stage replicas of similar specimens serving as controls. As an additional approach to shell structure studies, it gives results which support earlier published work with both replicas and scanning microscopy. In addition, a “frothy” structure is detected in the shell aragonites, especially inMytilus nacre. As a heat-induced artifact, it is interpreted as representing trapped water and organic material inclusions, an interpretation consistent with several published chemical and electron microscope studies.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 216-222 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Callus ; Osteoclast ; Endocytosis ; Lysosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La bordure en brosse des ostéoclastes de cals de fractures de rats présente des plissements complexes de la membrane cytoplasmique formant des canaux étroits. L'absorption d'un produit exogène opaque aux électrons (des macromolécules de dioxyde de thorium) s'effectue par l'intermédiaire de ces canaux, par un «courant» membranaire. Les contenus des canaux sont transférés à des lysosomes («granules spécifiques»), situés sous la bordure en brosse. Dans des «régions de transition», adjacentes à cette dernière, l'absorption de dioxyde de thorium se fait par «vésiculation membranaire» (endocytose classique).
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der gekrauste Rand der Osteoklasten im Frakturcallus von Ratten besteht aus komplexen Einstülpungen der Plasmamembran, die enge Kanälchen bildet. Die Absorption einer exogenen, elektronisch dichten Verbindung, Thoriumdioxyd, erfolgt durch diese Kanäle, offenbar durch einen „Membranfluß”. Der Inhalt der Kanäle wird zu den Lysosomen („spezifische Granula”) geführt, welche unter dem gekrausten Rand liegen. In „Übergangsgebieten”, welche sich neben dem gekrausten Rand befinden, scheint die Aufnahme der Thoriumdioxydpartikel durch „Bläschenbildung in der Membran” (konventionelle Endocytose) stattzufinden.
    Notes: Abstract The ruffled border of osteoclasts in the fracture callus of rat consists of complex infoldings of the plasma membrane forming narrow channels. Absorption of an exogenous, electron-dense compound, thorium dioxide, has been shown to take place via these channels, apparently through “membrane flow”. The contents of the channels are transferred to lysosomes (“specific granules”) located subjacent to the ruffled border. In “transitional regions” adjacent to the ruffled border, uptake of thorium dioxide particles appeared to occur through “membrane vesiculation” (conventional endocytosis).
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 296-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Enzyme ; Parathyroid ; Microdissection ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une nouvelle méthode d'isolement d'ostéoclastes est mise au point pour des analyses biochimiques et de microscopie électronique. Pour isoler les cellules par microdissection, des empreintes d'os métaphysaire sont utilisées. Cette méthode, supérieure aux coupes d'os, permet une meilleure préservation cytologique et enzymatique et permet d'obtenir des cellules totales plus faciles à manipuler, avec des résultats plus reproductibles. Par analyse planimètrique de cellules isolées, colorées histochimiquement, il apparait que les ostéoclastes constituent plus de 90% de la masse de l'échantillon. Les concentrations de la phosphatase acide et de certaines enzymes, liées au nucléotide pyridinique, entrant dans le métabolisme de l'acide citrique, sont déterminées dans des échantillons d'ostéoclastes, pesant de 0,2 à 2,0 μg, isolés à partir de rats normaux et parathyroidectomisés. L'activité en aconitase, mesurée en direction de la transformation de citrate en isocitrate, est de 0,5–0,8 M/Kd/H, la plus faible des activités étudiées. Les activités en GDH et NADP-ICDH sont 5 à 10 fois supérieures que celle de l'aconitase, mais seulement un dixième à un tiers de celle de la phosphatase acide, de la déshydrogénase lactique ou malique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Technik beschrieben, welche die Isolierung von Osteoklasten für biochemische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen ermöglicht. Als Ausgangsmaterial zur Zellisolierung wurden Abstriche von Metaphysenknochen benützt. Die Verwendung von Abstrichen bietet gegenüber Knochenschnitten wichtige Vorteile, wie z.B. eine bessere Erhaltung der cytologischen und enzymatischen Eigenschaften sowie die Gewinnung von unverletzten Zellen, welche leichter verarbeitet werden können und besser reproduzierbare Daten ergeben. Durch planimetrische Analyse der histochemisch gefärbten Ausstriche von isolierten Zellen konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß die Osteoklasten über 90% des gesamten Probenmaterials ausmachen. Die Mengen verschiedener Enzyme, welche an Pyridinnukleotid gebunden und am Citronensäuremetabolismus beteiligt sind, sowie der sauren Phosphatase wurden in Osteoklastenproben bestimmt, welche ein Gewicht von 0,2–2,0 μg hatten und aus Knochen von normalen und mit Parathyroidextrakten behandelten Ratten isoliert worden waren. Die Aktivität der Aconitase, welche in der Richtung von Citrat zu Isocitrat gemessen wurde, war mit 0,5–0,8 M/Kd/H die niedrigste aller untersuchten Aktivitäten. Die Aktivitäten der GDH und der NADP-ICDH waren 5–10mal höher als jene der Aconitase, entsprachen jedoch nur einem Zehntel bis einem Drittel derjenigen der sauren Phosphatase, der Laktat- oder der Malatdehydrogenase.
    Notes: Abstract A new method is described by which osteoclasts can be isolated for biochemical and electron microscopic analyses. As a source of cells for isolation by microdissection, imprints of metaphyseal bone were used. The use of imprints provides important advantages over bone sections, including a higher degree of cytologic and enzymatic preservation, and the delivery of whole cells which are more readily manipulated and which yield data that are more readily reproduced. By planimetric analysis of the histochemically-stained isolated cell samples, it was shown that osteoclasts represent over 90% of the sample mass. The levels of several of the pyridine nucleotide-linked enzymes involved in citric acid metabolism, as well as acid phosphatase, were determined in osteoclast samples weighing 0.2 to 2.0 μg isolated from normal and parathyroid-treated rats. Aconitase activity measured in the direction of citrate to isocitrate was 0.5–0.8 M/Kd/H, the lowest of the activities studied. The activities of GDH and NADP-ICDH were 5 to 10 times higher than that of aconitase but only a tenth to a third that of acid phosphatase, lactic or malic dehydrogenase.
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  • 4
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Serpulid ; Polychaete ; Hydroxyapatite ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un petit groupe de cellules épithéliales de la surface antérieure du col du serpulidePomatoceros caeruleus contient des vacuoles, remplies de matériel cristallin. Les cristaux présenttent des aspects rhomboédriques ou rectangulaires. La diffraction électronique montre qu'ils sont constitués par de l'hydroxyleapatite et du phosphate de calcium et de magnésium. Les apex des cellules sont bordés de microvillosités. Certaines cellules ont des cils apicaux. Un appareil de Golgi est visible dans le cytoplasme apical. De nombreuses mitochondries sont dissé minées dans le cytoplasme. Le role éventuel de ces cellules, a contenu minéral, dans la mise en réserve de calcium et/ou de phosphore est envisagé.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein kleiner Zellverband im Epithel der vorderen Oberfläche am Hals des SerpulidsPomatoceros caeruleus enthält membrangebundene Vakuolen, welche mit kristallinem Material gefüllt sind. Die Kristalle haben rhomboide oder rechteckige Formen; mittels Elektronendiffraktion konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß sie aus Hydroxyapatit und Calciummagnesiumphosphat bestehen. Die oberen Enden der Zellen sind von Microvilli eingefaßt. Einige der Zellen haben zudem apikale Zilien. Die Zellen enthalten Golgi-Apparate im apikalen Cytoplasma. Eine große Anzahl von Mitochondrien sind über das, ganze Cytoplasma verteilt. Die mögliche Funktion dieser mineralhaltigen Zellen als Aufbewahrungsorte für Calcium und/oder Phosphor wird besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A small patch of cells in the epithelium of the anterior surface of the collar of the serpulidPomatoceros caeruleus contains membrane-bound vacuoles filled with crystalline material. The crystals have rhomboidal or rectangular profiles and have been shown by electron diffraction analysis to be composed of hydroxyapatite and calcium magnesium phosphate. The apices of the cells are bordered by microvilli. Some cells also have apical cilia. The cells contain Golgi complexes in the apical cytoplasm. Large numbers of mitochondria are distributed thoughout the cytoplasm. The possible function of these mineral-containing cells as sites for storage of calcium and/or phosphorus is discussed.
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  • 5
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Proteoglycan ; Collagen ; Cartilage ; Electron Microscopy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'élimination de protéoglycans solubles de coupes de cartilage costal de boeuf, par extraction dans une solution de 4M d'hydrochlorure de guanidinium, permet de mettre en évidence des quantités abondantes de collagène dispersé et désagrégé dans la matrice. Les protéoglycanes, résistants à l'extraction, sont visibles sous forme de granules concentrés dans les régions périlacunaires. Les granulations plus importants des protéoglycanes semblent venir du chondrocyte. Dans la matrice, éloignée des chondrocytes, ces granules deviennent plus étroites. Un composant non granulaire “amorphe” masque les fibres de collagène, de telle sorte qu'elles sont difficilement visibles dans le cartilage intact.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die löslichen Proteoglycane wurden mittels Extraktion in 4 M Guanidinhydrochlorid aus Rippenknorpelschnitten des Rindes entfernt. Dies erlaubte die Sichtbarmachung von großen Mengen von verstreuten und auseinandergerissenen Collagen in der Matrix. Die Protoglycane, welche sich nicht extrahieren lassen, erscheinen als kleine, in den perilacunären Regionen konzentrierte Körnchen. Die großen Proteoglycan-Körner scheinen in den Chondrocyten zu entstehen. Sobald sie sich in die Matrix, außerhalb der Chondrocyten, verlagern, werden die Körner kleiner. Ein nicht-granulärer, „amorpher” Bestandteil verhüllt die Collagenfasern, so daß diese im intakten Knorpel nicht deutlich gesehen werden können.
    Notes: Abstract Removal of the soluble proteoglycans from slices of bovine costal cartilage by extraction in 4 M guanidinium hydrochloride permitted the visualization of abundant amounts of dispersed and disaggregated collagen in the matrix. Proteoglycans which are resistant to extraction are seen as small granules which are concentrated in the perilacunar regions. Large proteoglycan granules appear to originate in the chondrocyte. As they come to occupy positions in the matrix distant from the chondrocyte, the granules become smaller. A non-granular, “amorphous” component masks the collagen fibers so that they cannot be readily seen in the intact cartilage.
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  • 6
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 139-149 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Estrogen ; Ultrastructure ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dix rats Holtzman mâles et sevrés sont sacrifiés injection intrapéritonéale d'oestradiol (Progynon, Schering) aqueux, à des doses quotiediennes de 1 μ g. par g de poids. Des témoins, ayant reçu une dose équivalente de liquide de dilution, sont sacrifiés à des intervalles de 1 heure à 6 jours, identiques aux temps de sacrifice des animaux injectés. Les cartilages épiphysaires supérieurs des tibias tibias (ECP) étudiés en microscopie électronique, montrent, dès trois heures après l'ionjection, une augmentation nette de 'activié sécrétoire, caractérisée, au niveau de la zone de sécrétion matricielle, par l'abondance dans les citernes golgiennes d'un matériel piqueté, constitué par des complexes protéino-polysaccharidiques. La désintégration de la membrane limitante de vésicules golgiennes individuelles est plus avancée après vingt quatre heures: après trois jours de traitement, seules quelques vésicules restent intactes et des plages d'un matériel initialement intravacuolaire sont visibles dans le cytoplasme. De longs filaments, rappelant les précurseurs ou les fibrilles primaires du collagène, sont visibles dans cette sécrétion. Après six jours, de grandes plages de cettre subestance remplissent les cellules de la couche pré-hypertrophieque, avec déplacement de l'ergastoplasme en périphérie. Des vacuoles cytoplasques, contenant un matériel semblable à celui qu'on retrouve dans la lacune, et présentant des filament finement moniliformes et disposés en rayons le long de la membrane limitante, sont visibles. Ces observations suggèrent une accélération initiale de l'activité sécrétoire chondrocytaire, suivie par un retard de transfert. La rétention consécutive et la polymérisation intracellulaire de produits précollagéniques accélèrent l'hypertrophie et favorisent ainsi la dégénérescence précoce des chondrocytes. Ces altérations ultrastructurales paraissent être spécifiques aux oestrog`enes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Zehn männliche Hotlzmann-Ratten, die im Entwöhnungsstadium waren, erhielten täglich wässerige Oestradioldosen (Progynon, Schering) von 1 μ/g Körpergewicht i.p. Dann wurden sie gleichzeitig mit Kontrolltieren, welche die gleiche Menge Verdünnungsmittel erhalten hatten, in Intervallen von 1 Std bis zu 6 Tagen getötet. Platten des oberen tibialen Epiphysenknorples (ECP), welche für die Elektronenmikroskopie präpariert wurden, zeigtem, daß schon 3 Std nach der Injektion ein bemerkenswerte Erhöhung der sekretorischen Tätigkeit entsteht. Dies wurde in der Zone der Matrixausscheidung sichtbar, wo sich in den Golgi-Zisternen eine Anhäufung von punktiertem, aus Proteinpolysaccharid-Komplexen bestehendem Material zeigte. Der Zerfall der Membran, welche die einzelnen Golgi-Bläschen umgibt, nahm nach 24 Std zu; nach 3 Tagen Behandlung blieben nur wenige Gefäße intakt, und Ansammlungen von ursprünglich intravacuolörem Material konnten im Grundplasma beobachtet werden. Lange Fasern, welche auf primäre oder Prae-Kollagefibrillen hindeuteten, konnten in diesem Sekret gesehen werden. Nach 6 Tagen wurden die Zellen in der prähypertrophen Zone mit dieser Substanz richtiggehend überschwemmt, und das rauhe endoplasmatische Reticulum wurde anschließend gegen die Zellperipherie verlagert. Die oft beobachteten cytoplasmatischen Vacuolen enthielten ein Material, das dem in den Lacunen vorkommenden ähnlich ist und zeigten auf der ungebrenden Membran feinperlige, radial angeordnete Fasern. Unsere Beobachtungen deuten auf eine anfängliche Beschleuning der chondrocytischen sekretorischen Tätigkeit, mit nachfolgender Transportverlangsamung, hin. Die dadurch entstehende Retention und intrazelluläre Polymerisation von präkollagenen Produkten beschleunigt die Hypertrophie und begünstigt dadurch die frühe Degeneration von Chondrocyten. Diese ultrastrukturellen Veränderungen scheinen oestrogen-spezifisch zu sein.
    Notes: Abstract Ten male weanling Holtzman rats, injected intraperitoneally with aqueous estradiol (Progynon, Schering), in daily doses of 1 μg. per g body weight, were sacrificed, simultaneously with controls receiving an equivalent amount of diluent, at intervals ranging from one hour to six days. Upper tibial epiphyseal cartilage plates (ECP), procesed for electron microscopy, revealed, as early as three hours after injection, appreciable enhancement of secretory activity, evidenced, in the zone of matrix secretion, by the abundance in Golgi cisternae of stippled material representing proteinpolysaccharide complexes. Disintegration of the lining membrane of individual Golgi vesicles was advanced after twenty-four hours; following three days of treatment, few vesicles remained intact, and pools of initially intravacuolar material were observable in the gound plasm. Long filaments, suggestive of primary or precursor collagen fibrils were apparent in this secretion. After six days, virtual lakes of this substance filled cells in the zone of prehypertophy, with consequent displacement of the rough endoplasmic reticulum against the cell periphery. Cytoplasmic vacuoles, containing mateerial similar to that found in the lacunar moat, and displaying finely beaded, radially arrayed filaments on the lining membrane were frequently encountered. Our observations suggest an initial acclleration of chondrocytic secretory activity, with subsequent retardation of transport. The resultant retention and intracellular polymerization of precollagenous products accelerates hypertrophy, thereby promoting early degeneration of chondrocytes. These ultrastructural alterations are apparently estrogen-specific.
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  • 7
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    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Periostracum ; Gastropod ; Shell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des glandes dorsales et ventrales, composées de larges cellules piriformes, situées à la périphérie de la paroi deLittorina, donnent respectivement naissance aux couches interne et externe du periostracum. Le matériel composant ce dernier provient de granules de sécrétion, élaborées au niveau de l'appareil de Golgi. Lorsque les granules golgiennes de la glande ventrale, contenant une substance, présentant une périodicité, déversent leur sécrétion en surface, en contact avec l'eau de mer, ce produit se disperse en particules, incluses dans un substrat. La formation du periostracum externe s'accompagne d'une réagrégation des particules sécrétoires golgiennes en une couche mince, présentant une structure périodique de 300 Å. En coupe transversale, le périostracum présente une structure régulièrement agencée, suggérant une nature cristalline. La couche externe atteint une épaisseur de 4–5 microns. La couche interne provient de granules de sécrétion de la glande dorsale. La formation de cette couche est identique à celle de la couche externe; cependant aucune périodicité n'y est visible. A l'état adulte, elle atteint une épaisseur de 0.4–0.5 micron. Outre son rôle de protection, le périostracum constitue une barrière entre l'eau de mer et l'espace pallial. Il est responsable, en outre, du dépôt et de l'orientation de cristaux inorganiques au niveau de la zone de développement de la carapace.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine dorsale und eine ventrale Drüse, die aus großen, kolbenförmigen Zellen bestehen und am Rande des Mantels vonLittorina gelagert sind, bewirken die Bildung der inneren und äußeren Schicht des Periostracums. Das entstandene Material, Periostracum inbegriffen, stammt von sekretorischen Granula, die vom Golgi-Apparat gebildet werden. Die Golgi-Granula bestehen aus einer Substanz, welche eine bestimmte Periodizität aufweist. Wenn nun die Golgi-Granula der ventralen Drüse an der Drüsenoberfläche erscheinen und mit Meerwasser in Kontakt kommen, sind sie weit verteilt und setzen sich aus Partikeln, die in ein Substrat eingebettet sind, zusammen. Die Bildung des äußeren Periostracums hat eine erneute Aggregation der sekretorischen Golgi-Partikeln zu einem dichten Blatt zur Folge, welches eine Periodizität von 300 Å zeigt. Betrachtet man das Periostracum in einem transversalen Schnitt, so findet man eine Gitterstruktur, die an eine kristalline Substanz denken läßt. Die äußere Schicht erreicht schließlich eine Dicke von 4–5 μ. Die innere Schicht entsteht durch die sekretorischen Granula der dorsalen Drüse. Die Bildung der inneren Schicht findet in ähnlicher Weise wie jene der äußeren statt, zeigt jedoch keine Periodizität. Im reifen Zustand erreicht sie eine Dicke von 0,4–0,5 μ. Zusätzlich zur Schutzfunktion bildet das Periostracum eine Schranke zwischen dem Meerwasser und dem Pallialraum; es reguliert zudem die Lage und die Anordnung der anorganischen Kristallbildung am Wachstumsrand der Muschel.
    Notes: Abstract A dorsal and ventral gland composed of large, flask-shaped cells located in the margin of the mantle ofLittorina give rise to the inner and outer layers of the periostracum respectively. The material comprising the periostracum is derived from secretory granules elaborated by the Golgi apparatus. When the Golgi granules of the ventral gland which consist of a substance exhibiting a definite periodicity, are discharged at the surface in contact with sea water, they are widely dispersed and consist of particles embedded in a substrate. Formation of the outer periostracum involves the re-aggregation of the Golgi secretory particles into a dense sheet which exhibits a periodicity of 300 Å. Viewed in transverse section the periostracum exhibits a lattice pattern suggestive of a crystalline substance. The outer layer eventually reaches a thickness of 4–5 μ. The inner layer is derived from the secretory granules of the dorsal gland. The formation of the inner layer occurs in a manner similar to that of the outer layer. It does not, however, exhibit a periodicity. In the mature state it attains a thickness of 0.4–0.5 μ. In addition to a protective function the periostracum provides a barrier between the sea water and the pallial space and also regulates the site and arrangement of mineral crystal formation at the growing margin of the shell.
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  • 8
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    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 270-276 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cartilage ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une solution de sulfate de chrome est utilisée à la fois comme fixateur, colorant et agent de déminéralisation pour l'étude ultrastructurale de cartilage, en voie de minéralisation. Cette technique permet de mettre en évidence un “fantôme cristallin” organique, en rapport avec chaque cristal. L'intérêt du sulfate de chrome comme agent de déminéralisation est souligné.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Bei Ultrastrukturuntersuchungen von mineralisierendem Knorpel wurde eine Chromsulfatlösung als Agens zur kombinierten Fixation, Färbung und Demineralisierung verwendet. Diese Technik zeigte das Vorhandensein eines organischen “Kristallschattens”, der jedem Kriställchen zugehört. Die Tauglichkeit von Chromsulfat als demineralisierendes Agens wird besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A solution of chromium sulphate was used as a combined fixative, stain and demineralizing agent for the ultrastructural study of mineralizing cartilage. This technique revealed the presence of an organic ‘crystal ghost’ associated with each crystallite. The effectiveness of chromium sulphate as a demineralizing agent is discussed.
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  • 9
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 12-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Testosterone ; Ultrastructure ; Growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bien que la clinique et l'expérimentation semblent démontrer que des doses élevées de testostérone provoquent un arrêt prématuré de la croissance, le mécanisme exact et le lieu précis de son action sur l'appareil de croissance des os longs restent indéterminés. Au cours de cette étude, des rats máles de 200 g sont injectés à l'aide de doses supra-physiologiques de testostérone pour observer les effects sub-microscopiques sur les diverses zones du cartilage épiphysaire. Au niveau de la zone de division cellulaire, on note une augmentation des cellules en division. Les cellules, en voie de maturation, présentent plus de produits de sécrétion, à un stade plus précoce de leur cycle d'évolution, et semblent subir une hypertrophie plus rapide. Dans la zone pré-hypertrophique, la matrice intercellulaire présente des foyers de calcification précoce, ainsi que des fibres collagènes plus longues et plus épaisses que chez les témoins. Il apparait que, chez l'animal entier, des doses même élevées de testostérone provoquent initialement une stimulation de la prolifération chondrocytaire, avant de favoriser les processus de maturation.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Obwohl experimentelle und klinische Erfahrung darauf hinweisen, daß hohe Dosen von Testosteron zu einem frühzeitigen Wachstumsabschluß führen, sind der genaue Mechanismus und der eigentliche Wirkungsort dieses Hormons im Wachstumsapparat der Röhrenknochen unbekannt geblieben. In diesem Experiment wurden 200 g schweren männlichen Ratten supraphysiologische Testosterondosen injiziert, um die submikroskopischen Auswirkungen auf die verschiedenen Zonen des Epiphysenknorpels zu beobachten. In der Zone der Zellmitosen fand sich eine erhöhte Anzahl von sich teilenden Zellen. Die reifenden Zellen häuften im Frühstadium ihres Lebenscyclus größere Mengen von Sekretionsprodukten an und schienen eine abruptere Hypertrophie durchzumachen. In der prähypertrophen Zone enthielt die interterritoriale Matrix Herde von früher und verfrühter Verkalkung, sowie dickere und längere Kollagenfasern als vergleichsweise in Kontrolltieren. Daraus wird geschlossen, daß bei unbehandelten Tieren sogar große Testosterondosen anfänglich eine Stimulation der Chondrocytenproliferation verursachen, bevor sie die Reifungsprozesse veranlassen.
    Notes: Abstract Although experimental and clinical experience indicates that large doses of testosterone lead to premature cessation of growth, the exact mechanism and precise site of action of this hormone on the growth apparatus of long bones remain unknown. In this study, plateaued male rats were injected with supraphysiologic doses of testosterone to observe the submicroscopic effects on the various zones of the epiphyseal cartilage. In the zone of cell division there were increased numbers of dividing cells. The maturing cells accumulated larger amounts of secretory products at earlier stages of their life cycle, and appeared to undergo a more abrupt hypertrophy. In the zone of prehypertrophy, the interterritorial matrix contained foci of early and premature calcification and thicker and longer collagen fibers than at comparable levels in controls. It is concluded that in intact animals, even large doses of testosterone initially cause a stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation, prior to promoting maturation processes.
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  • 10
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 31-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Prism ; Crystals ; Growth ; Shell ; Formation ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le début des prismes est visible au niveau de la région proximale de la surface externe du repli périphérique externe dans l'espace palléal, limité extérieurement par la périostracum. Le premier stade de formation d'un prisme est identique à celui observé dans la formation du nacre, à savoir l'élaboration d'une lamelle dense aux électrons qui sert de limite interne au futur prisme. Les fragments de lamelles se détachent et migrent vers un espace bordé extérieurement par le periostracum. Ces fragments lamellaires forment des enveloppes, au niveau desquelles on observe le dépôt initial et la croissance des cristaux. En même temps, on voit apparaitre des parois interprismatiques nettes, qui dérivent aussi des lamelles. La croissance de nouveaux cristaux et d'éléments organiques donne finalement un prisme adulte allongé. La croissance de la coquille se fait en périphérie, surtout par formation de nouveaux prismes. En outre, un environnement modifié, qui consiste en un dédoublement du periostracum au niveau de la surface distale, donne naissance à des ilôts étroits, contenant des prismes, qui se forment sur les bords de l'espace produit par la courbe du periostracum.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Prismenbildung beginnt in der proximalen Region der äußeren Oberfläche der äußeren Mantelfalte in Pallialraum, der gegen außen durch das Periostracum begrenzt wird. Der erste Schritt bei einer Prismenbildung verläuft gleich, wie dies bei der Perlmutterbildung beobachtet werden kann, nämlich in Form der Ausarbeitung einer elektronenoptisch dichten Lamelle, welche als innere Begrenzung des zukünftigen Prismas dient. Fragmente der Lamelle werden abgetrennt und wandern zu einem Zwischenraum, der gegen außen durch das Periostracum abgeschlossen wird. Diese Lamellenfragmente bilden Hüllen, innerhalb welcher der Kristall entsteht und sein Wachstum stattfindet. Gleichzeitig bilden sich dicke, zwischen den Prismen liegende Wände, die ebenfalls von den Lamellen abstammen. Das aus der Bildung zusätzlicher Kristalle bestehende Wachstum, zusammen mit den organischen Komponenten, läßt schließlich das reife längliche Prisma entstehen. Das Wachstum der Muschel spielt sich am Rande hauptsächlich durch Bildung neuer Prismen ab. Durch eine Veränderung der Umgebung, bestehend aus einer Verdoppelung des Periostracums an der distalen Oberfläche, entstehen zusätzlich dünne, prismenhaltige Sporne, welche innerhalb des begrenzten Raumes vorkommen, der sich durch das Überschlagen des Periostracums bildet.
    Notes: Abstract The initiation of prisms occurs in the proximal region of the outer surface of the outer mantle fold in the pallial space bounded externally by the periostracum. The first step in the formation of a prism is similar to that observed in the formation of nacre, namely, the elaboration of an electron-dense lamella that serves as the internal boundary of the future prism. Fragments of the lamella become detached and migrate to a chamber bounded externally by the periostracum. These lamellar fragments form envelopes within which crystal initiation and growth oocur. At the same time stout interprismatic walls appear. They are also derived from the lamellae. Growth consisting of the formation of additional crystals and the organic components finally give rise to the mature elongated prism. Growth of the shell occurs at the margin chiefly by formation of new prisms in this area. In addition a modified environment consisting of duplicature of the periostracum on the distal surface results in the formation of thin spurs containing prisms that occur within the confines of the space created by the periostracal loop.
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  • 11
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    Calcified tissue international 15 (1974), S. 201-212 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Alkaline Phosphatase ; Calcification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cals expérimentaux de neuf jours, formés au niveau de radius de jeunes rats, sont traités par la méthode calcium-cobalt de Gomori (1939) pour la mise en évidence ultrastructurale de la phosphatase alcaline afin d'étudier son rôle éventuel dans le dépôt du calcium. L'activité enzymatique apparait initialement sous forme de précipités globulaires en dehors de la membrane cellulaire de jeunes chondroblastes hypertrophiques. Ce précipité donne ensuite naissance à des corps sphériques de phosphatase alcaline qui se forme près de la cellule. Ces corps sphériques s'observent dans une zone intermédiaire plus éloignée. Une formation de cristaux en aiguilles (apparemment une calcification) se développe dans des corps isolés ou agrégés, laissant voir nettement leurs limites, même lorsque la calcification est plus avancée au point qu'on ne peut plus distinguer des cristaux individuels. Au niveau des coupes témoins, traitées de façon identique mais sans substrat ou avec de l'E.D.T.A., on n'observe ni précipité enzymatique ou corps sphériques. L'aspect des dépôts cristallins dans des corps qui contiennent de la phosphatase alcaline ne peut s'expliquer que par l'existence d'une association étroite entre enzymes et calcification.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Neun Tage alter experimenteller Kallus an Radii von jungen Ratten wurde mit Gomori's (1939) Calcium-Kobalt Methode untersucht, um die Verteilung der alkalischen Phosphatase und ihre Beziehung zur Calciumablagerung ultrastrukturell zu demonstrieren. Enzymaktivität zeigte sich zuerst als globulares Präzipitat außerhalb der Zellmembran von Knorpelzellen im Beginn der Hypertrophie. Aus dieser Präzipitatschicht entstanden dann gerundete Körperchen, die sich von der Zelle abtrennten. Solche Körperchen wurden auch in größerer Entfernung von der Zelle beobachtet, d.h. in einer Zwischenzone zwischen benachbarten Zellen. Nadelförmige Kristalle, wahrscheinlich von Calcium-Salzen, wurden in einzelnen oder aggregierten Körperchen beobachtet. Die äußere Zone der Körperchen blieb jedoch deutlich sichtbar, selbst dann, wenn der Calciumgehalt derart zugenommen hatte, daß einzelne Kristalle nicht länger erkennbar waren. In Kontrollen, die in gleicher Weise behandelt waren, aber ohne Substrat oder mit Zufügung von EDTA, wurden weder Präzipitate noch Körperchen beobachtet. Das Auftreten von Calciumablagerungen in alkalischer Phosphatase enthaltenden Körperchen scheint kaum anders erklärbar als durch eine enge funktionelle Verbindung zwischen Enzym und Calciumablagerung.
    Notes: Abstract Nine day old experimental calluses in radii of young rats were treated with Gomori's (1939) calcium-cobalt method to demonstrate ultrastructurally the presence of alkaline phosphatase in a search for its possible role in the desposition of calcium. Enzyme activity first appeared as globule-like precipitates outside the cell membrane of early hypertrophic cartilage cells. This precipitate layer then seemed to give rise to spherical bodies of alkaline phosphatase which occur at a slight distance from the cell. The spherical bodies were also observed further away from the cell in an intermediate zone between neighboring cells. Needle-like crystal formation, apparently calcification, occurred inside single or aggregated bodies, leaving their peripheral rim clearly visible, even when calcification had increased to such an extent that individual crystals could no longer be recognised. In controls, treated in the same way but without substrate, or with EDTA, no enzyme precipitate or spherical bodies were seen. The appearance of crystalline deposits in bodies which contain alkaline phosphatase seems difficult to explain on any other basis than that there is a close functional association between the enzyme and calcification.
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  • 12
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    Calcified tissue international 9 (1972), S. 238-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Dentine ; Ultrastructure ; Tubule ; Tooth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude ultrastructurale de la dentine humaine périphérique, de couronnes dentaires de sujets âgés de 11 à 75 ans, a montré trois aspects principaux du contenu des canalicules en coupe transversale. Il s'agit de canalicules apparemment vides, de canalicules contenant un matériel organique annulaire et, enfin, de canalicules totalement remplis d'un matériel organique d'aspect granulaire ou hyalin. Aucune terminaison nerveuse n'est visible à ce niveau.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die ultrastrukturelle Untersuchung von peripherem menschlichem Zahnkronendentin bei Patienten im Alter von 11–75 Jahren hat drei Hauptaspekte des Inhaltes der Dentintubuli gezeigt. Sie bestehen bei transversalen Schnitten aus toten Gängen sowie beim Lumen der Tubuli entweder aus ringförmigen oder ganzausfüllenden Ablagerungen. Im äußeren Dentin wurden keine Nervenendigungen beobachtet.
    Notes: Abstract An ultrastructural study of peripheral human coronal dentin in patients aged 11 to 75 years, has shown main aspects of the dentinal tubular content. In transverse sections, they consist of dead tracts and annular or solid content to the tubular lumen. No nerve endings were observed in the outer dentin.
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  • 13
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    Calcified tissue international 7 (1971), S. 307-317 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Cartilage ; Calcification ; Inorganic ; Organic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La phase organique (ou fantôme des cristaux) associéc à chaque cristal, ainsi que la substance de base associée à chaque cristal, ainsi que la substance de base associée à chaque amas cristallin, sont mises en évidence au niveau du cartilage calcifié en utilisant le sulfate de chrome basique comme agent de fixation, de coloration et de déminéralisation. Le traitement ultérieur du tissu, à l'aide de papaïne ou d'hyaluronidase, indique que les fantômes cristallins constitutent un complexe protéino-polysaccharidique et que la substance de base est formée par une protéine associée à un polysaccharide acide. Les rapports entre phases inorganique et organique sont discutés.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die organische Phase (oder Kristallit-Schatten), die zu jedem Kristallit gehört, sowie das Hintergrundmaterial, das zu jeder Kristallitgruppe gehört, wurden in calcifiziertem Knorpel sichtbar gemacht. Zu diesem Zweck wurde basisches Chromsulfat als ein kombiniertes Fixierungs-, Färbe- und Demineralisierungsmittel verwendet. Nachfolgende Behandlung des Gewebes mit Papain oder Hyaluronidase läßt vermuten, daß die Kristallitschatten einen Proteinpolysaccharidkomplex darstellen und daß das Hintergrundmaterial hauptsächlich aus Protein mit einigen sauren Polysacchariden besteht. Die Beziehung zwischen anorganischen und organischen Phasen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The organic phase (or crystallite ghost) associated with each crystallite, together with the background material associated with each crystallite cluster, was demonstrated in calcified cartilage using basic chromium sulphate as a combined fixative, stain, and demineralizing agent. Subsequent treatment of the tissue with papain, or with hyaluronidase, suggests that the crystallite ghosts represented a protein-polysaccharide complex and that the background material was principally protein together with some acid polysaccharide. The relationship between inorganic and organic phases is discussed.
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  • 14
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1972), S. 44-52 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: alprenolol ; serum drug level ; exercise ; man ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of alprenolol on heart rate and systolic blood pressure were studied in healthy subjects during standardized exercise on a bicycle ergometer. In one series of experiments, in which serum concentrations of alprenolol were also measured, the effects of single oral doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg of alprenolol and a placebo were compared by a double blind cross-over technique. In a second series of experiments 100 mg alprenolol was given four times in one day and the effect was followed for up to eighteen hours after the last dose. — Alprenolol diminished the expected increase in heart rate and systolic blood pressure during exercise. The reduction of exercise tachycardia in a given individual was linearly related to the logarithm of the dose or the serum concentration of alprenolol. The serum concentrations required for a given reduction of exercise tachycardia varied almost one hundred-fold amongst the subjects studied. The biological availability of alprenolol was dose-dependent, probably due to a limited capacity biotransformation of the drug before it entered the general circulation. After a single dose the serum level of alprenolol and its chronotropic effect diminished at a rate corresponding to an elimination half life of about two hours. This rate of elimination was consistent with that calculated from the results of the four dose study.
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  • 15
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1973), S. 174-180 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tricyclic antidepressant ; nortriptyline ; metabolism ; urine ; pharmacokinetics ; twins ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The urinary excretion of nortriptyline (NT) and five of its metabolites was studied by quantitative gas chromatography in 22 twins and 7 unrelated healthy subjects after single (1 mg/kg) and multiple oral doses (0.4 mg/kg t.i.d.) of NT hydrochloride. A mean recovery of 62% of the dose was found after both single and multiple doses. The metabolite pattern in the urine was qualitatively and quantitatively identical in the two regimes, but there were marked variations in the pattern of metabolites between individuals. The disappearance rate of NT from the plasma was mainly determined by the metabolism of NT to 10-hydroxynortriptyline, which varied considerably between individuals. The data suggest that in certain rapid NT metabolizers, the upper limit for the overall clearance of NT from the plasma (if extrahepatic metabolism is assumed to be negligible) might be set by the blood flow through the liver.
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  • 16
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 268-270 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diphenhydramine ; orphenadrine ; gas-liquid chromatography ; N-selective detector ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the assay of nanogram quantities of diphenhydramine and orphenadrine in human plasma. The procedure employs gas-liquid chromatography and a high sensitivity nitrogen detector. It has been used to assay diphenhydramine in plasma after oral administration of therapeutic doses.
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  • 17
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 234-238 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenobarbital ; neonate ; maternal-fetal exchange ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of phenobarbital were measured in 18 newborn infants for one to two weeks after birth. The drug had been administered prenatally to the mothers as part of treatment for maternal hypertension or toxaemia. The plasma half-life of the drug in the infants (77–404 h) was inversely correlated with the extent of prenatal exposure to it. In three infants a bi-phasic plasma curve was found as there was a sudden change from slow to fast disappearance on the 5th to 7th day of life.
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  • 18
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 407-414 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diuretic ; indapamide ; human pharmacology ; toxicology ; pharmacokinetics ; TLC assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacology, toxicology and kinetics of a new diuretic indapamide, have been studied in six normal volunteers following a single oral dose of 40 mg. Pronounced diuresis was found, commencing three hours after ingestion, with a peak urinary flow at four to six hours, and continuing for a total of thirty-six hours. A fall in systolic standing blood pressure occurred twenty four hours after ingestion, coincident with the period of maximum dehydration. Free water clearance rose, accompanied by increased urinary losses of Na+, K+ and Cl− and alkalinisation of the urine comparable to the actions of benzothiadiazines. Total urinary losses of Ca2+, Mg2+ and PO 4 3− rose in spite of a fall in urinary concentrations of these ions. The Ca2+ effect compares with the acute ionic effects of other diuretics. No renal, hepatic or haematological toxic effect was demonstrated. The blood sugar level was not disturbed. Serum uric acid rose to abnormal levels although the change did not reach statistical significance. — A thin layer chromatographic method, with a sensitivity limit of 0.1 µg/ml., has been developed for the assay of indapamide in urine. The urinary excretion rates of the volunteers measured over forty-eight hours indicate that the drug is rapidly absorbed with a peak excretion, 2.9±1.3 µg/min occurring three hours after ingestion. The drug is eliminated bi-phasically with an initial short rapid elimination followed by a slower exponential decline with a mean elimination half-life of 10.3 ± 3.9 h. The mean urinary excretion of unchanged indapamide over forty-eight hours was 4.4±1.4% of the administered dose. — It is concluded that indapamide is an effective long-acting diuretic with comparable action to the benzothiadiazine diuretics, but without an effect on blood sugar level in single doses in normal subjects. In contrast with other diuretics, indapamide appears to be extensively metabolised in man, and its longer duration of action to be related to a longer elimination half-life.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Oral antidiabetic drug ; butylbiguanide ; pharmacokinetics ; two-compartment open model ; plasma concentration ; liver concentration ; intestine concentration ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 50 mg14C-Butylbiguanide was administered intravenously to 4 diabetic patients and 100 mg14C-butylbiguanide orally to 5 further diabetics. The concentrations of the drug in plasma, intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue were determined and the renal excretion of the biguanide measured. Irregularities in the plasma concentration curve were observed which appeared as systematic deviations from the ideal curve of a biexponential function. Because these deviations occurred only in the middle phase of the plasma concentration curve, it was nevertheless possible to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters of butylbiguanide by use of a two-compartment open model. The principal pharmacokinetic parameters were determined according to this model after intravenous dosing and the following mean values were obtained:t 1/2 (β)=4.6 h (β=0.15 h−1),C P 0 =0.85µg/ml,V D =218 l,V T =157 l,V P =62 l,k 12=0.69 h−1,k 21=0.44 h−1,k el =0.54 h−1. Within 48 h after administration, an average of 72.4% of the intravenous and 74.4% of the oral dose had been excreted in the urine. Total clearance (Cl tot) averaged 536 ml/min and renal clearance (Cl ren) 393 ml/min. High concentrations of butylbiguanide were observed in the intestinal fluid (100–700 mg/ml) 20–40 min after oral administration. It was found that the drug accumulates in intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue, and that it is secreted into the intestinal lumen. The concentrations of butylbiguanide in intestinal and liver tissue were 10–46 times higher than in plasma. The secretion of biguanide into the intestinal lumen may occur via the bile or the intestinal mucosa, but there is no evidence of significant biliary excretion of butylbiguanide.
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  • 20
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 295-305 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Mestranol ; ethynyloestradiol ; contraceptive compounds ; demethylation ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The oestrogenic activity of mestranol depends on its demethylation to ethynyloestradiol. The reaction has been studied in man. The compound disappeared exponentially from plasma during the first 4 h after i.v. injection of [4-14C-] mestranol. The “metabolic clearance” for this phase amounted to 31.8 1/day per kg body weight. Methoxy-3H-labelled mestranol was prepared for the further studies, because if it is demethylated, the tritium would be transferred to HTO, which would equilibrate immediately with body water. The appearance in body water of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranol could be described by two exponential functions, which corresponded to bi-phasic disappearance of the original compound from plasma. The rate constant of the first stage was: γ1=0.835 h−1, and of the second: γ2=0.034 h−1. HTO radioactivity was eliminated from the body by exchange of water. From the data obtained, a three-compartment model was constructed of the transfer of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranolinto body water, which permitted computer simulation of the partial processes. The compartmental analysis suggested that mestranol differed from ethynyloestradiol mainly in the delayed and protracted manner in which hormonally active oestrogen entered the circulation. The proportion of [methoxy-3H-] mestranol demethylated to ethynyloestradiol (demethylation ratio) varied little, 53.7±5.0% (x±SD; n=6), and was consistent with clinical observations that mestranol is half as potent an oestrogen as ethynyloestradiol. Thus, the dose of mestranol required to produce a given effect has to be twice as large as that of ethynyloestradiol.
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  • 21
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 44-53 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Nortriptyline ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma clearance ; gas chromatography — mass spectrometry ; pharmacogenetics ; twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Five identical (monozygotic) and 6 fraternal (dizygotic) sets of healthy twins between 47 and 53 years of age were given a single oral dose of nortriptyline (NT) hydrochloride 1 mg/kg. The plasma half-life, the apparent volume of distribution, and the plasma clearance of NT were estimated for each subject as well as the urinary excretion rate of conjugated and unconjugated 10-hydroxynortriptyline (10-OH-NT). “Steady-state” plasma levels predicted from the reciprocal single dose plasma clearance rate of NT agreed well with those observed in a previous study of the same twins 2 years previously. In the present study, there was a 5-fold range of the plasma half-lives and 2-fold variation in the apparent volume of distribution of NT (assuming complete availability on oral administration). No correlation was found between the plasma half-life and the apparent volume of distribution. Analysis of variance showed that most of the variability between persons in plasma half-life, apparent volume of distribution and conjugation of 10-OH-NT was genetically determined. The plasma half-life and apparent volume of distribution may contribute independently to the total interindividual variability of the “steady-state” plasma level of NT.
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  • 22
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1971), S. 54-58 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; infusion ; plasma expander ; blood level fluctuation ; sulfonamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A hypothetical pharmacokinetic model is reported which describes the decreasing fluctuations in the blood levels of a sulfonamide during infusion of a plasma expander. Its concentration in the serum increases reciprocally with the amount of plasma expander infused. These procedures can be described by simple equations, and it is possible therefore, to calculate the dose required to maintain a constant blood level during the infusion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über ein hypothetisch-pharmakokinetisches Modell berichtet, welches sich mit der absinkenden Serumkonzentration eines Sulfonamids nach Infusion eines Plasmaexpanders beschäftigt. Die Serumkonzentration fällt reziprok zur infundierten Menge des Plasmaexpanders ab. Die Vorgänge lassen sich durch einfache Gleichungssysteme beschreiben. Es gelingt daher, eine Zusatzdosis zu berechnen, welche den bei Infusionsbeginn bestehenden Plasmaspiegel annähernd konstant erhält.
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  • 23
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 5 (1972), S. 58-61 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pralidoxime chloride ; pharmacokinetics ; anti-cholinesterase poisoning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A dose of 1.0 g (10.0–14.0 mg/kg body weight) of pralidoxime mixed with various cholinolytics was given by i.m. injection to 29 healthy male subjects. A concentration of pralidoxime in blood of 4 µg/ml was reached after 5 to 10 min with all the mixtures and was maintained for about 1 to 2 h. The calculated half lives of pralidoxime in three groups of subjects were 62.2, 60.0 and 61.8 min., respectively. — The urinary excretions of pralidoxime during the first 4 h after the injections averaged 75.0, 79.6 and 69.6 per cent, respectively, of the total amount given. — The results are compared with published information about similar oximes.
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  • 24
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 375-380 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tranexamic acid ; pharmacokinetics ; man ; antifibrinolytic agents ; renal clearance ; two-compartment model
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid has been investigated in two healthy volunteers. The behaviour of the drug can be described in terms of a two compartment open model; the disposition (biological) half-life was 2.7 h and 1.9 h, respectively. In five normal volunteers the mean total recovery in urine 48 h after dosing was 94.8%. The renal clearance in the two subjects, adjusted to 1.73 m2 body surface area, was 135 and 132 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively, indicating that tranexamic acid is eliminated by glomerular filtration and that neither tubular excretion nor absorption takes place.
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  • 25
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 381-385 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenazone ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma half-life ; gas chromatographic analysis ; intra-individual variability
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intra-individual variability in the plasma half-life of phenazone has been studied in 16 healthy, young volunteers. Phenazone was analysed by a simple gas chromatographic method, which is specific in relation to known metabolites; 4′-methylphenazone was employed as the internal standard. Phenazone was given on two occasions, two or three months apart, in oral doses of 10 mg/kg. The plasma half-life determined from five time points was 10.9±1.5 h and 11.2±1.3 h respectively, on the two occasions. The mean intra-individual variability (0.86 h) was close to the methodological error of 4%.
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  • 26
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; uraemia ; pharmacokinetics ; β-blockade
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The elimination of pindolol in 25 patients with various degrees of renal failure has been studied after an intravenous dose of 3 mg. A linear correlation was not found between the elimination rate of pindolol and the endogenous creatinine clearance, and the half-life of the unchanged drug was independent of the severity of the renal failure. This implies greater metabolism of pindolol in anuric patients and the extrarenal elimination rate constantk mwas increased. Three patients with severe renal failure were given 3 mg14C-pindolol. They showed almost constant plasma levels of radio-activity for 6 h and then slow excretion with a half-life of 48 h, because of accumulation of metabolites in the blood. Up to 90% of the metabolites are glucuronides and sulphates which have no beta-blocking or other clinical activity. Thus, to produce beta-adrenergic blockade the same dose of indolol is required in healthy patients as in those with uraemia.
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  • 27
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 59-60 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pizotifen ; isonicotinylhydrazine ; orexigen ; tuberculosis ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pizotifen (BC 105) has an orexigenic effect in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. As these cases are often treated with isonicotinylhydrazine (INH), any effect of one of these drugs on the absorption of the other has been examined in a cross-over study in 8 healthy male volunteers. No difference was found between the absorption of INH given alone or together with pizotifen. It should be safe, therefore, to employ the combination of the orexigenic drug and INH in the treatment of tuberculosis as there will be no change in the concentration of therapeutic drug achieved.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diphenylhydantoin ; uraemia ; protein binding ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diphenylhydantoin (2 mg/kg) was infused intravenously in four uraemic patients and four healthy volunteers and its plasma concentration measured during and after the infusion. The plasma concentrations were considerably lower in the uraemic subjects and the apparent volume of distribution was higher. These observations could be explained by the lower plasma protein binding of diphenylhydantoin in the uraemics. The overall elimination rate constant β was greater (shorter half-life) in the uraemic patients. This difference could not be explained by reduced plasma protein binding, but it might be due to induction of diphenylhydantoin metabolism in the uraemic state. it is concluded that monitoring of the plasma levels of drugs in uraemic patients should be combined with determination of the extent to which the compounds are bound to plasma proteins.
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  • 29
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 233-240 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Sulphamethoxazole ; trimethoprim ; pharmacokinetics ; uraemia ; sulphonamides
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of sulphamethoxazole (SMZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) have been investigated in four healthy volunteers, 15 patients with stable chronic renal failure and 3 patients on regular dialysis. The dosage schedule was 400 mg of SMZ and 80 mg of TMP orally every 12 h. The plasma concentrations and urinary excretion have been analysed in terms of a one compartment open model, allowing for elimination by renal excretion and metabolic processes. — At equilibrium the plasma concentrations of unchanged sulphonamide showed no significant correlation with the degree of renal impairment. The accumulation of TMP increased slightly without affecting the concentration ratio of both agents in plasma. In contrast, increasing accumulation of metabolized SMZ was demonstrated in the presence of renal insufficiency. Indirect evidence indicates that rising metabolite levels under these circumstances may lead to a displacement of unchanged sulphonamide from protein binding sites. — The cumulative urinary excretion amounted to 82.4% of the dose of sulphonamide administered, which probably corresponds to the fraction of the compound absorbed. The urinary concentration of biologically active SMZ was slightly below the plasma level, especially in advanced renal failure, but it remained above the minimum inhibitory concentrations reported in the literature. The concentration of TMP in urine was considerably higher than in plasma, it decreased with loss of renal function as did active SMZ.
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  • 30
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 145-153 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Scenedesmus Bristles ; Openings ; Props ; Ridges ; Tubules ; Brisble Origin
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Bristles radiating from openings were detected on colonies and unicells ofScenedesmus culture N 46, when examined with transmission and scanning electron microscopes. Although narrower, they correspond in gross appearance and ultrastructure to previously describedScenedesmus bristles. Openings, bordered by a series of props, are unlike those ofScenedesmus culture 614. Additional props are observed scattered independently on the cell wall; ridges are composed of a linear row of props. Sections of cells, or cell walls, reveal an additional prop, situated inside the openings; these props are composed of several tubules. Possible extrusion of bristles through these tubules, as well as the origin of the bristle from the cavity and vesicles immediately under the opening are discussed.
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 305-317 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Marine Fungi ; Ultrastructure ; Multilamellate Sporangial Wall ; Sagenogenetosome ; Zoospore Cleavage
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and ultrastructure of aJaponochytrium sp. has been studied by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The wall has been shown to be multilamellate and persistent. Stages in zoospore cleavage are described and sagenogenetosomes reported in mature sporangia.
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    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Allomyces ; Zoospores ; Cell Wall ; Wall Formation ; Lomasome ; Ultrastructure
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    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural observations on encysting haploid zoospores of Allomyces arbuscula are presented with special reference to cell wall deposition. Multivesicular bodies are observed in the cytoplasm of zoospores 15 min after inoculation, lomasomes after 30 min and fine membrane profiles between the plasmalemma and the cyst wall are observed after 4 h indicating a possible system for secretion of cell wall components.
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    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 331-344 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Myxomycetes ; Ultrastructure ; Development ; Systematics ; Food Vacuoles ; Stalk Development
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Observations of sporophore development in fresh and glutaraldehydeosmium sequentially-fixed material ofProtophysarum phloiogenum show the following sequence. Small plasmodia cease streaming and round up. Food vacuoles collect in the lower center of the cytoplasmic mass. As the cytoplasm rises the food vacuolar contents are excluded from the plasmalemma and become the stalk core. A continuous, fibrous peridium and stalk tube enclose cytoplasm and stalk core respectively. Capillitial formation just precedes spore cleavage. Sporophore development is marked by autophagic activity and calcium deposition. Stalks of dried herbarium specimens of seven additional species have been examined. A mature stalk morphology very similar toProtophysarum with recognizable remnants of microorganismal food material is seen in all of them. It is thought that this marker is indicative of non-stemonitaceous stalk development.
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 175-182 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Septa ; Schizophyllum ; Dissolution
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    Notes: Abstract A strain ofSchizophyllum commune carrying a mutation in theB-mating factor (B-mut) shows septal dissolution when grown at 30° C for 2 to 3 days. The septa are intact if the organism is grown at 25° C for the same time, but begin to break down within 1 h after transfer to 30° C. At the ultrastructural level the dolipore swelling is the first part of the septal apparatus to be degraded, closely followed by the disorganization of the parenthesomes. A progressive thinning of the septal cross-wall produces an enlargement of the septal aperture sufficient to allow the passage of nuclei. It appears that degradative enzymes are probably carried to the site of septal dissolution in vesicles derived from endoplasmic reticulum in the area of the septal apparatus.
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  • 35
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    Archives of microbiology 96 (1974), S. 271-279 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anabaena cylindrica ; Nitrogen Starvation ; Pigmentation ; Ultrastructure ; Heterocyst Differentiation ; Nitrogenase Activity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen starvation, effected by incubating a culture ofAnabaena cylindrica in a medium free from combined nitrogen and under an atmosphere of 1% CO2 in argon, leads to rapid and characteristic changes in the appearance, structure and function of the alga. Change of colour, due apparently to a decrease in the amounts of nitrogenous pigments, is accompanied by a structural transformation of vegetative cells: cyanophycin granules and polyhedral bodies disintegrate, lipid and glycogen accumulate, and large membrane-bound spaces form by means of thylakoid swelling and vesiculation. The rate of heterocyst differentiation and nitrogenase activity is increased. These changes are fully reversed on addition of ammonia to the culture. It appears that thylakoids reform by coalescence of small vesicles assembled in the intrathylakoidal space. Rapid ammonia assimilation is indicated by ample formation of cyanophycin granules in vegetative cells and of “plugs” in the heterocysts.
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  • 36
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    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Chlamydomonas ; Senescent ; Microtubules ; Complexes
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Complexes of twisted ribbons composed of ordered arrays of microtubules are identified in close association with the plasmalemma and the surfaces of some organelles in senescent cells of photoheterotrophically cultured Chlamydomonas dysosmos. The ribbon complexes occur throughout the cytoplasm, and do not appear related to the flagellar insertions. The component microtubules are approximately 26 nm in width, exhibiting a center-to-center spacing of about 44 nm. Additional cytoplasmic microtubules are often closely related to the tubular complexes. A detailed description of their fine structure is presented here which tends to support the ascribed function of microtubules in maintaining the structural integrity of the protoplasm.
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    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 221-230 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anabaena cylindrica ; Molybdenum ; Vanadium ; Nitrogenase ; Ultrastructure ; Storage Products ; Heterocyst Frequency
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The structural and functional symptoms of molybdenum deficiency inAnabaena cylindrica grown in a medium without combined nitrogen and thus dependent on fixation of elemental nitrogen, resemble those brought about by nitrogen starvation. However, the substantially increased rate of heterocyst differentiation in this culture is not accompanied by a corresponding increase in nitrogenase activity; on the contrary, enzyme activity is severely impaired in the absence of molybdenum. When the supply of molybdenum, or of ammonia, is restored, the alga recovers rapidly. Vanadium exerts an inhibitory effect upon nitrogen-fixing ability of the alga, and its presence in the molybdenum-deficient culture results in the amplification of the symptoms of mlybdenum deficiency.
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    Archives of microbiology 99 (1974), S. 265-269 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Microbodies ; Vacuolaria ; Gonyostomum ; Chloromonadophyceae ; Chromophyta
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microbody-like organelles occur in the cytoplasm of two chloromonadophycean algae,Vacuolaria virescens Cienkowsky andGonyostomum semen Diesing. Microbodies ofVacuolaria andGonyostomum have a granular matrix which lacks a crystalloid core; they are often present in close association with elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. The occurrence of microbodies in other algae is briefly reviewed.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 191-195 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Amobarbital ; pentobarbital ; barbiturates ; gas chromatography ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gas chromatographic methods are described for the assay of amobarbital and pentobarbital in 500 µl samples of plasma, in concentrations down to 250 ng/ml. After ether extraction at pH 5.5, the barbiturates are reextracted into an alkaline solution of trimethylanilinium hydroxide and are determined quantitatively by gas chromatography as their dimethylated derivatives. The method has been used successfully in volunteers receiving therapeutic doses of these bariturates.
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  • 40
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 181-186 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenothiazines ; thioridazine ; serum levels ; pharmacokinetics ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rate of absorption of thioridazine varied greatly in ten healthy volunteers who took 100 mg in the morning after an overnight fast. The peak level in blood was also variable and it was reached 1 1/4 to 4 h after dosing. Maximal concentrations in the blood varied widely from 0.13 µg/ml to 0.52 µg/ml. No relation was found between the weight or sex of the subjects and the pharmacokinetics of the drug. The serum half life of thioridazine in three healthy volunteers was 9, 10 and 10 h respectively. In a group of 22 patients receiving less than 5 mg/kg body weight a day, there was a strong correlation between the dose and the morning or evening concentration of thioridazine in the blood. A positive correlation was also observed between the age of the patient and the serum level in those who received doses of less than 5 mg/kg body weight.
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  • 41
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; plasma level ; pleural fluid concentration ; microbiological assay ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of rifampicin (RMP) were given to 31 patients with pleural effusions of various aetiologies. The concentrations of RMP and its active metabolites in pleural fluid and plasma were determined by an agar diffusion method using paper discs as diffusion centres. The plasma concentrations reached a peak within 3 h and then declined monoexponentially; in pleural fluid, RMP concentration rose slowly to reach a plateau that lasted for several hours. There were marked differences between subjects in the observed concentrations of RMP. During the first 12 h the plasma levels exceeded those in pleural fluid, but after 24 h the concentration of RMP in pleural fluid was higher than in plasma. If multiple oral doses of RMP 10 mg/kg b. w. are given every 24 h, as is common in the treatment of tuberculosis, therapeutic concentrations may be expected in pleural fluid for the major part of each day.
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  • 42
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 88-92 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Noradrenaline pools ; 7-3H-noradrenaline ; neuro-effector junction kinetics ; pharmacokinetics ; sympathoadrenergic activity
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A two-compartment model of 73HNA distribution has been developed for studying sympatho-adrenergic activity in intact man. After infusion of 73HNA at constant speed in resting normal subjects, the decay curves of the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of 73HNA were plotted against time. Analysis of the curves yielded constants and indirect indications about noradrenaline exchange processes in the extracellular environment. Complete evaluation of the neuronal pools and of the pathways of biosynthesis and metabolism was impossible, but it seemed likely that 73HNA entered small neuronal pools that underwent rapid exchange with the extracellular environment, a point of some interest in clinical and pharmacologic investigations.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Urography ; Hypaque® ; Urovist® ; pharmacokinetics ; renal failure
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Comparative tests were carried out, using a radioactive tracer method, on the pharmacokinetics of sodium and methylglucamine diatrizoate. A biological model was simulated using an analogue computer; and the rate and elimination constants, the elimination half life, and the ratio of tissue entry to tissue elimination constants were calculated. Over the period of time required for X-ray diagnosis, the two salts of the contrast medium acid which were tested did not alter the pharmacokinetics of the contrast medium itself.
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  • 44
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 245-250 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Procaine amide ; N-acetylprocaine amide ; sustained-release ; pharmacokinetics ; ventricular arrhythmia
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ten patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied during treatment with either a conventional or a new sustained-release preparation of procaine amide in order to compare fluctuations in plasma concentration and urinary excretion of the drug during “steady state” conditions. Procaine amide in plasma was measured by spectrofluorimetry and the urine concentration of it and its major metabolite, N-acetylprocaine amide, by gas chromatography. The average fluctuation of plasma concentrations was 3.5±0.1 µg/ml during treatment with sustained-release tablets (dosage interval 8 h) and 4.2±0.4 µg/ml during treatment with ordinary tablets (dosage interval 4 h), i. e. it was 20% greater during treatment with the conventional preparation. There was no difference between the two preparations in recovery of the drug from urine (sustained-release tablets 85.4±3.0%; and conventional tablets 90.3±5.4%). Thus, the new sustained-release preparation of procaine amide administered 3 times daily produced the same range of plasma levels as the identical dose of conventional tablets given 6 times a day.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 6 (1973), S. 261-267 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Alclofenac ; antiphlogistic ; man ; pharmacokinetics ; dosage regimes ; plasma levels
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A one compartment open model has been found to fit plasma concentration data previously obtained in man after single oral doses of alclofenac; the parameters of the model are: $${\text{t}}_{\tfrac{{\text{1}}}{{\text{2}}}} $$ abs=1.3±0.7h, $${\text{t}}_{\tfrac{{\text{1}}}{{\text{2}}}} $$ el=3.5±1.2h, Vd/F=17±6. The model has been used successfully to predict steady-state plasma levels of alclofenac after multiple oral doses. One treatment schedule (initial dose 500 mg, maintenance dose 250 mg five times a day) was administered to two volunteers for five days and the plasma levels of alclofenac determined daily. The latter were in good agreement with computer predictions based on the model. It is now possible, therefore, to select the most suitable dosage regimes for this drug.
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  • 46
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; beta-blockade ; pharmacokinetics ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of absorption, distribution and excretion of pindolol have been investigated in 17 volunteers after an oral dose or intravenous infusion of 5 mg. The calculated absorption was 92%. The time course of the plasma levels appeared to follow first order kinetics with an apparent half life of 3.6 (oral) and 3.1 (i.v.) hours. The cumulative urinary excretion att=∞ was 36.1% and 39.2% of the dose administered, respectively, indicating extensive metabolism of the drug. The distribution volume was 136 l. Peak plasma levels were found 80 min after oral administration and they showed up to 4-fold variation after identical doses. Renal clearance was 216 ml×min−1 and total clearance was 483 ml×min−1. In plasma 57% of pindolol was bound to protein.
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  • 47
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 119-124 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Anticonvulsants ; phenytoin ; diphenylhydantoin ; bioavailability ; generic inequivalence ; pharmacokinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma levels of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, DPH) in epileptic patients were significantly higher after treatment with either of two preparations containing the sodium salt of DPH, than after treatment with the same dose of the free acid. This was confirmed in both short and long term studies, and in the latter increased plasma levels of DPH were accompanied by better control of generalized seizures. The degree of acute side-effects in 6 out of 10 patients whose treatment was changed from DPH-acid to DPH-sodium was proportional to the plasma level of DPH; the latter varied from 22.8 to 34.9 µg/ml in affected patients. After a single oral dose in healthy volunteers, the sodium salt of DPH showed much better bioavailability than the free acid. The differences in bioavailability in patients and volunteers probably depended on differences in particle size in the preparations of the sodium salt of DPH and its free acid. The excipient, lactose or starch, did not seem to affect the bioavailability of the two formulations of sodium-DPH.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 217-225 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; p-aminosalicylic acid ; drug interaction ; isoniazid ; pharmacokinetics ; antituberculous therapy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of rifampicin (10 mg/kg body weight), p-aminosalicylic acid (0.2 g/kg), isoniazid (10 mg/kg), or rifampicin and either p-aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid, were given to 69 tuberculous patients with normal renal and hepatic function. Ten-fold interindividual differences were observed in the peak serum concentrations and half-lives of rifampicin; its half-life was reduced from 4.3 h after the first dose to 3.1 h after the third dose, possibly due to self-induction of its own metabolism. No effect on its serum concentration or half-life, nor on those of isoniazid, were found after simultaneous oral administration of the two drugs. After treatment with rifampicin and p-aminosalicylic acid, the peak serum level of the former was delayed from 2 to 4 h, it was reduced from 8.0 to 3.8 µg/ml, and the mean area under the serum concentration curve throughout the entire 8 h study period was also lowered by about half. Individual patients did not attain therapeutically effective peak serum concentrations of rifampicin if also treated withp-aminosalicylic acid. The interaction observed between the two drugs is probably due to impaired gastrointestinal absorption of rifampicin, either by alteration of its physico-chemical properties or by a decrease in the gastric emptying rate combined with more rapid intestinal transit. The combination of these two drugs is unsuitable for the routine chemotherapy of tuberculosis.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 249-252 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Practolol ; renal failure ; uraemia ; beta-blockade ; pharmacokinetics ; man
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of renal failure on the excretion of oral doses of practolol has been studied. The plasma half-life increased up to 6.6 times normal and the cumulative urinary excretion of the drug was reduced. There was a linear correlation between the overall elimination rate constant of practolol and inulin and creatinine clearances. A linear correlation was also found between the renal clearances of practolol and inulin. The dose of practolol required for maintenance therapy should be reduced in patients with impaired renal function.
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 3 (1970), S. 3-11 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; drug dependence ; pharmacokinetics ; amphetamine psychosis
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eighteen subjects with amphetamine psychosis were studied with respect to fluid balance, intensity and duration of psychotic symptoms, urinary and plasma amphetamine levels and the relative amounts of unchanged drug and metabolites in urine. On admission to hospital about half of the psychotic patients were dehydrated, the water lack being up to 6.7% of total body weight. The dehydrated subjects had lower renal clearances of amphetamine because of lower rates of urine production. As noted previously there was a strongly positive correlation between urinary pH and the half life (T 1/2) of plasma amphetamine, with an increase inT 1/2 of about 7 h for every unit increase in urinary pH. Patients with alkaline urine had intense psychoses lasting for about 4 1/2 days after the last dose of amphetamine. In patiens with acid urine, the psychotic symptoms were milder, and of about 2 days duration. No correlation was found between the degree of psychosis in different subjects and the plasma levels of the drug. — The ratio between the amounts of labelled metabolites and unchanged drug excreted in urine rose for each day after administration of3H-amphetamine, implying a slower excretion rate for the metabolites than for the parent drug. The relative proportion of metabolites was higher in patients with an alkaline urine, being more than 90% after the first day. — When amphetamine (200 mg i.v.) was given to nonpsychotic, dependent subjects, the peak plasma levels (mean 423 ng/ml) exceeded the highest levels observed during the first day in psychotic patients. However, no psychotic symptoms were observed in these subjects. The volumes of distribution calculated from the monoexponential elimination curves were higher than those previously reported in nondependent subjects. — With an alkaline urine a group of nonpsychotic amphetamine-dependent subjects had significantly longer plasmaT 1/2 (p〈0.05) than a group of drug-naive control subjects. The results suggest that increased tissue binding may be a component in tolerance to amphetamine in dependent humans.
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  • 51
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1971), S. 32-37 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Glibenclamide ; pharmacokinetics ; metabolism ; potentiation of hypoglycemic action ; phenylbutazone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Metabolically healthy subjects were given an intravenous injection of 1,13 mg14C-labelled glibenclamide (HB 419). The plasma level, renal elimination of the radioactivity and metabolism of the substance were investigated. Two minutes after administration the HB 419 is virtually present only in the blood and at the end of the distribution period mostly in the extracellular space. 53% of the radioactivity is excreted via the kidneys in the form of metabolites. If glibenclamide is administrated in the same way to the same subjects after pretreatment with phenylbutazone there are no differences in the course of the plasma levels or the rate of elimination from the blood. There is, however, a significant difference in the excretion of the radioactivity in the urine. In the presence of phenylbutazone significantly less HB 419 metabolite is excreted renally. In view of the known alternative route of elimination it is suggested that the amount not excreted in the urine is in compensation eliminated via the bile. There was no difference in the metabolism of glibenclamide between the control and phenylbutazone treated groups. The potentiation by phenylbutazone of HB 419 action, and probably also that of other antidiabetic sulphonylureas, must therefore be due predominantly to other causes (Communication III).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Stoffwechselgesunde Versuchspersonen erhielten14C-markiertes Glibenclamid in einer Dosis von 1.13 mg/Vpn i.v. gespritzt. Plasmaspiegelverläufe, renale Elimination der Radioaktivität und die Metabolisierung der Substanz wurden untersucht. Zwei Minuten nach der Applikation ist HB 419 praktisch nur im Blutund nach Abschluß der Verteilung weitgehend im Extracellulärraum vorhanden. 53% der Radioaktivität werden über die Nieren in Form von Metaboliten ausgeschieden. Wird den gleichen Probanden nach Prämedikation mit Phenylbutazon Glibenclamid in gleicher Weise verabfolgt, ergibt sich kein Unterschied hinsichtlich der Plasmaspiegelverläufe und der Eliminationsgeschwindigkeit aus dem Blut. Ein signifikanter Unterschied besteht jedoch in der Ausscheidung der Radioaktivität in den Harn (26.3%). In Gegenwart von Phenylbutazon wird ein signifikant geringerer Anteil von HB 419-Metaboliten renal eliminiert. Aufgrund des bekannten zweiten Ausscheidungsweges wird vermutet, daß der fehlende Anteil kompensatorisch über die Galle eliminiert wird. Die Metabolisierung von Glibenclamid weist keine Differenzen zwischen Phenylbutazon-und Kontroll-Gruppe auf. Die Wirkungspotenzierung von HB 419 — wahrscheinlich auch diejenige anderer antidiabetisch wirksamer Sulfonylharnstoffe — durch Phenylbutazon dürfte demnach überweigend andere Ursachen haben. (Mitteilung III).
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  • 52
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 3 (1970), S. 36-42 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Sulphonamides ; sylfametopyrazine ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of sulfametopyrazine were studied for seven days after a single oral dose of 2 g. in healthy volunteers in order to establish its chemotherapeutic value. — The appearance and disappearance of the drug in the plasma were evaluated both for compounds with a free amino group and for total sulphonamides. The half-life and absorption, distribution, elimination and excretion coefficients were calculated, as well as the concentrations in plasma water and interstitial fluid. The estimated drug concentrations in the urine agreed with those calculated from the excretion coefficients. — In all subjects at the end of the seventh day the concentrations in all body compartments of active compounds exceeded the minimum required for a therapeutic effect. The highest concentrations found in the urine were always significantly lower than the drug's basal solubility at pH 5, thus excluding any risk of crystalluria.
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  • 53
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 3 (1971), S. 221-228 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Biguanides ; butylbiguanide ; pharmacokinetics ; sustained release form
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In man, after oral administration of 50 mg14C-butylbiguanide, the maximum serum concentration was 26–41 µg/100 ml. The biguanide was eliminated with an average half-life of 2h. 84% of the dose administered was found excreted unchanged in the urine. — After administration of14C-butylbiguanide in a sustained release form (Silubin® retard), the drug was slowly released and its serum concentration remained almost constant for up to 7 h.
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  • 54
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 137-141 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Fentanyl ; pharmacokinetics ; neuroleptanalgesia ; analogue computer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma levels and urinary excretion of3H-fentanyl were studied in 5 human subjects after intravenous injection of this drug. After an initial rapid decline, the plasma level of fentanyl decreased slowly and approximately exponentially. The plasma concentration of metabolites remained almost steady from 1–3 h after injection. More than 60% of the administered radioactivity was excreted through the kidneys within 4 days. Only a small proportion of it was unchanged fentanyl. The rates of fall of plasma concentration and of urinary excretion were slower in man than in rabbits. — The time courses of plasma concentrations and of urinary excretion were simulated on an analogue computer. The results support the assumption that the different time courses of concentrations in man and rabbits are caused by slower metabolism in man. It seems likely that redistribution plays a dominant part in the short duration of action of fentanyl in man.
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  • 55
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1972), S. 150-157 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Antibiotics ; pharmacokinetics ; microbiological assay ; drug control ; neonatal septicaemia
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The various steps of a paper disc micromethod for quantitative determination of plasma concentrations of antibiotics is described. Only 10 µl of plasma is needed for a single determination, allowing easy and repeated capillary sampling. Separate assay was attempted of three antibiotics in a mixture (streptomycin, cloxacillin and ampicillin), both by use of selective inhibitors (semicarbazide, penicillinase) in the culture medium and by choosing suitable strains of bacteria. In this way, it was possible to determine streptomycin and cloxacillin separately when all three antibiotics were present simultaneously in the plasma. The assay of ampicillin, however, was always influenced by the presence of even small concentrations of cloxacillin. The 95% confidence intervals of the standard curves for the three antibiotics are presented. — The method is suitable both for pharmacokinetic studies and for routine clinical control of plasma antibiotic levels, even in premature children.
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  • 56
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    Archives of microbiology 101 (1974), S. 95-107 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Zoophagus insidians Rotifer ; Predacious Fungi ; Oomycetes ; Glue Secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The predacious watermold Zoophagus insidians traps loricate rotifers on short, lateral branches of the main, hyphal axis. These branches or “traps” are packed at their distal ends with a number of vesicles filled with an electron-dense matrix. Electron micrographs of the mycelium disclose a two-layered wall; the outer layer is electron dense and the inner, electron transparent. The outer dense layer on the tip of the “trap” is organized into a number of fine ridges and occasional discontinuities. Thin sections through recently trapped rotifers indicate that the cilia of the animals are stuck to the trap by a glue. This adhesive is derived from secretion of the matrix of the vesicles aggregated in the tip of the trap. The secretion mechanism is triggered by the animal and is accompanied by: 1. The separation of the two layers of the wall, 2. fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane and 3. extrusion of the glue through pits in the tip of the inner wall of the “trap”. After snaring a rotifer, the previously arrested branch grows as a haustorium into the body cavity of the animal. The host tissues disintegrate within a few hours and appear to be the main nutrient source of the fungus.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus ; Spirillum serpens ; Freeze Fracture ; Electron Microscopy ; Ultrastructure ; Membrane Damage ; Organismic Associations
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The freeze-fracture technique and electron microscopy have been used to demonstrate that localized damage is inflicted upon the cytoplasmic membrane of Spirillum serpens VHL within 20 to 30 min after the start of its association with Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109D. This damage is not observed in uninfected Spirillum cells, nor in infected cells within the first 10 min. This damage takes the form of a “blister” which, when viewed stereoscopically in electron micrographs, is seen to project toward the interior of the Spirillum cell. Shortly after its formation, the blister becomes elaborated into a series of ridges which may assume forms ranging from an elaborate spiral to a series of loops or knots. The formation of a blister is shown to involve both the inner and outer leaves of the membrane bilayer, and evidence is presented to indicate that the blister site corresponds to the site of attachment of the Bdellovibrio cell. The hypothesis is proposed that this ultrastructural damage is the cytological basis for the controlled and localized leakage through the cytoplasmic membrane into the periplasmic space of the Spirillum cell at locations adjacent to the Bdellovibrio cell. It is suggested that this localized membrane damage may be the ultrastructural basis for the high efficiency with which bdellowvibrios are known to incorporate cytoplasmic materials from the other bacteria in whose periplasmic spaces they develop.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Streptomycetes ; Ultrastructure ; Surface Sheath
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. Tubular-like structures were regularly revealed in the surface sheath of the aerial mycelium of the parent strain of Streptomycetes roseoflavus var. roseofungini. In their shape and dimensions these structures were highly reminiscent of those massive accumulation of which was earlier reported to occur in cultures of dedifferentiated nocardioform “fructose” mutant of the same parent strain. 2. The tubular-like structures of the aerial mycelium sheath were shown to be markedly susceptible to brief acetone washing, undergoing almost complete desintegration. 3. On addition of water to crude acetone extract of the aerial mycelium precipitation and possible selfassembly of a spectrum of various structures occurred (folded scaly, bubble-like, spout-like). Some among structures so produced were reminiscent of those found in spectra of structures observed in reconstruction experiments with tubules from the mutant as well as of structures found in the aerial sheath of the parent strain and some other actinomycetes. Similarity in subunit structure of above materials was also noticeable. The presence, in the sheath of aerial mycelium, of material with a tendency to selforganization is discussed in relation to the possible involvement of selfassembly processes in the formation of the surface sheath.
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  • 59
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    Archives of microbiology 100 (1974), S. 419-436 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Gloeobacter violaceus ; Photosynthetic Pigments ; DNA Base Composition ; Fatty Acid Composition ; Cyanobacterium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gloebacter violaceus gen. and sp. n. is a unicellular photosynthetic prokaryote of unusual cellular structure. The only unit membrane in the small, rod-shaped cells is the cytoplasmic membrane, which has a simple contour, without intrusions. Immediately underlying it is an electron-dense layer 80 nm thick. Gloeobacter is an aerobic photoautotroph which contains chlorophyll α, β-carotene and other carotenoids, allophycocyanin, phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. Chlorophyll and carotenoids are associated with the particulate fraction of cell-free extracts, and are thus probably localized in the cytoplasmic membrane. The phycobiliproteins may be associated with the electron-dense 80 nm layer. The DNA contains 64.4 moles percent GC. The cellular lipids have a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, largely linoleate and γ-linolenate. Despite its atypical fine structure, Gloeobacter is evidently a cyanobacterium, sufficiently different from other unicellular cyanobacteria to be placed in a new genus.
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  • 60
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    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 104-110 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thyroid ; Peroxidase ; Localization ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structural localization of a peroxidase activity in the rat thyroid follicular epithelial cell was studied by histochemistry at electron microscopic level. The reaction product is recognized chiefly in the cisternae of the elements of granular endoplasmic reticulum and of nuclear envelope. Golgi vesicles or apical small vesicles, mitochondria, and dense granules are sometimes positive for this reaction. The relationship between the fine structural localization of peroxidase and the site of the iodination of thyroglobulin is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 199-209 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eye-Rat ; Zonular fibers ; Ciliary body ; Lens ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The three-dimensional arrangement of the zonular fibers of Zinn and their ultrastructure was studied with the aid of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Most of the thicker zonular fibers are arranged in straight bundles between the ciliary body and the lens, while the thinner fibers form a complex three-dimensional network interconnecting all the zonular fibers. These do originate from the limiting membrane covering the ciliary body. The zonular fibers are subdivided close to lens and form a complicated network on the surface of the lens capsule, i. e. the zonular lamella. The latter consists of a dense network of fibers and is from a structural point of view closely related to the zonular fibers and not to the lens capsule. The zonular fibers are continuous with those in the vitreous body close to the ciliary body but never in the lenticular two thirds of the zonular fibers or in the retrolental area. The ground substance is possible to demonstrate in freeze-dried specimens by scanning electron microscopy. It appeared granular or amorphous and coated the zonular fibers. It does not form membranes or fill all available space in contrast to its properties in the vitreous body. The many structural similarities between the zonular fibers and the vitreous body indicate perhaps a common origin.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 107 (1970), S. 508-521 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Axo-axonal ; Adrenergic and cholinergic terminals ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relations between adrenergic and cholinergic terminals were studied in rat iris and rat heart with the electron microscope. Adrenergic terminals were identified by treating the animals with 5-hydroxydopamine, which produces dense-cored synaptic vesicles in adrenergic terminals in tissues fixed in glutaraldehyde and osmium. The specificity of this observation was verified. It was found that adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals often come in close contact with one another, the distance between the adjoining membranes being about 250 Å. At times, faint membrane thickenings could be observed in these places. The available pharmacological, physiological, and morphological evidence leaves little room for doubt that cholinergic terminal fibres can influence the adrenergic fibres. From mainly morphological evidence, it is also postulated that adrenergic terminals influence cholinergic ones.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endothelium ; Specific organelles ; Ultrastructure ; Rana temporaria
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Endothelzellen der Wirbeltiere enthalten spezifische Organellen, deren Funktion unbekannt ist. Diese Organellen werden beim Frosch (Rana temporaria) nach unterschiedlichen Fixierungen elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Die Organellen sind walzenförmig mit mannigfachen Abweichungen, bis zu 2μ lang und 0,1 bis 0,5μ dick. Ihre oft unterbrochene Außenmembran ist dicker als zytoplasmatische Membranen. Das Innere der Organellen besteht aus Tubuli, die in eine elektronendichte Matrix eingebettet sind. Die Dichte dieser Matrix zeigt deutliche Abstufungen. Die Tubuli sind möglicherweise aus einer spiralförmigen Molekülkette aufgebaut. Das Verteilungsmuster der Organellen wird mit stereologischen Methoden untersucht. Die größte Volumendichte weisen die Aortae thoracicae mit 8% auf. Die Volumendichte der Organellen im Zytoplasma der Endothelzellen scheint mehr von der Entfernung der betreffenden Gefäßstrecke zum Herzen abzuhängen als von der Gefäßgröße. Es werden Verbindungen der Organellen zu zytoplasmatischen Membransystemen aufgezeigt. Auf Besonderheiten des Endothels, darunter Aggregationen von Ribosomen, wird hingewiesen.
    Notes: Summary Endothelial cells of vertebrates contain specific organelles of unknown function. These organelles are studied by electron microscopy with different fixations. The organelles are rod-shaped with many variations, up to 2μ in length and 0.1 to 0.5 μ in thickness. Their outer membrane, which is often discontinuous, is thicker than cytoplasmic membranes. The density of the matrix shows distinct gradations. The organelles contain tubules, possibly built up by a spiral molecular chain. The distribution of the organelles is investigated with stereological methods. Their volume density in endothelial cell cytoplasm appears to depend more on the distance from the heart than on vessel size, the thoracic aortae showing the highest organellae content of 8%. Connections between organelles and cytoplasmic membranes are demonstrated. Particularities of endothelium, among them aggregations of ribosomes, are pointed out.
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 309-323 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Vagal Paraganglia ; Catecholamines ; Ultrastructure ; Radioautography ; Cytochemistry
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Typical vagal paraganglia of Syrian hamsters are encapsulated in connective tissue and consist of groups of epithelial cells. Ganglion cells, a few fenestrated capillaries, and bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibers are intermingled among the parenchymal cells. The parenchymal cells are of two types: chief or paraganglion and sustentacular or supporting cells. The processes of the supporting cells partly or completely surround the paraganglion cells. In addition to the nucleus, Golgi complex, mitochondria, parallel-arrayed granular endoplasmic reticulum, and lipofuscin pigment, the chief cells are characterized by the presence of numerous membrane-bound, electron opaque granules. After an injection of 3H-dopa, labelings were concentrated over the chief cells and were associated predominantly with the granules. Following glutaraldehyde-dichromate treatment the granules gave a positive reaction for unsubstituted amines. These results suggest that the chief cells contain catecholamines in the electron opaque granules.
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 339-356 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Insecta-Isoptera ; Germarium ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Endstück der Kalotermes-Ovariole (Terminalfilament und A-Phase der Oogenese) wurde licht- und elektronenoptisch untersucht. Folgende Regionen sind zu unterscheiden: Terminalfilament, Germarium (A1), Prämeiotische Wachstumsregion (A2) und Prophaseregion (A3), an die sich unmittelbar die Wachstumsregion der Oocyten anschließt. Die 7 Ovariolen eines Ovars liegen getrennt in Kammern der äußeren Ovariolhüllen und werden von „Zwischenzellen“ begleitet. Die Tunica des Terminalfilaments ist charakteristisch verschieden von derjenigen des Germariums. Während sie auf der Höhe des Terminalfilaments von Kanälen durchzogen ist, erscheint sie auf der Höhe der Stadien A1, A2 und A3 kompakt. Die Zellen des Anfangsteils des Terminalfilaments gleichen denjenigen des A1-Stadiums. Im Gegensatz zu jenen besitzen die Zellen des A1-Stadiums zum Teil basophile Grana noch unbekannter Funktion, welche vom A2-Stadium ab auf die Follikelzellen beschränkt sind. Im A1- Stadium liegen alle Zellen der Tunica an. Zwischen Oogonien und Präfollikelzellen zu unterscheiden war nicht möglich. Die Oocyten sind vom A2-Stadium ab stets durch Follikelzellausläufer von der Tunica getrennt. Den Follikelzellen muß daher bereits von diesem Stadium ab eine besondere Bedeutung beigemessen werden. Der Transport von Substanzen in die Oocyte muß durch die Follikelzellen hindurch oder aber interzellulär durch ihre Vermittlung erfolgen. Die Oocyten besitzen in diesem Stadium des prämeiotischen Wachstums im Gegensatz zu den Follikelzellen große Golgifelder und zahlreiche große Vesikel. Vielleicht im Zusammenhang mit dem Verschwinden dieser Vesikel kommt es ausschließlich in den Oocyten zu einer starken Vergrößerung einzelner Mitochondrien, während andere ihre „normale“ Größe behalten. Das A3-Stadium beginnt mit dem Einsetzen der meiotischen Prophase und endet mit dem frühen Diplotän. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt sind diese Vesikel und großen Mitochondrien verschwunden. Die Meiosekerne verlieren ihre glatte Oberfläche und zeichnen sich durch lokale Vorwölbungen aus; extranukleär findet man „annulate lamellae“. Am Ende dieses Stadiums kommt es in den Oocyten zu einer zunehmenden Konzentration der Mitochondrien und Membranelemente, während die Oberfläche des Oocytenkerns wieder ihr glattes Aussehen erlangt.
    Notes: Summary The final part of the Kalotermes ovariole (terminal filament and A-phase of the oogenesis) was investigated light and electron microscopically. The following regions must be distinguished: Terminal filament, germarium (A1), pre-meiotic growth region (A2), prophase region (A3). The middle growth region of the oöcytes follows immediately. The seven ovarioles of an ovary are separately in chambers of the outer ovariole sheaths and are accompanied by “interstitial cell”. The tunica propria of the terminal filament differs characteristically from the tunica of the A1-, A2- and A3-region. The tunica of the terminal filament is passed by channels, the tunica of the A1-, A2- and A3-region is compact. The cells of the initial part of the terminal filament are similar to the cells of stage A1. Contrary to the terminal filament cells they contain partially basophile grana of still unknown function which are limited to the stage A2 to the follieular cells. A distinction between oogonia and pre-follicular cells was not possible. All cells of the stage A1 border on the tunica. From stage A2 onwards the oöcytes are always separated from the tunica by appendices of the follieular cells. Therefore a special significance has to be attributed to the follieular cells from this stage onwards. The transport of substances into the oöcytes has to occur through the follicular cells or on an intercellular way mediated by the follicular cells. In this stage or pre-meiotic growth the oöcytes contain—contrary to the follieular cells—big golgi fields and numerous vesicles. Probably in the connection with disappearance of these vesicles strong increase of the size of some of the mitochondria occurs in the oöcytes exclusively. The A3-stage covers the beginning of the meiotic prophase and ends with early diplotene. At this stage the vesicles and giant mitochondria are disappeared. Meiotic nuclei are marked by local protuberances; extranuclear “annulate lamellae” are found. At the end of this stage mitochondria and membraneous elements accumulate in a part of the oöcyte.
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 20-32 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Haemoglobin ; Chlorocruorin ; Synthesis ; Polychaeta ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the haematopoietic cells in the polychaetes Neoamphitrite figulus Dalyell, Lanice conchilega (Pallas), Arenicola marina (L.), Myxicola infundibulum Renier, Megalomma vesiculusom (Montagu), Sabella penicillus L., are compared: all show similarities in having well developed Golgi, granular endoplasmic reticulum and haemoglobin or chlorocruorin in vesicles, and numerous mitochondria. The porphyrin byproducts of synthesis are combined with iron as haematins within electrondense granules built up from multi-lamellar organelles. The structure of the basal lamina which alone separates the cells from the lumen of the vessels is described and evidence is presented for the method of release of the haem into the plasma by “reverse pinocytosis”. The cycle of synthesis within the cell is discussed and the process of haem synthesis in annelids is reviewed. The structure of the haemoglobin-containing coelomocytes of Neoamphitrite figulus is briefly described.
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sense organs ; Eyes ; Nudibranchs ; Trinchesia aurantia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The larval eye of the aeolid nudibranch Trinchesia aurantia has been investigated at three different stages; in all, the eyes remain closely attached to, and in cellular contact with, the central ganglia. The larval eye is a simplified version of the adult eye in that, the eye and the constituent cells, nuclei, lens, microvilli and pigment granules are all smaller, and the interdigitation between the retinal cells is not developed. The absence of the small cells of the cornea and of the spherical vesicles in the cytoplasm of the sensory cells, is further evidence of the incomplete formation of the eye. The possible origin of the eye of Trinchesia is discussed and compared with that of other gastropods.
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 582-596 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glandula bulbourethralis ; Goat ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Mehrzahl der sezernierenden Zylinderzellen in den tubulösen Endstücken der Glandula bulbourethralis der Ziege sind Schleimzellen. Ihre großen, aufgehellten Sekretgranula, die fast den gesamten Zelleib ausfällen, liegen so dicht, daß sie sich gegenseitig abplatten. Einzelne von ihnen haben ihre Hüllmembran verloren und neigen zur Konfluenz. Alle Schleimkörnchen sind PAS-positiv, viele von ihnen zeigen eine neuraminidaselabile Alcianophilie bei pH 2,5. Neben den Schleimzellen findet man in der Glandula bulbourethralis der Ziege einen zweiten Zelltyp, der durch helle, blasenförmige Kerne, ein stark entfaltetes granuläres endoplasmatisches Retikulum mit dilatierten Zisternen sowie ein ausgedehntes supranukleares Golgi-Feld gekennzeichnet ist. Dieser zweite Zelltyp enthält sehr elektronendichte, isoliert liegende Sekretkugeln, welche lichtmikroskopisch eine Proteinreaktion geben. Zwischen beiden Zelltypen kommen morphologische Übergangsformen vor. Dies macht es wahrscheinlich, daß es sich bei den beiden Typen lediglich um Funktionsstadien einer einzigen Drüsenzelle handelt. Die sezernierende Oberfläche beider Zelltypen ist durch die Ausbildung interzellulärer Sekretkapillaren vergrößert. Diese sind bereits lichtmikroskopisch aufgrund ihrer kräftigen ATPase- und 5′-Nucleotidaseaktivität zu identifizieren. Das gesamte Drüsenparenchym reagiert sehr stark auf unspezifische Esterase und deutlich positiv auf β-D-Galactosidase, β-D-Glucuronidase, Leucinaminopeptidase, Cytochromoxydase und Succinatdehydrogenase. Die letzten 5 Enzyme sind in den Schleimzellen in geringerer Konzentration festzustellen als in den Zellen mit Eiweißgranula.
    Notes: Summary The majority of the secretory cells in the tubular endpieces of the caprine bulbourethral gland are mucous cells. Their closely packed, relatively large secretory granules exhibit a low electron density. Some granules have lost their limiting membrane, this results in the accumulation of irregularly outlined masses of secretory material. All mucous secretory granules are PAS-positive, many of them are characterized by an alcianophilia at pH 2.5 which is extinguished by pre-treatment with a neuraminidase solution. The second type of secretory bulbourethral cell exhibits light, spherical nuclei, a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisterns and a large supranuclear Golgi-Complex. The cytoplasm contains smaller, highly electron dense granules which are — according to histochemical tests — of protein nature. The existence of transitional forms between both described cell types permits the conclusion that they must be regarded as functional stages of one common gland cell. The secretory surface of both cell types is increased by intercellular canaliculi which can be identified in the light microscope by their strong ATPase and 5′-nucleotidase activities. The entire parenchyma of the gland is site of an exceptionally high esterase concentration. Furthermore, the gland cells contain considerable amounts of β-D-galactosidase, β-D-glucuronidase, leucine aminopeptidase, cytochrome oxydase and succinic dehydrogenase. These last five enzymes are histochemically more active in the protein secreting than in the mucus producing cell type.
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 530-562 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Eye ; Retina ; Honey bee ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'oeil composé du faux-bourdon est formé d'environ 8000 unités photoréceptrices ou ommatidies. Chaque ommatidie, surmontée d'un appareil diotrique constitué d'une lentille cornéenne et d'un cône cristallinien, comporte 9 cellules visuelles dont les parties proximales (axones) pénètrent dans le lobe optique. Le lobe optique est séparé de la rétine sensorielle par une membrane basale. Les cellules visuelles formant l'ommatidie sont de taille inégale: six sont grandes et trois petites. Au centre de l'ommatidie, les grandes cellules visuelles forment de nombreuses microvillosités dont l'ensemble constitue le rhabdome. Celui-ci est du type fermé. La membrane des microvillosités contient probablement le photopigment. Le cytoplasme des cellules visuelles est riche en organites parmi lesquels des vacuoles allongées de réticulum endoplasmique lisse appelées citernes périrhabdominales. Les citernes changent de volume lors de l'adaptation à la lumière et à l'obscurité et apparaissent fréquemment en contact avec des complexes de Golgi ou des profiles de réticulum endoplasmique granulaire. Trois types de cellules pigmentaires sont associés à l'ommatidie: les cellules pigmentaires du cristallin, les cellules pigmentaires externes, et la cellule pigmentaire basale. Les cellules pigmentaires du cristallin sont au nombre de deux et enveloppent le cône cristallinien. 27 à 30 cellules pigmentaires externes entourent l'ommatidie depuis la base de la cornée jusqu'à la membrane basale. La cellule pigmentaire basale occupe le centre de l'ommatidie lorsque les cellules visuelles se transforment en axones. Les divers types cellulaires de la rétine sont séparés les uns des autres par de minces espaces extracellulaires. Dans l'ommatidie, des jonctions serrées ne sont trouvées qu'entre les microvillosités rhabdomériques. Ces résultats sont discutés du point de vue de leur implication fonctionelle et de leur signification vis-à-vis de la morphologie comparée.
    Notes: Summary The eye of the honey bee drone is composed of approximately 8,000 photoreceptive units or ommatidia, each topped by a crystalline cone and a corneal facet. An ommatidium contains 9 visual or retinula cells whose processes or axons pierce a basement membrane and enter the optic lobe underlying the sensory retina. The visual cells of the ommatidium are of unequal size: six are large and three, small. In the center of the ommatidium, the visual cells bear a brush of microvilli called rhabdomere. The rhabdome is a closed-type one and formed mainly by the rhabdomeres of the six large retinula cells. The rhabdomeric microvilli probably contain the photopigment (rhodopsin), whose modification by light lead to the receptor potential in the retinula cells. The cytoplasm of the retinula cells contains various organelles including pigment granules (ommochromes), and peculiar structures called the subrhabdomeric cisternae. The cisternae, probably composed of agranular endoplasmic reticulum undergo swelling during dark adaptation and appear in frequent connection with Golgi cisternae. Three types of pigment cells are associated with each ommatidium. The crystalline cone is entirely surrounded by two corneal pigment cells. The ommatidium, including its dioptric apparatus and corneal pigment cells, is surrounded by a sleeve of about 30 elongated cells called the outer pigment cells. These extend from the base of the corneal facet to the basement membrane. Near the basement membrane the center of the ommatidium is occupied by a basal pigment cell. Open extracellular channels are present between pigment cells as well as between retinula cells. Tight junctions within the ommatidium are restricted to the contact points between the rhabdomeric microvilli. These results are discussed in view of their functional implications in the drone vision, as well as in view of the data of comparative morphology.
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seminal vesicle ; Prostate ; Fetal rat ; Ultrastructure ; Development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the seminal vesicle from the Wolffian duct and of the prostate from the urogenital sinus has been studied in rat fetuses from day 14 of gestation to birth with the use of the electron microscope. Prior to the onset of androgen secretion, the cells of the urogenital sinus and the caudal part of the Wolffian duct have a simple undifferentiated appearance. After the onset of androgen secretion by the fetal testes at day 15, “intracytoplasmic confronting cisternae” of the granular reticulum appear in both urogenital sinus and Wolffian duct. Portions of the granular endoplasmic reticulum of the urogenital sinus become distended with a finely granular, moderately dense material. In the urogenital sinus, many hemidesmosomes are formed at the basal surface of the epithelium. Specializations of the extracellular materials are present opposite the hemidesmosomes. The formation of the seminal vesicles and the prostate begins at day 18–19 of gestation. The cells of the seminal vesicle are taller than the Wolffian duct cells from which they arise, the granular endoplasmic reticulum increases moderately in amount, and a patent lumen is formed. The cells of the fetal prostate do not differ greatly from those of the urogenital sinus from which they arise except that the prostatic cells initially lack hemidesmosomes. The fine structural changes are discussed in relation to the onset of fetal androgen secretion, the formation of the organs, and the functions of the cells in adult life.
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 9-26 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus lateralis tuberis ; Gillichthys ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The nucleus lateralis tuberis (NLT) system of the teleost fish Gillichthys mirabilis was studied with respect to the anatomical organization and distribution of the neurosecretory neurons and the nature of their secretory material. NLT neurons occur in several different areas in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus, located immediately above the pituitary gland. Only the lateral and rostral NLT neurons show definite secretory activity. These neurons, generally of large size, contain numerous large granulated vesicles (LGV), 900–1,000 Å in diameter; on the other hand, the medial and ventrolateral neurons, forming a single layer of cells, are of small size and do not appear to be secretory. LGV are positive after ethanol-phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA) and zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) impregnations. Lateral and rostral neurosecretory neurons also show strong yellow-to-green specific fluorescence after the Falck-Hillarp technique, a strong indication that LGV are the site of catecholamine storage.
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 40-60 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus allatum ; Calliphora erythrocephala ; Ultrastructure ; Hormone Production ; Release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopical study of the corpus allatum (CA) of the adult female Calliphora was undertaken. The cells have a very irregular shape. Light and dark cells are found. Mitochondria occur in great numbers. Microtubules are frequently observed. Free ribosomes are plenty, but rough-surfaced reticulum is scarce. Golgi complexes are not very conspicuous. Axons, mostly containing neurosecretory granules, are frequently found between the cells. The active corpus allatum is remarkable by the numerous lipid droplets and the abundance of tubular agranular reticulum. The reticulum sometimes forms aggregates from which vacuoles are budded off. The vacuoles lose their membrane, at the same time becoming slightly electron opaque, thus being transformed into lipid droplets. It is tentatively postulated that the hormone (or a precursor) is synthesized in the tubules of the agranular reticulum, collected in the vacuoles, and, when the membrane disintegrates, it is dissolved in lipid. The lipid droplets are thought to be released into the haemolymph through the surface of the gland or via intercellular channels. The inactive corpus allatum of the six days old sugar fed flies is small and more or less shrunken. The agranular reticulum is poorly developed, vacuoles are small, and lipid droplets few. The reticulum tends to form whorls, which eventually may possibly be transformed into myelin figures.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sea-Urchin ; Accessory-Cell ; Oocyte ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic observations on ripening ovaries of Strongylocentrotus dröbachiensis, have revealed evidence for micropinocytotic activity of the oocyte surface during early vitellogenesis stages. The microvilli that cover the surface of the oocyte, have been shown to engulf glycogen particles, derived from the accessory-cells. At these early vitellogenesis stages massive globulated accessory-cells are in close contact with the oocyte. Later during the development of the oocyte, the accessory cells retract from the oocyte surface and become considerably shrunken into thin cytoplasmic sheets. Evidence presented here also throws some light on the dynamics of glycogen transfer, from the accessory cell to the oocyte. Furthermore, the ultrastructure of the accessory-cell has been clarified with special reference to the formation and disintegration of globules. Although glycogen in the accessory-cells is organised in the form of alpha particles, during and after transfer into the oocyte, it is only visualised in the beta and gamma forms. This investigation demonstrates clearly the nutritive role of the accessory-cells during oocyte differentiation in sea urchins.
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 293-315 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Herring bodies ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration ; Regeneration ; Neurosecretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Herring bodies in the posterior lobe of the bovine hypophysis are very large (2–600 μ) and can be classified into three types. The type I Herring body contains an accumulation of neurosecretory granules. These Herring bodies are very scarce and should not be confused with the numerous, but small, axonal swellings which also contain neurosecretory granules. The type II Herring body is characterized by the presence of a varying number of normal, moderately electron dense and “empty” vesicles, autophagic vacuoles, multilamellate bodies and occasional mitochondria. These Herring bodies are frequently observed. The type III Herring body is typified by the presence of dense vesicles connected to tubular formations which contain material of variable electron density, of filaments, and of long slender and very numerous mitochondria. The presence of multilamellate bodies and autophagic vacuoles suggests that the type II Herring body is in a degenerating phase. This concept is further substantiated by the similarity between this type of Herring body and transected neurosecretory axons in which degeneration is occurring. A similar comparison suggests that the type III Herring body is undergoing a regenerative process. Our current concept of the structure and function of Herring bodies is revised in the discussion.
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  • 75
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    Keywords: Corpora cardiaca ; Insects ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude infrastructurale des corpora cardiaca de Locusta révèle l'existence de 3 types de fibres neurosécrétrices (portion neurohémale) et d'un seul type de cellules glandulaires (portion endocrine intrinsèque). Elle permet également d'envisager les modalités du rejet des sécrétions exogènes et endogènes.
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study of the corpora cardiaca of Locusta migratoria migratorioides shows three neurosecretory fiber types in the neurohaemal part of these organs; only one cellular type constitutes the intrinsic glandular part of the corpora cardiaca. This study also shows sites of release of stored extrinsic neurosecretory material and of products elaborated by intrinsic glandular cells of the corpora cardiaca.
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  • 76
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    Keywords: Neurosecretory Pathways ; Insects ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude infrastructurale des nerfs cardiaques afférents et des nerfs allato-cardiaques qui entrent dans la constitution du système neurosécréteur rétrocérébral de Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. et F.) révèle l'existence des trois types de fibres neurosécrétrices définis dans les corpora cardiaca. Une quatrième catégorie de fibres caractérisées par la présence de vésicules claires existe dans les nerfs allato-cardiaques et dans les corpora allata. L'origine des fibres et l'évolution des grains de neurosécrétion au cours de leur transit sont envisagées.
    Notes: Summary An ultrastructural study of the nervi corporis cardiaci and nervi corporis allati, which are part of the retrocerebral neurosecretory system of Locusta migratoria migratorioides, reveals the existence of three neurosecretory fiber types. A fourth neurosecretory fibertype with electron lucent vesicles is also present in the nervi corporis allati and in the corpora allata. The fibers are characterized by differences in the size and electron opacity of the neurosecretory granules. The origin of the various neurosecretory fiber types and the evolution of the neurosecretory granules are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 13-28 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory receptors ; Insects ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The antennae of Scolytus multistriatus were examined with light and scanning and transmitting-electron microscopy to determine the distributions, types and structures of sense organs. Four types of sensilla were found: (1) sensilla chaetica, a singly-innervated receptor; (2) sensilla basiconica, Type A, a short, thin-walled, multiple-innervated receptor; (3) sensilla basiconica, Type B, a long, thin-walled multiple-innervated receptor; and (4) sensilla trichodea, short, thick-walled, multiple-innervated receptors. The positioning of dendrite(s) with regard to pore tubules is elaborated. Evidence for lack of sensory axon fusion is presented.
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 388-395 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pomatoceros triqueter ; Egg investments ; Fertilization reaction ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of unfertilized and fertilized egg investments ofPomatoceros triqueter is described. A characteristic feature is the presence of a hitherto unrecorded additional investment layer, inserted between the chorion and the “outer border layer”, which is referred to as the intermediate layer. The fertilization reaction consists of the release of cortical granule material into the perivitelline “space”, and the severing of the microvillous cytosome to “outer border layer” connections, thus allowing an increase in the width of the perivitelline “space”. More ridged corrugations are found on the outer surface of the investments in the fertilized as compared with the unfertilized condition.
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 1-21 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Elasmobranchs ; Glomerular Vessels ; Tubular Secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Glomerula und Hauptstücke der Elasmobranchierniere fallen nach lichtmikroskopischen Studien durch strukturelle Besonderheiten auf, die möglicherweise mit der physiologischen Uraemie dieser Tiergruppe in Zusammenhang stehen. Um weitere morphologische Grundlagen für spätere cytochemische und physiologische Untersuchungen zu gewinnen, haben die Autoren die genannten Nephronabschnitte elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Folgende Befunde wurden erhoben: 1. Die erstaunliche Dicke der Glomerulumgefäße der Elasmobranchier — sie beträgt durchschnittlich 7 μ — beruht auf der Ausbildung einer zellreichen Schicht (Durchmesser durchschnittlich 6 μ) zwischen Podozyten und Endothel. 2. Die Podozyten tragen Einzelcilien, die in den Kapselraum hineinragen, und werden von Strähnen zarter, etwa 80 Å dicker Filamente durchzogen. Möglicherweise handelt es sich um Myofilamente. Zwischen den Füßchen der Podozyten auf der Basalmembran kommen Schlitzmembranen vor. 3. Die Mittelschicht der Gefäßwand entspricht einer stark verdickten Basalmembran, in die außer Kollagenfibrillen Zellen eingebettet sind. Die Mehrzahl dieser intralamellären Zellen besteht aus verästelten Elementen, deren Ausläufer sich innerhalb der Membran ausbreiten. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Aussagen, die sich auf lichtmikroskopische Beobachtungen stützen, werden diese Zellen als fibrozytäre Elemente und nicht als glatte Muskelzellen gedeutet. Eine zweite intralamelläre Zellart, deren Elemente keine Ausläufer besitzen, fällt durch starke Entwicklung von Ergastoplasma auf. 4. Das relativ dicke Endothel der Glomerulumgefäße besitzt eine stark zerklüftete Oberfläche, seine Pseudofenestrierung ist weniger regelmäßig als in den Glomerula höheren Formen ausgebildet. 5. Verschiedene Zustandsbilder einer Abschnürung von vacuolär strukturierten Blasen und von Protuberanzen, die möglicherweise das Äquivalent einer apokrinen Extrusion aus den Hauptstückzellen sind, werden beschrieben. Die Frage bleibt offen, ob dieser Vorgang etwas mit der Abgabe harnpflichtiger Substanzen in das Lumen des Kanälchens zu tun hat. Es handelt sich bei diesen Strukturen nicht um Fixationsartefakte. 6. Die von Lichtmikroskopikern beschriebenen „Basalreifen“ des Nierenkanälchens entsprechen leistenartigen Erhebungen der Innenfläche der Basalmembran. Das Bild der „basalen Kittfäden“ dürfte durch die Cytoplasmapartien zwischen den Basalreifen hervorgerufen werden.
    Notes: Summary According to light microscopical studies glomerula and proximal convoluted tubules of the elasmobranch kidney are characterized by structural peculiarities, which possibly are related to the physiological uremia of this group of animals. In order to obtain morphological fundamentals for cytochemical and physiological studies, the authors have investigated the above mentioned parts of the nephron with the electron microscope. The results are as follows: 1. The remarkable thickness of the glomerular tufts in the elasmobranchs—averaging 7 μ—is due to the presence of a cell-rich layer (diameter about 6 μ) between podocytes and endothelium. 2. The podocytes bear individual cilia protruding into the capsular space. They further contain bundles of fine filaments (diameter approximately 80 Å) which possibly are myofilaments. Between the feet of the podocytes slit membranes occur on the surface of the basement lamina. 3. The medium layer of the vascular wall corresponds to a strongly thickened basement lamina, into which besides collagen fibrils and fuzzy material different cells are embedded. The majority of these intralamellar cells consists of branched elements the processes of which spread inside the membrane. In contrast to earlier statements, which were based on light microscopical observations, these cells are interpreted to represent fibrocytic elements and not smooth muscle cells. A second intralamellar cell type which does not possess any processes, is marked by well developed cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. 4. The relatively thick endothelium of the glomerular vessels possesses a rugged surface, its pseudofenestration beeing less regular than in glomerular capillaries of higher vertebrates. 5. Vesiculated spherical bodies, swollen cellular apices and protuberances apparently being pinched off in the proximal convoluted tubule—possibly equivalents of an apocrine extrusion—are described. The authors are of the opinion that these structures do not represent artifacts caused by fixation. It remains on open question, whether this extrusion contributes to the composition of the tubular urine. 6. The “Basalreifen” of the kidney tubule as have been described by light microscopists, correspond to crests of the inner surface of the basement lamina, the “basale Kittfäden” to the strips of cytoplasm between these “Basalreifen”.
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 149-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nuclear division ; Protozoan ; Ultrastructure ; Microtubules ; Colchicine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes in the micro- and macronucleus throughout division were followed in synchronized cultures of the suctorian, Tokophrya infusionum. After an initial swelling, the micronucleus elongates enormously; microtubules within the micronucleus proliferate and lengthen as the micronucleus elongates. Changes in the macronucleus become visible only after micronuclear division is well underway. The chromatin bodies fuse into long chromatin strands, and the large bundles of microtubules present in the resting macronucleus break up into small groups which parallel the chromatin strands. Colchicine, which prevents reproduction in Tokophrya, seems to block division at a very early stage. The macronucleus appears the same as the resting nucleus of untreated organisms, with numerous microtubules and distinct chromatin bodies. The chromatin in the micronucleus aggregates into large clumps, however, and proliferation of microtubules does not occur.
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 184-195 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Rotifer ; RNA synthesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oocyte development in Asplanchna brightwelli was studied by observation through the transparent body wall of living females and by electron microscopy. During oogenesis, which requires four to six hours, the oocyte increases in volume approximately 1000-fold. Most of its cytoplasm appears to be derived from the vitellarium by direct flow through the cytoplasmic bridge. This flow is rapid enough to be easily observed in the living female at low magnifications. Ribosomes, mitochondria, cortical granules, and lipid droplets were observed in the bridge area in electron micrographs. RNA synthesis during oogenesis was studied by means of autoradiography. Very little synthesis could be demonstrated in oocyte nuclei at any period of oogenesis, whereas the vitellarium nuclei show active incorporation of 3H-uridine throughout the reproductive life of the adult female. Most of this RNA is subsequently transferred to developing oocytes.
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 426-441 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Regeneration ; Actinomycin D ; Cellular differentiation ; Young Planarians ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'utilisation de l'actinomycine D, au cours de la régénération de Planaires à l'éclosion ou de celle d'adultes, montre que ces deux groupes d'animaux réagissent différemment à l'antibiotique. La régénération se produit en présence de l'antibiotique chez les jeunes Planaires, alors que, pour la même concentration (50 μg/cm3), elle est totalement bloquée chez les adultes. Elle débute dès la décapitation des animaux; le retour dans l'eau, après un traitement par l'antibiotique qui va de 1 à 4 jours, ne modifie pas son déroulement morphologique. L'examen ultrastructural montre que les cellules différenciées présentent le plus souvent des dissociations nucléolaires importantes. Les lésions s'étendent progressivement à toute la cellule qui dégénère fréquemment. Les cellules morphologiquement indifférenciées ne sont que faiblement altérées (raréfaction du composant granulaire du nucléole), et récupèrent une structure normale après retour dans l'eau. Ces résultats conduisent à envisager l'étude des synthèses d'ARN, au cours de ces expériences, au niveau des organismes entiers et au niveau cellulaire.
    Notes: Summary The utilization of actinomycin D during the regeneration of young and adult Planarians shows that the two groups of animals react differently to the antibiotic. Regeneration takes place in the presence of the antibiotic in young Planarians, whereas it is entirely inhibited in adult ones, applying the same concentration (50 μg/cm3). In the young animals it begins immediately after decapitation. Their return into the water, after a treatment with the antibiotic lasting from 1 to 4 days, does not interfere with the morphological differentiation. The ultrastructural investigation exhibits that in the majority of the undifferentiated cells the nucleolus is largely dissociated. The lesions gradually extend to the whole cell which frequently degenerates. The morphologically undifferentiated cells are weakly impaired (depletion of the granular component of the nucleolus), and they recover a normal structure after their return into water. These results lead us to study the RNA synthesis, during these experimentations, on the whole organism as well as the cellular level.
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    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 473-493 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus Luteum ; Guinea-Pig ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron-microscopic investigation, based on the suggestion that differences seen in progesterone levels under differing hormonal conditions might be reflected in the ultrastructural organisation of the lutein cells of the guinea-pig was undertaken. Comparisons were made between corpora lutea taken from animals during the normal oestrous cycle, pregnancy and lactation, and after hysterectomy or hypophysectomy. The lutein cells from the oestrous cycle corpus luteum appeared to be of two types, “light” and “dark”. The former were more numerous. The main difference between them lay in the arrangement of the endoplasmic reticulum. Lutein cells from corpora lutea (with the exception of the “old” degenerating corpora lutea) all contained well-developed agranular endoplasmic reticulum, little granular endoplasmic reticulum, several electron-dense lipid granules, lysosomal bodies which ranged from small spherical bodies to large autophagic vesicles and mitochondria. The mitochondria were numerous, and in the corpus luteum of pregnancy, they were closely associated with the parallel arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum. With minor exceptions, the lutein cells of the guinea-pig present a strikingly uniform picture despite their hormonal condition. The manner in which this uniformity of ultrastructure may be related to observed differences in progesterone levels in the corpus luteum of the guinea-pig is discussed.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 443-463 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Limulus heart ; Ultrastructure ; Cardiac innervation ; Hypertonicity effects ; Intercalated disks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Limulus cardiac muscle was examined. The hearts were fixed in situ by perfusion with isotonic glutaraldehyde solution while in relaxed, contracted, or stretched states. The sarcomeres are relatively long, varying in length from about 2.5 to 6.6 μ. The average A-band length is 2.46 μ. M lines are absent, and H zones are poorly distinguished. Thick and thin filament diameters average about 200 Å and 50 Å, respectively; each thick filament is surrounded by 8–12 thin ones. Superficial invaginations of the sarcolemma occur, making contact with the Z lines of the outermost myofibrils. There is an extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse (T) tubules. Some T tubules run longitudinally and some open into deep sarcolemmal invaginations which extend into the fiber interior. The T tubules swell markedly in hypertonic solution. Single neurons and small bundles of neurons are observed in close apposition with myocardial cells. Intercalated disks are found in Limulus heart at regions of contact between contiguous myocardial cells lying end to end; semitight or gap junctions are essentially absent. Prominent differences in sarcomere lengths sometimes occur across the disk, thus indicating that the disks demarcate cells functionally. Hence, in addition to direct motoneuron activation, there may be some transfer of excitation across the intercalated disks in accord with our previous finding that propagating, overshooting action potentials can be induced in this heart.
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  • 85
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 487-501 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cryptonephridial system ; Tenebrio molitor ; Rectal complex ; Perinephric membrane ; Leptophragmata ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study has been to elucidate the structure of the rectal complex of the meal worm, in particular of the perinephric membrane and the leptophragmata. Most of Grimstone's (1968) findings have been confirmed, but in some respects a different interpretation is suggested. 1. The perinephric membrane is limited towards the hemocoele by a basement membrane secreted by a layer of elongated cells. Over the leptophragmata, these cells are lacking, whereas the basement membrane is enormously thickened, constituting the so-called blister. 2. The tracheole cells form a network in all of the perinephric membrane. 3. The perinephric membrane may be divided into an outer and an inner sheath. The main part of the outer sheath is an acellular matrix, probably a basement membrane secreted by the tracheole cells. This matrix is extremely thin over the leptophragmata. 4. The inner sheath is mostly made up of tracheole cells. In the inner part of this sheath, multiple extremely thin cell layers are observed; it is suggested that cells in these layers have nuclei located in the innermost layer of the sheath. The inner sheath is absent over the leptophragma. 5. The leptophragma is a thin plate-like protrusion from a modified tubule cell, the leptophragma cell. Together the cell body and the cytoplasmic rim of the leptophragma cell make up a short funnel communicating with the tubule lumen; the short funnel is filled with thin microvilli without mitochondria.
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  • 86
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    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 405-424 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Midgut ; Formica ; Histophysiology ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules du mésentéron des ouvrières, des reines et des mâles de Formica polyctena F. possèdent un certain nombre de particularités cytologiques dont l'évolution a été suivie au cours du développement post-embryonnaire et du cycle annuel. A l'apex des cellules de régénération les microvillosités se différencient avant l'élimination des cellules caduques larvaires ou nymphales. A partir de la nymphose une activité sécrétoire apocrine se manifeste dans la partie dorsale de l'épithélium du mésentéron, l'ensemble des cellules assurant par ailleurs la fonction absorbante de l'organe. Il existe deux sortes d'inclusions cytoplasmiques, des polysaccharides et des concrétions minérales. Les polysaccharides sont surtout abondants chez les larves et les nymphes: le glycogène, polysaccharide de réserve, est utilisé au cours de l'histogénèse; des mucopolysaccharides acides, d'origine golgienne, représentent une sécrétion muqueuse. Les sphérocristaux sont constitués de strates concentriques de phosphates et chlorures de calcium et d'une matrice de mucopolysaccharides. La cristallisation des éléments minéraux s'effectue, à partir de la nymphose seulement, dans les citernes ergastoplasmiques. Cette accumulation d'ions pourrait être en relation avec le régime alimentaire de l'insecte ou représenter une voie d'excrétion.
    Notes: Summary The midgut cells of workers, queens and males of the ant Formica polyctena show cytological characteristics which were studied in the course of postembryonic development and annual cycle. The microvilli of the regenerating cells appear before the elimination of the regressing larval and pupal cells. At the time of pupation, an active phase of apocrine secretion begins in the dorsal part of the midgut epithelium, while the absorptive function is carried out by all cells of the organ. Two types of cytoplasmic inclusions coexist: polysaccharides and mineral concretions. The polysaccharides are particulary abundant in larvae and pupae. Glycogen is metabolized during histogenesis; acid mucopolysaccharides, elaborated in the Golgi apparatus, represent a mucous secretion. The spherites are composed of concentric strata of calcium phosphate and chloride and a matrix of mucopolysaccharides. These minerals form in the ergastoplasmic cisternae of pupal cells only. Their accumulation could be related to the insect's diet, or it could reflect a process of excretion.
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  • 87
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 322-353 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptors ; Collembola ; Dioptric apparatus ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude ultrastructurale de l'appareil dioptrique des photorécepteurs des Collemboles adultes a permis de reconsidérer la structure des formations oculaires à ommatidies aggrégées. Quatre types de cornéules ont été reconnus, dont les plus remarquables sont ceux à ≪mamelons cornéens≫. Les cellules cristalliniennes au nombre de quatre assurent alternativement une double fonction au cours de chaque cycle de la mue. Sur les faces distales, les cellules élaborent le matériel cuticulaire de la cornéule; vers l'intérieur elles sécrètent le cristallin. Les cellules de Semper réalisent ainsi une fonction cornéagène et une fonction cristallogène. La répartition spatiale des organites intracellulaires en couches concentriques est une caractéristique des Collemboles. Chaque cellule cristallinienne envoie vers la membrane basale un processus tubulaire contenant des granules denses de nombreux microtubules et du glycogène en faible quantité. Les cônes cristallins présentent une grande diversité de forme de structure et de composition chimique. Suivant les groupes le cristallin peut être une formation intracellulaire ou extracellulaire, simple ou quadripartite. La présence de petits cristallins satellites associés à un cristallin unique reste inexpliquée mais caractérise une espèce troglobie Tomocerus problematicus. Deux cellules dites ≪cornéagènes≫ à cytoplasme toujours pauvre en organites intracytoplasmiques, avec ou sans pigment, complètent l'appareil dioptrique des ommas des Collemboles.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural features of the dioptric apparatus of photoreceptors of adult Collembola described by the author has enabled the author to compare the structure of ocular formations with aggregated ommatidia. Four different types of corneulae have been determined, the most remarkable of which are those showing ‘corneal nipples’. The four crystalline cells have alternately different functions during each molting cycle. On their distal surfaces, the cells elaborate cuticular material of the corneula; proximally, they secrete a crystalline cone. The Semper cells thus have both corneogenous and crystallogenous functions. The typically concentric spatial distribution of intracellular organelles in these cells is a characteristic feature for Collembola. Each crystalline cell sends towards the basal membrane a tubular process containing granules, numerous microtubules, and a small amount of glycogen. The shape, the structure, and the chemical composition of the crystalline cones are highly variable. In Collembola, the crystalline formation can either be intracellular or extracellular, and it can be simple or quadripartite. No explanation has yet been advanced for the existence of small crystalline satellites which appear to be associated with the single large crystalline cones; this association is characteristic for the troglobian species Tomocerus problematicus. The dioptric apparatus of Collembolan ommatidia is completed by the presence of two corneogenous cells, the cytoplasm of which contains few organelles and in some cases pigments.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Notochord ; Caecilians ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The notochord of Ichthyophis glutinosus and I. kohtaoensis consists of peripheral flattened cells characterized by a well-developed system of rough endoplasmic reticulum, bundles of tonofilaments, and abundant glycogen particles. These cells contain furthermore fairly high activities of α-naphtyl-acetate esterase and 4-chloro-5-bromoindoxyl acetate esterase as well as acid phosphatase which was found in lysosomal localization. The huge intracellular vacuoles of the centrally situated cells possibly originate from electron translucent spaces within the glycogen fields of the peripheral cells. The notochord sheath consists of variously differentiated layers of collagen fibers and of an elastica externa. The diameters of the collagen fibers increase from the inner towards the outer region of the sheath. A peculiar feature of the Ichthyophis notochord sheath is a ring of mineralized collagen. The notochord of the caecilians investigated is compared with that of anurans, urodeles, and several groups of fish.
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  • 89
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 451-462 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood ; Annelidae ; Eisenia foetida L. (Sav.) ; Haemocytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Hämolymphe von Eisenia foetida L. (Sav.) kommen zwei Blutzelltypen vor: Aus dem Chloragogen freigesetzte Eleocyten und aus dem Peritoneum stammende Amöbocyten. Die Eleocyten enthalten in frühen Stadien typische Chloragosomen, später hämoglobinhaltige Proteinvakuolen mit Ferritineinlagerungen. Diese Einschlüsse werden in die Hämolymphe abgegeben. In der Form der Eleocyten kann das Chloragogen als temporär „flüssiges“ Gewebe aufgefaßt werden. Die Amöbocyten treten entweder in der mit Pseudopodien versehenen Transportform oder in der „petaloiden“ Phagocytoseform auf. Sie enthalten Glykogendepots, Lysosomen und Bündel cytoplasmatischer Filamente, die aus elektronendichten, als Trichohyalineinlagerungen gedeuteten Granula hervorgehen.
    Notes: Summary In the haemolymph of Eisenia foetida L. (Sav.) two types of blood cells occur: The eleocytes which are released from the chloragogue tissue and the amoebocytes which are derived from the peritoneal endothelium. Chloragosomes are present in the early stage of the eleocytes, later they are replaced by protein vacuoles containing hemoglobin and ferritin. These products are released into the haemolymph. Therefore the chloragogue tissue may be considered as a temporary liquid tissue represented by the eleocytes. The amoebocytes have the form of either cells with pseudopodia having a transport function, or of petal-shaped phagocytes. Both types contain glycogen deposits, lysosomes and bundles of cytoplasmic filaments which grow out of electron-opaque granules. These granules appear to contain trichohyalin which is gradually transformed into filamentous scleroproteins.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Onychophora ; Peripatus ; Slime glands ; Proteic secretion ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans les glandes de la glu, formations propres aux Onychophores, les tubes sécréteurs comprennent un épithélium glandulaire entouré d'une enveloppe conjonctive et musculaire. L'enveloppe conjonctive, délimitée par des membranes basales de mucopolysaccharides neutres et de mucoprotéines, contient deux sortes de fibrilles: des fibrilles collagènes et un type particulier de fibrilles élastiques. Les fibres musculaires, éparses, d'orientation circulaire, montrent une organisation beaucoup plus rudimentaire que dans les muscles somatiques. L'épithélium glandulaire est formé de cellules prismatiques toutes semblables, à gros noyau polyploïde en position basale, avec nucléole très volumineux. L'ensemble du cytoplasme de ces cellules est chargé de ribonucléines sous forme d'ergastoplasme granulifère à citernes concentriques et de nombreux ribosomes libres. Les structures lamellaires concentriques de l'ergastoplasme, qui se différencient du côté basal, près des noyaux, s'accroissent dans la région médiane des cellules et se désorganisent à l'apex, en libérant des grandes quantités de ribosomes. La sécrétion de ces cellules est formée essentiellement de protéines qui s'accumulent dans la région apicale sans passer par l'appareil de Golgi, lequel est d'ailleurs peu développé. Ces protéines ne sont donc pas concentrées en granules de sécrétion, mais déchargées dans la cavité glandulaire, directement à l'état diffus, par l'intermédiaire d'épanchements cytoplasmiques de la face apicale cellulaire dans lesquels passent également de nombreux ribosomes libres. Polyploïdie, grand volume nucléolaire, hyperdéveloppement de l'ergastoplasme granulifère, abondance des ribosomes libres, non-intervention de l'appareil de Golgi et absence de concentration de la sécrétion en granules sont mis en relation avec la synthèse rapide et continue des protéines qui forment le principal constituant de la glu.
    Notes: Summary In the peculiar slime glands of the Onychophora, the secretory tubes consist of a glandular epithelium surrounded by a layer of connective and muscular tissue. The connective layer, bounded by basal membranes of neutral mucopolysaccharides and mucoproteins, contains two kinds of fibrils: collagenous fibrils and an especial type of elastic fibrils. The muscle fibers, which are scattered and circularly oriented, are more simply organized than those of the somatic muscles. The glandular epithelium is constituted by prismatic cells of the same type, with a large polyploid basally situated nucleus, containing a very large nucleolus. The cytoplasm of these cells is filled with ribonucleins in form of ergastoplasm and in numerous free ribosomes. Concentric lamellar structures of ergastoplasm, which originate basally close to the nucleus, are well developed in the central region of the cell and become disorganized at the apex, where they liberate great quantities of ribosomes. The secretion of these cells consists essentially of proteins, which accumulate in the apical region without passing through the poorly developed Golgi apparatus. These proteins, therefore, are not concentrated in secretory granules, rather they are released in a diffuse form, into the glandular cavity. They are discharged in cytoplasmic expansions detached from the apical region, together with a large quantity of free ribosomes. Polyploidy, large nucleolus, well developed granular ergastoplasm, abundance of free ribosomes, non-participation of the Golgi apparatus and lack of concentration in secretory granules are correlated with rapid and continuous synthesis of proteins which are the principal component of the slime.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Diplopoda ; Cerebral gland ; Ultrastructure ; Molting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die paarige Cerebraldrüse von Polyxenus lagurus ist eine endokrine Drüse. Sie liegt den Tritocerebralganglien seitlich dicht an und wird vom äußerlich nicht sichtbaren Nervus glandulae cerebralis innerviert. Sie besitzt keine Bindegewebshülle, sondern ragt frei in einen Hämolymphsinus. Die Cerebraldrüse setzt sich aus zwei Bereichen zusammen, einem basophilen und einem lateralen acidophilen. Diese unterscheiden sich auch bezüglich ihrer Feinstruktur. 2. Der basophile Bereich setzt sich aus Drüsenparenchymzellen zusammen, zwischen denen der Nervus glandulae cerebralis verläuft. Die Zellen sind durch zahlreiche Golgi-Komplexe gekennzeichnet. Von deren Zisternen werden kleine Sekretgrana abgeschnürt, die sich zu unregelmäßig geformten Sekretvakuolen mit elektronenoptisch wenig dichtem Inhalt vereinigen. 3. Der acidophile Bereich setzt sich aus Drüsenzellen und wenigen gliaartigen Zellen zusammen. Zwischen diesen verlaufen die Endverzweigungen des Nervus glandulae cerebralis und ein System von Lakunen, das mit dem umgebenden Hämolymphsinus kommuniziert. Die Zelloberflächen lassen oft Vesikulationen erkennen. Nicht selten findet man in lokalisierten Hämolymphräumen Mikrovilli der angrenzenden Drüsenzellen. Golgi-Komplexe sind sehr häufig, die an ihren Zisternen entstehenden Sekretvakuolen kugelig oder ellipsoid. Der maximale Durchmesser der Sekretvakuolen beträgt 1,7–1,8 μm. Ihr Inhalt ist granulär und elektronendicht. Bei Tieren, die nicht unmittelbar vor einer Häutung stehen, zeigt er rasterartige Aufhellungen und häufig parallele Lamellenstapel. Die Hüllmembranen der größeren Vakuolen sind stellenweise fragmentiert. 4. Wird experimentell die Häutung in Gang gesetzt, so sind bereits 24 h später Veränderungen in den Axonen des Nervus glandulae cerebralis festzustellen. Sie sind jetzt mit vermutlich neurosekretorischen Granula von 1200–1800 Å Durchmesser angefüllt. Auch in den acidophilen Drüsenzellen sind Veränderungen der Feinstruktur zu erkennen. Die Zisternen des endoplasmatischen Retikulum zeichnen sich durch blasige Erweiterungen aus. Zwischen den Sekretvakuolen sind keine Zisternen mehr zu finden. Dort hat sich die Menge der freien Ribosomen vergrößert. Die Golgi-Zisternen sind perlschnurartig angeschwollen und haben einen elektronendichten Inhalt, der dem der Sekretvakuolen gleicht. 5. Die Ergebnisse werden diskutiert und denen gegenübergestellt, die von anderen Autoren bei der Untersuchung vergleichbarer Organe verwandter Tiere erzielt worden waren.
    Notes: Summary 1. The paired cerebral gland of Polyxenus lagurus is an endocrine organ. It lies directly lateral to the tritocerebral ganglia and is innervated by the nervus glandulae oerebralis. The organ is not ensheathed by connective tissue and extends freely into the hemocoele. It consists of two structurally different regions, viz. a basophilic part adjacent to the brain and a lateral acidophilic region. 2. The basophilic portion traversed by the nervus glandulae cerebralis is composed of gland cells with large, round nuclei, few and small mitochondria and numerous Golgi complexes. Small secretory granules are pinched off from Golgi cisternae and unite to form huge irregular vacuoles whose content is heterogenous and of low electron density. 3. The acidophilic region contains gland cells without processes and few glialike cells. Between these the terminal branches of the nervus glandulae cerebralis are found, and a system of lacunae which communicate with the surrounding hemolymph. The cell surfaces are often vesiculated near the lacunae. Microvilli of gland cells are not rarely extending into hemolymph spaces. The nuclei are lobated. Mitochondria are more numerous and larger than in the other region of the gland. Golgi complexes are both large and abundant; the maximal diameter of the secretory vacuoles formed by their cisternae is 1.7–1.8 μm. The content of the secretory vacuoles is granular and electron dense. In animals not close to molting it shows a regular pattern of light spots and frequently parallel stacks of lamellae. The bounding membrane of the larger vacuoles may appear fragmented in places. Large vacuoles of low density are relatively rare. 4. Changes in the axons of the nervus glandulae cerebralis are noticeable as early as 24 hours after experimental induction of molting. They are then filled with large presumably neurosecretory granules of 1200–1800 Å diameter which had been absent before. Pine structural changes are also recognizable in the acidophilic gland cells. Just before molt the cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum bear regular, blisterlike expansions. Cisternae are no longer recognizable between the secretory vacuoles. Free ribosomes increase in number in these spaces. Golgi cisternae are shortened but show beaded expansions. The flaky content of the inner cisternae resembles that of the secretory vacuoles. The content of all secretory vacuoles is of uniformly high electron density and without light spots or parallel striations. 5. The results are discussed and compared with those of other studies of comparable organs in related animals.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovarian follicle ; Ultrastructure ; Lacerta vivipara
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des contacts étroits s'établissent d'abord entre la granulosa et la membrane plasmique de l'ovocyte. L'aire pellucide les sépare ensuite. L'ovocyte émet de nombreuses microvillosités digitiformes et des processus intenses de micropinocytose se produisent au niveau des invaginations ovocytaires. Des granules provenant de la thèque externe, passent dans les espaces intercellulaires de la granulosa, se répandent dans l'aire pellucide et envahissent les invaginations de l'ovocyte. Des vésicules tapissées, différenciées à partir de la membrane plasmique de ces invaginations, captent des granules et s'isolent dans le cytoplasme; elles perdent leur revêtement externe et donnent naissance à des sphères vitellines corticales. Le rôle attribué jusqu'alors aux cellules piriformes n'est pas confirmé. Le grand développement de l'appareil de Golgi dans ces cellules peut indiquer une fonction sécrétoire qui serait à l'origine du matériel amorphe périovocytaire.
    Notes: Summary First the granulosa cells establish close contact with the plasma membrane of the oocyte. Then, the zona pellucida separates them. The oocyte acquires numerous microvillosities, and an intensely active micropinocytosis is observed in the ovocytic invaginations. Granules originating in the theca externa pass through the intercellular spaces of the granulosa and invade the zona pellucida and the invaginations of the oocyte. At the level of these invaginations, coated vesicles incorporate granules and form granular vesicles without coating. These granular vesicles are transformed into cortical vitelline spheres. The nutritive function, generally assigned to the pyriform cells, is not confirmed in this study. The great development of the Golgi apparatus in these cells suggests a secretory function. Perhaps the pyriform cells secrete the amorphous component of the periovocytic space.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 309-320 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Central nervous system ; Mite ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Synganglion wird von einer extrazellulären Scheide umkleidet und ist in Cortex und Neuropil gegliedert. Der Cortex enthält zwei Gliazellschichten (die jeweils durch einen bestimmten Zelltyp charakterisiert sind) und drei Typen von Neuronenzellkörpern. Neuronenzellkörper vom Typ I sind sehr elektronendicht und nur selten anzutreffen; Typ II ist am häufigsten vertreten; Typ III wird durch neurosekretorische Zellen repräsentiert, die zudem ein relativ größeres Plasmavolumen als Typ I und Typ II besitzen. Ausgedehnte Bereiche der Neuronenzellkörper sind nicht umhüllt. Außerdem wurde ein dritter Gliazelltyp im Neuropil gefunden. Die äußere corticale Gliaschicht, Perineurium genannt, liegt unter der extrazellulären Scheide und überdeckt die Neuronen teilweise. In Gebieten, in denen Neuronenzellkörper fehlen, überlagert das Perineurium eine zweite Gliazellschicht, das Subperineurium. Diese Schicht kann sich ins Innere des Ganglions erstrecken, falls sie auf eine Neuronenzellkörpergruppe stößt. Das Subperineurium trägt sowohl zur Umhüllung der Neuronenzellkörper, als auch der Nervenfasern bei. Es steht in direktem Zusammenhang mit Gliazellen aus dem Inneren des Neuropils. Das Neuropil umfaßt Nervenfasern und Gliazellen und umgibt den ösophagealen Kanal, welcher vom Perineurium und Subperineurium gebildet wird. Hüllenlose Nervenfasern treten in drei Arten miteinander in Verbindung, durch Endknöpfe, Längs- und Querkontakte.
    Notes: Summary The synganglion is bounded by an extracellular sheath and is divided into the cortex and the neuropile. The cortex contains two glial layers, each of which is composed of a distinctive type of glial cell, and three types of neurons. Type I is the least common and most electron dense, type II is most common, and type III represents neurosecretory cells with a larger volume of cytoplasm than in types I and II. Substantial areas of the neuron cell bodies are unsheathed. A third type of glial cell is found in the neuropile. The first glial layer of the cortex, the perineurium, lies beneath the extracellular sheath and overlies the neuron cell bodies contributing to their ensheathment. In areas lacking neuron cells bodies, the perineurium overlies a second glial layer, the subpermeurium, which is inflected inwards where a group of neuron cell bodies is encountered. The subperineurium contributes to the ensheathment of both the cell bodies of neurons and the nerve fibers. It is confluent with glial cells which arise within the neuropile. The neuropile contains nerve fibers and glial cells and is perforated by the esophageal canal, which is lined by the perineurium and subperineurium. Unsheathed nerve fibers contact each other in three ways: end-knob, longitudinal, and cross contacts.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chordotonal organ ; Insects ; Head appendages ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les organes chordotonaux présents dans les différentes pièces céphaliques de la larve du Speophyes peuvent être classés en deux catégories. La première catégorie regroupe les récepteurs scolopidiaux de l'antenne, du labium et du palpe maxillaire. On peut les comparer au scolopidium de l'organe tympanique du Criquet décrit par Gray (1960). La deuxième catégorie comprend les récepteurs scolopidiaux de la mandibule et de la lacinia: ils sont du amphinématique. Le sensille scolopidial de la galea représente un type intermédiaire. Nous signalons l'importance des structures de soutien et de fixation, qui doivent permettre une bonne transmission de toutes les déformations et tensions subies par le tégument. Nous discutons du rôle joué par la ≪gap junction≫ qui unit les deux dendrites dans les scolopidium. de la deuxième catégorie. Enfin nous essayons d'établir des hypothèses sur le fonctionnement des scolopidium.
    Notes: Summary The chordotonal organs located in the various head appendages of the Speophyes larva, can be divided into two classes. The scolopidial receptors of the antenna, the labium and the palpus maxillae belong to the first class. They can be compared to the scolopidium of the locust tympanic organ described by Gray.—The second class contains the scolopidial receptors of the mandible and the lacinia: their type is amphinematic. The scolopidial sensilla of the galea represents an intermediate type. We demonstrate many supporting and fixation structures which probably allow a good transmission of all the deformations and strains affecting the tegument. The function of the gap junction which connects the two dendrites in the scolopidia of the second class is discussed. Finally we try to formulate hypothesis of the functioning of scolopidia.
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  • 95
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 58-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ovary ; Rat ; Fowl ; Granulosa cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle of the rat and the domestic fowl have been studied with the light and electron microscope. The nuclei of the granulosa cells were irregular with indentations and large in proportion to the cytoplasm of the cell. The mitochondria had a dense, dark matrix with only few cristac. The Golgi apparatus was moderately developed, located towards the oocyte in a juxtanuclear position. The endoplasmic reticulum was rather sparse. Lipid droplets were only occasionally encountered. Microtubules were regularly observed. The functions of the granulosa cells are discussed. Compared with the steroid-producing cells of the theca interna of the same follicles, the granulosa cells primarily are the nursing cells for the growing oocyte and mainly have the characteristics of protein forming cells.
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  • 96
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 188-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Granulosa cells ; Fowl ; Influence of clomiphene ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present paper describes for the first time the fine structure of ovarian granulosa cells as seen after administration of clomiphene to the domestic fowl for a 28 days period. The main cytoplasmic changes of the granulosa cells seemed to be an increase in the number of mitochondria, dense bodies and complex bodies. The Golgi apparatus became enlarged, and there was an increase in the endoplasmic reticulum, annular desmosomes and cytoplasmic processes. All the observations made are similar to those made after administration of steroids and gonadotropins. In conclusion, therefore, the present study has demonstrated that administration of clomiphene exerts a stimulating effect on the granulosa cells. The mechanism of this effect is discussed.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Symbiotes ; Hereditary ; Insects ; Types ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'examen au microscope électronique des symbiontes transmis par l'œuf chez les Homoptères, montre des types très divers: levures, bactéries plus ou moins régressées et des formes énigmatiques ressemblant parfois à des globules de sécrétion. Toutefois, les diverses catégories de symbiontes décrites auparavant en microscopie photonique ne sont pas toujours retrouvées. Il n'est pas possible de caractériser un genre par ses symbiontes.
    Notes: Summary Electron microscope study of symbiotes hereditarily transmitted through the eggs of in Homoptera, shows very different types: yeasts, more or less degenerated bacteria and enigmatical forms looking in some way like drops of secretion. Yet the numerous distinct species of symbiotes described in some cases by light microscopists are not always found again. It is not possible to distinguish a genus by its symbiotes.
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  • 98
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 552-576 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound Eye ; Apis mellifica ; Ultrastructure ; Polarized Light
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Retina der Bienenarbeiterin wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Dabei hat sich folgendes gezeigt: 1. Die einzelnen Ommatidien sind in der Regel aus der Corneafacette, dem Kristallkegel, 8 Retinulazellen und den Haupt-, Neben- und basalen Pigmentzellen aufgebaut. Ommatidien mit mehr als 8 Retinulazellen sind selten. 2. Die Anordnung der vierteiligen Kristallkegel, deren Quadranten verschieden anfärbbar sind, ist innerhalb der Augenbögen konstant. 3. Die Ausrichtung der viergeteilten Rhabdome schwankt in den Augenbögen zwischen einer Verdrehung um einen Winkel von annähernd 0 bis 90°. Die Morphologie der Bienenretina wird diskutiert im Hinblick auf die Orientierung nach dem Polarisationsmuster des vom blauen Himmel reflektierten Lichtes.
    Notes: Summary The retina of the worker honeybee is studied by means of electron and light-microscopy. The results are as follows: 1. Generally the single ommatidium is composed of the cornea facette, crystalline cone, 8 retinula cells and the principal, secondary and basal pigment cells. Ommatidia with more than 8 retinula cells occur very rarely. 2. The arrangement of the fourfold crystalline cones with quadrants differently stainable, is found to be constant within the eye-rows. 3. The orientation of the four-divided rhabdoms shows a variable rotation of approximately zero to 90° within the eye-rows. The morphology of the retina of the worker honeybee is discussed with regard to the orientation according to the pattern of polarization of light reflected from the blue sky.
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  • 99
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 29-36 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Macula densa ; Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Bird ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The macula densa (MD) site of the kidney, at which the distal tubule is attached to the vascular pole of the glomerulus, was examined with the light microscope in domestic fowl and Japanese quail; and in the fowl also with the electron microscope. The characteristics of mammalian MD cells, as reported in the literature, are compared with those of the cells in the avian MD site. The avian cells possess some of the characteristics of mammalian MD cells and they are distinguishable from the cells in adjacent portions of the distal tubule. The Golgi system in the avian cells is apical to the nucleus, unlike in mammals where its location is basal. The cells in the avian MD sites can be considered as structurally transitional between the typical MD cells in mammals and the ordinary cells of the distal tubule. These findings are discussed in relation to the function of the avian kidney and to its control by the renin mechanism.
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  • 100
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    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 358-376 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Leukocyte ; Peripheral ; Human ; Ultrastructure ; Osmium-Zinc-Impregnation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Leukozytenkonzentrate des peripheren Blutes von gesunden Versuchs-personen wurden in 2,5%iger Glutaraldehyd-Lösung (0,1 M Na-Cacodylat-Puffer, pH 7,3) vorfixiert und nach der Methode von Maillet (1959) mit OsO4 + ZnJ2 inkubiert. Dickschnitte wurden mit dem Mikroanalysator (Siemens) auf ihren Gehalt an Osmium, Zink und Jod analysiert und die Dünnschnitte mit dem Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Bei der Mikroanalyse ließen sich Osmium und Zink, nicht aber Jod nachweisen. Die elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchungen ergaben folgende Resultate: Beträgt der pH-Wert der Inkubationslösung 5,6, so findet sich eine starke Os/Zn-Imprägnation des Golgi-Apparates, des Kernspaltes und des Endoplasmatischen Retikulums bei sämtlichen Arten der weißen Blutzellen. Die Matrix der Mitochondrien dieser Zellen ist im allgemeinen weniger stark imprägniert. Auch in den Lysosomen der Monozyten und Plasmazellen sind geringfügige Os/Zn-Präzipitate nachweisbar. Es findet keine Reaktion in den Leukozytengranula und in den Zentriolen statt. Dagegen zeigen die Lipidtropfen der eosinophilen Granulozyten eine sehr starke, homogene Os/Zn-Imprägnation. Diese ist bereits nach 40 min Inkubation voll ausgeprägt. Bei einer Schnittkontrastierung mit Uranylacetat werden die Os/Zn-Präzipitate wieder herausgelöst, wenn die Kontrastierung länger als 2 min dauert. Eine Bleikontrastierung hat keinen Einfluß auf die Os/Zn-Präzipitate. Bei Erhöhung des pH-Wertes der Inkubationslösung auf 6,2 kommt es zur starken Imprägnation des Externums der eosinophilen Granula, während Kernspalt, Golgi-Apparat und Mitochondrienmatrix keine Reaktion zeigen. Die Imprägnationsdichte der Lipidtropfen der eosinophilen Granulozyten ist pH-unabhängig.
    Notes: Summary “Buffy coats” of normal human peripheral blood were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde (buffered with 0.1 M Na-cacodylate, pH 7.3) and incubated with a mixture of osmium tetroxide and zinc iodide (pH 5.2) after the method of Maillet (1959). Utilizing an electron probe microanalyser (Siemens), the authors demonstrated the presence of osmium and zinc in the specimen, whereas the presence of iodide could not be proved with certainty. The ratio of osmium and zinc in the precipitates ranges from 3/2 to 4/1. Electron microscopic studies of the leukocytes have lead to the following results: the Golgi apparatus, the perinuclear cleft and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of all types of leukocytes are strongly impregnated with osmium/zinc, whereas the matrices of the mitochondria are less impregnated. Osmium/zinc precipitates have also been detected in the lysosomes of monocytes and plasma cells. No reaction was evident in the leukocytic granules or centrioles. The presence of lipid droplets in eosinophils has been demonstrated. These droplets show a dense homogeneous osmium/zinc impregnation which reaches its maximum after 40 minutes of incubation, compared with much longer incubation times (5–6 hours) for other cellular components. Setting the pH of the osmium tetroxide-zinc iodide solution to 6.2 resulted in a dense impregnation of the “externum” of the eosinophilic granules. At this same pH, the perinuclear cleft, Golgi apparatus and mitochondrial matrix did not show a definite reaction. The extent of impregnation of the lipid droplets of the eosinophils showed no dependency on pH. Care must be taken when a stain containing uranyl acetate is used since this substance dissolves the Os/Zn precipitates. Exposure of the precipitates to the uranyl acetate for longer than 2 minutes results in gradual dissolution within complete dissolution in 10 minutes.
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