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  • Books
  • Articles  (17)
  • Tropical meteorology  (11)
  • Fault  (6)
  • 2020-2020
  • 1980-1984  (17)
  • 1950-1954
  • Geosciences  (17)
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  • Books
  • Articles  (17)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wave to wave and wave to zonal mean flow kinetic energy exchanges during contrasting monsoon years (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 463-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Wave-wave interactions ; Monsoon variations ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fourier analysis of the monthly mean northern hemispheric geopotential heights for the levels 700 mb and 300 mb are undertaken for the months of April through to August. The wave to wave and wave to zonal mean flow kinetic energy interactions are computed for specified latitude bands of the northern hemisphere during the pre-monsoon period (April to May) and monsoon period (June through to August) for bad monsoon years (1972, 1974, 1979) and for years of good monsoon rainfall over India (1967, 1973, 1977). Planetary scale waves (waves 1 to 4) are the major kinetic energy source in the upper atmosphere during the monsoon months. Waves 1 and 2 in particular are a greater source of kinetic energy to other waves via both wave to wave interactions as well as wave to zonal mean flow interactions in good monsoon years than in bad monsoon years. The zonal mean flow shows significantly larger gains in the kinetic energy with a strengthening of zonal westerlies in good monsoon years than in bad monsoon years.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879830
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pore-fluid pressures and frictional heating on a fault surface (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 583-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fault ; Pore-fluid pressure ; Frictional heating ; Numerical modeling ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This study considers the effects of heat transfer and fluid flow on the thernal, hydrologic, and mechanical response of a fault surface during seismic failure. Numerical modeling techniques are used to account for the coupling of the thermal, fluid-pressure, and stress fields. Results indicate that during an earthquake the failure surface is heated to a tempeature required for the thermal expansion of pore fluids to balance the rate of fluid loss due to flow and the fluid-volume changes due to pore dilatation. Once this condition is established, the pore fluids pressurize and the shear strength decreases rapidly to a value sufficient to maintain the thermal pressurization of pore fluids at near-lithostatic values. If the initial fluid pressure is hydrostatic, the final temperature attained on the failure surface will increase with depth, because a greater pressure increase can occur before a near-lithostatic pressure is reached. The rate at which thermal pressurization proceeds depends primarily on the hydraulic characteristics of the surrounding porous medium, the coefficient of friction on the fault surface, and the slip velocity. If either the permeability exceeds 10−15 m2 or the porous medium compressibility exceeds 10−8 Pa−1, then frictional melting may occur on the fault surface before thermal pressurization becomes significant. If the coefficient of friction is less than 10−1 and if the slip velocity is less than 10−2 msec−1, then it is doubtful that either thermal pressurization or frictional melting on the fault surface could cause a reduction in the dynamic shear strength of a fault during an earthquake event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874618
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Greatest observed one-day point and areal rainfall of India (1981)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1981), S. 922-933 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Extreme precipitation ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The greatest one-day rain amounts recorded at individual stations in the country during the last 41-year period from 1940 onwards were examined for all observatories as well as State rain-gauge stations in an attempt to bring out up-to-date information on the greatest recorded point rainfall for the duration of one day. Outstanding one-day point rainfall amounts recorded prior to 1940 were also examined and have been included in this note along with their date and year of occurrence by way of comparison. A generalized chart has been prepared based on the percentage ratios of the greatest one-day rainfall to the mean annual rainfall of about 300 observatory stations distributed uniformly over the entire country. On the basis of Depth-Area-Duration (DAD) analyses of the most severe rainstorms which occurred over different plain areas of the country, it has been found that the 2 July, 1941, rainstorm gave the highest areal rain depths in the country for different areas. Comparison with similar areal rain depths of the tropical USA has shown that rain depths of the July, 1941, rainstorm were higher for all areas excepting the areas of 500 sq. miles (1295 sq. km) and 1000 sq. miles (2590 sq. km).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878960
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nomograms for rapid evaluation of magnetic anomalies over long tabular bodies (1981)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1981), S. 1037-1050 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Magnetic interpretation ; Nomograms ; Dike ; Fault ; Characteristic curves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The magnetic anomaly due to a long tabular body usually consists of a maximum and a minimum. The distances and the amplitudes of the maximum and the minimum, when defined in dimensionless quantities, may be used as characteristics of the source. In this paper, a method based on the positions of the maximum and the minimum on the magnetic anomaly due to a long tabular body has been presented. Characteristic ratios,D andA involving the distances and amplitudes of the maximum and the minimum points on the anomaly curve are defined. Nomograms showing the variations ofD andA with the parameters of (1) the dike and (2) the vertical fault models are presented. The parameters of the causative source are evaluated from the two ratiosD andA and the nomograms, using some simple analytical relations presented here. From the nomograms, it is observed that (a) for a thick dike,A is always greater thanD, (b)A=D for a thin sheet and (c) for a vertical fault,A is always less thanD. Thus from the characteristic ratiosD andA it is possible to evaluate the source parameters and also to distinguish whether the source is a dike, sheet or a vertical fault. The method is fast and is applicable for the magnetic anomalies either in total, vertical or horizontal component. The method has been applied on two field examples and the results are found to be in close agreement with those obtained by using other methods. A simple method of locating the origin on the anomaly curve is included. The limitations of the method are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878968
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discharge of H2 from the Atotsugawa and Ushikubi Faults, Japan, and its relation to earthquakes (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 185-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Hydrogen ; Soil gas ; Fault ; Earthquake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The concentration of H2 in soil gases has been measured weekly at five stations on the Atotsugawa and Ushikubi faults in northern central Main Island, Japan, since 1981 in search of possible relationship with earthquakes. The observed H2 concentration varies from lower than 1 ppm to 7.8% in time and place. When a large earthquake (M: 7.7, epicenter distance: 486 km) occurred on 26 May 1983, an outstanding discharge of H2 was observed at all five stations, preseismically at three of them, and coseismically at the other two. Simultaneous H2 emission was also observed at some stations in seven other occasions. These periods of unusual H2 discharge nearly coincided with occurrences of major earthquakes in Japan, but not of local minor earthquakes along the Atotsugawa fault. This fault, being a deep fracture zone, may be sensitive to large-scale crustal stress changes which incidentally cause the major earthquakes. Increased H2 may be produced by rock fracture caused by the increased stresses on the fault and by the earthquakes themselves. Local minor earthquakes along Atotsugawa fault with magnitude lower than 3 may be unable to cause sufficient rock fracture to produce significant H2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874592
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-latitude total ozone measurements in the Brazilian sector (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 615-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Quasi biennial oscillations ; Total ozone ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Regular measurements of the atmospheric ozone in the Brazilian sector were started at Cachoeira Paulista (22.7°S, 45.0°W), and Natal (5.8°S, 35.2°W) in May 1974 and November 1978, respectively. The results of the total ozone measurements carried out at these two stations up to 1981 are presented in this communication and compared with other low-and mid-latitude stations. Although Natal is an equatorial station, it presents a prominent annual variation, and the average total ozone content is high compared to satellite measurements. During 1977–78, abnormally low values of total ozone were observed at Cachoeira Paulista. Some preliminary results about the QBO 9quasi-biennial oscillation) during 1974–81 are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876647
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the propagation of streamers through a large population of neutral droplets (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 673-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Atmospheric electricity ; Neutral droplets ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Streamers were injected into a large population of small droplets, of radii about 20 μm, confined to a given region of pre-determined shape on a photographic film, and situated in a gap between which a variable electric field can be applied. Results showed that the droplet region behaves like a dipole discharging from both ends if its inclination to the electric field is less than 45° and the field is not less than −230 kV/m at atmospheric pressure. We deduced that streamer intensification will occur at relatively low fields if there exists pockets of large number density of small droplets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00876652
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Was the July 1981 rainstorm over Rajasthan unprecedented? (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 483-494 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Flood ; Precipitation ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The rainstorm of 17 to 21 July 1981 which caused exceptionally heavy rains and floods in arid Rajasthan, was analysed. It was observed that 7 stations in the rainstorm area broke their previous 80-year record of one-day rainfall, and two of these stations equalled their respective estimates of probable maximum precipitation (PMP). A comparison of areal raindepths of this rainstorm with the similar raindepths of past severe-most rainstorms of this region showed that this rainstorm gave unprecedented raindepths up to about 38 850 sq. km (i.e. 15 000 sq. miles) for a 3-day duration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879831
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of point cloudiness and sunshine derived cloud cover in India (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 495-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Cloudiness ; Sunshine ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between point cloudiness and sunshine derived cloud cover in India is investigated using data collected from 33 stations. It has been found that point cloudiness, in general, overestimates sunshine derived cloud cover. The latitudinal dependence of the overestimation is discussed. The significance of the precise quantification of cloudiness in radiation budget studies is briefly mentioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879832
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Instability on a weakening fault (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 478-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Instability ; Fault ; Stick-slip ; Stress ; Friction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Weakening of a prestressed sawcut in Westerly granite under laboratory condition is accomplished by injecting pressurized fluid into the sawcut. After injection a sequence of stick-slips is observed while the deviatoric stress decreases successively with each stick-slip. On the basis of the experimental observation we develop a model of fault instability due to inhomogeneous and progressive weakening of the fault. According to this model, the fault surface is divided into the ‘slipped’ and the ‘locked’ regions, depending on whether or not the local state of stress satisfies the friction criterion. The average shear stress in the slipped region decreases with time and, in order to maintain a quasi-static equilibrium, shear stress in the remaining ‘locked’ region on the fault surface increases. This situation may last until a critical state of stress on the fault is met, at which a sudden instability (stick0slip) may occur. We suggest that this mechanism of stress transfer may be a viable mechanism of induced seismicity and aftershocks, in addition to the well-known mechanism of a local increase of pore pressure. By comparing the experimental data with model predictions we show that the critical condition for slip instability is when the average shear stress over the ‘locked’ region becomes equal to the value given by the friction criterion. Thus the friction criterion established for slip on fractures on which the state of stress is macroscopically uniform may also be applicable to fractures on which the stress state is macroscopically heterogeneous.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874613
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some measurements of the extinction coefficients of solar radiation in Lagos (1980)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 775-782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Aerosol extinction ; Solar radiation ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Solar radiance measurements covering over seventeen months are analysed for a location beside the Lagos Lagoon. The aerosol extinction coefficient was generally higher in the dusty months than in the wet months. ‘Clean air’ estimates of the coefficient are made. Data on its wavelength dependence are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01593029
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turbidity measurements at coastal and inland sites in India (1980)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 119 (1980), S. 24-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Radiation ; Tropical meteorology ; Turbidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of turbidity measurements using a Volz sunphotometer, at three sites in India, two of them coastal and one inland, is reported. The sites are rural, far from industrial activity. After making an error analysis of the measurement technique the seasonal variations in turbidity parameters are interpreted in relation to the concurrent changes in relevant meteorological parameters like wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity. At coastal sites, the turbidity and the atmospheric salt concentration are found to be well correlated though the correlation coefficient varies between sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00878718
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water vapour transport of the pre-monsoon period and the general performance of the Indian summer monsoon (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 67-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; Transport ; Tropical meteorology ; Water vapour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The advective monthly mean transfer of water vapour in the layer below 700 mbar is investigated for India for the years 1962 to 1972 and for the months January to September. The average zonal and meridional components of the transfer of water vapour for India are obtained. They are further averaged for different combinations of the pre-monsoon months from January to May and are correlated with the summer monsoon rainfall. The correlation coefficients for zonal transfer of water vapour are either negative or small positive for different combinations of the months mentioned above. The correlation coefficients for the meridional transfer of water vapour are positive. The maximum value is 0.74 for the March to May combination and is statistically significant at the 1% level. An extensive investigation is, therefore, made for the March to May averages of water vapour transfer for four broad regions of India. The parameters of water vapour transfer for these regions are compared with the threshold values and the prediction category, normal or drought, for the subsequent summer monsoon season is determined for all years. The correlation coefficient between the index of drought, as determined from parameters of water vapour transport and rainfall departure, is statistically significant at the 2% level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879427
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of a stochastic model to the frequency and duration of monsoon rainfall (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 79-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Monsoon ; Rainfall ; Tropical meteorology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with an application of a stochastic model to the frequency and duration of precipitation events. With the aid of the model, the magnitudes ofmth highest rainfall amount in 24 hours' duration with 97.5% probability are obtained for various climatic regimes over a tropical monsoon region. There is good agreement between them-day minimum rainfall estimated through the model and the observed value. The model satisfactorily explains the frequency of the extreme rainfall event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879428
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Results of twenty years of atmospheric electricity research at Ibadan (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 123-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Tropical meteorology ; Atmospheric electricity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The results of atmospheric electric measurements over a twenty year period (1961–1980) are reviewed for Ibadan situated in the tropical rain forest of Nigeria. The aim is to present the data in an easily accessible form.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879432
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The detection and interpretation of hydrogen in fault gases (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 392-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Hydrogen ; Fault ; Soil gas ; Earthquake ; CH4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Hydrogen gas can be released by chemical and mechanical changes in crustal rocks. Once released, it is highly mobile, buoyant, and almost insoluble in groundwater. A fault system may act as a conduit, allowing hydrogen to accumulate in soil gases near a surface expression. Since hydrogen is scarce in ambient air, its presence at elevated levels in soil gases may be a tool for fault mapping. In order to evaluate this tool, we surveyed eleven different faults by measuring the concentration of hydrogen and methane in 2 to 21 soil-gas samples that were collected near each of them. The sense of motion at four of those faults is normal (western United States, Greece), at five it is strike-slip or dip-slip (California, Colorado, Japan), and at two it is thrusting (California). At four of these faults (Hebgen Lake, Yellowstone, Yamasaki, Burro Mountain) maximum concentrations of hydrogen ranged from 80 ppm to 70% and methane from 300 ppm to 5%. All other sites showed ambient levels of both gases, except for one sample taken at Mt. Borah, Idaho, that was 2% methane. From this preliminary study it is not clear whether the presence of hydrogen is correlated uniquely to the location of faults or whether it occurs randomly. The conditions required to produced and accumulate hydrogen are also not clear. Excess hydrogen may well be produced by different mechanisms in different geological regimes. For example, if ferrous hydroxide is present in local rocks, it may react to produce hydrogen. Detailed and extensive studies are needed to clarify the connection between hydrogen and tectonic faulting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874607
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can injection tests reveal the potential for fault movements? (1984)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 122 (1984), S. 608-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Fault ; Fracture ; Hydrochemical ; Flud injection ; Permeability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The role of fluids in faulting mechanism and triggering earthquakes is widely accepted. The effective-stress law is the basis for the postulated theories. Using a generalized version of this law, applicable to both continuum and discontinuities, hydromechanical behaviour of a horizontal fracture in a hypothetical fluid-injection problem is investigated. In this problem the increasing intake flow rates, unpredictable by the traditional fluid-flow solutions, brings out another significant aspect of the role of the fluid pressure in rocks. By reducing the magnitude of the compressive effective stresses the fluid pressure causes elastic recovery in fractures. Simple rheologic models are used to demonstrate this fact. Such effects may lead to permeability increases in the rock mass, depending on the magnitude of the fluid pressure. Such variations in permeability, however, are governed by the path dependency of the fracture-deformation response. Therefore, a significant increase in permeability is an indication of comparability of the state of stress and the applied fluid pressure. This index may reveal the potential of hydroactivation of faults, as may arise in the regions of dam reservoirs, underground waste injections, and known faults, for certain ranges of working pressures relevant to each of the above-cited situations. Fluid-injection tests under constant working pressures are suggested as a means revealing the likelihood of movement on the faults.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874619
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