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  • wheat  (67)
  • Springer  (67)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1990-1994  (67)
  • 1993  (67)
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Verlag/Herausgeber
  • Springer  (67)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 1990-1994  (67)
Jahr
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of experience on in-flight orientation to host-associated cues in the generalist parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Hymenoptera ; Aphidiidae ; Homoptera ; Aphididae ; Schizaphis graminum ; wheat ; tritrophic interactions ; learning ; host-habitat location
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of experience on the responsiveness of the aphidiid parasitoidLysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to host-associated cues was investigated using a wind-tunnel bioassay. Naive females were able to discriminate between uninfested wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat infested withSchizaphis gramimum (Rondani) (Homoptera: Aphididae), but oviposition experience significantly increased the parasitoid's propensity to respond to aphid-infested plants with upwind, targeted flight. The behavioural change associated with such experience was acquired rapidly (within five minutes) and persisted for at least 24 h. The parasitoid could be successfully conditioned to associate a novel odour with the presence of hosts, suggesting that the increase in response to aphid-infested plants which occurs as a result of experience is probably due to associative learning of olfactory cues from the plant-aphid complex.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380774
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evaluation of lycosid, micryphantid and linyphiid spiders as predators ofRhopalosiphum padi (Hom.: Aphididae) and their functional response to prey density-laboratory experiments (1993)
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 79-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Schlagwort(e): wheat ; functional response ; predation ; prey density ; Araneae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Des expériences ont été menées en laboratoire afin de déterminer sur, un plan quantitatif, le rôle, dans l'élimination des populations deRhopalosiphum padi (L.), des principales espèces d'araignées rencontrées sur blé d'hiver en Allemagne:Erigone atra (Blackwall),Lepthyphantes tenuis (Blackwall) etPardosa agrestis (Westring). Leur réponse fonctionnelle à différentes densités de proies a également été étudiée. La présence des araignées provoque une réduction importante, de 34 à 58%, de l'accroissement de la population aphidienne sur blé, par rapport à l'accroissement de cette population en l'absence d'araignées. Les courbes de réponse fonctionnelle pour ces araignées s'attaquant àR. padi semblent de type II caractéristique avec une augmentation de plus en plus faible de la consommation des proies jusqu'à ce que les densités de pucerons atteignent un plateau. Les proies tuées sans être ingérées présentent une courbe de type linéaire.
    Notizen: Abstract Laboratory experiments were performed to determine the potential of dominant spider species in winter wheat in Germany,Erigone atra (Blackwall),Lepthyphantes tenuis (Blackwall) andPardosa agrestis (Westring) adults and youngs, in suppressing the population ofRhopalosiphum padi (L.) on wheat plants and their functional response to different aphid densities. The presence of spiders significantly caused between 34 and 58% reduction in aphid population development on wheat plants compared to the aphid population in the absence of spiders. The functional response curves for these spiders as predators ofR. padi seem to descrive a typical type II functional response with the prey consumed increasing to a plateau as aphid densities increased. Prey killed without eating was linear on prey density.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373142
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Development of a microtargeting device for particle bombardment of plant meristems (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 33 (1993), S. 251-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Schlagwort(e): ballistic aiming ; glucuronidase ; gold particles ; microprojectiles ; Nicotiana tabacum L. ; tobacco ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A gene transfer system for meristem cells was developed on the basis of a ballistic approach. In order to meet some important prerequisites for an efficient transfer system, such as for example aiming at small tissues and control of penetration of the microprojectiles, we developed an acceleration system fundamentally different from the usual macroprojectile driven approach. Instead of a macroprojectile, microtargeting uses the law of Bernoulli for accleration of highly uniform-sized gold particles. The system is able to deliver 80% of the particles to an area as small as 150 micron in diameter, which corresponds to the size of a meristem. Microtargeting yields gene delivery (measured as number of transiently GUS expressing cells to up to 3% of the cells exposed in the target area or up to 35 × 103 cells per cm2. Stable transformation of tobacco microcolonies with the microtargeting device was shown to have an efficiency up to one stable transformant per 1000 cells exposed to the shot, or up to one transformant per shot. We perform 4 or 5 shots per min. After 30 to 40 shots, reloading can take up to 2 min. Microtargeting is very flexible and allows for the adjustment of the important parameters to fit the requirements of the respective tissue.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02319009
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Soil transformation of wheat and corn metabolites mboa and DIM2BOA into aminophenoxazinones (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2453-2461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): DIMBOA ; MBOA ; DIM2BOA ; M2BOA ; 2-amino-7-methoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one ; 2-amino-4,6,7-trimethoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one ; corn ; wheat ; soil microbial transformation ; phytotoxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The defensive cyclic hydroxamates 7-methoxy-2,4-dihydroxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) and 7,8-dimethoxy-2,4-dihydroxy-1,4(2H)-benzoxazin-3-one (DIM2BOA) of wheat and corn are transformed in nonsterile soil, via 6-methoxy-2(3H)-benzoxazolone (MBOA) and 6,7-dimethoxy-2(3H)-benzoxazolone (M2BOA) respectively, into 2-amino-7-methoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one and 2-amino-4,6,7-trimethoxy-3H-phenoxazin-3-one. The soil transformation is similar of that undergone by the rye metabolite 2(3H)-benzoxazolone (BOA) into 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one. The transformations to phenoxazinones are not observed in sterile soil. The 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one inhibits barnyard grass radicle elongation, but the methoxylated aminophenoxazinones are not significantly inhibitory.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980682
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A survey of the natural occurrence ofFusarium toxins in wheat grown ina southwestern area of Germany (1993)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 121 (1993), S. 115-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Schlagwort(e): Fusarium toxins ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Wheat for feed use (84 samples) was collected after harvest from 79 farms in a southwestern part of Germany (Baden-Wuerttemberg). The 1987 crop year was characterized by heavy rainfall in the summer months. The internal mycoflora of wheat samples was primarily fusaria, and storage fungi were rarely present. TheFusarium toxins, zearalenone (ZON), α- and β-zearalenol (α,β-ZOL), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 Toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2) and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) were analysed by gas chromatography with mass selective detection (detection limit: 1–3 µg/kg). Each of the samples contained at least one of theFusarium toxins examined except DAS. DON, ZON, 3-AcDON, NIV, T-2, HT-2 and α-ZOL were detected in 96%, 80%, 59%, 26%, 26%, 7% and 5% of samples, with an average of 1632, 178, 7, 9, 82, 10 and 23 µg/kg, and a maximum of 20538, 8036, 18, 32, 249, 20 and 71 µg/kg, respectively. β-ZOL (12 µg/kg) was found in one sample with α-ZOL (71 µg/kg). One, two, three, four, five and sixFusarium toxins were detected in 6%, 27%, 37%, 23%, 4%, and 4% of total samples, respectively. The most frequent combination was that of ZON with DON and 3-AcDON, followed by the combinations ZON/DON and ZON/DON/3-AcDON/NIV in 22, 20, and 11% of total samples, respectively.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103579
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Wheat root biomass and nitrogen dynamics—effects of daily irrigation and fertilization (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): depth distribution ; irrigation ; nitrogen fertilization ; root biomass ; soil-coring ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Root biomass, root nitrogen content, and root distribution down to 50 cm depth in winter wheat were determined by soil coring on five dates in four different treatments: control (C), drought (D), daily irrigation (I), and daily irrigation and fertilization (IF). The first three treatments received the N fertilizer application as a single dose in spring, whereas in IF daily doses of N were supplied in the irrigation water using a drip-tube system, according to the estimated nutrient demand of the crop. All treatments received 20 g N m−2 year−1. The maximum root biomass (104 g m−2) was reached earliest in IF. On 6 June, root samples were taken down to a depth of 100 cm, and the proportion of deep roots (50–100 cm) was least in I, indicating that it had the shaklowest root system. The root biomass as a fraction of the total plant mass decreased during crop development in all treatments down to about 4% at harvest. The decrease was more rapid in I and C than in D and IF. The higher proportion of roots during spring in D and IF coincided with a low nitrogen concentration in the roots, which was attributed to the restricted water supply and to the relative shortage of nitrogen during early crop development in D and IF, respectively. The dynamics of mass and nitrogen in macroscopic organic debris in the soil suggested that root turnover rates were high. ei]{gnB E}{fnClothier}
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010782
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Gas-filled root porosity in response to temporary low oxygen supply in different growth stages (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 152 (1993), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): aeration ; aerenchyma ; carnation ; cucumber ; gerbera ; maize ; oxygen stress ; oxygen transport ; redox dye ; rice ; rose ; sugar beet ; sweet pepper ; tomato ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The development of gas-filled root porosity in response to temporary low oxygen supply was tested for a range of edible and ornamental crops: rice, maize, wheat, sugar beet, tomato, cucumber, sweet pepper, carnation, gerbera and rose. In a first experiment, the roots of tomato, maize and gerbera had a higher gas-filled root porosity, Ep (% v/v), when grown permanently in a non-aerated instead of aerated solution. The Ep of roots increased during two weeks when half the root system of a young plant was transferred to a non-aerated solution; in older plants this response was not seen. Carnation had a negligible gas-filled porosity in all treatments. In a second experiment, a comparison was made between high (20 kPa) and low (about 2 kPa) O2 partial pressure in a recirculating nutrient solution. Half of the root system was transferred to low O2 at various growth stages. In most species older plants did not increase Ep on exposure to low O2. For tomato, sweet pepper and rose, Ep was normally in the range 3–8% (v/v). Young plants of cucumber, wheat and sugar beet also had an Ep in that range, but in older plants values ranged from 1 to 3%. Transverse root sections examined by light microscopy showed, on average, 60% more intercellular spaces in the root cortex than the measurements of gas-filled porosity, probably because some gaps and spaces in the cortex were not gas-filled. This effect was most pronounced in tomato. A negative pressure in the cortex may be needed for gaps to be gas-filled. An exodermis may increase the effectiveness of gas spaces in the cortex by closing the gas channels and, by offering some resistance to water uptake, allowing a negative pressure head in the cortex which keeps gaps gas-filled. A redox dye method was developed to study the length of root which is effectively supplied with oxygen, as a function of Ep. Results indicated that for every percent Ep the root can remain aerated over at least 1 cm in a non-aerated medium under the conditions of the test.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029088
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of boron on pollen viability in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 313-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): anther ; boron deficiency ; fertilization ; grain set failure ; in vitro pollen germination ; pollen ; pollen tube ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Grain set failure in wheat, caused by boron (B) deficiency, is associated with poorly developed pollen and anthers. This paper presents results of a study of the effect of B on pollen viability when it was supplied "internally" through the roots and externally in an agar medium for in vitro germination. There was no major effect of B supply to wheat plants on the number of pollen anther-1 or the percentage of pollen with positive reaction to iodine. Pollen germination in the medium was, however, responsive to both internal and external B supply. When B was not added to the medium, germination was poor, regardless of the level of B supplied to the plant, in both a B deficiency sensitive (SW41) and a B deficiency tolerant (Sonora 64) genotypes. The percentage of germinated pollen and length of the pollen tube increased with increasing medium B. With 20–100 mg H3BO3 L-1 in the medium, the percentage of germinated pollen and length of the pollen tube responded positively to increasing B supply to the plant. No difference was found between sensitive and tolerant genotypes in the effect of B on their pollen viability. On the other hand, without added B in the nutrient solution applied to the plant, grain set was depressed in the B deficiency sensitive SW41 and not in the B deficiency tolerant Sonora 64. A difference in B supply to the germinating pollen in the stigma and style is one possible explanation for this variation in the response to B among wheat genotypes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025045
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Copper supply and the leaf emergence rate of spring wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 457-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): copper ; development ; leaf emergence ; nutrient deficiency ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Copper deficiency can delay flowering and plant maturity. However, the effect of copper deficiency on the rate of leaf emergence has not been quantified. We tested the hypothesis that low copper supply decreases the rate of leaf emergence of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Gamenya). Copper foliar sprays are commonly applied to wheat. We examined the response of the rate of leaf emergence to a foliar application of copper sulphate. Wheat was grown in root cooling tanks (20°C) in the glasshouse. Soil copper treatments were applied as solutions of CuSO4.5H2O at three rates: Cu0=no added Cu, Cu400=400 μg Cu per 3 kg pot, and Cu1600=1600 μg Cu per pot. An additional treatment of a foliar spray of CuSO4.5H2O (0.4 mg Cu per plant) was applied to Cu0 and Cu400 plants 45 days after sowing (5.5 leaves on the main stem). Leaves on the main stem were counted and the rate of leaf emergence was estimated from the regression of number of emerged leaves against thermal time (base 0°C). The phyllochron was calculated as 1/rate of emergence. Leaves on Cu0 and Cu400 plants took longer to emerge than on Cu1600 plants, with the phyllochron of Cu1600 plants being 130 compared to 137 for the Cu400 plants and 158 for the Cu0 plants. The foliar application of CuSO4 at the 5–6 leaf stage resulted in a decrease in the phyllochron of the Cu0 plants to 127, but no change in that of the Cu400 plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025082
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effect of various metal ions on growth of two wheat lines known to differ in aluminium tolerance (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 489-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): aluminium ; analog ; boron ; copper ; gallium ; iron ; lanthanum ; manganese ; scandium ; tolerance ; Triticum aestivum ; toxicity ; wheat ; zinc
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effects of aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), iron (Fe), gallium (Ga), scandium (Sc) and lanthanum (La) on growth of an Al-tolerant and an Al-sensitive line of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were measured in solution culture. The concentrations of nutrients in the basal nutrient solution were (μM) 500 Ca, 100 Mg, 300 K, 600 N (150 NH4, 450 NO3), 600 SO4, 2.5 P, 3 B, 2.5 Fe, 0.5 Zn, 0.5 Mn, 0.1 Cu at a pH of 4.7. The major solution nutrient concentrations were maintained at the nominal concentration with monitoring, frequent additions and weekly renewal. Differentiation in yield between the Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive line only occurred in the presence of Al indicating that, in the long term, none of the other metals tested could be used as an analog for Al. The visual symptoms in the roots of Cu toxicity (in both lines) and Al toxicity (in the sensitive line) were similar. The solution concentration (μM) at which yield of the roots of the tolerant line was reduced by 50% was, in order of increasing tolerance, Cu 0.5, Sc 1.1, La 7.1, Ga 8.6, Al 15, Zn 19, Fe 84, B 490 and Mn 600.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025090
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    What is the significance of herbicide-nutrient interactions on wheat? (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 529-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): chlorsulfuron ; mineral nutrition ; sulfonylurea ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Sulfonylurea herbicides have been found to decrease the uptake and utilization of some nutrients by wheat. This paper reviews the effects of sulfonylureas on nutrient uptake, proposes physiological mechanisms which might explain the effects; and examines the agronomic implications.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025100
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Modelling nutrient responses in the field (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 57-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): nitrogen ; wheat ; simulation ; yield-response curve
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Models of the yield responses of crops to applied nutrients are a recent addition to the methods available for making fertilizer recommendations. They have a place in integrating nutrient information with information on other factors which affect yield and its response to added nutrients. This review deals with nitrogen models classified into three groups: those which predict yield-response curves based on empirical factors; those which simulate the yield response from complex simulation models of many processes regulating crop growth and the soil environment; and those which aim to simulate yield and selected processes based on simplified functional relationships which apply to a target region or industry. Three case studies representing the three classes of model are drawn from research on dryland wheat in different parts of Australia. They show examples in which models provide information which is unobtainable from experimental procedures and which provide information useful to farmers in making decisions about fertilizers. Suggestions are made for future developments in crop-nutrient modelling including further comparisons of models, linkage of models with tissue tests, modelling co-limiting nutrients, deciding on the appropriate level of detail within a model and the need for methods for calibrating and testing models on attributes other than yield alone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024984
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Genotype-environment interaction and correlation between vegetative and grain production measures of potassium use-efficiency in wheat (T. aestivum L.) grown under potassium stress (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): efficiency ratio ; harvest index ; potassium ; Triticum aestivum ; utilization index ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Nutrient use-efficiency (NUE) is commonly measured in relation to vegetative growth without regard for economic productivity of crops whose valued product is reproductive. Although vegetative measures can be useful, particularly in forage crops, their validity in the quantification of NUE in grain crops is questionable. This study was undertaken primarily to examine the relationship between vegetative and economic potassium use-efficiency (KUE) in several wheat (T. aestivum) genotypes under conditions of potassium stress. Genotype environment interaction for vegetative KUE was also examined. Vegetative KUE was assessed as shoot fresh weight, efficiency ratio (VKER) and utilization index (VKUI) whereas economic KUE was evaluated as grain weight, total weight and economic efficiency ratio (EKER). Significant genotype-environment interactions for shoot weight, VKER and VKUI were observed. In some instances interaction was associated with crossovers between genotypes indicating that it can affect selection. Correlations between vegetative and economic measures of KUE were generally nonsignificant, but negative and significant for shoot weight of three-week-old plants and grain weight. It appears that if genotypes differ considerably for harvest index and it is not positively correlated with total biomass, vegetative measures of KUE are unreliable as indicators of economic KUE. Therefore, economic rather than vegetative measures should be used to evaluate KUE in crops whose valued product is reproductive. ei]{gnH}{fnMarschner} ei]{gnH.}{fnLambers}
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010784
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Non-structural carbohydrate: Analysis by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and its importance as an indicator of plant growth (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 243-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): fructans ; NIR ; nitrogen ; non-structural carbohydrates ; rice ; starch ; stress ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Plant shoot samples are frequently analysed to assess if crops require additional nitrogen or mineral elements to maintain satisfactory growth. If plant growth is limited by temperature, water stress, disease, lodging or a mineral deficiency, non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) may be accumulated in, or depleted from, tissues especially those in the lower stems. Plant testing laboratories do not routinely analyse NSC to assist in the identification of plant stress probably because skilled technicians and time are required for the wet chemical determination. In this paper we report that routine determination of NSC is possible using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy; the errors of determination are comparable with traditional chemical methods. The concentration of NSC in the shoots of rice grown in south eastern Australia ranges from 1.6 to 22.8%, as starch. In the shoots of wheat grown in eastern Australia the range is from 2.4 to 35.2%, as fructans. In both crops the NSC content is highly inversely correlated with the shoot nitrogen content. Based on data from commercial wheat and rice crops we suggest that the ratio between nitrogen and NSC can be used to identify crops in which growth has been limited by a stress other than nitrogen and so are unlikely to show the predicted response to an application of nitrogen fertilizer.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025029
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Grain set failure in boron deficient wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 309-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): anther ; boron deficiency ; female flower ; fertilization ; grain set failure ; warm areas wheat ; pollen ; pollen germination ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Effects of boron (B) deficiency on reproductive development and grain set in wheat was studied in experiments in a sand culture in which grain set was increased by increasing B supply in the nutrient solution. Early vegetative response was also studied in a solution culture experiment with 5 μM B and without added B. Effects of B deficiency on the male and female part of the wheat flower were studied in a cross fertilization experiment involving B deficient and B sufficient wheat plants. An international trial (the Boron Probe Nursery) was conducted as a collaboration between Chiang Mai University, CIMMYT and National Agricultural Research Systems in various countries, to verify the B response in non-traditional, warm wheat-growing areas. There was a wide genotypic variation in reproductive responses to B among the eight wheat genotypes studied. In sand culture with low B (0.2 μM), grain set index ranged from 9.5% in SW41 to 94.5% in Fang 60; with high B (10 μM) it was ≥90% in all genotypes. Early vegetative response to B was measured in the length of the youngest emerged blade at 12 days after sowing. Without added B the length of the leaf blade relative to that with 5 μM B ranged from 0.82 to 0.92. This indicates some variation in vegetative response to B among the genotpes. However, there was no relationship between vegetative and reproductive responses to B of the wheat genotypes. Fertility of both the male and female part of the wheat flower appears to be affected by B deficiency. Ears from B deficient plants that were bagged to prevent cross fertilization set no grain. Cross pollination of B deficient female flowers with pollen from B sufficient plants resulted in only 28% grain set, compared with 94% percent from manual crossing of B sufficient pollen on B sufficient female. Reponses to B application of SW41 and other sensitive genotypes at field sites of the first international Boron Probe Nursery (1990/91) confirmed that B deficiency can be a major cause of grain set failure in wheat in warm areas.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025044
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The amino acid sequence of a protein from wheat kernel closely related to proteins involved in the mechanisms of plant defence (1993)
    Springer
    The protein journal 12 (1993), S. 379-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Schlagwort(e): Amino acid sequence ; wheat ; wounding ; plant defence
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The amino acid sequence of wheatwin1, a monomeric protein of 125 residues isolated from wheat kernel (variety S. Pastore), is reported. Wheatwin1 is highly homologous (95%) to barwin, a protein from barley seed, which was shown to be related to the C-terminal domain of two proteins encoded by the wound-induced geneswin1 andwin2 in potato and to a protein encoded by the same domain of the hevein gene (hev1) in rubber tree. Similarly to barwin, wheatwin1 contains six cysteine residues all linked in disulfide bridges and the N-terminal residue is pyroglutamate. Moreover, structural studies performed on wheatwin1 andwin1 protein by predictive methods demonstrated that these proteins and barwin are closely related in the secondary structure also. The high level of homology found with the product ofwin1,win2, andhev1 genes strongly suggests that barwin and wheatwin1 play a common role in the mechanism of plant defence.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01025037
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Analysis of nuclear proteins interacting with a wheat α/β-gliadin seed storage protein gene (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 25-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): gliadin storage proteins ; wheat ; transcriptional regulation ; nuclear proteins
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The promoter region (−524 to −46) of the wheat α/β-gliadin seed storage protein gene was analyzed for interactions with nuclear proteins from developing wheat seeds. Six complexes were detected within the first 165 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site. One of the proteins was a non-sequence specific AT-binding protein. The remaining five proteins bound in a sequence specific manner. One (CABP) mapped to a conserved CA-rich element at −134 to −112 while another (PalBP) mapped to an adjacent, palindromic sequence at −112 to −106. Three proteins (CTBPs 1–3) formed complexes at two, independent homologous sites. The activities of four of the binding proteins, CTBPs 1–3 and CABP, exhibited similar patterns of expression during seed development: they first appeared at early to mid stages, reached a maximum at mid stage and subsequently decreased, paralleling the pattern of gliadin mRNA accumulation. The non-specific AT-binding protein was detected at relatively high levels only at mid development. PalBP activity, on the other hand, first appeared at mid stage and was present at a constant level throughout later stages of development. The results suggest that the binding proteins may regulate gliadin expression in an antagonistic manner.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038993
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Wheat acetyl-CoA carboxylase (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 547-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): acetyl-CoA carboxylase ; chloroplast ; haloxyfop ; herbicide ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The acetyl-CoA carboxylase present in both wheat germ and total wheat leaf protein contains ca. 220 kDa subunits. It is the major biotin-dependent carboxylase present in wheat chloroplasts. Active acetyl-CoA carboxylase purified from wheat germ is a homodimer with an apparent molecular mass of ca. 500 kDa. The enzyme from wheat germ or from wheat chloroplasts is sensitive to the herbicide haloxyfop at micromolar levels. The incorporation of 14C-acetate into fatty acids in freshly cut wheat seedling leaves provides a convenient in vivo assay for both acetyl-CoA carboxylase and haloxyfop.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015984
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interaction between zinc nutritional status of cereals and Rhizoctonia root rot severity (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): cereal root rot ; Rhizoctonia solani ; wheat ; Zn nutrition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract An inverse correlation between plant Zn concentration and the severity of Rhizoctonia root rot, described in an earlier paper, was examined in two experiments in a growth chamber. In the first experiment, wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Songlen) was planted in a Zn deficient soil with and without added Zn, and combined factorially with different inoculum densities of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 8. When Zn was added, the percentage of seminal roots infected with R. solani was significantly lower compared to the treatments without added Zn, showing that low Zn potentiated the disease. A subsequent factorial experiment of four inoculum densities and six Zn levels, (0, 0.01, 0.04, 0.1, 0.4 and 6.0 mg Zn kg−1 soil) was conducted to investigate the Zn effect in more detail. Disease severity was markedly decreased by the higher Zn applications; the disease score dropped sharply between treatments of Zn0.04 and Zn0.1, a difference which was reflected in the plant yield response to Zn. For both experiments the Zn concentrations in shoots were significantly different only among Zn treatments, not among the inoculum treatments. This indicated that inoculum density or disease severity did not reduce Zn concentration in the plant. Thus, disease did not exaggerate Zn deficiency, but rather, Zn sufficiency suppressed disease severity. A potentiating link between Zn nutrition and disease severity is thereby established, although this type of experiment did not indicate the mechanism of the Zn effect.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012994
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mapping of genes for copper efficiency in rye and the relationship between copper and iron efficiency (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 61-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Key words ; chromosome translocation ; copper efficiency ; DNA: DNA in situ DNA hybridization ; physical mapping ; phytosiderophores ; rye ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A 4B/5R wheat-rye translocation line derived from the Danish wheat variety ‘Viking’ was revealed to be highly copper efficient. The chromosomal exchange includes a very small terminal segment of chromosome arm 5RL of rye which was physically mapped by genomic DNA: DNA in situ hybridization and chromosome analysis. The gene for Cu efficiency (Ce) is linked to a dominant hairy neck character from rye (Ha1) and to two rye-specific leaf esterase loci (Est6, Est7), all of which are postulated to map to the distal part of 5RL. Genes coding for mugineic acid synthetase and 3-hydroxymugineic acid synthetase also on chromosome 5R are not included in the 4B/5R translocation and hence map outside the terminal 5R region. These genetic and molecular markers can be useful tools for large-scale screening in wheat breeding programmes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011072
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrogen uptake in relation to water availability in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): nitrogen concentration ; nitrogen content ; nitrogen uptake ; Trilicum aestivum L. ; wheat ; water stress
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Nitrogen uptake and distribution in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are dependent on environmental conditions and in particular on the water regime. Under Mediterranean conditions, where high water stress at the end of the crop cycle is frequent, nitrogen uptake can be reduced, affecting yield and quality of the grain. To disclose these relations a field experiment was carried out in Central Portugal. Wheat was grown on a clay soil (Vertisol) at three water treatments: rainfed (WO), with 80 mm of irrigation (W1) and with 50 mm and 70 mm irrigations (W2). All treatments received 50 kg ha−1 of N prior to sowing and were top-dressed with 140 kg ha−1 of N, splitted in two applications, Kjeldahl N was determined in green leaves (GL), yellow leaves (YL), stems (ST), chaff (CH) and grain (GR). N uptake after anthesis was 40% of the total in W2, but was not noticeable in the other two treatments. N concentrations in the total above-ground plant dry matter, and in both YL and ST were not very different according to treatment, but water availability increased grain-N concentration. It seems, therefore, that grain protein concentration and N uptake can be substantially increased by late irrigations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011076
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Modifications of the carbon and nitrogen allocations in the plant (Triticum aestivum L.) soil system in response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): carbon partitioning ; CO2 enrichment ; nitrogen mineralization ; nitrogen partitioning ; rhizosphere ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The aim of this work was to examine the response of wheat plants to a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration on: (1) carbon and nitrogen partitioning in the plant; (2) carbon release by the roots; and (3) the subsequent N uptake by the plants. The experiment was performed in controlled laboratory conditions by exposing fast-growing spring wheat plants, during 28 days, to a 14CO2 concentration of 350 or 700 μL L−1 at two levels of soil nitrogen fertilization. Doubling CO2 availability increased total plant production by 34% for both N treatment. In the N-fertilized soil, the CO2 enrichment resulted in an increase in dry mass production of 41% in the shoots and 23% in the roots; without N fertilization this figure was 33% and 37%, respectively. In the N-fertilized soil, the CO2 increase enhanced the total N uptake by 14% and lowered the N concentration in the shoots by 23%. The N concentration in the roots was unchanged. In the N-fertilized soil, doubling CO2 availability increased N uptake by 32% but did not change the N concentrations, in either shoots or roots. The CO2 enrichment increased total root-derived carbon by 12% with N fertilization, and by 24% without N fertilization. Between 85 and 90% of the total root derived-14C came from respiration, leaving only 10 to 15% in the soil as organic 14C. However, when total root-derived 14C was expressed as a function of root dry weight, these differences were only slightly significant. Thus, it appears that the enhanced carbon release from the living roots in response to increased atmospheric CO2, is not due to a modification of the activity of the roots, but is a result of the increased size of the root system. The increase of root dry mass also resulted in a stimulation of the soil N mineralization related to the doubling atmospheric CO2 concentration. The discussion is focused on the interactions between the carbon and nitrogen allocation, especially to the root system, and the implications for the acquisition of nutrients by plants in response to CO2 increase.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011050
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of plant growth regulators on acetylene-reducing associations between Azospirillum brasilense and wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 165-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): acetylene reduction ; Azospirillum ; nitrogen fixation ; para-nodulation ; plant growth regulators ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Treatment of wheat seedlings with the synthetic auxin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d), induced nodule-like structures or tumours (termed para-nodules) where lateral roots would normally emerge. The formation of these structures promoted increased rates of acetylene reduction at reduced oxygen pressure (0.02–0.04 atm) in seedling inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense, compared to seedlings inoculated without auxin treatment. Fluorescent microscopy, laser scanning confocal microscopy and direct bacterial counts all showed that the 2,4-d treatment stimulated internal colonization of the root system with azospirilla, particularly in the basal region of the nodular structures. Both colonization with azospirilla and acetylene-reducing activity were further stimulated by simultaneous treatment with another synthetic auxin, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and, less reliably, with indoleacetic acid (IAA) and indolebutyric acid (IBA). These auxins produced shortening of many initiated lateral roots, although 20 times the concentration of NAA was required to achieve rounded structures similar to those obtained with 2,4-d. Treatment with NAA, IAA or IBA alone also stimulated colonization with azospirilla and acetylene reduction rates at 0.02 atm oxygen, but less effectively than by treatment with 2,4-d. Such exogenous treatments of wheat seedlings with synthetic growth regulators provide an effective laboratory model for studies on the development of a N2-fixing system in cereals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012989
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A new approach to quantify the utilization of non-exchangeable soil potassium by plants (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 235-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): De ; exchangeable K ; K diffusion ; K release ; K utilization ; model calculation ; non-exchangeable K ; root hairs ; sugar beet ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract To predict the contribution of soil K fractions of different mobility to K supply of plants, the kinetics of K release from soil was related to the kinetics of K uptake of young sugar beet and wheat plants. For this purpose K release rates from soil were measured by continuously percolating samples of a luvisol with 0.01 M CaCl2 solution and effective diffusion coefficients, De, were determined. Two soil K fractions of different mobility were obtained. De values of the more mobile ‘exchangeable K’ and the less mobile ‘non-exchangeable’ K fraction were found to be 58.9 × 10−9 and 8.2 × 10−9 cm2 s−1, respectively. In a pot experiment, sugar beet and wheat plants were grown, for 15 days and both root growth and K uptake were measured. K uptake kinetics of both crops was determined in a separate experiment using flowing solution culture. To integrate these data quantitatively, the simulation model of Claassen et al. (1986) was applied. Results show that calculated total K uptake agreed closely with real K uptake of the plants. On this basis, 64 and 79% of the K taken up by wheat and sugar beet plants was derived from the rapidly released ‘exchangeable’ and 21–36% from the less mobile ‘non-exchangeable’ soil K fraction.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016614
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Regulation of NH4 + uptake in wheat plants: Effect of root ammonium concentration and amino acids (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): amides ; free ammonium ; MSX ; net ammonium uptake inhibition ; total free amino acids ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract When N deficient 10-day-old wheat plants were supplied with 1.5 mol m−3 NH4 +, net NH4 + uptake rapidly decreased during the first 6h, while root free-NH4 + and free amino acids concentration increased. However, after 24 h the NH4 + uptake rate increased again, as the internal NH4 + concentration decreased. When plants were pretreated during 40 h with different external NH4 + concentrations, net uptake measured on 1.0 mol m−3 NH4 + decreased with the increasing ion concentration during the pretreatment. This decrement coincided with both root free-NH4 + and total free amino acids levels. When N-starved and NH4 + fed plants were treated during 0, 3 or 6 h with 1.0 mol m−3 NH4 + in the presence of 1.0 mol m−3 MSX2, net uptake (measured without MSX) decreased with the length of the inhibitor treatment. In both groups, MSX significantly increased root free-NH4 + concentration, while the level of total free amino acids was only increased in N-starved plants. When N-starved plants were externally supplied with 1.0 mol m−3 of different amino acids or amides, net NH4 + uptake was only strongly inhibited in the presence of glutamine or asparagine. It is concluded that rapid changes in the concentration of certain amino acids during NH4 + nutrition might regulate the ion absorption, though at high endogenous levels of free NH4 + net uptake could be suppressed independently of the root concentration of free amino acids.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00016286
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interaction of salinity and enhanced ammonium and potassium nutrition in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 154 (1993), S. 133-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): ammonium nutrition ; potassium nutrition ; salinity ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown to maturity in a pot experiment in a calcareous silty sand soil. N was applied at two levels as granulated N-P fertilizers, amended or not with nitrification inhibitors (1% and 5% DCD, 1% N-serve). Potassium as KCl was given at three levels of application. P was applied at a uniform rate. Two levels of salinity were obtained by using the soil as such (EC= 0.3 mmho/cm) and by adding NaCl to the same soil (EC=2.4 mmho/cm). 1% DCD and 1% N-serve treatments gave significantly higher wheat grain yields and N-uptake than the other ones. Nitrate content of leachates indicated a prevalent nitrate nutrition in the treatment without nitrification inhibitors. The 5% DCD treatment showed a yield depression. In the lower N level treatments, a significant yield increase, generated by 1% DCD and N-serve was found in the salinized soil as compared to the non-saline soil. Soil salinity reduced N-uptake when nitrification inhibitors were not present. In treatments having the inhibitors, N-uptake was equal or greater in the salinized than in the non saline soil. An enhanced ammonium nutrition increased the P uptake.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011082
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Understanding zinc reactions in vertisols to predict zinc responses by wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 247-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): rate of Zn desorption ; Vertisols ; wheat ; Zn buffer power ; Zn desorption power ; Zn intensity ; Zn quantity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Since Zn availability to plants growing in a soil is governed by quantity, intensity, buffer power, rate of Zn desorption and diffusion, an improved understanding of a number of these factors in Vertisols would facilitate a more reliable prediction of crop requirements for Zn. The DTPA-extractable Zn, a quantity factor, together with initial Zn desorption rate coefficients, accounted for 80% of the variation in relative dry matter yield of wheat grown to anthesis. In combination with these factors, desorption (buffer) power explained 92% of the variation in Zn concentration in the young mature leaf blade (YMB) of wheat. Thus, the combination of the quantity, rate of Zn desorption and buffer power better predict growth responses of wheat to applied Zn in Vertisols than the commonly-used single extraction with DTPA alone (quantity), which provides only a static measure of Zn availability.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025030
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The control of boron accumulation by two genotypes of wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 305-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): boron ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum L. ; uptake ; genotypic variation ; toxicity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The mechanism of boron (B) uptake in wheat was studied using two genotypes with known differences in their ability to accumulate B. Influx and efflux of B was measured in the roots of intact 21 d old plants. Roots grown in 15 μM B, when transferred to solutions containing 1mM B showed a rapid increase in B content for up to 60 min, after which no further increase was evident up to 4 h. No genotypic difference in B influx was apparent over these time periods. Roots grown in 1mM B for 7 d and then rinsed in B-free solutions quickly lost most of B that they contained within 1 hour; little further efflux was observed over the following three hours. As with the influx, no genotypic difference in B flux was evident. It is suggested that the lack of genotypic difference in the short-term B fluxes could be due to a masking effect of extracellular B bound in the cell walls of the roots.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025043
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Distribution of potassium in the soil profile of a sandplain soil under pasture species (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 407-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): L. cosentinii ; nutrient recycling ; potassium ; subterranean clover ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The influence of pasture species and pasture/crop rotations on the fate of K fertilizer in the soil profile of a sandplain soil was investigated. Results for Lupinus cosentinii, subterranean clover and a subterranean clover/wheat rotation are presented. Potassium was applied as KCl at six rates up to 150 kg K ha-1 for three years; bicarbonate-extractable K was measured at five depths in the profile (0–100 cm) for four years. The net change in available K in the top 100 cm of the profile (kg ha-1) was calculated. There was a gradual increase in K down the profile under all species with fertilizer application. The increase was largest for L. cosentinii, which also appeared to redistribute K from below 100 cm to the soil surface. The K residual value on this soil type was higher than expected with most of the fertilizer applied over three years being retained in the top 100 cm.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025069
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Development of an ELISA for estimation of the copper nutritional status of wheat and cotton (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 453-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): copper deficiency ; cotton ; ELISA ; Gossypium hirsutum ; immunoassay ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Studies were carried out with hydroponically grown wheat and cotton to develop the Cu-requiring protein phenolase as a biomarker of Cu nutrient status. Isozymes of phenolase whose levels were reduced by Cu deficiency were identified by Western blots. A competitive enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed that could detect as little as 25 ng of phenolase. The ELISA revealed that Cu-sufficient cotton leaves had about 4-fold more phenolase antigen than did Cu-sufficient wheat leaves. In both species, the level of phenolase was reduced by 2- to 5-fold in leaves of Cu-deficient plants. Because the immunoassay for phenolase protein is rapid, inexpensive, and can be carried out with small amounts of leaf material, it has potential as a tool for assessment of the Cu status of crop plants.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025081
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The 2,4-D-induced wheat para-nodules are modified lateral roots with structure enhanced by rhizobial inoculation (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate ; para-nodule ; Rhizobium trifolii ; structure ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Nodular outgrowths (para-nodules or p-nodules) on the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Miskle seedlings were induced by treatment with 0.3 and 0.6 mg L-1, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). When co-inoculated with Rhizobium trifolii strain ATCC 14480, more p-nodules were formed at these levels and p-nodulation occured at 0.1 mg L-1 indicating that inoculation enhances 2,4-D-induced p-nodulation. Similar to lateral roots, the p-nodules arose from the pericycle opposite the phloem tissues and were free from the cortical cells of the parental root at all stages of development. Structurally, the p-nodules exhibited tissue differentiation. They possessed a highly organized central vascular cylinder connected to that of the parent root, an endodermis, a cap, and an apical and lateral meristems. P-nodules formed by 2,4-D treatment alone were irregularly lobed due to uncoordinated activity of the apical meristem, while those in the combined 2,4-D and inoculation treatment were more globose. The results of the present study indicate that the 2,4-D-induced wheat p-nodules are modified lateral roots, the structure of which is enhanced by rhizobial inoculation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00038755
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A comparison of minirhizotron techniques for estimating root length density in soils of different bulk densities (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 239-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): bean ; bulk density ; compaction ; minirhizotron ; root image analysis ; root quantification ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Flexible- and rigid-walled minirhizotron techniques were compared for estimating root length density of 14- to 28-day-old Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and spring whet (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in soil boxes under controlled environment conditions at three soil bulk densities (1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 g cm−3). The flexible-tube system consisted of bicycle inner tubes inflated inside augered access holes and removed only when measurements were taken. Rigid tubes were constructed of extruded polybutyrate plastic. In both cases tubes were oriented horizontally. Despite similar root densities for wheat and beans based on measurements obtained from soil cores, root densities estimated from both types of minirhizotron were higher in bean than in wheat in uncompacted soil. Estimates of root density by the flexible tube minirhizotron were more closely correlated with soil core image analysis estimates than were those by the rigid minirhizotron system. At high soil bulk density, rigid tube measurements consistently overestimated actual rooting density of both wheat and bean. The relationship between estimated and actual rooting densities in the case of flexible tube measurements was not significantly influenced by soil bulk density. These findings were consistent with the theory that preferential root growth is induced by gaps at the soil-observation tube interface, inherent in the rigid tube technique, and was accentuated under conditions of high soil strength.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011052
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  • 33
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Unusual sequence of group 3 LEA (II) mRNA inducible by dehydration stress in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 21 (1993), S. 907-912 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): abscisic acid ; dehydration ; LEA ; water stress ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A cDNA clone, pMA1949, detects two mRNA species in wheat seedling tissue that are late embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) and dehydration stress-inducible. Sequence analysis of the pMA1949 clone shows it to be a 991 bp partial cDNA encoding a polypeptide of 317 amino acids with homology to two group 3 LEA proteins, carrot (DC8) and a soybean protein encoded by pGmPM2 cDNA. Molecular analysis of the deduced protein reveals a 33 kDa acidic and extremely hydrophilic protein with potential amphiphilic α-helical regions. In addition, the protein contains eleven similar, contiguous repeats of 11 amino acids, which are separated by 118 amino acids from two additional and unique repeats of 36 residues each at the carboxyl end of the protein. Comparisons of sequences of reported group 3 LEA proteins revealed that there are two types, separable by sequence similarity of the 11 amino acid repeating motifs and by the presence or absence of a certain amino acid stretch at the carboxyl terminus. Based on resuls from these comparisons, we propose a second type of group 3 LEA proteins, called group 3 LEA (II).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027121
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A light- and developmentally-regulated DNA-binding interaction is common to the upstream sequences of the wheat Calvin cycle bisphosphatase genes (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 507-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): Calvin cycle genes ; DNA-binding proteins ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We have characterised a DNA-binding interaction common to the upstream sequences of the wheat fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) genes. The recognition site for this sequence-specific binding activity, designated wheat FBPase factor (WF-1), is located within 125 bp of the transcription start site of each gene. Within these regions there are no sequence motifs similar to those shown to be important for light-regulated expression in other species. The binding activity was not detected in wheat root nuclear extracts, or in pea leaf extracts. There was a higher level of binding activity in light-grown than in dark-grown wheat leaves. The level was also found to decline when light-grown plants were given an extended dark treatment, but could be reinduced by light. Utilising the gradient of developmental maturity which exists within the wheat leaf it was found that WF-1 activity increases during leaf development.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015979
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Further evidence that zinc is required throughout the root zone for optimal plant growth and development (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 150 (1993), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): deficiency ; efficiency ; genotypic variation ; sub-soil ; water use ; wheat ; zinc
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of variable Zn supply with depth in a soil profile was examined in two wheat genotypes differing in their Zn efficiency. ‘Gatcher’ (Zn-inefficient) and ‘Excalibur’ (Zn-efficient) were grown in a low Zn soil in pots with two treatment zones. The upper zone (10 cm) was supplied with Zn while Zn was either supplied or withheld from the lower zone (25 cm). In both genotypes, withholding Zn from the lower zone had no effect on root growth in either the upper or lower zones; neither did it affect plant appearance prior to booting. However, withholding Zn from the lower zone delayed head emergence in Gatcher by some 10 d and depressed grain yield by 20%. In Excalibur, Zn treatment had no effect on head emergence or grain yield. In Gatcher, withholding Zn from the lower zone depressed water usage by 12% during a 60 d period preceding maturity. No effect of Zn treatment on water usage was seen in Excalibur. Tissue Zn concentrations closely reflected the lower zone Zn treatments in both genotypes. Irrespective of the Zn treatment, Excalibur had higher Zn concentrations in flag leaves but lower concentrations in grain than Gatcher. In whole shoots, genotypic differences in Zn concentration only occurred when Zn was added to the lower zone; Excalibur having almost twice that of Gatcher. Clearly, if Zn is not supplied to the entire root system there is the potential for impaired root function and plant development, and for reduced grain yield. Approaches to managing this problem are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013021
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The contribution of different regions of the seminal roots of wheat to uptake of nitrate from soil (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 155-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): nitrate uptake ; root activity ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract A technique was developed to determine the physiological activity of defined sections of seminal roots of wheat grown in sand. Wheat plants were grown for 2 weeks in narrow columns of N-deficient sand to which all other nutrients had been added. The columns were split longitudinally and 15N-labelled nitrate, in an agar medium, supplied to 2 cm sections of root. Shoots and roots were analysed after 24 h to determine the uptake of 15N. Three sections were examined on either the secondary or tertiary seminal root: 1 cm from the seed (basal segment), 35 cm from the seed (middle segment) and 4 cm from the root apex (apical segment). Total uptake was greatest from the basal and middle segments, declining by 50% from the apical segment. However, uptake per unit root length, including exposed sections of lateral roots, was not significantly different along the root.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025007
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nutrient storage pool concentrations in plants as diagnostic indicators of nutrient sufficiency (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 175-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): diagnosis ; nutrition ; plants ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Macronutrients accumulate as free ions in all plant organs when supplies are abundant but growth requirements are generally satisfied before high concentrations are attained. Low threshold concentrations are necessary to ensure maximum growth and in wheat leaves these are around 10 mM nitrate, 5 mM phosphate, 0.5 mM sulfate and 130 mM potassium. The measurement of inorganic ion concentrations in leaves has potential as a diagnostic toll and might enable soil nutrient supplies to be more accurately matched with crop needs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025012
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Associations and genetics of three components of slow rusting in leaf rust of wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 68 (1993), S. 99-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): wheat ; Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici ; Triticum aestivum ; slow rusting resistance ; leaf rust ; brown rust ; genetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Forty F6 lines, the two parental lines, and a susceptible check cultivar of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were inoculated in the young flag leaf stage with leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici) and evaluated for latent period, receptivity, and uredinium size in a greenhouse experiment. Genotypic (rg) and phenotypic (rp) correlations between latent period and uredinium size were −0.81 and −0.62, respectively. A negative correlation (rg=−0.50, rp=−0.41) was found between latent period and receptivity and a positive correlation (rg=0.28, rp=0.26) between uredinium size and receptivity was found. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and final rust severity (FRS) obtained from a subsequent field study with common entries were negatively correlated with latent period and positively correlated with uredinium size. Correlations of receptivity with both AUDPC and FRS were not significant. The distributions of F6 family mean uredinia size and latent period were continuous between slow rusting and fast rusting parents: however, the distribution for receptivity was discrete. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were 63%, 57%, and 47% for uredinium size, latent period, and receptivity, respectively. Estimates of the minimum number of effective factors were three for latent period and three or four for the uredinium size and receptivity. The components are controlled by closely linked genes or due to pleotropic effects of the same gene.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024159
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Resistance to bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) in winter wheat varieties (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 49-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): aphid infestation ; bird cherry-oat aphid ; Rhopalosiphum padi ; cereal aphids ; insect resistance ; leaf pubescence ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary In Hungary the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) is the most frequent aphid species in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Estimations of infestation by R. padi as well as measurements of grain yield and thousand-kernel mass were carried out in 26 winter wheat genotypes in conditions of naturally infested and not infested (protected) control plots. The experiment was performed in isolated conditions in two field cages covered by nets. The aphids overwintered on wheat and got into cage, extremely quickly multiplied, therefore there was no need to apply any artificial aphid infestation. Highly significant differences were demonstrated among genotypes in infestation severity of R. padi as well as in losses of grain yield and thousand-kernel mass. The most resistant variety ‘GK Zombor’ had 25% infestation, and the most susceptible one ‘GK Lili’ had 79.2%. The reduction of grain yield of the most tolerant genotypes (‘GK Korány’, ‘Downy’, ‘Mv 4’, ‘Jubilejnaja 50’, ‘Mv 8’, ‘GK Kincsö’ and ‘GK Zombor’) was 26–33%, and that of thousand-kernel mass was 23–30%. The most sensitive genotypes (‘GK Lili’, ‘GK Örzse’, ‘GK Koppány’ and ‘Mv 13’) suffered 58–63% losses in yield, and 40–50% in thousand-kernel mass. A close correlation was found between infestation of R. padi in different wheat genotypes and losses of grain yield (r=0.7572, P〈0.001). Also there were tolerance differences among genotypes even within the same level of infestation. The reductions of thousand-kernel mass correlated very closely with the reductions of grain yield (r=0.9212, P〈0.001), that makes screening possible by reductions of thousand-kernel mass. These results have found application in breeding. The leaf pubescence of the varieties studied did not generally influence the infestation by R. padi.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022724
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Agronomic and quality characters of near-isogenic lines of wheat carrying genes for stem rust resistance (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 68 (1993), S. 33-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia graminis tritici ; stem rust ; near-isogenic lines ; linkage drag
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Two sets of near-isogenic lines of wheat carrying single genes for stem rust resistance were grown in yield tests to determine whether the resistance genes were deleterious. One set was based on the cultivar Marquis and the second set on a susceptible, day-length insensitive line, LMPG. The results indicated that the effects of resistance genes vary with different genes and different environments. However, there appeared to be a tendency for resistance genes to reduce yield. In most cases the reductions were too small to be of much concern to wheat breeders.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024152
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Allelic variation at Glu-1 loci in some Yugoslav wheat cultivars (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): electrophoresis ; glutenins ; alleles ; sedimentation value ; wheat ; quality score ; high molecular weight glutenins ; Triticum aestivum ; Yugoslavia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The high molecular weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin extracted from flour of 36 Yogoslav wheat cultivars were separated by SDS-PAGE to identify their alleles, and the frequency of each allele was calculated. Eleven alleles from the three Glu-loci were recognized, three at the Glu-A1 locus, six at the Glu-B1 locus and two at the Glu-D1 locus. The most frequent allele was “a” (55.5%) from Glu-D1, which controls synthesis of subunits 2+12. The Glu-1 quality score varied from 4 (KG-III/27, KG-75, Morava and KG-101/7) to 10 (Lepenica). The mean Glu-1 quality score of cultivars and lines from Kragujevac was 6.8, for cultivars from Zagreb 7.2, and for cultivars from Novi Sad was 7.9. Most of the genotypes with a quality score of 8 or above, had high sedimentation values (Zeleny test). There were no significant differences in allelic composition at the Glu-1 loci among wheat genotypes from Kragujevac, Novi Sad and Zagreb.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021730
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Genetics of adult plant resistance to stripe rust in ten spring bread wheats (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; stripe rust ; genetics ; resistance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Nine Mexican spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars derived from CIMMYT germplasm and the U.S. spring wheat cultivar Wheaton were susceptible to the Mexican Puccinia striiformis pathotype 14E14 in seedling growth stage, but displayed different levels of adult plant resistances to the same pathotype when tested in the field. One hundred and eighteen random F2 plant derived F3 and F5 lines from the crosses of these ten adult plant resistant wheats and susceptible cultivar Jupateco 73S were evaluated in the field. The moderate adult plant resistance of Penjamo 62, Lerma Rojo 64, Nacozari 76, Tesia 79, and Wheaton was under monogenic genetic control and was attributed to the adult plant stripe rust resistance gene Yr18. The moderate resistances of Cleopatra 74, Zaragoza 75, and Apache 81 were also monogenic, but gene Yr18 was absent. Pavon 76 carried two partially effective additive genes; and the adult plant resistance of Tonichi 81 was based on additive interaction involving Yr18 and two additional partially effective genes. Tonichi 81 does not carry any seedling resistance gene, however, the adult plant resistance is highly effective worldwide. This resistance, designated as the Yr18 complex, is of a durable nature. The partial adult plant resistance of Pavon 76 has also remained durable in Mexico and other countries where it is grown.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023766
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of recurrent selection for resistance to scab (Gibberella zeae) in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; recurrent selection ; resistance to scab ; gene pool ; Taigu male-sterile gene Ms2 ; breeding method ; Gibberella zeae ; Fusarium graminearum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Scab caused by Gibberella zeae Petch., in common wheat, is one of the most severe diseases in China. A source population C0, bred for scab resistance, was developed through three cycles of multiple-parent crossing and intercrossing by means of the dominant male-sterile gene Ta1 (Ms2), according to Wu's scheme. Phenotypic recurrent selection methods for increasing the resistance to scab-infection of spikelets and seeds with the male-sterile plants were carried out simultaneously in Nanjing and Shanghai and at Jianyang, Fujian Province, for three cycles. The generations from C0 to C3 and two check cultivars were evaluated, using a randomized block design, under conditions of an artificially induced epidemic of scab during 1988–1990. The results indicate that there were significant differences in the resistance to scab between these generations. On average, the percentages of diseased spikelets and seeds of the male-fertile plants were reduced by 9% and 10%, respectively. The frequency of resistant plants was distinctly enhanced by recurrent selection. Analysis of variance showed that no significant differences existed between cycles of recurrent selection in agronomic characters such as plant height, spikes per plant, spike length, numbers of spikelets and seeds per spike, weight of seeds per spike and 100-kernel weight, days to heading and to maturity. Except for plant height, most of these traits tended to be slightly improved with improvement of resistance in the gene pool. The variance for resistance in the generations was decreased under selection. Recurrent selection for scab resistance using the dominant male-sterile gene Ta1 (Ms2) was both an effective and feasible breeding method for producing this character in wheat.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023778
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Inheritance of stripe rust (yellow rust) resistance in the wheat cultivar Carstens V (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 71 (1993), S. 107-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): Puccinia striiformis ; resistance genes ; stripe rust ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; yellow rust
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Carstens V, one of the wheat cultivars used to differentiate races of Puccinia striiformis (stripe rust or yellow rust) in Europe, was crossed with stripe rust susceptible cultivars and cultivars with genes for resistance to the disease to determine the genetic basis of its stripe rust resistance. Seedlings of the parents and F1, F2, and F3 progeny were evaluated for resistance to North American races of P. striiformis. Based on those evaluations, Carstens V has three genes for resistance to North American race CDL-21, two genes for resistance to races CDL-17, CDL-20, and CDL-29, and one gene for resistance to race CDL-27. The genes that confer resistance to race CDL-17 also confer resistance to race CDL-21. The three genes were either dominant or recessive depending upon the race used in the test and the cultivar used in the cross. None of the genes in Carstens V are the same as the genes for resistance in Cappelle Desprez, Chinese 166, Clement, Compair, Heines Peko, Hybrid 46, Minister, Nord Desprez, Triticum spelta album, and Vilmorin 23.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023473
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Ear:stem ratios in breeding populations of wheat: significance for yield improvement (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 73 (1993), S. 241-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): breeding populations ; ear:stem ratio ; grain yield ; harvest index ; heritability ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Earlier studies showed that the ratio of the weight of the wheat ear to stem at anthesis (ear:stem ratio) may give a better indication of potential yield than harvest index because it is determined early in the life cycle and is not affected by post anthesis stress. These studies concluded that selection for high ear:stem ratio at anthesis may lead to further improvement in grain yield of wheat. The present work was undertaken in the field to identify lines varying in ear:stem ratio in breeding populations and to study its implications for yield improvement. At anthesis stem length, ear length, tiller number, dry weight of stem and ear and ear:stem ratio were measured in 14 crosses on F2 single plants and F2 derived lines grown in the F3, F4, and F5 at three locations in Western Australia over four seasons. In addition, biomass, grain yield and yield components were measured on selected crosses at two locations on F2 derived lines grown in the F4 and F5. There was a considerable range of ear:stem ratio between and within the crosses studied. Although ear:stem ratio was strongly correlated with stem length, there was substantial variation within stem length classes. Ear:stem ratio had a high mean broad sense heritability (82%), whereas HI, grain yield and above ground biomass had lower heritabilities, 68, 55 and 35% respectively. Ear:stem ratio was strongly correlated between generations and sites indicating stability of this character. Ear:stem ratio had a significant positive correlation with grain yield, HI, grains per ear and per m2. The correlation of grain yield with HI was equal or slightly higher than that of grain yield with ear:stem ratio. Ear:stem ratio offers promise as a predictor of HI and yield potential where post-anthesis moisture stress can influence HI. Ear:stem ratio measurement is unlikely to be adopted for selection purposes in routine breeding programs, as it is laborious and time consuming. However, ear:stem ratio could be used to identify superior parental genotypes and early generation selections from special crosses in terms of its ability to partition assimilate.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036703
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Analysis of the yield potential and yield components of F1 and F2 hybrids of crosses between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and spelt (Triticum spelta L.) (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 74 (1993), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): hybrids ; crosses ; spelt ; Triticum spelta ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; yield components
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary F1 and F2 hybrids were produced using three winter wheat varieties (Bernina = biscuit wheat, Arina and Forno = bread wheat) and two spelt cultivars (Oberkulmer and Rouquin). Data are based on field trials in 1989 and 1990. All the combinations tested gave a very high relative heterosis on grain yield per ear, varying between 29.9% and 47.6% with an average of 42.1%. Even the higher parent was outyielded by 24.1% to 45.7%. This was the result of a heterosis effect on the two yield parameters grain number per ear and single grain weight. In the F2, heterosis for grain yield per ear was not significant with a range between 3.9% and 12.0%. F1 hybrids showed a heterosis effect on plant height but no hybrid was taller than the spelt parents. These data show that the gene pool of spelt could be potentially usefull for the selection of parents for hybrid production. For practical applications there remain several problems to be solved. Despite the very high heterosis effect the yield potential of spelt needs to be improved. No short spelt varieties exist at present to produce hybrids short enough for commercial application. Technical problems in the seed production arise because of the close tightness of the spelt glumes hampering either the pollination by the wheat parent or the pollen dispersal if used as a pollinator. However, a breeding effort to select for improved parents within the gene pool of spelt appears useful for future F1 hybrids between spelt and wheat.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040403
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Yield responses of Nepalese spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to inoculation with Azospirillum spp. of Nepalese origin (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 151 (1993), S. 67-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): Azospirillum ; inoculation ; nitrogen fixation ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Azosprilla were collected in wheat fields from subtropical and temperate soils of central Nepal at various elevations. Different wheat cultivars responded positively and significantly in grain yield, grain N-yield, and total N-yield in plant shoots to the inoculation with Nepalese isolate Azospirillum 10SW. Nepalese wheat cv. Seto responded significantly better with Azospirillum 10SW than with the Brasilian isolate A. lipoferum Sp 108 st, a strain which was found highly efficient in earlier experiments with German wheat cultivars, especially cv. Turbo. Yield of Turbo was increased by inoculations of both Azospirillum strains too, but it showed no significant differences depending from the inoculum used. The higher efficacy of combining Azospirillum 10SW and Seto, both collected from the same locality, indicates the possibility of improved associations using traditional cultivars and local bacteria. ei]{gnR O D}{fnDixon}
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010787
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Interaction between zinc nutritional status of cereals and Rhizoctonia root rot severity (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): barley ; cereal root rot ; Rhizoctonia solani ; wheat ; Zn nutrition
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The severity of a root rot disease of cereals, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn AG8, was inversely correlated to the Zn status of plants in field studies in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, a preliminary survey was conducted in a farmer's field in South Australia where Zn deficiency and disease were both widespread. Zn concentration in ‘Spear’ wheat plants at the 3-leaf to early tillering stage was negatively correlated with severity of the disease. For the elevent elements analysed, a correlation matrix showed that Zn had the highest, and only significant (R2=0.52**) association with disease. The effect of Zn applications and their residual value on disease severity was further studied in a long-term field experiment in 1989 and 1990 to which Zn had been applied in 1986. There was a decrease in the area of Rhizoctonia bare patch as Zn rate was increased, a result consistent with the field survey results; the recommended rate of 2.5 kg Zn ha−1 reduced the area affected by bare patch from 42% to 21% of the total crop area compared with no Zn application, overcame Zn deficiency and increased grain yield from 1.1 to 2.8 t ha−1. In 1990, fresh Zn application treatments were applied to trial plots designed for this purpose, in order to compare the response with the older Zn treatments applied in 1986. The areas of bare patch in the older Zn treatments were approximately 5% greater than those in the fresh Zn treatments. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that Zn deficient plants are more susceptible to root rot caused by R. solani. Testing this hypothesis is the subject of a companion paper.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012993
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Grain protein and grain yield of tritordeum in comparison to wheat and triticale (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 153 (1993), S. 287-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): grain protein concentration ; grain yield ; nitrogen ; tritordeum ; triticale ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The new species of cereal × Tritordeum Ascherson et Graebner (Hordeum chilense Roem. et Shultz × Triticum ssp.) has a grain protein concentration (GPC) of up to 25%. The relationship between GPC and yield, and the factors responsible for the high GPC of tritordeum were examined and compared in field experiments. Three experimental tritordeum lines, two early and a later released (recombined and secondary tritordeums) were compared to wheat (cv. Cajeme) and triticale cultivars (cv. Trujillo). GPC's were 19%–22% for recombined tritordeums, 16% for the secondary tritordeum, 12–15% for wheats and 11% for triticale. Grain yields of the recombined and secondary tridordeum were 17–33% and 45–57% that of the wheats and triticale, respectively. Reducing grain sink size by spikelet removal resulted in an increased GPC of remaining grains. Considering all species together there were a strong inverse relationship between GPC and grain yield (GY) per main ear (GPC=26−4.76 ln GY; r2=0.82). In another experiment, frost damage to an early sown treatment of wheat reduced sink size. Harvest index (HI) of early sown wheat was reduced from 0.45 to 0.19, values comparable to that of tritordeum. Having similar HI, the GPC of the early sown wheat was the same as an early sown tritordeum (around 18%). Data for total N uptake and the N concentration of plant tissue during the growing season indicated that enhanced N uptake and remobilisation were not responsible for tritordeum's high GPC. These results suggest that the high GPC of the early lines of tritordeum is a consequence of the small grain yield concentrating the grain protein.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013002
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  • 50
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Genotypic differences in phosphorus efficiency of wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 293-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): efficiency ; genotypic differences ; phosphorus ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract In an attempt to evaluate whether breeding and selection for high yielding capacity did change the P requirements of modern wheat cultivars, the response of two wheat cultivars to different levels of P supply was investigated. A traditional cultivar ("Peragis") and a modern cultivar ("Cosir") were cultivated in a C-loess low in available P and high in CaCO3 in 120 cm high PVC pots. Shoot and root growth at different developmental stages was compared. The grain yield of the modern cultivar Cosir was higher at limiting and non-limiting P supply and, therefore, this cultivar can be considered as more P-efficient than the traditional cultivar. From the results it can be concluded that the main factors contributing to the higher P efficiency of the modern cultivar are (i) efficient use of assimilates for root growth characteristics which enhance P acquisition: smaller root diameter, and longer root hairs, (ii) efficient remobilization of P from vegetative plant organs to the grains, and (iii) lower P requirement for grain yield formation because of lower ear number per plant but higher grain number per ear.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025040
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The 2,4-D-induced wheat para-nodules are modified lateral roots with structure enhanced by rhizobial inoculation (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 157 (1993), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Schlagwort(e): 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate ; para-nodule ; Rhizobium trifolii ; structure ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Nodular outgrowths (para-nodules orp-nodules) on the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Miskle seedlings were induced by treatment with 0.3 and 0.6 mg L-1, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). When co-inoculated withRhizobium trifolii strain ATCC 14480, morep-nodules were formed at these levels andp-nodulation occured at 0.1 mg L-1 indicating that inoculation enhances 2,4-D-inducedp-nodulation. Similar to lateral roots, thep-nodules arose from the pericycle opposite the phloem tissues and were free from the cortical cells of the parental root at all stages of development. Structurally, thep-nodules exhibited tissue differentiation. They possessed a highly organized central vascular cylinder connected to that of the parent root, an endodermis, a cap, and an apical and lateral meristems.P-nodules formed by 2,4-D treatment alone were irregularly lobed due to uncoordinated activity of the apical meristem, while those in the combined 2,4-D and inoculation treatment were more globose. The results of the present study indicate that the 2,4-D-induced wheatp-nodules are modified lateral roots, the structure of which is enhanced by rhizobial inoculation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02390234
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility in wheat with Aegilops crassa cytoplasm (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): Aegilops crassa ; hybrid wheat ; PCMS ; photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Triticum aestivum cv. Norin 26 with Aegilops crassa, Ae. juvenalis or Ae. vavilovii cytoplasm (all D2 type) has been studied relative to its photoperiodic response of male sterility and fertility restoration patterns. Alloplasmic lines of ‘Norin 26’ with a D2 type cytoplasm showed almost complete male sterility under long-day conditions (≥15 h), but high male fertility under short-day conditions (≤14.5 h). No significant influence of temperature on reduction in male fertility was observed. Thus, this type of male sterility is called ‘photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility’ (PCMS). The PCMS is expressed in the form of pistillody of stamens. Histological studies revealed that there were incomplete ovule-like structures instead of tapetal cells and pollen grains in the pistillate stamens. The floret differentiation stage of the plant is the stage that is sensitive to photoperiod. The PCMS can be used as a new means for hybrid wheat production, named ‘two-line system’. The PCMS line is maintained and multiplied by self-fertilization under short-day conditions, and hybrid seed can be produced by crossing the PCMS line with a pollinator line under long-day conditions. In contrast to the system of hybrid wheat production using the T. timopheevi cytoplasm, the present system requires only PCMS and pollinator lines.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022723
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Crossability percentages of bread wheat landraces from Shaanxi and Henan provinces, China with rye (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 67 (1993), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): China ; crossability ; landrace ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The crossability percentages of 118 landraces of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from Shaanxi and Henan provinces, China with rye (Secale cereale L.) have been tested. 14 landraces possess a higher crossability percentage than Chinese Spring, 30 landraces have a similar to and 74 landraces have a lower crossability percentage than Chinese Spring or are non-crossable with rye. Most landraces with high crossability percentage occur in south part of Shaanxi, and the west and southwest of Henan, their geographical distribution in these regions fits up with that in the Sichuan province.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022718
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Selection for biomass yield in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): biomass ; heritability ; response to selection ; selection ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Biomass (above ground plant parts) yield may be a useful selection trait for yield improvement in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study was conducted to estimate realized heritability of biomass yield and to determine the response to selection for high and low biomass yield in 8 genetically diverse populations of spring wheat under two production systems. Selections were made among the F3 lines. Progenies of the selected lines were evaluated in replicated field tests in the F4 generation under high fertility and low fertility production systems at Rampur, Nepal, in 1991. Fertility level had a significant effect on biomass yield, grain yield, effective tiller number, number of kernels per spike, thousand kernel weight, and harvest index. Selection in the F3 for high and low biomass yield was effective in identifying F4 lines with high and low biomass yield, respectively. Biomass yield differences between high and low selection groups in the F4 generation, expressed as percent of the mean of the low selection group and averaged over the eight populations, were 53.9 and 36.5% higher than the mean of the low selection group under the high and the low fertility production systems, respectively. The corresponding figures for grain yield were 48.8 and 34.9% under the high and the low production systems, respectively. Also, selection for high biomass yield resulted in higher effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike, but lower harvest index. Realized heritability estimates for biomass yield were greater at high fertility (range 0.49 to 0.85) than at low fertility (range 0.22 to 0.44). Biomass yield showed positive genotypic correlations with grain yield, effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike but a negative correlation with harvest index. The results indicated that selection for high biomass yield should bring about positive improvements in biomass yield, grain yield, effective tiller number, and number of kernels per spike. The correlation between F3 and F4 generations suggested that biomass yield in the F3 generation was a good predictor of biomass yield and grain yield in the F4 generation. Selection for biomass yield in wheat should be made under the standard production system to obtain a realistic response.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029638
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The influence of disease complexes involving Leptosphaeria (Septoria) nodorum on detection of resistance to three leaf spot diseases in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 31-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; resistance selection ; disease complexes ; pathogen mixtures ; septoria nodorum blotch ; Leptosphaeria nodorum ; septoria tritici blotch ; Mycosphaerella graminicola ; yellow spot ; tan spot ; Drechslera tritici-repentis ; Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary In controlled inoculation studies with Septoria nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, estimates of the relative proportion of each pathogen demonstrated differences in the responses of cultivars to pathogen mixtures that were not apparent from measurements of diseased leaf areas. Under field conditions estimates of the relative proportion of S. nodorum, P. tritici-repentis and S. tritici varied between field screening locations in Western Australian but also between lines within locations. Lines with known resistance to P. tritici-repentis and S. tritici, but susceptible to S. nodorum, could not be distinguished from susceptible lines on the basis of leaf area diseased or grain weight depression when S. nodorum was present in the disease complex. Such conditions, while suitable for the selection of combined resistance to these pathogens, were unsuitable for identifying resistance to individual pathogens. As symptoms were similar, the proportion of diseased leaf area sporulating with each pathogen provided a means of measuring the variation in disease development induced on lines varying in resistance. Knowledge of the components of disease and their relative importance were essential in understanding varietal response information under mixed infections of these leaf spot pathogens.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023770
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Long-term association of locations for testing spring bread wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 72 (1993), S. 95-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): pattern analysis ; genotype x environment interaction ; grain yield ; mega-environments ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The International Spring Wheat Yield Nursery (ISWYN) has been distributed annually since 1964 and the results provide a base for investigating relationships among locations. Ordination and clustering of locations was conducted using 26 years of grain yield data. Ordination and clusters based on the discrimination of germplasm were compared with ‘mega-environments’, which are groupings of locations defined by CIMMYT on the basis of climatic factors and perceptions of major biotic and abiotic stresses. Discrepancies among mega-environmental groupings, clusters and ordinations may identify locations for which major stresses affecting wheat yield are yet unidentified. Major environmental discriminators were latitude and the presence or absence of stress, although there was little association of locations due to limited moisture availability. We identified two major spring wheat environments, typified as Asian and European, and suggest the mega-environmental classification does not explain all significant associations among locations. Location groupings based on discrimination of germplasm should be considered in parallel to mega-environments on a regular basis and we propose breeding for a base of broadly adapted germplasm to which specific stress tolerances are incorporated.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023777
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  • 57
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Recent advances in alien gene transfer in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 73 (1993), S. 199-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): wheat ; Triticum spp. ; gene pool ; wide hybridization ; chromosome translocation ; alien gene transfer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The recent advances in alien gene transfer from distantly-related species into wheat are reviewed in the present paper. The main achievements during the last ten years include the great expansion of the range of wide hybridization and development of new techniques for production and characterization of wheat-alien chromosome translocations. Updated results of wide hybridization since 1983 and comprehensive characterization of wheat-alien translocation lines in our laboratory are compiled. The future outlook for alien gene transfer in wheat is also discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036700
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Monosomic analysis of Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) resistance in Triticum aestivum line PI137739 (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 74 (1993), S. 117-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): Russian wheat aphid ; Diuraphis noxia ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; monosomic analysis ; resistance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae), has become an important pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the United States. The aphid causes a phytotoxemic reaction in wheat evidenced by local and systemic chlorosis and rolling of infested leaves. Developing resistance in wheat cultivars to D. noxia is an essential factor in controlling the damage caused by this pest. Several sources of genetic resistance to D. noxia have been identified in wheat germplasm. Monosomic analysis of the monogenic resistant T. aestivum accession PI137739 has shown that the gene (Dn1) for resistance is carried on chromosome 7D. It appears that chromosome 7B may carry a second resistance gene for D. noxia that might be a source of minor or complementary gene action for resistance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033775
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Characterization of drought resistance in a wild relative of wheat, Triticum kotschyi (1993)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 35 (1993), S. 149-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Schlagwort(e): membrane fluidity ; oxygen evolution ; photosynthesis ; photoacoustic spectroscopy ; water stress ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Wild relatives of wheat have served as a genetic source for economically useful traits. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying such traits may be useful in the genetic transfer and selection processes. Research was undertaken to compare the effects of controlled water stress on photosynthetic parameters in Triticum kotschyi, a drought resistant wild wheat and Triticum aestivum cv. Lakhish, a drought sensitive wheat cultivar. During stress development, the leaf water potential decreased at a slower rate, and the quantum yield of oxygen evolution, measured photoacoustically in vivo, decreased to a smaller extent in the drought resistant wild wheat than in the wheat cultivar. The decrease in quantum yield at water potentials from −0.9 Mpa down to −2.3 Mpa was not accompanied by damage to PS II reaction centers as there was no change in variable fluorescence. Below −2.3 Mpa the fluorescence yield of both species decreased indicating loss of intrinsic efficiency of PS II. The osmotic potential of cell sap was found to decrease at the same rate in both species at high hydration states. Proline accumulated to a much greater extent in the wild wheat as compared to the cultivated wheat as a result of water stress. Drought resistance was also examined in relation to thylakoid membrane fluidity measured by fluorescence polarization. Thylakoid membrane fluidity was fully maintained in the wild wheat, but decreased substantially in the wheat cultivar, at equal tissue water potentials below −1.9 Mpa. One mechanism for maintaining the higher quantum yield of oxygen evolution during severe stress (at water potentials below −1.9 Mpa), may involve the greater stability of thylakoid membrane fluidity in the wild wheat.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014745
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Intergenotypic competition and border effect in bread wheat and barley (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 69 (1993), S. 19-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; grain yield ; plot size ; variety trials ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary A coordinated series of experiments aimed to estimate border effect and intergenotypic competition was carried out on bread wheat and barley in Italy and Germany. The performance of the varieties grown in alternate rows 14–17 cm apart proved to be strictly dependent on the bordering variety. The varieties grown in adjacent plots consisting of eight rows showed significant border effects: the two external rows yielded up to 40% more than the two innermost, and the two 30 cm end hills facing the alleys yielded 29% more than the central part of the plot. Is has been suggested that in variety trials the first 30–40 cm at both ends of each plot should be removed mechanically. In spite of the border effect detected in the outer rows of the plots, the varieties similarly exploited the extra space available at the borders, and the space of 30 cm left between adjacent plots seems to be sufficient to dilute the intergenotypic competition at plot level to an extent only marginally affecting variety performance. In conclusion, grain yield based on whole plot (8 rows, 6–10 m2) appears to provide a good estimate of ‘true yield’, providing that it is based on the actual area of the plot, including the uncropped strip between adjacent plots. By contrast, the reduction of plot size to 1–3 rows is not feasible without introducing considerable bias into the estimation of the yield potential of the varieties.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021722
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reaction of triticale, wheat and rye accessions to graminaceous Fusarium spp. infection at the seedling and adult plant growth stages (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): X Triticosecale ; triticale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Secale cereale ; rye ; Fusarium spp ; pathogenicity ; head blight ; seedling resistance ; adult plant resistance ; grain yield
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Pathogenicity of 20 isolates of 12 Fusarium species recovered from triticale seed against seedlings of 14 varieties of winter cereals (triticale, wheat, and rye) was tested. The most pathogenic inoculum was a mixture of isolates (a composite isolate) of all the species. The following species were individually the most pathogenic: F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum, and F. graminearum. Winter triticale was more resistant to seedling blight than rye but more susceptible than wheat. Also reactions of 31 winter and 12 spring varieties of cereals to head inoculation with a composite isolate of 4 Fusarium spp. (F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, and F. sambucinum var. coeruleum) was studied. In comparison to other cereals of similar type winter and spring wheat appeared to be the most susceptible while winter rye reaction was comparable to winter triticale. Spring and winter triticale varieties responded to head infection intermediately. There was no significant correlation between seedling and head reactions to infection with Fusarium spp. for winter rye and triticale. For winter wheat a negative trend was found. The above findings imply that screening of cereals at the seedling stage can not be used to predict the resistance to head blight. Nevertheless, resistance at the stage is highly desirable to prevent excessive damage of the crops due to the seedling blight incited by Fusarium spp..
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023757
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Crossability percentages of bread wheat collections from Tibet, China with rye (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 127-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): China ; crossability ; landrace ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary The crossability percentages of 282 accessions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collected in Tibet, China with rye (Secale cereale L.) have been tested. Five collections have a similar to and 277 accessions have a lower crossability percentage than Chinese Spring or are non-crossable with rye. The accessions with high crossability percentage occur along the highway near Lhasa. No landraces with higher crossability than Chinese Spring and rare landraces with similar crossability to Chinese Spring indicated that the landraces in Tibet region are different from those in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Henan provinces in the distribution frequency of high crossability, and there is no distribution of recessive kr4 alleles.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029649
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Components of adult plant resistance to leaf rust in wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): adult plant resistance (APR) ; area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) ; infection frequency (IF) ; latency period (LP) ; partial resistance (PR) ; P. recondita f.sp. tritici ; sporulating leaf area (SLA) ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; wheat leaf rust
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary Winter wheat genotypes were tested for resistance in the field by assessing the percentage sporulating leaf area after infection with wheat leaf rust. The disease level in the first field trial was too low for selection. In the second field trial a low sporulating leaf area was found on several genotypes showing a susceptible infection type. These genotypes possibly have partial resistance. Six genotypes possibly possess adult plant resistance, as they showed a resistant infection type and a low sporulating leaf area. The latency period, infection frequency and uredosorus size of sixteen genotypes were determined in the greenhouse after infection with two races of leaf rust at two temperature regimes. The temperature × genotype interaction, found for latency period and infection frequency, was mostly influenced by the cultivars Cerco, Tundra and Miller. Adult plant resistance was postulated for four genotypes whereas another four appeared to have partial resistance. Only one of the sixteen genotypes (Apexal) possessed adult plant resistance and two genotypes (Arminda and Cappelle Desprez) showed partial resistance in the field as well as in the greenhouse.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029650
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Does interplot interference affect the screening of wheat for yellow rust resistance? (1993)
    Springer
    Euphytica 70 (1993), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Schlagwort(e): Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; interplot interference ; quantitative resistance ; representational error ; airborne pathogen
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Summary In small plots, adjacent to one another, a representational error can be expected when screening for quantitative forms of resistance to airborne pathogens. The representational error or interplot interference may occur as an underestimation of the level of resistance and/or as an error in the ranking of the entries tested. Four experiments were carried out with wheat (Triticum aestivum) exposed to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis), three in Kenya, one in Mexico (exp. III). In experiment I 57 entries were compared in an unreplicated trial with three adjacent and one isolated plot situation. The range in the standard deviation of and the ranking order for disease severity (DS) between the 57 entries were the same for all plot situations at all observation dates. In experiment II nine entries from experiment I, representing a wide range of quantitative resistance and having a similar heading date, were compared in adjacent plots consisting of two rows of 10 m in eight replicates and isolated plots of one, six and ten rows of 4 m in three replicates. The range in the standard deviation of and the ranking order for DS between the entries were very similar for the four plot situations. The 10 entries in experiment III differed from those in experiment II, but represented a similar wide range of resistance. Three adjacent plot situations of 0.9×0.5 m, 0.9×2.0 m and 2.7×2.0 m, respectively, were compared with one isolated one with plots of 2.7×2.0 m. The ranking order was not affected, the range in and the standard deviation of the DS in the isolated plots were slightly larger than in the adjacent plots. In experiment IV two mixtures of two entries each were made. Per mixture one entry was fairly resistant (R) the other rather susceptible (S). Within each mixture the entries had a similar heading date. The ratios of the R:S mixtures were 0:100, 50:50, 67:33, 75:25, 82:18 and 100:0. The DS of each entry was the same as its DS in monoculture irrespective of the mixture ratio. There was no mixture effect on DS. The three experiments in Kenya gave no indication of any interplot interference occurring. In Mexico there was a very slight underestimation of the resistance in adjacent plots. The ranking order was always the same irrespective of the test plot situation. The screening of wheat for yellow rust resistance in small adjacent plots is representative for the farmers fields. This is contrary to what has been found in other windborne pathosystems such as barley-barley leaf rust (strong under estimation of resistance), barley-powdery mildew (some under estimation of resistance and different ranking order) and durum wheat-stem rust (fair under estimation of resistance).
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023762
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Purification and characterization of (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucan endohydrolases from germinated wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 847-859 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): amino acid sequence ; cDNA ; germination ; (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanases ; wheat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase [(1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanase, EC 3.2.1.73] was purified to homogeneity from extracts of germinated wheat grain. The enzyme, which was identified as an endohydrolase on the basis of oligosaccharide products released from a (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucan substrate, has an apparent pI of 8.2 and an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa. Western blot analyses with specific monoclonal antibodies indicated that the enzyme is related to (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanase isoenzyme EI from barley. The complete primary structure of the wheat (1→3, 1→4)-β-glucanase has been deduced from nucleotide sequence analysis of cDNAs isolated from a library prepared using poly(A)+ RNA from gibberellic acid-treated wheat aleurone layers. One cDNA, designated λLW2, is 1426 nucleotide pairs in length and encodes a 306 amino acid enzyme, together with a NH2-terminal signal peptide of 28 amino acid residues. The mature polypeptide encoded by this cDNA has a molecular mass of 32085 and a predicted pI of 8.1. The other cDNA, designated λLW1, carries a 109 nucleotide pair sequence at its 5′ end that is characteristic of plant introns and therefore appears to have been synthesized from an incompletely processed mRNA. Comparison of the coding and 3′-untranslated regions of the two cDNAs reveals 31 nucleotide substitutions, but none of these result in amino acid substitutions. Thus, the cDNAs encode enzymes with identical primary structures, but their corresponding mRNAs may have originated from homeologous chromosomes in the hexaploid wheat genome.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027370
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Isolation and analysis of a cDNA clone encoding the small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from wheat (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 23-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; cDNA clone ; ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; small-subunit ; starch
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract A full-length cDNA clone from hexaploid bread wheat, encoding the small subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, has been isolated from an endosperm cDNA library. The cDNA insert has an open reading frame which encodes a protein of 473 amino acids (52.1 kDa). The presence of a chloroplast/amyloplast transit peptide of 22 amino acids is proposed. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibits a high degree of homology with the small subunit ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase proteins from rice (with 90% of identical amino acids) and potato (with 86% of identical amino acids) and contains conserved sequence elements which are thought to represent the substrate binding and allosteric activator sites. The genes are organised as single-copy loci on chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D in the wheat genome and are highly expressed during grain development. Homologous transcripts are expressed in leaves and roots.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021416
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Single-seed PCR of LMW glutenin genes to distinguish between durum wheat cultivars with good and poor technological properties (1993)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 22 (1993), S. 1173-1176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Schlagwort(e): polymerase chain reaction ; LMW glutenin genes ; wheat ; quality
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin sequences from genomic DNA extracted from a single germinating seed of several durum wheat genotypes. Electrophoretic analysis of PCR reactions showed the presence of amplified products characteristic of durum wheat cultivars with good and poor technological properties. This PCR-based approach is proposed as a very efficient and safe alternative to standard procedures for selecting durum wheat genotypes with good qualitative characteristics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028988
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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