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  • Books
  • Articles  (18)
  • Tropical meteorology  (11)
  • strata control  (7)
  • 2020-2020
  • 1980-1984  (18)
  • 1950-1954
  • Geosciences  (18)
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  • Books
  • Articles  (18)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wave to wave and wave to zonal mean flow kinetic energy exchanges during contrasting monsoon years (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 463-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Wave-wave interactions ; Monsoon variations ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fourier analysis of the monthly mean northern hemispheric geopotential heights for the levels 700 mb and 300 mb are undertaken for the months of April through to August. The wave to wave and wave to zonal mean flow kinetic energy interactions are computed for specified latitude bands of the northern hemisphere during the pre-monsoon period (April to May) and monsoon period (June through to August) for bad monsoon years (1972, 1974, 1979) and for years of good monsoon rainfall over India (1967, 1973, 1977). Planetary scale waves (waves 1 to 4) are the major kinetic energy source in the upper atmosphere during the monsoon months. Waves 1 and 2 in particular are a greater source of kinetic energy to other waves via both wave to wave interactions as well as wave to zonal mean flow interactions in good monsoon years than in bad monsoon years. The zonal mean flow shows significantly larger gains in the kinetic energy with a strengthening of zonal westerlies in good monsoon years than in bad monsoon years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879830
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Greatest observed one-day point and areal rainfall of India (1981)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1981), S. 922-933 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Extreme precipitation ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The greatest one-day rain amounts recorded at individual stations in the country during the last 41-year period from 1940 onwards were examined for all observatories as well as State rain-gauge stations in an attempt to bring out up-to-date information on the greatest recorded point rainfall for the duration of one day. Outstanding one-day point rainfall amounts recorded prior to 1940 were also examined and have been included in this note along with their date and year of occurrence by way of comparison. A generalized chart has been prepared based on the percentage ratios of the greatest one-day rainfall to the mean annual rainfall of about 300 observatory stations distributed uniformly over the entire country. On the basis of Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analyses of the most severe rainstorms which occurred over different plain areas of the country, it has been found that the 2 July, 1941, rainstorm gave the highest areal rain depths in the country for different areas. Comparison with similar areal rain depths of the tropical USA has shown that rain depths of the July, 1941, rainstorm were higher for all areas excepting the areas of 500 sq. miles (1295 sq. km) and 1000 sq. miles (2590 sq. km).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878960
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-latitude total ozone measurements in the Brazilian sector (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 615-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Quasi biennial oscillations ; Total ozone ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Regular measurements of the atmospheric ozone in the Brazilian sector were started at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7°S, 45.0°W), and Natal (5.8°S, 35.2°W) in May 1974 and November 1978, respectively. The results of the total ozone measurements carried out at these two stations up to 1981 are presented in this communication and compared with other low-and mid-latitude stations. Although Natal is an equatorial station, it presents a prominent annual variation, and the average total ozone content is high compared to satellite measurements. During 1977–78, abnormally low values of total ozone were observed at Cachoeira Paulista. Some preliminary results about the QBO 9quasi-biennial oscillation) during 1974–81 are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876647
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the propagation of streamers through a large population of neutral droplets (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 673-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric electricity ; Neutral droplets ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Streamers were injected into a large population of small droplets, of radii about 20 μm, confined to a given region of pre-determined shape on a photographic film, and situated in a gap between which a variable electric field can be applied. Results showed that the droplet region behaves like a dipole discharging from both ends if its inclination to the electric field is less than 45° and the field is not less than −230 kV/m at atmospheric pressure. We deduced that streamer intensification will occur at relatively low fields if there exists pockets of large number density of small droplets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876652
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Was the July 1981 rainstorm over Rajasthan unprecedented? (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 483-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Flood ; Precipitation ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The rainstorm of 17 to 21 July 1981 which caused exceptionally heavy rains and floods in arid Rajasthan, was analysed. It was observed that 7 stations in the rainstorm area broke their previous 80-year record of one-day rainfall, and two of these stations equalled their respective estimates of probable maximum precipitation (PMP). A comparison of areal raindepths of this rainstorm with the similar raindepths of past severe-most rainstorms of this region showed that this rainstorm gave unprecedented raindepths up to about 38 850 sq. km (i.e. 15 000 sq. miles) for a 3-day duration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879831
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of point cloudiness and sunshine derived cloud cover in India (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 495-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Cloudiness ; Sunshine ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between point cloudiness and sunshine derived cloud cover in India is investigated using data collected from 33 stations. It has been found that point cloudiness, in general, overestimates sunshine derived cloud cover. The latitudinal dependence of the overestimation is discussed. The significance of the precise quantification of cloudiness in radiation budget studies is briefly mentioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879832
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some measurements of the extinction coefficients of solar radiation in Lagos (1980)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 775-782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Aerosol extinction ; Solar radiation ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Solar radiance measurements covering over seventeen months are analysed for a location beside the Lagos Lagoon. The aerosol extinction coefficient was generally higher in the dusty months than in the wet months. ‘Clean air’ estimates of the coefficient are made. Data on its wavelength dependence are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01593029
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turbidity measurements at coastal and inland sites in India (1980)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 24-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Radiation ; Tropical meteorology ; Turbidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of turbidity measurements using a Volz sunphotometer, at three sites in India, two of them coastal and one inland, is reported. The sites are rural, far from industrial activity. After making an error analysis of the measurement technique the seasonal variations in turbidity parameters are interpreted in relation to the concurrent changes in relevant meteorological parameters like wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity. At coastal sites, the turbidity and the atmospheric salt concentration are found to be well correlated though the correlation coefficient varies between sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878718
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water vapour transport of the pre-monsoon period and the general performance of the Indian summer monsoon (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 67-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; Transport ; Tropical meteorology ; Water vapour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The advective monthly mean transfer of water vapour in the layer below 700 mbar is investigated for India for the years 1962 to 1972 and for the months January to September. The average zonal and meridional components of the transfer of water vapour for India are obtained. They are further averaged for different combinations of the pre-monsoon months from January to May and are correlated with the summer monsoon rainfall. The correlation coefficients for zonal transfer of water vapour are either negative or small positive for different combinations of the months mentioned above. The correlation coefficients for the meridional transfer of water vapour are positive. The maximum value is 0.74 for the March to May combination and is statistically significant at the 1% level. An extensive investigation is, therefore, made for the March to May averages of water vapour transfer for four broad regions of India. The parameters of water vapour transfer for these regions are compared with the threshold values and the prediction category, normal or drought, for the subsequent summer monsoon season is determined for all years. The correlation coefficient between the index of drought, as determined from parameters of water vapour transport and rainfall departure, is statistically significant at the 2% level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879427
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of a stochastic model to the frequency and duration of monsoon rainfall (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 79-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; Rainfall ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with an application of a stochastic model to the frequency and duration of precipitation events. With the aid of the model, the magnitudes ofmth highest rainfall amount in 24 hours' duration with 97.5% probability are obtained for various climatic regimes over a tropical monsoon region. There is good agreement between them-day minimum rainfall estimated through the model and the observed value. The model satisfactorily explains the frequency of the extreme rainfall event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879428
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Results of twenty years of atmospheric electricity research at Ibadan (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 123-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Tropical meteorology ; Atmospheric electricity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results of atmospheric electric measurements over a twenty year period (1961–1980) are reviewed for Ibadan situated in the tropical rain forest of Nigeria. The aim is to present the data in an easily accessible form.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879432
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer aided design and strata control (1984)
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 2 (1984), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Coal mining ; strata control ; computer-aided design ; mine planning: steep seam working
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Research into strata control has been pursued at Cerchar for the last 20 years, and has led to the definition of rules for the siting of new mine workings. These rules are drawn up as a function of the ‘volume of influence’ which is exerted by existing workings. To facilitate their application by the coal producer, a computer-aided design system for steep-seam faces has been developed on a minicomputer. The main features of the interactions which occur within the volume of influence of such faces are restated and the system which has been developed for design is described, with particular emphasis on the design stages which involved graphic systems and data base management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00880856
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of rock classification to estimate roof caving span in oblong workings (1984)
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 2 (1984), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Rock classification ; longwall mining ; strata control ; mine openings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Indian coal measures have widely varying caving characteristics. The maximum roof span of a longwall or depillaring panel at the time of nether roof collapse is shown to have a direct relation withRQD from a study of 12 case histories. A similar relation between maximum unsupported span of openings and rock mass quality as defined by theQ-system was also demonstrated. A simple nomogram is presented to predict the face advance required to cause roof collapse when theRQD or rock mass quality is known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00880878
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Validation and error analysis of a strata modelling technique (1984)
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 2 (1984), S. 305-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Coal mining ; finite difference analysis ; error analysis ; strata control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Sources of error are investigated for a two-dimensional finite difference computer program designed to model strata deformation. The program calculates the displacements of a mesh of ‘mass points’, by the iterative solution of equations of equilibrium for the stresses acting on each mass point. The effect of errors on both displacement estimates and stress estimates is considered. Round-off errors are discussed analytically, while the effect of choosing too coarse a mesh density is demonstrated by comparison of two runs of the program with identical material properties, but different mesh densities. The influence of boundary conditions and the result of incomplete relaxation of the finite difference equations is estimated by comparison with Kirsch's analytical solution for a thin plate of finite width with a circular hole under unidimensional load. As a result of the analysis, estimators for stresses and displacements are derived, which make allowance for some of the sources of error; suitable boundary conditions for first and subsequent runs of the program are proposed; and a convergence criterion for the iterative process is suggested. These results are then applied to simulations of mining situations, together with various refinements of the basic model, such as separation and ‘slip’ between adjacent strata, and an allowance for failure of material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00881119
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stochastic methods for the prediction of strata behaviour (1984)
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 2 (1984), S. 291-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Coal mining ; strata control ; finite difference analysis ; stochastic methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary A two-dimensional finite difference computer program, with the facility to represent stratified material by means of a mesh of ‘mass points’ with different material properties in each square of the mesh, is adapted to run on a mesh whose material properties are selected stochastically from a specified distribution. The program uses an iterative method to solve the equations of equilibrium, giving estimates of displacements and stresses. Lattices of normally distributed (zero mean, unit variance) random values are produced: lattices of statistically independent values and lattices whose values are spatially correlated, to give the effect of gradual variations resulting in regions of positive values and regions of negative values. These lattices are used to generate the material properties: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and density. Each property has a specified mean and standard deviation for each material in the model, and the precise values for each mass point are calculated from the relevant lattices. A simple model with a square opening is used to investigate the effect of this stochastic generation of material properties, by comparison of stresses and displacements near the opening for runs of the program with (1) deterministic and (2) stochastic properties. Similar lattices of random values are used to introduce a stochastic element in the criterion for failure of materials. This is applied to a more realistic simulation of a mining situation, where Mohr's Criterion is used, with a stochastic component, to determine whether failure has occurred at each point of the mesh.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00881118
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Astrata control system and its application in West German coal mining (1984)
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 2 (1984), S. 119-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Coal mining ; strata control ; rock pressure ; mine planning ; longwall mining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary Astrata control system has been developed to improve mine planning and design in deep coal mines in West Germany, where redistributed stresses from longwall workings in weak strata create difficult support problems. The system involves theoretical, laboratory and underground observations and studies of strata and support performance. Examples of the system covered in detail include planning the position and support of a cross-cut; improving a face layout; planning a gateroad; planning strata bolting and planning longwall face layouts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00880877
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The stability of underground workings in the soft rocks of the Coal Measures (1983)
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 1 (1983), S. 91-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Longwall mining ; strata control ; rock mechanics ; pillars ; tunnelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Summary The characteristics of soft rocks typical of the British Coal Measures are defined and a series of working hypotheses are developed to provide improved design methods for underground roadway and face supports and pillars in coal mines. Proposed design equations are tested against case history data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00880785
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Roof bolting in underground mining: a state-of-the-art review (1984)
    Springer
    Geotechnical and geological engineering 2 (1984), S. 1-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1529
    Keywords: Rock bolting ; underground mining ; strata control ; support ; rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Conclusions With continuing investigations and developments, roof bolting today can in most cases successfully reinforce the mine roof in underground mining. In order to cope with the increasing use of roof bolts, efforts should be made to maximize the safety and minimize the cost. With regard to mechanical bolting, two important parameters need more advanced improvements and study, namely, optimum design of the shape and type of expansion shell and optimum bolt tension for a specific bolt pattern. For the fully grouted resin bolt, the most critical requirement is to develop a fast-setting, low-cost, intoxic, inflammable grouting material that can be used in the high speed mining cycle. It should be noted that geological conditions such as the strata type, rock properties,in situ stress, and planes of weakness play an important role in the successful application of any roof bolting system. These factors should be specified as accurately and quantitatively as possible in the design of any roof bolting system. Finally, proper and careful installation and continuous monitoring are imperative for the success of any roof bolting system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00880855
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