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  • 1
  • 2
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Stuttgart : Schweizerbart Science Publishers ; Volume 1, number 1 (1978)-
    Signatur: M 18.91571
    Materialart: Monographie ausleihbar
    Seiten: 134 Seiten
    ISSN: 2363-7196
    Serie: Global tectonics and metallogeny : special issue Vol. 10/2-4
    Klassifikation:
    Tektonik
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Global tectonics and metallogeny
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort: Kompaktmagazin oben
    Zweigbibliothek: GFZ Bibliothek
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Zeitschrift ausleihbar
    Zeitschrift ausleihbar
    Tübingen : Mohr Siebeck ; 1.1884 - 48.1931; N.F. 1.1932/33 - 10.1943/44(1945),3; 11.1948/49(1949) -
    Signatur: ZS 22.95039
    Materialart: Zeitschrift ausleihbar
    Seiten: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1614-0974 , 0015-2218 , 0015-2218
    Sprache: Deutsch , Englisch
    Anmerkung: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.
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  • 4
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Garmisch-Partenkirchen : Institut für atmosphärische Umweltforschung der Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft
    Signatur: MOP 44829 / Mitte
    Materialart: Monographie ausleihbar
    Seiten: 25 S. , graph. Darst.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Standort: MOP - Bitte bestellen
    Zweigbibliothek: GFZ Bibliothek
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  • 5
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Monographie ausleihbar
    [Edgecumbe, N.Z.] : A. Muller
    Signatur: M 15.89146
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: An account of the results of the 2 March 1987 earthquake in the eastern Bay of Plenty and the aftermath's effects on the people and places on the Rangitaiki Plains
    Materialart: Monographie ausleihbar
    Seiten: 223 S., , Ill.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Zweigbibliothek: GFZ Bibliothek
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  • 6
    Signatur: Z 06.0500
    Materialart: Zeitschrift ausleihbar
    Seiten: 30 cm
    ISSN: 1824-7741
    Vorheriger Titel: Vorgänger Geologisch-paläontologische Mitteilungen, Innsbruck
    Sprache: Deutsch , Englisch
    Anmerkung: Ersch. unregelmäßig , Beiträge teilweise in Englisch
    Zweigbibliothek: GFZ Bibliothek
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  • 7
    Monographie ausleihbar
    Monographie ausleihbar
    London : Penguin Books
    Materialart: Monographie ausleihbar
    ISBN: 9780141985206
    Sprache: Englisch
    Zweigbibliothek: RIFS Bibliothek
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  • 8
    Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Monographie Präsenzbestand
    Leiden : Nijhoff ; 1.2009 -
    Signatur: IASS 17.92082
    Materialart: Monographie Präsenzbestand
    ISSN: 1876-8814
    Sprache: Englisch
    Zweigbibliothek: RIFS Bibliothek
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Signatur: 3/S 07.0034(2016)
    In: Annual report
    Materialart: Monographie ausleihbar
    Seiten: 51 Seiten
    ISSN: 1865-6439 , 1865-6447
    Paralleltitel: Erscheint auch als Annual report ... / Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: This document is intended to provide basic guidance to researchers who work with digital data as well as all stakeholders with an interest in this issue and also provides advice on sources of further information. It was prepared by the Research Data Working Group in the Priority Initiative “Digital Information” of the Alliance of German Science Organisations.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 11
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 12
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: The most commonly used approach to estimate soil variables from remote-sensing data entails time-consuming and expensive data collection including chemical and physical laboratory analysis. Large spectral libraries could be exploited to decrease the effort of soil variable estimation and obtain more widely applicable models. We investigated the feasibility of a new approach, referred to as bottom-up, to provide soil organic carbon (SOC) maps of bare cropland fields over a large area without recourse to chemical analyses, employing both the pan-European topsoil database from the Land Use/Cover Area frame statistical Survey (LUCAS) and Airborne Prism Experiment (APEX) hyperspectral airborne data. This approach was tested in two areas having different soil characteristics: the loam belt in Belgium, and the Gutland–Oesling region in Luxembourg. Partial least square regression (PLSR) models were used in each study area to estimate SOC content, using both bottom-up and traditional approaches. The PLSR model’s accuracy was tested on an independent validation dataset. Both approaches provide SOC maps having a satisfactory level of accuracy (RMSE = 1.5–4.9 g·kg−1; ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) = 1.4–1.7) and the inter-comparison did not show differences in terms of RMSE and RPD either in the loam belt or in Luxembourg. Thus, the bottom-up approach based on APEX data provided high-resolution SOC maps over two large areas showing the within- and between-field SOC variability.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 13
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: SGG-UGM-1 is a static gravity field model based on EGM2008 derived gravity anomalies and GOCE Satellite Gravity Gradiometry (SGG) data and the Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking (SST) observations up to degree and order 2159. Block-diagonal normal equation system up to degree and order 2159 are formed with EGM2008 gravity anomaly data using block-diagonal least squares method. Fully occupied normal equation system up to degree and order 220 are formed by GOCE SGG data and the SST observations along the GOCE orbit based on least-squares analysis. The diagonal components (Vxx, Vyy, Vzz) of the gravitational gradient tensor are used to form the system of observation equations with the band-pass ARMA filter. The point-wise acceleration observations (ax, ay, az) along the orbit are used to form the system of observation equations up to the maximum spherical harmonic degree/order 130. SGG-UGM-1 is resolved by combination of the two normal equation systems using least squares method. It is the first generation of high-resolution gravity model in ICGEM developed by School of Geodesy and Geomatics (SGG), Wuhan University (WHU). More details about the determination of the model are given in our paper “The determination of an ultra high gravity field model SGG-UGM-1 by combining EGM2008 gravity anomaly and GOCE observation data” (Liang W, Xu X, Li J, et al. Acta Geodaeticaet Cartographica Sinica. 2018, 47(4): 425-434. DOI:10.11947/j. AGCS.2018.20170269) and “A GOCE only gravity model GOSG01S and the validation of GOCE related satellite gravity models ” (Xu X, Zhao Y, Reubelt T, et al. Geodesy and Geodynamics. 2017, 8(4): 260-272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geog.2017.03.013). The work is supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41774020, 41210006 and 41404020
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 14
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 15
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 16
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    In:  Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 20, EGU2018-17228
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Magnetic susceptibility is one of the fundamental properties of the magnetic minerals present in the Earth’s crust and upper mantle. Due to the inherent non-uniqueness of inverting magnetic field data for the underlying magnetization, neither the magnetization nor the magnetic susceptibility has been uniquely recovered from magnetic field measurements up to now. In this study, we show that by means of the vector Spherical Harmonic formalism and under the assump- tion of purely induced magnetization, most of the magnetization and the magnetic susceptibility over the continents can be uniquely recovered for a known inducing magnetic field. We present our results based on a Spherical Harmonic Model of the latest version of the World Digital Magnetic Anomaly Map.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 17
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    In:  Protokoll über das 27. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung : Breklum, 25.-29. September 2017
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 18
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 19
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Graphitization in fault zones is associated both with fault weakening and orogenic gold mineralization. We examine processes of graphitic carbon emplacement and deformation in the active Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand by analysing samples obtained from Deep Fault Drilling Project (DFDP) boreholes. Optical and scanning electron microscopy reveal a microtextural record of graphite mobilization as a function of temperature and ductile then brittle shear strain. Raman spectroscopy allowed interpretation of the degree of graphite crystallinity, which reflects both thermal and mechanical processes. In the amphibolite-facies Alpine Schist, highly crystalline graphite, indicating peak metamorphic temperatures up to 640°C, occurs mainly on grain boundaries within quartzo-feldspathic domains. The subsequent mylonitization process resulted in the reworking of graphite under lower temperature conditions (500–600°C), resulting in clustered (in protomylonites) and foliation-aligned graphite (in mylonites). In cataclasites, derived from the mylonitized schists, graphite is most abundant (〈50% as opposed to 〈10% elsewhere), and has two different habits: inherited mylonitic graphite and less mature patches of potentially hydrothermal graphitic carbon. Tectonic–hydrothermal fluid flow was probably important in graphite deposition throughout the examined rock sequences. The increasing abundance of graphite towards the fault zone core may be a significant source of strain localization, allowing fault weakening.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 20
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: In this study data and results of a high-resolution experiment in Cephalonia (Greece) regarding empirical basin effects are presented. A total of 59 velocimeters and 17 accelerometers were deployed in the basin of Argostoli Cephalonia (Greece), for a period of 7 months (September 2011–April 2012). Due to high seismicity of the western Greece and surrounding area this array recorded thousands of local, regional and global events. Data used in this work come from a selection of 162 regional and local earthquakes, 3 km ≤ R ≤ 600 km, with magnitude range, 1.0 ≤ M ≤ 5.2. Based on high signal-to-noise ratio recordings and two selected reference stations, variation of several intensity measures (PGA, PGV, Arias Intensity, Cumulative Absolute Velocity), significant duration, HVSR and SSR of ground motion recordings on soil sites within the basin is carefully examined for a range of frequencies of engineering interest. Comparison of results with a detailed 2D geologic model shows a good consistency both in amplification and frequency domain. Influence of “reference” site on ground motion variation of soil sites is also discussed in light of our results. Finally, it is suggested that 2D or/and 3D theoretical modeling should be performed given the availability of geological and geophysical parameters to define a realistic model of the basin. Results of this study can undoubtedly serve in model validation and improvement of ground motion simulation tools.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 21
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: During the Quaternary, periodic glaciations transformed mountain landscapes. However, characterizing the way in which mountain erosion changes between glacier- and river-dominated conditions has been elusive. Here, using samples from an offshore sedimentary core, we estimated the spatial distribution of erosion in the southern part of the Southern Alps of New Zealand during a full transition from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), ca. 20 ka, to the last millennium. Raman spectroscopy analyses of carbonaceous material revealed a marked change in the sediment provenance, which we interpreted to reflect the evolving erosion pattern of the mountain range. Over the Holocene, since at least ca. 9 ka, erosion was focused on the chlorite zone schist within the upper reaches of the valleys (〉15–20 km distance from the mountain front), possibly dominated by large-magnitude landslides. During the last glaciation, the proportion of sediments from the biotite schist and higher-grade metamorphic rocks in the lower-lying areas closer to the mountain front (〈15–20 km) was relatively higher, probably as a result of glacier carving. Our results suggest that glacier retreat during the last deglaciation caused an upstream localization of the high erosion rates, which is consistent with the snowline records in the Southern Alps and regional and global climate histories.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 22
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: The Mandal Formation, the principal source rock in the well-explored North Sea Central Graben, has been identified as a locally very inefficient expeller of its generated products, although having charged numerous petroleum accumulations in that basin. This unusual behaviour for marine shales makes the Mandal Formation an interesting natural laboratory to re-assess the factors controlling generated, retained and expelled fluid compositions as a function of maturity and kerogen type, and to unravel processes affecting compositional fractionation during expulsion and migration of different evaporative fractions. Aiming this, bulk chemical methods and compositionally ultra-highly resolving analyses have been applied to source rock samples, their solvent extracts and expelled crude oils. The Mandal Formation seems to be a typical marine source rock containing mainly Type II organic matter (OM) of marine algal origin with up to 12 % TOC content, a generation potential up to 647 mg HC/g TOC and generating a Paraffinic-Naphthenic-Aromatic Low Wax oil. Being mainly a function of maturity, aromaticities of the source rock pyrolysates vary within the same maturity levels. While retention of gaseous hydrocarbons is controlled by the pyrolysate’s aromaticity, i.e. by the amount of its cross-linked monoaromatic sites, oil retention is strongly dependent on the relative proportion of generated high-molecular weight (HMW) bituminous OM. The Mandal Formation behaves untypical in comparison to the marine Posidonia Shale, a source rock with high expulsion efficiency. The HMW OM fraction dominates the retained products and contains elevated oxygen contents. 2 to 6 O-atoms are incorporated in compounds with longer aliphatic chains and/or larger aromatic ring systems than observed in Posidonia Shale extracts. This might be due to variations in the paleogeography and palaeoclimate affecting the composition and relative contribution of microorganisms within the marine system. The dominance of highly polar, large and awkwardly shaped molecules can be seen as a limiting factor causing delayed expulsion until effective bulk fluid migration sets in during the main generation phase. Selected crude oils in the Central Graben contain less amounts of polar compounds than source rock extracts and are composed of lower polar constituents (N1 〉 O1 〉〉 O2, N1O1). Maturity is the principal process affecting the composition of polar compounds as revealed by a coherent correlation with biomarker data. However, secondary migration promote the loss of most polar benzocarbazolic and phenolic homologues with shortest aliphatic side chains in oils from carbonate reservoirs which overly thick OM-poor shale packages and are charged from deeper source kitchens. Again it might be the activity of polar sites, the size and shape of migrating phase affect the chemical fractionation upon migration by mutual interaction of polar phases and surfaces. This has an impact on density and phase behaviour of crude oils and hence significantly influences the in-reservoir oil quality.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
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  • 23
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 24
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 25
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 26
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS)
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: The geomagnetic field has been decaying at a rate of ∼5% per century from at least 1840, with indirect observations suggesting a decay since 1600 or even earlier. This has led to the assertion that the geomagnetic field may be undergoing a reversal or an excursion. We have derived a model of the geomagnetic field spanning 30–50 ka, constructed to study the behavior of the two most recent excursions: the Laschamp and Mono Lake, centered at 41 and 34 ka, respectively. Here, we show that neither excursion demonstrates field evolution similar to current changes in the geomagnetic field. At earlier times, centered at 49 and 46 ka, the field is comparable to today’s field, with an intensity structure similar to today’s South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA); however, neither of these SAA-like fields develop into an excursion or reversal. This suggests that the current weakened field will also recover without an extreme event such as an excursion or reversal. The SAA-like field structure at 46 ka appears to be coeval with published increases in geomagnetically modulated beryllium and chlorine nuclide production, despite the global dipole field not weakening significantly in our model during this time. This agreement suggests a greater complexity in the relationship between cosmogenic nuclide production and the geomagnetic field than is commonly assumed.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 27
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 28
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 29
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: The impact of remotely forced mantle flow on regional subduction evolution is largely unexplored. Here we investigate this by means of 3D thermo-mechanical numerical modeling using a regional modeling domain. We start with simplified models consisting of a 600 km (or 1400 km) wide subducting plate surrounded by other plates. Mantle inflow of ∼3 cm/yr is prescribed during 25 Myr of slab evolution on a subset of the domain boundaries while the other side boundaries are open. Our experiments show that the influence of imposed mantle flow on subduction evolution is the least for trench-perpendicular mantle inflow from either the back or front of the slab leading to 10–50 km changes in slab morphology and trench position while no strong slab dip changes were observed, as compared to a reference model with no imposed mantle inflow. In experiments with trench-oblique mantle inflow we notice larger effects of slab bending and slab translation of the order of 100–200 km. Lastly, we investigate how subduction in the western Mediterranean region is influenced by remotely excited mantle flow that is computed by back-advection of a temperature and density model scaled from a global seismic tomography model. After 35 Myr of subduction evolution we find 10–50 km changes in slab position and slab morphology and a slight change in overall slab tilt. Our study shows that remotely forced mantle flow leads to secondary effects on slab evolution as compared to slab buoyancy and plate motion. Still these secondary effects occur on scales, 10–50 km, typical for the large-scale deformation of the overlying crust and thus may still be of large importance for understanding geological evolution.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 30
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: The real-time estimation of polar motion (PM) is needed for the navigation of Earth satellite and interplanetary spacecraft. However, it is impossible to have real-time information due to the complexity of the measurement model and data processing. Various prediction methods have been developed. However, the accuracy of PM prediction is still not satisfactory even for a few days in the future. Therefore, new techniques or a combination of the existing methods need to be investigated for improving the accuracy of the predicted PM. There is a well-introduced method called Copula, and we want to combine it with singular spectrum analysis (SSA) method for PM prediction. In this study, first, we model the predominant trend of PM time series using SSA. Then, the difference between PM time series and its SSA estimation is modeled using Copula-based analysis. Multiple sets of PM predictions which range between 1 and 365 days have been performed based on an IERS 08 C04 time series to assess the capability of our hybrid model. Our results illustrate that the proposed method can efficiently predict PM. The improvement in PM prediction accuracy up to 365 days in the future is found to be around 40% on average and up to 65 and 46% in terms of success rate for the PMx and PMy, respectively.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 31
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 32
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 33
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 34
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 35
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 36
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 37
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 38
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 39
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Recent improvements in the development of VLBI (very long baseline interferometry) and other space geodetic techniques such as the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) require very precise a-priori information of short-period (daily and sub-daily) Earth rotation variations. One significant contribution to Earth rotation is caused by the diurnal and semi-diurnal ocean tides. Within this work, we developed a new model for the short-period ocean tidal variations in Earth rotation, where the ocean tidal angular momentum model and the Earth rotation variation have been setup jointly. Besides the model of the short-period variation of the Earth’s rotation parameters (ERP), based on the empirical ocean tide model EOT11a, we developed also ERP models, that are based on the hydrodynamic ocean tide models FES2012 and HAMTIDE. Furthermore, we have assessed the effect of uncertainties in the elastic Earth model on the resulting ERP models. Our proposed alternative ERP model to the IERS 2010 conventional model considers the elastic model PREM and 260 partial tides. The choice of the ocean tide model and the determination of the tidal velocities have been identified as the main uncertainties. However, in the VLBI analysis all models perform on the same level of accuracy. From these findings, we conclude that the models presented here, which are based on a re-examined theoretical description and long-term satellite altimetry observation only, are an alternative for the IERS conventional model but do not improve the geodetic results.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 40
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Dataset
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 41
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) concentrations in fluvial sediment, from which denudation rates are commonly inferred, can be affected by hillslope processes. TCN concentrations in gravel and sand may differ if localized, deep‐excavation processes (e.g. landslides, debris flows) affect the contributing catchment, whereas the TCN concentrations of sand and gravel tend to be more similar when diffusional processes like soil creep and sheetwash are dominant. To date, however, no study has systematically compared TCN concentrations in different detrital grain‐size fractions with a detailed inventory of hillslope processes from the entire catchment. Here we compare concentrations of the TCN 10Be in 20 detrital sand samples from the Quebrada del Toro (southern Central Andes, Argentina) to a hillslope‐process inventory from each contributing catchment. Our comparison reveals a shift from low‐slope gullying and scree production in slowly denuding, low‐slope areas to steep‐slope gullying and landsliding in fast‐denuding, steep areas. To investigate whether the nature of hillslope processes (locally excavating or more uniformly denuding) may be reflected in a comparison of the 10Be concentrations of sand and gravel, we define the normalized sand‐gravel index (NSGI) as the 10Be‐concentration difference between sand and gravel divided by their summed concentrations. We find a positive, linear relationship between the NSGI and median slope, such that our NSGI values broadly reflect the shift in hillslope processes from low‐slope gullying and scree production to steep‐slope gullying and landsliding. Higher NSGI values characterize regions affected by steep‐slope gullying or landsliding. We relate the large scatter in the relationship, which is exhibited particularly in low‐slope areas, to reduced hillslope‐channel connectivity and associated transient sediment storage within those catchments. While high NSGI values in well‐connected catchments are a reliable signal of deep‐excavation processes, hillslope excavation processes may not be reliably recorded by NSGI values where sediment experiences transient storage.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 42
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-04-14
    Beschreibung: Accurate asset-level data can dramatically enhance the ability of investors, regulators, governments, and civil society to measure and manage different forms of environmental risk, opportunity, and impact. Asset-level data is information about physical and non-physical assets tied to company ownership information. • Remote sensing (and related technological developments such as machine learning) can help secure better asset-level data and at higher refresh rates. In particular remote sensing can help identify the features and use of assets relevant to determining asset-level GHG emissions. • We expect that the development of a global catalogue of every physical asset in the world to be already within the reach of technical feasibility. The process of identifying and tagging assets (e.g. power generating stations, mines, farms, industrial sites) and asset-level features (e.g. cooling technologies, air pollution control technologies) can be automated through the use of machine learning. • It is possible to train learning algorithms to recognise an asset and its features in remote imagery and then scan global imagery corpuses to identify all assets of that type. Human error rates are sufficiently low on these classification tasks that it is reasonable to expect these problems to be entirely automatable. • With the exponential increase in space-based sensing, computing power, and algorithmic complexity, end-to-end learning systems are becoming increasingly available to academic researchers and the private sector alike. • There are also viable methods using remote sensing data that could be implemented to measure asset-level GHG emissions. These methods are: (1) a direct method, which involves the use of various sensors on spaceborne and airborne instruments to measure emissions directly; and (2) an indirect method, which utilises various identifiable asset characteristics to model GHG emissions. • The direct method of monitoring emissions requires the use of satellite or airborne instruments. Accurately monitor GHGs from space is challenging because of their relatively small signal in comparison to other atmospheric constituents, but advances in both sensor technology and retrieval models are leading to more precise detection. • Direct emission monitoring is currently feasible for a relatively limited scope of assets (such as assets that are situated in regions with very few other sources of emissions in the surrounding area). The launch of the CarbonSat satellite in 2020 as well as some already scheduled sunsynchronous sensors offer the potential for more precise observation of GHG concentrations and emissions at the asset-level. • A complementary approach to direct measurement is to model GHG emissions indirectly using identifiable asset characteristics. This requires the identification of key characteristics that are associated with GHG emissions. For example, asset utilisation rates are inherently linked to the level of GHG emissions. Using some of the spaceborne instruments in combination with real asset-level production data it is possible to model an asset’s utilisation rate. Employing this projection of the utilisation rate an estimate of the emissions can then be obtained using a standardised model. The indirect approach represents a more feasible method of measuring GHG emissions based on currently available technology. • Through future research projects undertaken over multiple phases we plan to make asset-level data (including various technical features) and GHG emissions monitoring for each asset (using both direct and indirect methods) available for every physical asset in every sector globally, beginning with the most GHG intensive assets. We hope to create platforms for various users to access and use this data. This endeavour has the potential to transform how different actors in different parts of society measure and manage environmental risks, impacts and opportunities. It is enabled by significant public (and private) investment in data capture and remote sensing, which can now be brought together and processed in novel ways for direct application.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 43
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-06-17
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 44
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-08-25
    Beschreibung: Mechanistic understanding of tree-ring formation and its modelling requires a cellular-based and spatially organized characterization of a tree ring, moving from whole rings, to intra-annual growth zones and individual cells. A tracheidogram is a radial profile of conifer anatomical features, such as lumen area and cell wall thickness, of sequentially- and positionally-ranked tracheids. However, its construction is tedious and time-consuming since image-analysis-based measurements do not recognize the position of cells within a radial file, and present-day tracheidograms must be constructed manually. Here we present the R-package RAPTOR that complements tracheid anatomical data obtained from quantitative wood anatomy software (e.g., ROXAS, WinCELL, ImageJ), with the specific positional information necessary for the automated construction of tracheidograms. The package includes functions to read and visualize tracheid anatomical data, and uses local search algorithms to ascribe a ranked position to each tracheid in identified radial files. The package also provides functions to ensure that tracheids are adequately aligned for identifying the first tracheid in each radial file, and obtaining the correct ranking of tracheids along each radial file. Additional functions allow automating the analyses for multiple samples and rings (batch mode) and exporting data and plots for quality control. RAPTOR allows tracheidogram users to take advantage of the latest generation of cell anatomical measuring systems. With this R-package we aim to facilitate the construction of more robust and versatile tracheidograms for the benefit of the research community.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 45
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    GFZ Data Services
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-09-02
    Beschreibung: The SHARE European Earthquake Catalogue (SHEEC) 1900-2006 has been compiled by GFZ Potsdam in the frame of an independant project and represents a temporal and spatial excerpt of "The European-Mediterranean Earthquake Catalogue" (EMEC) for the last millennium (Grünthal & Wahlström, 2012) with a few modifications, which are described in Grünthal et al. (2013). It was compiled under the coordination of INGV, Milan. It builds on the data contained in AHEAD (Archive of Historical Earthquake Data) and with the methodology developed in the frame of the I3, EC project "Network of Research Infrastructures for European Seismology" (NERIES), module NA4. The catalogue (SHEEC) 1000-1899 and the Greek part of 1900-2006 have been partially supported by the EC 7th framework programme project SHARE. Background Information The SHARE European Earthquake Catalogue (SHEEC) 1900-2006 is basically an excerpt of the European-Mediterranean Earthquake Catalogue (EMEC) by Grünthal & Wahlström (2012), the latter covering also historical time in a larger area. Minor differences between SHEEC and EMEC in this time period are described by Grünthal et al. (2013). In both catalogues., the magnitudes threshold is Mw = 3.5 for earthquake locations at latitudes ≥ 44° N and Mw = 4.0 at latitudes 〈 44° N. The parameters of the catalogue have been determined by: - special algorithms to select one out of several possible focal parameter solutions - location, time, depth (optional), Mw magnitude, and intensity - if given by different sources - transformation equations to calculate Mw, if not original, from other magnitude types according to a strict hierarchy - routines to eliminate fake and other non-tectonic events, and to avoid duplicates
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 46
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-10-12
    Beschreibung: On 25 December 2016, a Mw 7.6 earthquake broke a portion of the Southern Chilean subduction zone south of Chiloé Island, located in the central part of the Mw 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake. This region is characterized by repeated earthquakes in 1960 and historical times with very sparse interseismic activity due to the subduction of a young (~15 Ma), and therefore hot, oceanic plate. We estimate the co-seismic slip distribution based on a kinematic finite fault source model, and through joint inversion of teleseismic body waves and strong motion data. The coseismic slip model yields a total seismic moment of 3.94×1020 Nm that occurred over ~30 s, with the rupture propagating mainly downdip, reaching a peak-slip of ~4.2 m. Regional moment tensor inversion of stronger aftershocks reveals thrust type faulting at depths of the plate interface. The fore- and aftershock seismicity is mostly related to the subduction interface with sparse seismicity in the overriding crust. The 2016 Chiloé event broke a region with increased locking and most likely broke an asperity of the 1960 earthquake. The updip limit of the main event, aftershocks, foreshocks and interseismic activity are spatially similar, located ~15 km offshore and parallel to Chiloé Islands west coast. The coseismic slip model of the 2016 Chiloé earthquake suggests a peak slip of 4.2 m that locally exceeds the 3.38 m slip deficit that has accumulated since 1960. Therefore, the 2016 Chiloé earthquake possibly released strain that has built up prior to the 1960 Valdivia earthquake.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 47
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-08-10
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 48
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-10-27
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 49
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-12
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 50
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    In:  Book of Abstracts
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-27
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 51
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-01-28
    Beschreibung: Gms-index-mediator is a standalone index for spatio-temporal data acting as a mediator between an application and a database. Even modern databases need several minutes to execute a spatio-temporal query to huge tables containing several million entries. Our index-mediator speeds the execution of such queries up by several magnitues, resulting in response times around 100ms. This version is tailored towards the GeoMultiSens database, but can be adapted to work with custom table layouts with reasonable effort.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 52
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    Unbekannt
    Earth System Knowledge Platform
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-02-16
    Beschreibung: Neue Studie des KIT zeigt: Pestizide verringern das Summen von Hummeln und damit die Menge des gesammelten Pollens.
    Beschreibung: New study by KIT shows that pesticides reduce the buzz of bumblebees and thus the amount of pollen collected.
    Sprache: Deutsch , Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 53
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Imaging the internal structure of faults remains challenging using conventional seismometers. Here, the authors use deployed fibre-optic cables to obtain strain data and identify faults and volcanic dykes in Iceland. Such fibre-optic networks are pervasive for telecommu-nication and could be used for hazard assessment. Natural hazard prediction and efficient crustal exploration requires dense seismic observa-tions both in time and space. Seismological techniques provide ground-motion data, whose accuracy depends on sensor characteristics and spatial distribution. In the manuscript Jousset et al. (2018), we demonstrate that strain determination is possible with conventional fibre-optic cables deployed for telecommunication. Extending recently distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) studies, we present high resolution spatially un-aliased broadband strain data. We recorded seismic signals from natural and man-made sources with 4-m spacing along a 15-km-long fibre-optic cable layout on Reykjanes Peninsula, SW Iceland.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 54
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    In:  Protokoll über das 27. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung : Breklum, 25.-29. September 2017
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: The theoretical foundations of the various methods of magneto-variational sounding (MVS) are developed from first principles. Because only time variations of the Earth’s magnetic field are involved, these methods respond exclusively to the tangential-electric (TE) mode of the electromagnetic field on and above ground, presuming that the inducing source field is also in this mode. With increasing period MVS results become less and less sensitive to lateral resistivity contrasts at shallow depth, which is demonstrated. It sets these methods apart from magneto-telluric soundings (MTS) subject to persistent surface effects due to anomalous electric field variations in the tangential-magnetic (TM) mode. This work concentrates on the analysis of daily variations and associated activity-related variations, yielding response estimates for periods between three hours and two days. The relevant depth range of penetration extends from 250km to 750km and includes the transition from a resistive upper mantle (# 100Wm) to a conducting deeper mantle ( 1Wm). The ultimate purpose of this study is to obtain information about the degree of lateral uniformity in resistivity beneath Europe. Among MVS methods the gradient method is the most versatile one, relating the vertical component of geomagnetic variations to the spatial derivatives of their horizontal components. The connecting transfer function is the C-response. Within certain limits, which are specified, the method can be applied without concern about the spatial structure of the inducing source field, which is tested with response estimates for variations from two different sources: Quasi-periodic daily variations and transient storm-time variations. All calculations are carried out in spherical coordinates, Alternative MVS methods based on global presentations of the horizontal components by one or more spherical harmonics are of restricted applicability. Tests show that the gradient method gives the best results. A new generalised version of this method removes the constraint about one-dimensionality. It combines gradient sounding with geomagnetic depth sounding (GDS), provided the source field is of sufficient spatial complexity to rule out representation by a single spherical harmonic. The resulting multivariate relation involves up to five transfer functions, including a tensor C-response in close relation to the tensor impedance for the TE mode in the electric field. Input variables are three of the four spatial derivatives of the horizontal components and these components themselves. They are derived from polynomials fitted to the horizontal components in a network of observing sites. An eigen-value analysis ascertains that the performed fit of 2-dimensional second degree polynomials is a numerically stable process. A second eigen-value analysis concerns the inversion of the spectral matrix in multivariate regressions, indicating that regularisation is required, when all five transfer functions are to be found. Eigen-solutions identify the two GDS transfer functions together with the Berdichevsky-average of the tensor C-response as the best resolvable combination. Two kinds of errors are derived for (robust) estimates of transfer functions, distribution-dependent errors and jack-knife errors. For univariate regressions both errors are of comparable size, but for trivariate regressions the former turn out to be twice as large. The data base for exemplary soundings are two years of hourly mean values (1964-65) at 35 European observatories.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 55
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 56
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Mantle-derived potassic to ultrapotassic magmatism is a typical feature of collisional orogens. Potassium-rich magmas recurrently formed across the European Variscides during a period of 50 Myr, following the peak of the orogeny at 340 Ma. Lamprophyre dykes are part of this magmatism and have crust-like trace element patterns, as well as elevated initial 87Sr/86Sr and 207Pb/204Pb and low 143Nd/144Nd along with high mantle-compatible trace element concentrations. This hybrid nature requires at least two source components: subducted continental crustal material and mantle peridotite. Sampling of dyke rocks across tectonic zones of contrasting development reveals two groups of K-rich mantle-derived rocks with distinct trace element patterns and isotopic compositions. The dataset covers a wide range of magma compositions, reflecting their multi-stage petrogenesis. Many of the geochemical characteristics of ultrapotassic magmas, such as very high K2O/Na2O, are already features of the high-pressure crustal melts. Whether the trace element signature is transferred unchanged into these liquids or not largely depends on the behaviour of accessory phases. For instance, high Th/La is related to residual allanite during partial melting of subducted felsic crust. The silica-rich liquids migrate from the slab into the overlying lithospheric mantle. Reaction with peridotitic wall-rocks during channelized flow crystallizes orthopyroxene ± garnet at the expense of olivine, resulting in depletion in Al2O3 and garnet-compatible trace elements in the coexisting melt. Progressive wall-rock interaction causes enrichment in incompatible trace elements and may produce peralkaline melt compositions. These metasomatic agents eventually freeze in the lithospheric mantle, forming non-peridotitic lithologies rich in hydrous minerals such as phlogopite. Variable degrees of melting during post-collisional and later lithospheric extension preferentially affect the heterogeneously metasomatized mantle domains, which results in a broad range of lamprophyre compositions, including amphibole lamprophyres, mica lamprophyres and peralkaline lamproites.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 57
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Simulated signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), reflected off the sea surface and received aboard low Earth orbiting satellites, have been used to derive sea surface height (SSH) and assimilated into an ocean model in an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE). The experimental approach is named GNSS Reflectometry (GNSS-R), which was proposed for the International Space Station (ISS). This scientific experiment was conducted in the frame of the ESA mission called “GNSS REflectometry, Radio Occultation and Scatterometry aboard the International Space Station” (GEROS-ISS). In this study, three sources of uncertainties of the planned GNSS-R altimeter are considered by the GNSS-R simulator: the troposphere, the ionosphere, and a noise term. An ensemble optimal interpolation (EnOI) data assimilation system is set up for an eddy-resolving HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) of the South China Sea (SCS), and two data assimilation runs are performed from the 18th June to the 31st July 2014 with and without GNSS-R. In the run assimilating GNSS-R, the measurements come in addition to traditional Sea Level Anomalies (SLA) from present-day altimeters. In spite of the lower precision of individual GNSS-R retrievals, the results obtained in July show an overall improvement of the Root Mean Squared Difference (RMSD) by 14%, compared to traditional altimeter data only. Considering the crossing of Typhoon Rammasun through the SCS, the GNSS-R data improve the realism of the three largest eddies. The temperature sections along the typhoon track show large differences in the upper 200 m depths in excess of 1 °C near the shelf break. Finally, diagnostics of Degree of Freedom for Signal (DFS) provide a quantitative Impact Factor (IF) of the GNSS-R altimetry data over the conventional altimeter data. On average in July, the IF is low (〈5%), but for the period of the typhoon it reaches values over 20%. This indicates the complementary of the GNSS-R altimetry data to the present observing system, especially in filling the gaps of the traditional altimeters.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 58
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    GFZ Data Services
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: The International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service (IGETS) was established in 2015 by the International Association of Geodesy. IGETS continues the activities of the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP) between 1997 and 2015 to provide support to geodetic and geophysical research activities using superconducting gravimeter (SG) data within the context of an international network. As a new addition to this network, the iGrav-027 superconducting gravimeter had been installed at the Borowa Gora Geodetic-Geophysical Observatory which has been established in late 1930s. Continuous time-varying gravity and atmospheric pressure data from the SGs at Borowa Gora are integrated in the IGETS data base hosted by ISDC (Information System and Data Center) at GFZ. Borowa Gora Geodetic-Geophysical Observatory is located in Poland, situated 50 km north of Warsaw (longitude: 21.0359 E, latitude: 52.2755 N, height above MSL: 109 m). The operation and maintenance of the Borowa Gora instrumentation is done by staff of the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography. The shortest distance to the Baltic Sea coastline is approx. 240 km. The area is located in a tectonically quiet zone. Geologically the situation is not well recognized, a significant size artificial reservoir is located within 1-2 km from the Observatory. The environment is a not significantly urbanized area with visible daily seismicity. The climate at this place has rough winters (up to -20 degrees Celsius) and hot summers (up to 35 degrees Celsius). The iGrav-027 is located in a specially prepared chamber in the basement of one of the Observatory buildings. It is separated from the compressor operating in a separate room. The location of the gravimeter ensures a relatively stable temperature of 21°C ±2°C throughout the year. The instrument is placed on a specially prepared concrete monument of 1.2 × 1.2 m horizontal and 1.5 m vertical dimensions (ca 1.3 m deep below floor level). The sensor of the instrument is located about 2 m below ground level, and the position and height of the instrument has been determined with a centimetre accuracy, before the installation. The iGrav-027 is co-located in the same building with the A10-020 absolute gravimeter. There are three well monumented pillars for absolute gravity determinations, which can be conducted along with the operating iGrav-027 (e.g. for the comparison with absolute gravimeters). In the vicinity of the observatory several further pillars were set up for various other geodetic antennas and instrumentation. Borowa Gora is a geodynamic observatory comprising space techniques and ground instruments. The iGrav-027 operation started at the end of April 2016, official start is assigned as from 1th of May 2016. Since that time the time series is carried out without interruption up to present. The time sampling of the pre-processed gravity and barometric pressure data of IGETS Level 2 is 1 minute. Level 2 data is derived from Level 1 data corrected for small gaps, major earthquakes and jumps. In addition, Borowa Gora is equipped with auxiliary data supporting the interpretation of the SG measurements, which is, however, not provided in the IGETS data base due to complexity. These are a local network of hydrological and meteorological sensors as well as two permanent GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) stations BOGO and BOGI. Additionally magnetic field variations are also recorded.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
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  • 59
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    In:  Protokoll über das 27. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung : Breklum, 25.-29. September 2017
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Long-period magnetotelluric (LMT) and audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) experiments have been conducted in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes since the late 1980’s to study the electrical conductivity distribution in the lithosphere and subduction related processes at the South American continental margin, where the oceanic Nazca plate plunges beneath the continental South American plate. Owing to the computational efforts most of the data were interpreted based on 2-D models. Goal of this work is to extend the existing 2-D results by using three-dimensional modeling techniques at least for the volcanic arc and fore-arc region for two specific investigation areas at around 18°S and 22°S in northern Chile. Dimensionality analysis in both areas indicate strong 3-D effects along the volcanic arc, at the transition zones to the Altiplano, in the Preandean Depression and partly along the Precordillerean Fault System. New 3-D models – employing the ModEM code of Kelbert et al. (2014) – corroborate previous findings, but also enable a more detailed image of lateral resistivity variations in the study areas. North, at around 18°S a shallow conductors are detected at a depth of 5-10 km beneath the stratovolcanoes Parinacota and Taapaca and can be associated with magma chambers belonging to these volcanoes. This shallow conductor was not resolved in previous MT approaches. At 22°S, the magmatic arc conductor emerges now as a trench-parallel, N-S elongated structure slightly shifted to the east of the volcanic front. The most prominent conductor in the whole Central Andes beneath the Altiplano and Puna plateau is also modeled.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 60
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 61
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    In:  Protokoll über das 27. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung : Breklum, 25.-29. September 2017
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
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  • 62
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    Unbekannt
    Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft e. V.
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Das 27. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung fand vom 25. bis 29. September 2017 im Christian Jensen Kolleg (CJK) in Breklum an der Nordseeküste Schleswig-Holsteins statt und wurde unter der Leitung von Dr. Sebastian Hölz von der EM Arbeitsgruppe des GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrums für Ozeanforschung Kiel ausgerichtet. Der Austragungsort trug dem traditionellen Geist des Kolloquiums Rechnung, indem das Kolleg mit seinem Ensemble von Tagungs- und Aufenthaltsräumen, kleinen Parks und schönen Unterkünften einen idealen Rahmen zum Kennenlernen, zum Wiedersehen, für Gespräche und für den wissenschaftlichen Austausch ermöglichte. Wie in den vergangenen Jahren auch konnten sich die Veranstalter auf die EM Community verlassen. 85 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer aus neun Nationen (Deutschland, China, Kanada, Schweiz, Tschechien, Irland, England, Schweden, Polen) fanden den Weg in den Norden. Neben den deutschen Universitäten und Forschungseinrichtungen waren auch acht internationale Universitäten und drei Firmen vertreten. Die inhaltlichen Schwerpunkte der Tagung lagen im Bereich der Magnetotellurik und der aktiven elektromagnetischen und geoelektrischen Verfahren. Das wissenschaftliche Programm mit insgesamt 30 Vorträgen und 43 Postern umfasste landgestützte, marine und luftgestützte Anwendungen und methodische Entwicklungen der EM, petrophysikalische Laboruntersuchungen zu elektrischen Gesteinseigenschaften und Entwicklungen im Bereich der Modellierung und Inversion. Neben derWissenschaft konnten die Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer auf der traditionellen Exkursion ihre Fitness unter Beweis stellen. Am Mittwoch führte der Weg, nach einer kurzen Busfahrt zur Küste und der Begrüflung durch unsere Wattführerinnen, Frau Dethleffsen und ihre Tochter, direkt ins Watt zu einer Wanderung zur Hallig Nordstrandischmoor. Die Anstrengungen derWanderung durch den oft knietiefen Schlick wurde mit Getränken, Kaffee und Kuchen und einem zünftigen Grillfest auf der Hallig belohnt. DerWandertag wurde mit einer Fährfahrt von der Hallig nach Nordstrand abgeschlossen. Der vorliegende Kolloquiumsband umfasst 33 Beiträge. In diesem Band sind Extended Abstracts (3), Vortragsfolien (6) und Postern (24) zusammengefasst. Dieses Format der „Blauen Bände“ wurde das erste Mal nach dem 26. Kolloquium in Dassel eingeführt und wird nun in gleicher Form fortgeführt. Wir danken allen Teilnehmern, die mit ihren extended Abstracts, Folien und Postern dazu beitragen, die Breite des Kolloquiums auch in den „Blauen Bänden“ zu dokumentieren.
    Sprache: Deutsch , Englisch
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  • 63
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: The flash-flood in Braunsbach in the north-eastern part of Baden-Wuerttemberg/Germany was a particularly strong and concise event which took place during the floods in southern Germany at the end of May/early June 2016. This article presents a detailed analysis of the hydro-meteorological forcing and the hydrological consequences of this event. A specific approach, the “forensic hydrological analysis” was followed in order to include and combine retrospectively a variety of data from different disciplines. Such an approach investigates the origins, mechanisms and course of such natural events if possible in a “near real time” mode, in order to follow the most recent traces of the event. The results show that it was a very rare rainfall event with extreme intensities which, in combination with catchment properties, led to extreme runoff plus severe geomorphological hazards, i.e. great debris flows, which together resulted in immense damage in this small rural town Braunsbach. It was definitely a record-breaking event and greatly exceeded existing design guidelines for extreme flood discharge for this region, i.e. by a factor of about 10. Being such a rare or even unique event, it is not reliably feasible to put it into a crisp probabilistic context. However, one can conclude that a return period clearly above 100 years can be assigned for all event components: rainfall, peak discharge and sediment transport. Due to the complex and interacting processes, no single flood cause or reason for the very high damage can be identified, since only the interplay and the cascading characteristics of those led to such an event. The roles of different human activities on the origin and/or intensification of such an extreme event are finally discussed.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 64
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: In recent years, numerical weather models have shown the potential to provide a good representation of the electrically neutral atmosphere. This fact has been exploited for the modeling of space geodetic observations. The Vienna Mapping Functions 1 (VMF1) are the NWM-based model recommended by the latest IERS Conventions. The VMF1 are being produced 6 hourly based on the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts operational model. UNB-VMF1 provide meteorological parameters aiding neutral atmosphere modeling for VLBI and GNSS, based on the same concept but utilizing the Canadian Meteorological Centre model. This study presents comparisons between the VMF1 and the UNB-VMF1 in both delay and position domains, using global networks of VLBI and GPS stations. It is shown that the zenith delays agree better than 3.5 mm (hydrostatic) and 20 mm (wet) which implies an equivalent predicted height error of less than 2 mm. In the position domain and VLBI analysis, comparison of the weighted root-mean-square error (wrms) of the height component showed a maximum difference of 1.7 mm. For 48% of the stations, the use of VMF1 reduced the height wrms of the stations by 2.6% on average compared to a respective reduction of 1.7% for 41% of the stations employing the UNB-VMF1. For the subset of VLBI stations participating in a large number of sessions, neither mapping function outranked the other. GPS analysis using Precise Point Positioning had a sub-mm respective difference, while the wrms of the individual solutions had a maximum value of 12 mm for the 1-year-long analysis. A clear advantage of one NWM over the other was not shown, and the statistics proved that the two mapping functions yield equal results in geodetic analysis.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 65
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Fire is a natural component of global biogeochemical cycles and closely related to changes in human land use. Whereas climate-fuel relationships seem to drive both global and subcontinental fire regimes, human-induced fires are prominent mainly on a local scale. Furthermore, the basic assumption that relates humans and fire regimes in terms of population densities, suggesting that few human-induced fires should occur in periods and areas of low population density, is currently debated. Here, we analyze human-fire relationships throughout the Holocene and discuss how and to what extent human-driven fires affected the landscape transformation in the Central European Lowlands (CEL). We present sedimentary charcoal composites on three spatial scales and compare them with climate model output and land cover reconstructions from pollen records. Our findings indicate that widespread natural fires only occurred during the early Holocene. Natural conditions (climate and vegetation) limited the extent of wildfires beginning 8500 cal. BP, and diverging subregional charcoal composites suggest that Mesolithic hunter-gatherers maintained a culturally diverse use of fire. Divergence in regional charcoal composites marks the spread of sedentary cultures in the western and eastern CEL. The intensification of human land use during the last millennium drove an increase in fire activity to early-Holocene levels across the CEL. Hence, humans have significantly affected natural fire regimes beyond the local scale – even in periods of low population densities – depending on diverse cultural land-use strategies. We find that humans have strongly affected land-cover- and biogeochemical cycles since Mesolithic times.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 66
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 67
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 68
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Mantle plumes upwelling beneath moving tectonic plates generate age-progressive chains of volcanos (hotspot chains) used to reconstruct plate motion. However, these hotspots appear to move relative to each other, implying that plumes are not laterally fixed. The lack of age constraints on long-lived, coeval hotspot chains hinders attempts to reconstruct plate motion and quantify relative plume motions. Here we provide 40Ar/39Ar ages for a newly identified long-lived mantle plume, which formed the Rurutu hotspot chain. By comparing the inter-hotspot distances between three Pacific hotspots, we show that Hawaii is unique in its strong, rapid southward motion from 60 to 50 Myrs ago, consistent with paleomagnetic observations. Conversely, the Rurutu and Louisville chains show little motion. Current geodynamic plume motion models can reproduce the first-order motions for these plumes, but only when each plume is rooted in the lowermost mantle.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 69
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Lake Sihailongwan in Jilin province, NE China, provides the first continuous and almost entirely seasonally laminated sediment record on the East Asian mainland comprising the complete Holocene, the Late-glacial period, and large parts of the Last Glacial. Sediment and palynological proxy data provide a finely resolved regional environmental history of the East Asian monsoon. A varve-based chronology (shl-vc2) has been established for the last 65,000 years and allows a detailed comparison with other long regional and global palaeoclimate records. Vegetation density of the study area depends, on the long run, on precessionally forced insolation changes, with superimposed millennial-scale variability during the Last Glacial. Periodic increase of organic carbon content and thermophilous tree species like Ulmus and Fraxinus and contemporary decrease of shrub Alnus precisely mirror millennial-scale climatic variations primarily known from Greenland ice-cores as Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, as well as Late-glacial period climate changes. Percentages of trees & shrubs pollen and in particular lake productivity-related data reveal substantial differences between interstadial intensities, with those between 50 and 60 ka BP being more pronounced than the following ones.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 70
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    In:  Protokoll über das 27. Schmucker-Weidelt-Kolloquium für Elektromagnetische Tiefenforschung : Breklum, 25.-29. September 2017
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: For GEOMAR’s time-domain CSEM data excited with two perpendicular horizontal dipole polarizations (Figure 1, Hölz et al., 2015), the use of rotational invariants is advantageous because it can provide representations of measured horizontal field components which are independent of the orientations of both the transmitters (TXs) and receivers (RXs, Figure 2). The use of rotational invariants was successfully applied for the 1D interpretation of timedomain CSEM data in Hölz et al. (2015) and Swidinsky et al. (2015). For performing 2D CSEM inversion in frequency domain, the GEOMAR’s time-domain data is first transformed into frequency-domain. It is worth mentioning that the acquired data were first processed to yield transient E fields for each RX-TX pair. The CSEM data selected in a varying frequency range can be used for interpretation, which includes both the low and high frequency data. In this study, we have developed a frequency-domain 2D inversion code using rotational invariants, which could be used for inverting the GEOMAR‘s CSEM data. The forward solver for 2D inversion is based on a staggered finite-difference code for simulating frequencydomain CSEM responses using the total field approach (Li et al., 2017). The singular source point is distributed by a pseudo delta function for numerical accuracy. The rotational invariants will also be computed in the frequency domain. For inversion, the Gauss-Newton (GN) optimization is used for fast convergence and accutate resistivity image reconstruction. Synthetic tests indicate its validity. Future work will focus on the interpretation of CSEM data collected in the Black Sea area for gas hydrate exploration.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 71
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 72
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-03-16
    Beschreibung: Transient sediment storage and mixing of deposits of various ages during transport across alluvial piedmonts alter the clastic sedimentary record. We quantify buffering and mixing during cycles of aggradation–incision in the north piedmont of the Eastern Tian Shan. We complement existing chronologic data with 20 new luminescence ages and one cosmogenic radionuclide age of terrace abandonment and alluvial aggradation. Over the last 0.5 Myr, the piedmont deeply incised and aggraded many times per 100 kyr. Aggradation is driven by an increased flux of glacial sediment accumulated in the high range and flushed onto the piedmont by greater water discharge at stadial–interstadial transitions. After this sediment is evacuated from the high range, the reduced input sediment flux results in fluvial incision of the piedmont as fast as 9 cm year−1 and to depths up to 330 m. The timing of incision onset is different in each river and does not directly reflect climate forcing but the necessary time for the evacuation of glacial sediment from the high range. A significant fraction of sediments evacuated from the high range is temporarily stored on the piedmont before a later incision phase delivers it to the basin. Coarse sediments arrive in the basin with a lag of at least 7–14 kyrs between the first evacuation from the mountain and later basinward transport. The modern output flux of coarse sediments from the piedmont contains a significant amount of recycled material that was deposited on the piedmont as early as the Middle Pleistocene. Variations in temperature and moisture delivered by the Westerlies are the likely cause of repeated aggradation–incision cycles in the north piedmont instead of monsoonal precipitation. The arrival of the gravel front into the proximal basin is delayed relative to the fine‐grained load and both are separated by a hiatus. This work shows, based on field observations and data, how sedimentary systems respond to climatic perturbations, and how sediment recycling and mixing can ensue.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 73
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-06-28
    Beschreibung: The database presented here contains radiogenic neodymium and strontium isotope ratios measured on both terrestrial and marine sediments. It was compiled to help assessing sediment provenance and transport processes for various time intervals. This can be achieved by either mapping sediment isotopic signature and/or fingerprinting source areas using statistical tools (see supplemental references). The database has been built by incorporating data from the literature and the SedDB database and harmonizing the metadata, especially units and geographical coordinates. The original data were processed in three steps. Firstly, a specific attention has been devoted to provide geographical coordinates to each sample in order to be able to map the data. When available, the original geographical coordinates from the reference (generally DMS coordinates, with different precision standard) were transferred into the decimal degrees system. When coordinates were not provided, an approximate location was derived from available information in the original publication. Secondly, all samples were assigned a set of standardized criteria that help splitting the dataset in specific categories. We defined categories associated with the sample location ("Region", "Sub-region", "Location", which relate to location at continental to city/river scale) or with the sample types (terrestrial samples – “aerosols”, “soil sediments”, “river sediments” - or marine samples –“marine sediment” or “trap sample”). Thirdly, samples were discriminated according to their deposition age, which allowed to compute average values for specific time intervals (see attached table "Age_determination_Sediment_Cores.csv"). The dataset will be updated bi-annually and might be extended to reach a global geographical extent and/or add other type of samples. This dataset contains two csv tables: "Dataset_Nd_Sr_isotopes.csv" and "Age_determination_Sediment_Cores.csv". "Dataset_Nd_Sr_isotopes.csv" contains the assembled dataset of marine and terrestrial Nd and/or Sr concentration and isotopes, together with sorting criteria and geographical locations. "Age_determination_Sediment_Cores.csv" contains all background information concerning the determination of the isotopic signature of specific time intervals (depth interval, number of samples, mean and standard deviation). Column headers are explained in respective metadata comma-separated files. A human readable data description is provided in portable document format, as well. Finally, R code for mapping the data and running statistical analyses is also available for this dataset (see supplemental references).
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 74
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    IUGG Secretariat, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
    In:  IUGG Publications
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-04-11
    Beschreibung: The IUGG Yearbook is a reference document of IUGG members, administrative officers, and Association and Union Commission officers that is updated annually and distributed free of charge. Each issue endeavors to update the contact information for hundreds of persons who are actively participating in IUGG scientific activities. Information is complied throughout the year until end December. The Yearbooks are published and posted at the IUGG webpage at the beginning of the year. The Yearbooks are printed together with the Annual Reports for the preceding year in May and mailed to National Committee for Geodesy and Geophysics, Adhering Bodies, IUGG partners, and major libraries.
    Sprache: Französisch , Englisch
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  • 75
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 76
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 77
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: After more than 4 years in orbit, the Swarm constellation mission has collected global measurements of the ge-omagnetic field as well as the ionospheric plasma environment with a reasonable coverage in season and localtime. The Swarm mission started around the maximum of the solar cycle 24 and has collected data during itsdeclining phase. These data, sometimes combined with data from earlier or contemporary LEO satellites, haveenabled climatological studies of ionospheric currents and plasma structures. For examples, the longitudinal vari-ability of atmospheric wave structures in the equatorial electrojet and the seasonal dependence of the Poynting fluxassociated with low latitude plasma depletions have been studied. Furthermore, evidence was found for a plasmadepletion threshold at which severe disturbances of navigational signals occur. In this review, we will present anumber of novel studies and discuss open questions that have been raised from these observations.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 78
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    Unbekannt
    GFZ Data Services
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: The East Pamir seismic network was located on the eastern flank of the Pamir highlands and in the foreland of the adjacent Tarim Basin of western China. It was in operation between August 2015 and May 2017 and consisted of 30 broad band, 3-component seismometers of type Güralp CMG-3ESP or Nanometrics Trillium 120. The data were recorded using Earth Data PS6-24 "EDL" recorders, continuously at a sample rate of 100Hz, with an average station distance of ~20km. The network was designed to augment the earlier TIPAGE and TIPTIMON seismic networks.The principal aim of the network was to characterize the current deformation field in the region. It further recorded the 2015 M7.2 Sarez earthquake. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 8H, and are embargoed until January 2021.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 79
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    In:  Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 20, EGU2018-15681
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: The determination of seismic velocities and their distribution in the subsurface is the target of a large number of geophysical methods. We utilize distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) data, recorded during a 9 days long, continu- ous survey performed on the Reykjanes peninsula, Iceland, to investigate the shallow velocity structure of the area. DAS is an emerging technology to record temporal strain changes experienced by a solid body using fibre-optic cables as an equivalent to a linear, one component broadband seismometer array. Once a fibre-optic cable is in- stalled, DAS systems can provide a dense channel spacing down to 25 cm. Continuous data was recorded with a fibre-optic cable installed behind the 22 1/2” anchor casing of well RN-34 in the Reykjanes geothermal field. Useful signals were obtained up to a depth of approximately 190 m below surface with a trace spacing of one meter. During the DAS measurement drilling commenced for the 9 5/8” production liner in approximately 2500 m depth. To investigate the velocity structure, we use sources provided by activities on the drill site e.g. falling objects. The seismic motion propagates along the fibre-optic cable downhole; we automatically pick amplitude maxima of waves in the records. We also apply seismic ambient noise techniques (seismic interferometry), although generally applied to data recorded at the surface. We apply the standard processing steps of seismic interferometry tem- poral normalization, spectral withening, and stacking. The virtual shot gathers reveal strong asymmetry between the causal and acausal part, which suggests that most of the noise is generated by the drill site itself. We discuss velocity estimations obtained from this study with others obtained by an active surface wave experiment using a fibre-optic cable at the surface.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 80
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 81
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 82
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Analogue sandbox experiments have been used for a long time to understand tectonic processes, because they facilitate detailed measurements of deformation at a spatio-temporal resolution unachievable from natural data. Despite this long history, force measurements to further characterise the mechanical evolution in analogue sandbox experiments have only emerged recently. Combined continuous measurements of forces and deformation in such experiments, an approach here referred to as “sandbox rheometry”, are a new tool that may help to better understand work budgets and force balances for tectonic systems and to derive constitutive laws for regional scale deformation. In this article we present an experimental device that facilitates precise measurements of boundary forces and surface deformation at high temporal and spatial resolution. We demonstrate its capabilities in two classical experiments: one of strike-slip deformation (the Riedel set-up) and one of compressional accretionary deformation (the Critical Wedge set-up). In these we are able to directly observe a correlation between strain weakening and strain localisation that had previously only been inferred, namely the coincidence of the maximum localisation rate with the onset of weakening. Additionally, we observe in the compressional experiment a hysteresis of localisation with respect to the mechanical evolution that reflects the internal structural complexity of an accretionary wedge.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 83
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    In:  Elements
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: The Central Andes and the Atacama Desert represent a unique geological, climatic, and magmatic setting on our planet. It is the only place on Earth where subduction of an oceanic plate below an active continental margin has led to an extensive mountain chain and an orogenic plateau that is second in size only to the Tibetan Plateau, which resulted from continental collision. In this article, we introduce the history of the Central Andes and the evolution of its landscape. We also discuss links between tectonic forces, magmatism, and the extreme hyperarid climate of this land that, in turn, has led to rich deposits of precious ores and minerals.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 84
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Iron isotopes in ocean floor basalts (OFB) away from convergent margins comprising mid-ocean-ridge and ocean island lavas show significant variation of 〉0.4‰ (expressed in the delta notation δ57Fe relative to IRMM-014), but processes responsible for this variation remain elusive. Bond-valence theory predicts that valence states (Fe3+ vs. Fe2+) control Fe isotopes during partial melting and crystal fractionation along the liquid line of descent and thus contribute substantially to this variation. Memory of past melt extraction or metasomatic re-enrichment in the source of OFB may further add to the observed variability, but systematic investigations to elucidate the respective contributions of these effects have been lacking. Submarine ridges and rifts in the Lau back-arc basin offer a unique opportunity to compare Fe isotopes in OFB from different melting regimes and variably depleted mantle sources. New Fe isotope data is presented for submarine lavas from the Rochambeau Ridges (RR) and the Northwest Lau Spreading Centre (NWLSC), and is compared with published data from the Central Lau Spreading Centre (CLSC). In line with first principle calculations and observations from a range of natural systems, crystal fractionation is identified as the dominant, controlling process for elevating δ57Fe in the lavas with olivine tentatively identified as the key driver. To compensate for the effect of crystal fractionation, olivine is mathematically added towards calculated primitive melt compositions (δ57Feprim). For this, we used a constant Ol-melt isotope fractionation factor based on published equilibrium partition functions adapted to decreasing temperature in a cooling melt. The degree of calculated Fe isotope fractionation through olivine crystal fractionation (monitored as Δ57Fe = δ57Femeasured − δ57Feprim) is positively correlated with increasing S and decreasing Ni content in the cooling lavas, fortifying the validity of the approach. Primitive lavas from individual Lau spreading centres and ridges vary to 0.1‰ in δ57Feprim, similar to primitive open-ocean MORB. However, the entire spread in Fe isotope variability in the primitive melts remains at 0.3‰, which we propose to be the extent of isotope heterogeneity in Earth’s upper mantle, with few extreme exceptions. The largest variability in δ57Feprim is observed for RR intra-plate lavas, which have been associated with the Samoan mantle plume and melting in an edge-driven convection scenario. Low, mid-ocean ridge-like 87Sr/86Sr in RR lavas excludes significant influence of isotopically heavy Samoan EM2-type components. However, co-variations with rare earth element pattern in some RR intra-plate lavas indicate garnet plays a role in elevating δ57Feprim during deeper melting. Excluding these deep-seated melts uncovers systematically decreasing δ57Feprim coupled to the degree of mantle source depletion, as recorded in Lu/Hf and Sm/Nd, in the back-arc basin basalts. This, however, holds only true for a comparison between sources of individual ridges, whereas no co-variation is observed within ridge segment data. This suggests that a process other than source depletion and crystal fractionation further adds to Fe isotope variability in the order of 0.1‰ on scales of individual ridge segments. This either marks the degree of Fe isotope variability below ridge segments, or is caused by secondary processes, such as melt-wallrock interaction or RTX (recharge and crystal fractionation) magma chambers.
    Sprache: Englisch
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  • 85
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Dumortierite was synthesized in piston-cylinder experiments at 2.5–4.0 GPa, 650–700°C in the Al2 O3 –B2 O3 –SiO2 –H2 O (ABSH) system. Electron-microprobe (EMP) analyses reveal significant boron-excess (up to 0.26[4] B per formula unit, pfu) and silicon-deficiency relative to the ideal anhydrous dumortierite stoichiometry Al7 BSi3 O18. The EMP data in conjunction with results from single-crystal Raman spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction provide evidence that silicon at the tetrahedral site is replaced by excess boron via the substitution[4] Si↔ [4] B + H. The Raman spectrum of synthetic dumortierite in the frequency region 2000–4000 cm1 comprises eight bands, of which six are located at frequencies below 3400 cm1. This points to strong hydrogen bonding, most likely O2–H...O7 and O7–H...O2, arising from a high number of octahedral vacancies at the Al1 site and substitution of trivalent Al3+ and B3+ for Si4+ at Si1 and Si2 sites, causing decreasing acceptor–donor distances and lower incident valence at the acceptor oxygen. Contrary to the synthetic high-pressure ABSH-dumortierite, magnesiodumortierite from the Dora-Maira Massif, which is assumed to have formed at similar conditions (2.5–3.0 GPa, 700°C), does not show any B-excess. Tourmaline shows an analogous behaviour in that magnesium-rich (e.g., dravitic) tourmaline formed at high pressure shows no or only minor amounts of tetrahedral boron, whereas natural aluminum-rich tourmaline and synthetic olenitic tourmaline formed at high pressures can incorporate significant amounts of tetrahedral boron. Two mechanisms might account for this discrepancy: (i) Structural avoidance of[6] Mg– O– [4] R3+ configurations in magnesiodumortierite due to charge deficieny at the oxygens O2 and O7 and strong local distortion of M1 due to decreased O2 O7 bond length, and/or (ii) decreasing fluid mobility of boron in Al-rich systems at high pressures.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 86
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 87
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    In:  Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 20, EGU2018-1641
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: The radial water jet drilling technology is used to increase the inflow into insufficiently producing geothermal wells. During radial water jet drilling, laterals are jetted into a target formation using an existing well. A focused water jet is applied to the rock through a nozzle attached to a coiled tubing. The method is applied to access and connect high permeability zones within geothermal reservoirs. However, the geometry of the jetted path is not measured during default applications. Techniques for determining the geometry of radial paths can be adopted from equivalent applications in the oil and gas industry, where we can distinguish between direct measurements with tools being fixed to the drill bit, and indirect measurements where sensors are remotely installed. Such sensors record the acoustic emission field, which is inverted towards drill bit position as a function of time. During radial water jet drilling, a continuous source signal is induced. In this study we will explore the potential of inverting the acoustic wavefield generated by the nozzle, towards a nozzle source location as a function of time. We specifically focus on inverting the continuous signal to a location of the nozzle using a method analogue to drill-bit interferometry. We use experimental data acquired in a quarry in Gildehaus (Germany) with a set-up mimicking a downhole application where sensors are placed vertically along the well. Here several jetting tests were conducted, while acoustic data was acquired with seismic accelerometers and piezo-elements. We consider the acoustic signatures of data acquired during jetting tests and address the localization outcomes of the accelerometer and piezo-element data, as compared to in-situ geometry measurement.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 88
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 89
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: A fraction of the volcanic activity occurs intraplate, challenging our models of melting and magma transfer to the Earth's surface. A prominent example is Mt. Etna, eastern Sicily, offset from the asthenospheric tear below the Malta Escarpment proposed as its melt source. The nearby Hyblean volcanism, to the south, and the overall northward migration of the eastern Sicilian volcanism are also unexplained. Here we simulate crustal magma pathways beneath eastern Sicily, accounting for regional stresses and decompression due to the increase in the depth of the Malta Escarpment. We find non-vertical magma pathways, with the competition of tectonic and loading stresses controlling the trajectories' curvature and its change in time, causing the observed migration of volcanism. This suggests that the Hyblean and Etnean volcanism have been fed laterally from a melt pooling region below the Malta Escarpment. The case of eastern Sicily shows how the reconstruction of the evolution of magmatic provinces may require not only an assessment of the paleostresses, but also of the contribution of surface loads and their variations; at times, the latter may even prevail. Accounting for these competing stresses may help shed light on the distribution and wandering of intraplate volcanism
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 90
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 91
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 92
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: TITEL WURDE BEREITS FÜR 2017 GEZÄHLT
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 93
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 94
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: This dataset provides friction data from ring-shear tests (RST) for a quartz sand (type “G23”). This material is used in various types of analogue experiments in the Helmholtz Laboratory for Tectonic Modelling (HelTec) at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam for simulating brittle rocks in the upper crust (e,g. Kenkmann et al., 2007; Contardo et al., 2011; Reiter et al., 2011;Warsitzka et al., 2013; Santimano,et al., 2015; Warsitzka et al., 2015; Ritter et al., 2016; 2018 a,b). The material has been characterized by means of internal friction coefficients µ and cohesions C. According to our analysis the material shows a Mohr-Coulomb behaviour characterized by a linear failure envelope and peak, dynamic and reactivation friction coefficients of µP = 0.73, µD = 0.57 and µR = 0.65, respectively. Cohesions C are in the order of 10 – 120 Pa. The material shows a minor rate-weakening of 〈1% per ten-fold change in shear velocity v.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 95
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 96
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 97
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 98
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: Oxygen self-diffusion coefficients (DOx) were measured in single crystals of dry synthetic iron-free olivine (forsterite, Mg2SiO4) at a temperature of 1600 K and under pressures in the range 10−4 to 13 GPa, using a Kawai-type multi-anvil apparatus and an ambient pressure furnace. Diffusion profiles were obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry operating in depth profiling mode. DOx in forsterite increases with increasing pressure with an activation volume of −3.9 ± 1.2 cm3/mol. Although Mg is the fastest diffusing species in forsterite under low-pressure conditions, O is the fastest diffusing species at pressures greater than ∼10 GPa. Si is the slowest throughout the stable pressure range of forsterite. Based on the observed positive and negative pressure dependence of DOx and DMg (Mg self-diffusion coefficient), respectively, DOx + DMg in forsterite decreases with increasing pressure, and then increases slightly at pressures greater than 10 GPa. This behavior is in agreement with the pressure dependence of ionic conductivity in forsterite based on conductivity measurements (Yoshino et al., 2017), and can be used to explain the conductivity increase from ∼300 km depth to the bottom of the asthenosphere.
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
    In:  Scientific Technical Report STR
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Beschreibung: The German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ operates a satellite-receiving station at Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen since 2001. Valuable support for several satellite missions was provided by the station on a best effort basis, while technical and software related issues, as well as uncertainties regarding important system properties, hindered any project participations with more binding commitments. The upcoming US-German GRACE-Follow On satellite mission with on-board GNSS-RO and gravity measurements and subsequent “near real-time” respectively low latency processing chains raised the demand to integrate the Ny-Ålesund station as the primary data receiving station of the mission’s ground segment. This required the demonstration of improved station performance and reliability with a perspective of sustainability as well as the determination of important antenna system parameters, such as the ratio of antenna gain to system noise (G/T). Analysis of receiving problems at the station in the past and considerations on methods to determine the station antennas characteristics suggested that improved antenna operation software was the most important and straightforward element on the planned way. Disappointing experiences with antenna operation programs of third parties, e.g., from shortcomings of functions, flexibility and support, indicated that the effort for an in-house development would pay off. Consequently new software for the semi-automatic operation of the antennas at the satellite receiving station at Ny-Ålesund was developed within this work. Main development objectives were the elimination of antenna operation problems which occurred in the past, to improve the station reliability, and to introduce program features for the support of required antenna measurements, e.g., such that use the sun as a natural radio signal source. Other focal points during the development were the program-internal timing routines, a compact, informative and operation-safe graphical user interface (GUI) and advanced operation logging features. Lessons learned by the operation of software from other parties in the years since 2001 were respected and even some hardware related issues with the antenna systems at Ny-Ålesund were solved by means of the new software. The new software “NYA-Sattrack” provides all required and desired functions, including some unconventional features. One example is the option to use two different external satellite orbit prediction programs and two sets of prediction elements (twoline elements). An operator can switch between the corresponding pass predictions at any time, even during a satellite contact with already moving antenna. This might be useful, e.g., in a Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP), when different predictions from different sources and with uncertain quality have to be used. Another example is the generation of graphical logs for each satellite contact. An operator can check these logs very fast and simultaneously with normal, text-based logs through a built-in log-viewer function. An eventually desired adaptation to other antenna system types with different technical properties is explicitly supported by the software design as all antenna-specific program code is allocated to individual software interface modules (Dynamic Link Libraries). The new program “NYA-GPS-SYNC” maintains the accuracy of the antenna operation computer clock to support precise operation timing. The two different antenna positioning systems (Elevation over Azimuth and X over Y) of the satellite-receiving station at Ny-Ålesund are operated routinely with NYA-Sattrack since July 2014 and each of the antennas tracks more than 25 satellite passes per day. The number of outages related to antenna operation issues and the manual effort for the operation of the antennas has decreased significantly since introduction of NYA-Sattrack. The new program features of NYA-Sattrack, e.g., such as the sun-tracking mode combined with scan modes, strongly supported the determination of important antenna system characteristics and the detection of a source of radio interference. All achievements of this work have a benefit for supported missions, e.g., due to a better knowledge about technical boundary conditions for contact planning and less data losses during data reception. NYA-Sattrack significantly improved the reliability, efficiency and sustainability to support current and future satellite missions and the Ny-Ålesund ground station is ready to work as the primary downlink station for the GRACE-FO mission, due for launch in February 2018.
    Beschreibung: Das Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ betreibt seit 2001 eine Satelliten-Empfangsstation bei Ny-Ålesund auf Spitzbergen. Die Station hat, so gut es ging, wertvolle Dienste für etliche Satellitenmissionen geleistet. Verbindliche Verpflichtungen in Projekten konnten aber, wegen hard- und softwaretechnischer Probleme und den nur unsicher bekannten Leistungsparametern der Station, nicht eingegangen werden. Die aufkommende US-amerikanisch-deutsche GRACE-Follow On Satellitenmission für GNSS-RO- und Schwerefeldmessungen und die sich daran anschließenden nahe-Echtzeit Datenverarbeitungsketten führten zu dem Wunsch, die Ny-Ålesund Station als primäre Empfangsstation im Bodensegment der Mission zu integrieren. Dies erforderte den Nachweis von verbesserten Betriebseigenschaften, sowie verbesserter Betriebszuverlässigkeit und Zukunftssicherheit, und die Bestimmung wichtiger Antennenparameter, wie dem Verhältnis von Antennengewinn zu Systemrauschen (G/T). Analysen zu Empfangsproblemen an der Station in der Vergangenheit und Überlegungen zur Bestimmung der Antennencharakteristika legten nahe, dass der wichtigste und direkteste Schritt auf diesem Weg eine verbesserte Software für den Betrieb der Antennen sein würde. Wegen in verschiedener Hinsicht enttäuschenden Erfahrungen mit Antennenbetriebssoftware von Dritten, z.B. wegen unzureichenden Funktionen und mangelnder Flexibilität und Unterstützung, wurde angenommen, dass sich der Aufwand für eine eigene Programmentwicklung auszahlen würde. Infolgedessen wurde mit dieser Arbeit eine neue Software für den halb-automatischen Betrieb der Antennen an der Satelliten-Empfangsstation Ny-Ålesund entwickelt. Die wichtigsten Punkte dabei waren die Lösung der in der Vergangenheit beobachteten Betriebsprobleme mit den Antennen, bzw. die Verbesserung der Zuverlässigkeit der Station, und Funktionen für Messungen an und mit den Antennen, z.B. mit Nutzung der Sonne als natürliche Quelle für Radiosignale. Andere Schwerpunkte der Entwicklung waren die zeitlichen Abläufe im Programm, eine kompakte, informative und betriebssichere graphische Nutzerschnittstelle (GUI) und erweiterte Möglichkeiten zum Protokollieren (Loggen) des Betriebs. Dabei wurden die seit 2001 mit dem Betrieb von extern beschaffter Software gemachten Erfahrungen berücksichtigt und sogar durch Hardware verursachte Probleme beim Betrieb der Antennen in Ny-Ålesund durch die neue Software gelöst. Das neue Programm „NYA-Sattrack“ stellt alle benötigten und gewünschten Funktionen bereit, inklusive einiger ungewöhnlicher Funktionen. Ein Beispiel ist die Möglichkeit zur Nutzung von zwei unterschiedlichen externen Programmen zur Bahnvorhersage mit unterschiedlichen Bahnelementen (twoline elements). Ein Operator kann so jederzeit zwischen den beiden entsprechenden Bahnvorhersagen wechseln, sogar während eines Satellitenkontakts mit sich bereits bewegenden Antennen. Dies könnte z.B. in der ersten Zeit nach einem Satellitenstart nützlich sein, wenn unterschiedliche Bahnberechnungen mit unsicherer Genauigkeit von unterschiedlichen Quellen verwendet werden müssen. Ein anderes Beispiel ist die Erzeugung graphischer Logs für die einzelnen Satellitenkontakte. Diese Logs lassen sich von einem Operator sehr schnell überprüfen, durch eine integrierte Anzeigefunktion sogar zusammen mit den textbasierten Logdateien. Eine möglicherweise gewünschte Anpassung des Programms für andere Antennen mit unterschiedlichen Betriebseigenschaften wird dadurch unterstützt, dass antennenspezifischer Programmcode in Programmerweiterungen (Dynamic Link Libraries) platziert wurde. Das neue Programm “NYA-GPS-SYNC” kontrolliert die Uhr des Computers für die Antennensteuerung und sorgt so für einen zeitlich präzisen Betrieb. Die beiden unterschiedlichen Antennenpositionierungssysteme an der Satelliten- Empfangsstation Ny-Ålesund (Elevation über Azimut und X über Y) werden seit Juli 2014 routinemäßig mit NYA-Sattrack betrieben. Jede der beiden Antennen bedient mehr als 25 Satellitenkontakte pro Tag. Seit der Einführung von NYA-Sattrack haben betriebsbedingte Ausfälle stark abgenommen, ebenso der manuelle Aufwand zum Betrieb der Antennen. Die neuen Funktionen von NYA-Sattrack, wie z.B. das Verfolgen der Sonne mit einer Antenne in Kombination mit speziellen Bewegungsmustern, haben die Bestimmung wichtiger Antennenparameter und das Erkennen einer funktechnischen Störquelle ermöglicht. Alle erzielten Ergebnisse nützen indirekt auch den unterstützten Missionen, z.B. durch bessere Kenntnis der technischen Randbedingungen für die Planung von Kontakten und geringere Datenverluste beim Datenempfang. NYA-Sattrack hat die Zuverlässigkeit, Effektivität und Nachhaltigkeitsperspektive der Station für die Unterstützung aktueller und zukünftiger Satellitenmissionen stark verbessert, so dass diese nun für den geplanten Einsatz als primäre Empfangsstation für GRACE-FO bereit ist (geplanter Start im Februar 2018).
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Publikationsdatum: 2020-02-12
    Sprache: Englisch
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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