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  • Articles  (274)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (274)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (274)
  • 1982  (274)
  • Technology  (274)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic removal of formalin-fixed tissues from polyester arteries, and its effect on physical properties of fibersAn oral presentationof the resultts of this article was made before the Medical Plastics Division of the Society of Plastic Engineers, 39th Annual Technical Conference, Boston, MA, May 4, 1981. (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 659-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A method is presented that can be utilized for the removal of formalin-fixed tissues from arterial grafts without. Affecting fiber material properties. Such a method could prove highly useful for studying the changes in the structure and properties of graft fiber as functions of important clinical variables. Information on what actually happens to the arterial graft material in situ with passage of time is greatly lacking in the current graft literature. The method proposed involves treatment of the formalin fixed fiber-tissue complex with an enzymatic preparation containing enzymes derived from the porcine pancreas (pancreatin) in solution with tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer at pH 7.6. Studies with two different grafts - a Microknit Dacron Bifurcation from a clinical patient 10¼ years after implantation and stored in formalin for 11 months, and a Sauvage Filamentous Velour of Dacron from an animal 24 h after implantation and stored in formalin for nine months - showed that the treatment was highly effective in completely removing the tissues at concentrations of pancreatin as low as 2.5%. The same treatment given to the virgin yarns of grafts revealed no significant effects on tensile, dimensional, and morphological properties.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160513
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microleakage of conventional and microfilled composite restorative resins (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 901-910 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Microfilled composite resins have been introduced in clinical dentistry because of the difficulty in finishing conventional composite resins satisfactorily. Owing to the difference in coefficients of thermal expansion of the two resin systems, the objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate microleakage of a conventional and a microfilled composite resin. Class V cavities with butt cavosurface margins were prepared in the middle third of the facial surfaces of the crowns of 80 noncarious human premolar teeth; they were acid etched within the preparations only. Forty preparations were restored with Concise composite and forty with Silar microfilled resin. Ten teeth from each group were subjected to cyclic temperature changes between 5 and 55°C for 1000, 2500, or 5000 cycles, respectively, and ten teeth from each group were not cycled (controls). After suitable preparation, the teeth were immersed in 45Ca solution for 18 h and contact radiographs were prepared. Microleakage was scored 0-3 at both the cervical and occulusal margins of the restorations. Microleakage was significantly greater at the cervical margins than at the occlusal margins. Differences within occlusal and cervical microleakages among the two resins were not significant.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160614
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcements (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 179-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160212
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erratum (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 177-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160211
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160301
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of oxidation of copoly(L-alanine, L-methionine) membranes on oxygen permeability and tensile properties (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 181-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This study pertains to the development of poly(α-amino acid) membranes which have potential as biomaterials. Copoly(L-alanine, L-methionine) membranes have been subjected to oxidation which produced a hydrophilic structure allowing the improvement of oxygen permeability. L-Methionine residues in the copolymers were converted to methionine sulfoxide and/or sulfone groups by action of hydrogen peroxide in various reaction compositions. Water absorption, permeability to oxygen dissolved in water, and tensile strength of the modified membranes were changed with the extent of oxidation. The water absorption was found to increase with oxidation time from 10 to 300%. The oxidation time dependency on the oxygen permeability coincided with the increase in the water absorption. The permeability coefficients of oxidized membranes were of the order of 10-9 cm3 (STP) cm/cm2 s cm Hg, while those of unoxidized membranes were approximately 10-11. As expected, the tensile strengths of oxidized membranes were smaller than those of unoxidized ones. In addition, the effect of L-alanine and L-methionine residue composition on the membrane properties is discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160302
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of heparinized polymers on the retention of platelets aggregability during storage (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The change in aggregability of the platelets stored in the storage tube fabricated from a newly developed heparinized hydrophilic polymer (H-RSD) has been studied in comparison with plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) which is widely used for blood bags. Rabbit blood was directly withdrawn into the storage tube containing an anticoagulant from the carotid. Then the tube was mechanically sealed with screw cocks and centrifugated to prepare platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the tube and again mechanically clamped to separate the PRP from the residual precipitate. The PRP was stored in situ in the storage tube at room temperature under agitation. During storage, the change in the aggregability of the PRP induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was studied and the morphological change in the platelets adhered onto the inner surface of the storage tube was observed by scanning electron microscopy. In the H-RSD tube, the aggregability was maintained during two-day storage, while in the PVC tube, the aggregability was completely lost after one-day storage. The scanning electron microscopic studies demonstrated that the reduction in the aggregability of the stored platelets is closely correlated with the morphological deformation of the platelets adhered onto the surface of the storage tube.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160304
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of fibronectin on the adhesion of an established cell line to a surface reactive biomaterial (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 195-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: We have demonstrated that an established hamster cell line (NIL 8 M-2) will adhere to the bioceramic bioglass. The rate at which the NIL 8 M-2 cells assume a spread morphology on bioglass is density dependent and the morphology displayed by NIL 8 M-2 cells attached to bioglass is much more elongated than that displayed by NIL 8 M-2 cells attached to nonreactive glass. Precoating the bioglass with the plasma form of human fibronectin significantly reduces the density dependent nature of cell spreading. Coating the bioglass with fibronectin also reduces the time required for cell spreading and changes the morphology of the attached cells from an elongated to an extremely flattened shape. Our work raises the possibility that bone-implant adhesion might be improved by introducing molecules relevant to cell-substrate attachment into the biomaterial prior to implantation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160303
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The viscosity of acrylic bone cementsThis paper was presented at the 11th International Biomaterials Symposium, Clemson, SC, 1979. (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 219-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The viscosity of the acrylic bone cement used in total joint arthroplasty is an important material property for determination of the proper handling characteristics and interlock with bone. In this article the rheological properties of the three leading bone cements were determined over a three-decade range of shear rates. In addition, four other cements were tested at a single shear rate. The results indicate that all the acrylic bone cements are non-Newtonian, pseudoplastic materials with significant differences between them. It is shown that the viscosity increases at different rates with respect to increases in time. For the majority of cements there is a steady or increasing rate of viscosity change with time.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160305
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evaluation of new dental resins prepared with polyfunctional methacrylate monomers (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 275-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The combinations of several composite fillers and dimethacrylates for crown and bridge resins were investigated. The composite filler prepared from TMPT markedly improved the mechanical and physical properties of crown and bridge resins. The enhancement of the mechanical and physical properties is due to the highly crosslinked structure which is developed with the use of the reactive composite filler which copolymerizes with the matrix monomer. The combination of the 2.6E-UDMA comonomer and the TMPT composite filler exhibited the maximum compressive strength, transverse strength, and Brinell hardness, and minimum abrasion loss and thermal expansion. This hard resin was superior to the resins currently available for clinical use.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160308
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ex vivo shunt testing of hydrogel-silicone rubber composite materials (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 471-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Hydrogel polymers consisting of HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) alone or copolymerized with NVP N-(vinyl pyrrolidone) were incorporated into silicone rubber tubing to produce hydrophilic composite materials. Polymerization methods of the interpenetrating network (IPN) and radiation-induced type were used to impregnate the silicone rubber substrates. These methods produced materials with varied wettability (contact angle with water ranged from 57° to 95°) but similar texture. The surface morphology as observed in the scanning electron microscope was the same for all the materials. Four types of composite materials and two sizes of silicone rubber control tubing in a total of 19 dogs were used as ex vivo femoral artery-to-vein (A-V) shunts and were sampled at 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. Data obtained by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the type and amount of adhering blood cells at the time intervals described. Large platelet aggregates and/or a variable initial response were found to be predictors of shunt failure (occlusion). Most samples showed only varied levels of platelet adhesion, but other cell types were seen in some samples. The adhesion was found to peak in all cases by 30 min and to reach lower levels by 60 min, suggesting that an initial phase of reaction was complete. The course of platelet adhesion for a 60-min period is presented.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160414
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation of corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity in Au-Cu-Ag ternary alloys (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 509-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Data from earlier investigation of Au-Cu-Ag ternary alloys indicate that there may be a relationship between an alloy's corrosion behavior and its biological effects. Corrosion properties were determined using standard potentio dynamic techniques and the biological effect was assessed as cytotoxicity in vitro. Linear mathematical methods were used to analyze the data and model the systems. A direct correlation was found between corrosion properties and cytotoxic response.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160416
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the in vitro cytotoxicity of four restorative materials assessed by changes in enzyme levels in two cell types (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 519-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A system is described for assessing the toxicity of freshly mixed restorative materials in vitro by measuring changes in the levels of β-galactosidase and lactic dehydrogenase in both cultured cells and supernatants. The toxic effects of a zinc phosphate and silicate cement, a composite, and zinc oxide/eugenol were studied on two cell types, macrophages and fibroblasts, after 24 h exposure. Zinc oxide/eugenol, Silicap, and zinc phosphate were toxic to macrophages, in that order; Concise appeared to be nontoxic. Only zinc oxide/eugenol exerted significant effects on fibroblasts. Interposing dentine powder between the test cells and the material ameliorated the effects of all materials, possibly by the absorption of toxic components.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160417
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 533-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160419
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorbed behavior of spin-labeled poly(methyl methacrylate) on human tooth and hydroxyapatite studied by electron spin resonance (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 529-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160418
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160501
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The nature of the zinc polycarboxylate cement matrix (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 549-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The matrix of a stoichiometric zinc polycarboxylate cement has been shown to be identical with zinc polycarboxylate salt, which consists principally of neutralized carboxylate groups with a few free acid groups. When excess zinc oxide is present, as in practical cements, there are no free acid groups present. There is no evidence for the formation of a chelate. Both salt and cement matrices are amorphous. The formation of the salt appears to control timedependent changes in the consistency of the cement pastes.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160503
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zinc oxide eugenol cements. VI. Effect of zinc oxide type on the setting reactions (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 585-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The particle size and adsorbed water on zinc oxide from various sources have been investigated and related to the reactivity with eugenol. The reactivity of zinc oxide with eugenol alone increases with the amount of water reversibly adsorbed. When 1% acetic acid is added to eugenol, the reactivity increases as the particle size of the oxide decreases. Generally, zinc oxide powders are deactivated by heat treatment because of coalescence of particles and loss of the ability to readsorb water.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160506
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parameters affecting the stress distribution around LTI carbon and aluminum oxide dental implants (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 875-885 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Three-dimensional finite element stress analysis was used to study the effects that implant neck geometry and the tissue properties at the implant-bone interface have on the stress distribution around freestanding blade- and post-type LTI carbon and aluminum oxide dental implants. Implants having neck flares of 13° and 26° were studied. In addition, to simulate fibrous encapsulation of the implant as opposed to a direct bone apposition retention mechanism, a soft tissue interposing layer between implant and bone was also modeled. The results of the study indicate that a reduction in neck flare from 26° to 13° was a positive design change for blade- and post-type LTI carbon implants and blade-type aluminum oxide implant but not for post-type aluminum oxide implant. The results of the study indicate the presence of fibrous tissue surrounding the implants may be indicative of a failing system and may be the result of either hypophysiological stress (aluminum oxide implants) or hyperphysiological stress (LTI carbon implants).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160612
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160601
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conversion in denture base polymers (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 741-754 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this investigation was to determine residual monomers, the insoluble gel fraction, and singly reacted dimethacrylate monomers in heat-polymerized, auto-polymerized conventional and pourtype denture base materials. Residual monomers were determined by HPLC analysis of tetrahydrofuran extracts of denture base polymers. The gel fraction was determined by gravimetric analysis of the nonextractable portion. The pendant methacrylate groups in the gel fraction were determined by quantitative IR (infrared) spectrometry. It was demonstrated that the heat-polymerized materials had the lowest content of residual monomers. Generally, the content of pendant methacrylate groups in the gel was dependent on the initial quantity of crosslinking agent in the monomer liquids. The gel fractions of the heat-polymerized materials were larger than the quantity of reacted monomers and were also dependent on the quantity of crosslinking agent. These findings showed that some of the linear prepolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), had been incorporated into the crosslinked polymer system. The gel fraction of the auto-polymerized pour-type materials corresponded to the quantity of reacted monomers, whereas the conventional auto-polymerized materials took an intermediate position between pour type materials and heat-polymerized materials in this respect.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160520
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation between strength of bonding to enamel and mechanical properties of dental composites (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 775-783 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The strength of bonding of dental composites to enamel was measured in shear. The compressive strength, proportional limit, elastic modulus, and tensile strength of the composites were measured for correlation with the bond strength. Conventional and microfilled composites with a range of filler concentrations were studied. The densities of the composites and their fillers and the concentrations of the fillers were determined. The mechanical properties that were most highly correlated with bond strength to enamel were proportional limit and elastic modulus. Tensile strength and filler concentration had lower correlation coefficients, and compressive strength was not correlated with bond strength. Using unfilled resins as bonding agents between the composites and enamel resulted in increased bond strength with half of the composites.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160604
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dissolution of amalgam in saline solution (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 767-774 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The experiment was designed to investigate the in vitro corrosion of several modern dental amalgams in saline solution over a six-month period by measuring changes in the soluble corrosion products. Based on the change of the electrical conductivity of the solution, the dissolution rate seemed to decrease gradually for the first three to four months. Then a rapid increase was observed, indicating a reactivated corrosion process. Larger dissolutions of copper and mercury were observed, especially for the high copper alloys, in these later stages. Zinc and indium, if present, were preferentially released at the earlier stages. Silver and tin could not be detected. Evidence exists that the corrosion of tin results in insoluble deposits of corrosion products.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160603
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  • 24
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    In vitro retinoid binding and release from a collagen sponge material in a simulated intravaginal environment (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 839-850 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Four in vitro preparations were constructed to simulate the intravaginal release of two retinoids, all-trans-retinoic acid (t-RA) and 13-cis-retinoic acid (c-RA), from a 0.7% collagen sponge diaphragm insert. Four t-RA concentrations, 0.019, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15% in methanol were added to the sponge. The release into an artificial vaginal fluid was monitored serially over 72 h by serial analysis for t-RA and c-RA using high-pressure liquid chromatography. In each preparation, retinoid release was immediate and noncontinuous. At 37°C, the retinoids were stable for at least 48 h. Trans-retinoic acid was the predominant retinoid recovered. Only trace amounts of the cis-isomer were released. Peak t-RA levels were 20 μM after 0.01%, 60-80 μM after 0.05%, 100-200 μM after 0.1%, and 320 μM after 0.15%. When the vaginal fluid bath was changed after 5 h, no further significant retinoid release occurred. There was significant loss of up to 70% of the applied t-RA into the collagen sponge. The retinoid binding was concentration dependent (higher binding with higher concentrations) and was maximal only after 24 h of co-incubation. The discontinuous release of t-RA and the high degree of binding to collagen would seem to preclude use of the diaphragm insert as a vaginal drug delivery system, at least for retinoids.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160609
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  • 25
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    The biocompatibility of polypyrrolidone in test implantation (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 95-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biological compatibility of polypyrrolidone was investigated using subcutaneous implantation in rats. Acute (10 days) and chronic (360 days after implantation) tissue reaction was characterized numerically and compared with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), used in the Drug Control Research Institute in Prague as a standard in the evaluation of polymers, for which good tolerance in the clinical practice has been demonstrated. Surface changes in the polymer were evaluated by using a scanning electron microscope.
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    A fabric pouch for maintaining transducer and catheter terminations (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 105-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Management of the chronically instrumented animal is improved by enclosing the terminations of catheters and transducer wires in a subcutaneous nylon velour pouch. Six or more days after implantation, an opening is made into the pouch by removing a portion of the overlying skin; subsequent healing processes provide a satisfactory bond. Thereafter the leads can be extracted and replaced without need for anesthesia or dissection. Results in 35 animals (26 dogs and 9 monkeys) for intervals up to four months showed fibrous encapsulation was complete in 28 and partial in 7, with no mortality or significant morbidity attributable solely to the presence of the pouch. Gross and microscopic tissue examination indicated a localized foreign body reaction in response to the nylon fibers. The technique is especially useful in experimental protocols for which continuous restraint is undesirable, such as the chronically instrumented primate periodically exposed to environmental stress.
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    The effects of proteins on metallic corrosion (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 125-134 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The corrosion of the pure metals aluminium, cobalt, copper, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, and titanium and of a cobalt-chromium molybdenum casting alloy has been studied in buffered saline with and without the presence of the proteins serum albumin and fibrinogen. The corrosion of aluminium and titanium was unaffected by the protein. The corrosion rates of chromium and nickel showed a slight increase, while cobalt and copper dissolved to a very much greater extent in the presence of protein. However, with molybdenum the corrosion was inhibited by protein.
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    The effect of pH on the in vitro degradation of poly(glycolide lactide) copolymer absorbable sutures (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 117-124 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The pH effect on the hydrolytic degradation of Polyglactin 910 copolymer was studied in terms of the tensile properties of the suture specimens. The use of a cord/yarn grip, newly designed specifically for fibrous materials, eliminated the grip-induced failure. Different degrees of hydrolytic degradation of this copolymer at 3 different pH levels were observed. The suture specimens exhibited the best retentions of breaking strength at the physiological pH of 7.44, while the specimens at pH = 10.09 showed the fastest loss of breaking strength. Thus, a maximum retention of tensile properties occurred around the pH level of 7.0, whereas smaller percentages of retention of tensile properties were observed at both acidic and strong alkaline solutions. This synthetic absorbable suture material exhibits the basic characteristic of hydrolysis which is catalyzed by both acid and base.
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    A study of the volumetric setting shrinkage of some dental materials (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 135-144 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The setting reaction of six dental materials has been studied by using a water dilatometer at 25° and 37°C. Where there is no water absorption during the test, the method gives reproducible values of the setting shrinkage and at the same time shows a clear physical picture of the entire setting process. This method is suitable for adaptation as a specification test for setting shrinkage and has good potential for being used as a supplementary or substitute test for initial and final set times.
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    Comments on cell adhesion to biomaterial surfaces: The origin of saturation in platelet deposition - is it kinetic or thermodynamic? (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 169-172 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160209
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    The education of the biomaterialist: Report of a survey, 1980-81 (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 159-167 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Biomaterials as a class includes a wide variety of both artificial and natural materials. The discipline of Biomaterials must be recognized as the study of the materials aspects of both fabricated materials and natural tissues, as well as their interactions. Emerging disciplines give rise to academic establishments. A survey of 97 U.S. and Canadian universities reveals a wide range in institutional settings and course offerings in Biomaterials. Plans for faculty additions suggest that the field is still actively expanding.
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    Comments on cell adhesion to biomaterial surfaces: Conflicts and concerns (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 173-175 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160210
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    In vitro studies into the release of chlorhexidine acetate, prednisolone sodium phosphate, and prednisolone alcohol from cold cure denture base acrylic (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 145-157 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: An investigation was carried out into the release of chlorhexidine acetate, prednisolone sodium phosphate, and prednisolone alcohol from a cold cured acrylic denture base material. The drugs were added at 10% w/w with the powder phase of the material. Water, at the concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% of the monomer phase of the material was added to chlorhexidine-containing and chlorhexidine-free samples. Spectrophotometric and bioassay measurements of the release of chlorhexidine demonstrated protracted delivery to 140 days. The daily release rate was increased by the addition of water to the material and at 30% water incorporation the release was greater and increased up to 190 days. The release pattern of prednisolone sodium phosphate was similar to that of chlorhexidine without the addition of water. Prednisolone alcohol was released for a much shorter period and at lower levels. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the polished, etched, and fractured surfaces of the material demonstrated that chlorhexidine acetate and prednisolone sodium phosphate were incorporated into the interbead matrix areas of the material. The irregularities in the material increased with the addition of water. Prednisolone alcohol produced minimal changes in the specimens except after soaking in water for 140 days when numerous small defects could be seen in the matrix zones at high magnification. The use of materials such as water to increase porosity appears a simple method of improving the release pattern of drugs from acrylic. However, the strength of the resulting material would require support from an existing intraoral prosthesis or appliance.
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    Considerations on manufacturing principles of a synthetic burn dressing: A review (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 245-263 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This review presents various considerations on the construction of a synthetic burn dressing, based mainly on collagen protein. Membranous wound covers are compared with sponge-felt types, monocomponental with composite. The importance of collagen crosslinking agent and the nonextractibility of any component from the dressing material are discussed. According to the type of the burn the dressing should be used dry or wet, plain or medicated, and changed often to reduce substantially the presence of necrotic tissue, inflammatory cells of the granulation tissue, and bacterial contamination.
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    The promotion of adhesion by the infiltration of monomers into tooth substrates (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 265-273 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effectiveness of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) on the adhesion of an acrylic rod with etched dentine and enamel was studied. Etching of tooth substrates with a 10% citric acid-3% ferric chloride solution prior to the adhesion proved effective. Monomers with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups like 4-META promoted the infiltration of monomers into the hard tissue. The infiltrated monomers polymerized in situ and good adhesion with the tooth substrates took place. The tensile adhesive strength was 18 MPa on the etched dentine. Scanning electron microscopic studies suggested that the monomers possess affinity with the hard tissue. The good adhesion was not provided by the interlocking at the tubules as had been considered previously.
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    Application of immunoperoxidase method to electron microscopic observation of plasma protein on polymer surface (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 359-367 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The immunoperoxidase technique was applied to observe the electron microscopic presence of human plasma protein on a polymer surface. Two types of polymer material, i.e., Dacron and a newly synthesized heparinized hydrophilic polymer (H-RSD, Toray Industries, Inc.), showed different reactions to human plasma proteins. The hydrophobic Dacron showed a decreased affinity for plasma albumin, but a greater affinity for fibrinogen, α1-lipo-protein, and β-lipoprotein when compared to H-RSD. The thrombo-resistant H-RSD showed a relatively strong affinity for albumin, but in a spotty or focal manner. Most of the H-RSD surface did not adsorb albumin. Fibrinogen adsorption was observed in areas smaller than albumin adsorption. The adsorption of fibrinogen appeared to occur through certain material. The α-lipoprotein and β-lipoprotein were not adsorbed on the H-RSD. The immunoperoxidase method is a sensitive and useful technique in studying the interactions between plasma proteins and the surface of polymer materials.
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    The influence of implant geometry on the stress distribution around dental implants (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 369-379 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A three-dimensional finite element stress analysis has been used to investigate the influence that variations in the infrastructural geometry of a blade-type dental implant have on the stress distribution around LTI carbon and aluminum oxide implants. The finite element model was constructed based upon an analysis of serial sections of a retrieved implant specimen. In addition to the implant, the finite element model contained a three-unit fixed bridge connected to a natural molar with periodontal membrane. The removal of the bridge allowed for the study of freestanding implants and molar. Variations in the implant blade geometry were found to produce significant changes in the stress distributions around bridged and freestanding aluminum oxide implants. Very little effect, however, was observed around the LTI carbon implants. A comparison of the stresses around the freestanding molar and the stresses around the bridged and freestanding implants was made to determine the implant dessign that came closest to reproducing the stress state around the modeled molar. The LTI carbon system that best achieved this stress state was found to be a full-blade implant used in conjunction with a tooth as an abutment in a fixed bridge. The aluminum oxide system that best achieved this stress state was found to be of the post or short-blade design used as a freestanding implant.
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    Analysis of retrieved implants: Crystallinity changes in ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 399-405 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The extent of in vivo induced structural alterations were evaluated in 13 retrieved implants ranging from two weeks' to seven years' implantation. A statistically signifiant difference in crystallinity was seen between weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing region, regions of the implants. Further, in the weight-bearing region, crystallinity was higher in components implanted for two or more years than in those implanted for less than one-half year. These results were consistent with our prior in vitro study on the effects of sterilization and aging. Taken together, the data indicate that UHMW polyethylene is not a static material but is continually undergoing dynamic changes in vivo.
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    Blood-materials interactions: The minimum interfacial free energy and the optimum polar/apolar ratio hypotheses (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 381-398 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Numerous hypotheses exist to explain observed blood-materials interactions. It is the purpose of this article to test two popular hypotheses, namely, the minimum interfacial free energy hypothesis and the optimum polar/apolar ratio hypothesis. Methacrylate polymers and copolymers were characterized using the captive bubble underwater contact angle method; bulk water content was determined by gravimetric methods; streaming potential measurements were made; and surface roughness and possible particulate contamination were evaluated by reflected light microscopy. In vitro blood tests include whole blood clotting time measurements on polymer-coated tubes; centrifugal force platelet adhesion on polymer-coated coverslips; and a measure of the partial thromboplastin time, Russell's viper venom time (Stypven time), and the prothrombin time of native whole blood exposed to polymer-coated microscope slides. Results suggest that platelet adhesion correlates in the opposite direction of whole blood clotting time and partial thromboplastin time, emphasizing the need for a multiparameter approach to blood-materials testing. Based on these tests the minimum interfacial free energy hypothesis is not supported. In fact, the data suggest the opposite to be true. It is apparent that platelet adhesion can be a misleading indicator of blood compatibility. Neither hypotheses can explain the apparent conflict between the platelet adhesion data and the coagulation time data.
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    A study of sarcogenicity associated with Co-Cr-Mo particles implanted in animal muscle (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 407-416 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A study has been made of the sarcogenicity of particles of cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy. The particles were implanted as a dry powder into a surgical incision into the dorsal paraspinal muscle of adult female rats and guinea pigs. Two preparations were used. In one, the particles had a size range of 100-250 μm. This preparation was implanted into 51 Wistar rats. In the other, the particles had a size range of 0.5-50 μm, 85% being in the range 0.5-5 μm. This preparation was implanted into 61 Wistar rats, 53 hooded rats, and 46 Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs. Sham operations were carried out on a control group of 50 Wistar rats. No malignant neoplasms developed at the test or control operation sites during the time periods for which the animals survived. This negative finding contrasts with that from a previous study by Health, Freeman and Swanson, who observed sarcomas in rats at sites of intramuscular injection of cobalt-chromium-molybdenum particles suspended in horse serum. Possible explanations for this difference in results are discussed.
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    NMR spectroscopy of dental materials. II. The role of tartaric acid in glass-ionomer cements (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 431-445 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: D(+) tartaric acid is incorporated into glass-ionomer cements to control the setting properties. 13C NMR spectroscopy of the fluid cement pastes have shown that tartaric acid reacts more readily than the polyacid with the glass, and hence suppresses the premature gelation of the cement. As the cements set, the pH rises from ca. 1.25 to ca. 3 when tartaric acid is fully complexed. As the polyacid reacts the pH rises further to ca. 5.
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    Scanning electron microscopic study of the hydrolytic degradation of poly(glycolic acid) suture (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 417-430 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: This article reports the morphological observations on the surface changes of poly(glycolic acid) sutures which have been exposed to various dosages of γ irradiation (0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, 20, and 40 Mrad) and duration of immersion (0, 7, 14, 28, 48, 60, and 90 days) in a physiological saline buffer. The most important gross morphological characteristics of PGA suture hydrolytic degradation is the formation of surface cracks on the filaments. The regularity of the surface cracks increased with an increase in the γ irradiation and the duration of hydrolysis. Surface cracks were not observed in irradiated sutures that had not been subjected to hydrolytic degradation. The arrangement of the surface cracks, their orientation on the filaments, and the direction of crack propagation provide very useful information for depicting the mechanism of hydrolytic degradation in this class of fibrous material. The microfibrillar model of fiber structure has been used as the basis for the proposed degradation mechanism of PGA in vitro. It is believed that hydrolysis occurs initially in the amorphous regions sandwiched between two crystalline zones, as tie-chain segments, free chain ends, and chain folds in these regions degrade into fragments. As degradation proceeds, the size of the fragments reaches the stage at which they can be dissolved into the buffer medium. This dissolution removes the fragments from the amorphous regions, and surface cracks appeared.
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    Intramedullary fixation of artificial hip joints with bone cement-precoated implants. II. Density and histological study (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 459-469 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Bilateral coxofemoral hemiarthroplasties were performed in dogs using experimental and control implants, which were fixed with bone cement. The stem of the experimental implant was precoated with bone cement, about 2 mm thick. After 1, 3, and 6 months the femora with implant specimens were harvested and sectioned for mechanical and histological evaluation. Histological observations on the implant-bone interface and density measurements of the bone cement are reported. The density of the precoated bone cement was higher than the same cement used for implant fixation at the time of implantation (1.202 vs. 1.188 g/mL). The precoating also resulted in milder histological reactions, including thinner fibrous tissue capsule and smaller gap between bone and cement. The present results and the previously reported mechanical findings strongly support our hypothesis that a better and longer lasting prosthesis fixation can be achieved using cement-precoated prosthesis combined with the customary cement fixation technique.
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    Toxicity evaluation of a novel filler free silicone rubber biomaterial by cell culture techniques (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 501-508 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Cytotoxicity of a novel filler free silicone rubber (FFSR) was evaluated by studying its effect on mouse L929 cells. Silastic and a laboratory rubber tubing (RT) were used as control materials. Three different experimental methods were used. In method A, after six days of cell culturing in the sample extracts, there were 95, 80, and 50% of control viable cells for FFSR, Silastic, and RT, respectively. Similarly, in method B, after six days of direct contact between samples and the cells, there were 80, 40, and 20% of control viable cells for FFSR, Silastic, and RT, respectively. For the Agar Overlay Test, method C, the cells under the FFSR samples were normal and healthy compared to those under Silastic and RT. From these studies it was concluded that FFSR had the least cytotoxicity of the three materials studied.
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    The creep compliance of dental amalgam in the stress range of 20-80 MPa (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 599-608 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The continuous compressive creep curves of four distinct types of one-week-old dental amalgam were monitored for one day on a specially designed mini-specimen creep apparatus. Creep conditions included three different applied constant stress levels (20, 40, and 80 MPa), and temperatures ranging from 0°C to 60°C. To compensate for changing dimensions at high creep strains, the data was converted to terms of compressive creep compliance. For all types of dental amalgam, compressive creep increased both with increased applied stress and with increased test temperature. The two high copper systems evaluated appear to approach a steady-state creep condition up to the highest temperatures tested, but the two conventional amalgams appear to change their creep exponent precipitously at temperatures above 45°C.
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    Long-term in vivo studies of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 609-617 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) was implanted subcutaneously in rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs for up to 24, 23, and 13 months, respectively. The tissue response and tumorigenesis caused by PHEMA were compared among the three species of the animals. Thick fibrous capsule formation and tumor production were noted only in rats, while no tumorigenesis and thin fibrous capsule formation were observed in hamsters and guinea pigs.These results support our previous hypothesis that animals producing a thick and avascular capsule tend to develop tumors at the implant site. PHEMA retrieved was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray energy dispersive analysis. Calcium and phosphorus were the main elements detected on the surface of PHEMA implants. PHEMA is suggested to be not suitable for long-term implant material.
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    A new coupling agent for composite materials: 4-Methacryloxyethyl trimellitic anhydride (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 619-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Composite materials were made by sedimention of ceramic powders in methyl methacrylate which was then polymerized by γ-irradiation. Inclusion of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic anhydride (4-META) generally was found to result in an increase in Knoop hardness number, Young's modulus, and transverse strength. Most emphasis was placed on transverse strength which was found to be increased by ca. 30% by inclusion of 4-META (5 wt %) in composites made with silanated LiAlSiO4.However an abrupt decrease in strength was found for composites with greater than ca. 83 wt % silanated LiAlSiO4. This was shown by fractography to be due to increased porosity and dewetting at the higher filler contents. Fractography also indicated that inclusion of 4-META results in a more coherent polymeric matrix. Further evidence for greater coherence was obtained by showing that 4-META confers resistance to disintegration by chloroform.
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    The antiplatelet activity of immobilized prostacyclin (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 629-638 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Owing to the chemical instability of prostacyclin, the direct immobilization of thsi prostaglandin has not been successful. A new procedure is described for the preparation of immobilized prostacyclin based on the conversion of immobilized prostaglandin F2α to immobilized prostaglandin I2. Materials thus prepared show dramatic antiplatelet effects with regard to platelet aggregation and platelet adhesion. Radioimmunoassays of plasmas used in in vitro platelet tests and of buffers used in prostacyclin leakage studies established that these effects are not due to the release of prostacyclin from the respective immobilization substrates.
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    The effect of initial temperature on free radical decay in PMMA bone cement (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 639-646 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effect of varying the initial temperature of the components of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement has been investigated. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to monitor free radical decay during the curing of the cement. Samples cured in saline at 37°C were found to exhibit first-order decay kinetics for the polymerization radicals for approximately one week after mixing. This indicates that the decay did not take place by combination or disproportionation and was probably due to a transfer process. Decreasing the temperature of the bone cement components prior to mixing resulted in smaller decay rates, but still with first-order kinetics. This decrease in decay rate with lower initial temperature may be due to decreased porosity of the cement, possibly due to decreased monomer evaporation. SEM micrographs of the samples were consistent with this change in porosity.
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    Strain-controlled fatigue of acrylic bone cement (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 647-657 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Monotonic tensile tests and tension-compression fatigue tests were conducted of wet acrylic bone cement specimens at 37°C. All testing was conducted in strain control at a strain rate of 0.02/s. Weibull analysis of the tensile tests indicated that monotonic fracture was governed more strongly by strain than stress. The number of cycles to fatigue failure was also more strongly controlled by strain amplitude than stress amplitude. Specimen porosity distribution played a major role in determining the tensile and fatigue strengths. The degree of data scatter suggests that Weibull analysis of fatigue data may be useful in developing design criteria for the surgical use of bone cement.
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    A study of the interface between a fibrous polyurethane arterial prosthesis and natural tissue (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 827-838 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Fibrous polyurethane samples were implanted in subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and as an arterial prosthesis for periods up to six months. The interface between the polymer and living tissue was studied using optical, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. A good correlation was found between the micromorphology of the polymer-tissue interface observed in three experimental methods used. Ingrowth of tissue occurs by cell penetration into the fibrous network of the polymer implant and eventual encapsulation by connective tissue. Full details of the distribution of collagen and the cell components around the individual polymer fibers and the structure of the connective tissue are given.
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    Crystallinity, solubility, and dissolution rate behavior of fluoridated CO3 apatites (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 851-860 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: To study the effect of fluoride on the physicochemical properties of carbonate-containing apatites, two series of fluoridated CO3 apatites with various fluoride contents were synthesized at 80°C and pH 7.4. The a-axis dimensions of these apatites decreased with the increase of both fluoride and carbonate contents. The crystallinity of the apatites showed similar patterns of variation with the degree of fluoridation irrespective of carbonate content. These patterns appear analogous to the complex pattern of the fluoridated hydroxyapatites previously reported. In contrast to this unexpected crystallinity phenomena, the apparent solubility of fluoridated CO3 apatites in acetate buffer solutions at pH 4.0 and 6.0 and 37°C decreased monotonically with increasing degree of fluoridation and approached that of fluoridated hydroxyapatites at high fluoride content. Dissolution rate of fluoridated CO3 apatite pellets at pH 4.0 also showed a simple decrease with increasing degree of fluoridation and was extremely sensitive to acid at low fluoride content.
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    Failure of ceramic hip endoprostheses by slow crack growth  -  lifetime predictionThis paper was presented to the meeting of the European Society of Biomaterials, Brussels, May 22-24, 1978, and was supplemented by new references in 1981. (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 705-713 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The slow crack propagation velocity v, which depends on the stress intensity factor K, has been measured for three different high-density aluminas. Assuming a load history for the prosthesis which approximates conditions during walking, the lifetimes of the components of a total hip endoprothesis were calculated as a function of the initial flaw size. Different geometries for the preexisting cracks, as well as varying physiological parameters, were considered. It is shown that the lifetime is very dependent on the quality of the material and that it is reduced by increased body weight, walking speed, and varus positioning. Comparison of failure behavior in different parts of the femoral component showed that flaws in the stem must be one order of magnitude smaller than those in the neck to achieve comparable lifetimes.
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    On the characterization of porosity in PTFE-carbon composite implant materials by mercury porosimetry (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 715-719 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Questions have been raised about the use of mercury intrusion porosimetry to measure interconnecting pore sizes and void volumes in relatively soft and flexible materials such as porous implant composites of PTFE and carbon fibers. We have studied the effect of precompression of one such commercial composite on the mercury intrusion curves which cover all pore diameters greater than about 16 μm, the range of interest for tissue ingrowth applications. Prior compression by a pressure 20% greater than that encountered by the material during a mercury intrusion experiment did not change the ensuing pore size distribution curve, as compared with a noncompressed sample. Deformation of the material at higher pressures sufficient to decrease the sample volume inelastically by 17, 33, and 67% changed the shape of the mercury intrusion curves significantly, indicating that this technique can be used to detect prior deformation of an “unknown” sample. In the undeformed material, less than 15% of the total void as measured by mercury porosimetry consists of interconnecting pores 〉 100 μm in diameter and more than 50% of the void volume is composed of pores 〈40 μm in diameter.
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    Academic focus: The biomaterials program at the university of Washington (Seattle) (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 735-740 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Announcements (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 755-755 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160521
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    Stress analysis of porcine bioprosthetic heart valves in vivo (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 811-826 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: During the normal functioning of aortic porcine bioprosthetic valves, the leaflets undergo complex configurational changes which can produce stresses large enough to damage the leaflets. Stress analyses of these valves in vivo have not been performed before. We investigated the behavior of aortic bioprostheses in vivo in calves by placing radiopaque markers on the valves and observing them under x-ray. Based upon the behavior of the leaflets, a method of stress analysis is proposed. Membrane stresses were associated with a pressure gradient across the leaflet and bending stresses with a change in the leaflet curvature. Total stresses were obtained by summation of the two stresses. A model of leaflet deformation at its attachment is proposed and the stresses determined. In diastole, the total stresses in the leaflet were tensile. In systole, the total stresses at the leaflet attachment were large and compressive on the aortic surface. Since the leaflet is unable to sustain compressive stresses, it is concluded that large compressive stresses cause structural damage at the leaflet attachment. This may explain the clinical observation that bioprosthetic leaflets detach or calcify in this region.
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    Wetting characteristics and blood clotting on surfaces of acylated chitins (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 757-766 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Various acylated chitins, including formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, caproyl, capryl, lauroyl, and benzoylchitin, were evaluated as materials for blood contact surfaces by means of contact angle and blood-clotting time measurements. Critical surface tensions of acylated chitins varied within the range of 20-30 dyn cm-1 and were dependent on the length of the acyl side chains. Furthermore, the dispersion and nondispersion components of the surface tension show remarkable differences which are dependent on the type of acyl group attached to chitin. The chitin derivative with 2.0 acetyl groups per N-acetylglucosamine residue gave values of the dispersive and nondispersive components of the surface tension that are very close to those obtained for glutaraldehyde-treated umbilical cord vessels. All of the acylated chitin surfaces show longer clotting times than the original chitin surface.
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    Corrosion of a new copper—gold or copper—platinum intrauterine device (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 785-798 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: It has been shown previously that supplementing plastic intrauterine devices (IUDs) with copper wire enhances the antifertility effect of the device. The use of copper intrauterine contraceptive devices, however, is currently limited to two to three years, mainly because of wire fragmentation, which was observed as early as after eight months of use. In the resulting search for a long-lasting device, two new systems of duplex wire, with gold and platinum cores electrolytically coated with copper, were devised and studied. Initially, duplex wires and controls were exposed to physiological solution. Copper dissolution rate and corrosion morphology were studied by weight-loss measurements and optical metallography. Similar systems were then surgically implanted in rat uteri for varying periods of up to 26 weeks. Electron micro-analysis of corrosion products, in addition to weight-loss measurements and metallography, was performed. The results showed that a uniform and ductile copper coating is obtainable by electroplating on gold and platinum wires. Rate of copper dissolution is similar to that of solid copper wire. No dissolution of gold and platinum in the controls or coated wires was detected by weight loss, metallography, or atomic absorption measurements. Microanalysis of the deposits and corrosion products on the wires in the uteri environment showed sulfur, chlorine, and calcium, in addition to copper. The results of this study suggest that supplementing IUDs with copper-coated gold or platinum wires may result in significant prolongation of the life span of the device by preventing uncontrolled loss of copper caused by wire fragmentation.
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    Susceptibility of surgical cobalt-base alloy to pitting corrosion (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 799-810 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo susceptibilities of a surgical cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy to localized corrosion. In vitro cyclic anodic polarization curves were generated for the cobalt alloy under various surface and electrolyte conditions. Surfaces of the test specimens were examined before and after each polarization experiment. In vivo analyses involved macroscopic and microscopic examinations of cobalt alloy surfaces on retrieved total hip prostheses. The electrolyte selected for the in vitro polarization study was 0.9% saline at a pH of 7.00 ± 0.05 and temperature of 37 ± 1°C in both aerated and deaerated conditions. Surface conditions for the cobalt alloys included nonpassivated and passivated treatments. Hysteresis behavior was exhibited by the passivated alloy but not by the nonpassivated alloy. According to the protection potential theory, hysteresis behavior indicates a material should be susceptible to pitting corrosion. Therefore, based on polarization curves and theory, the results of the present study indicated the cobalt alloy was susceptible to pitting corrosion when in the passivated condition but not when in the nonpassivated condition. Examination of the surfaces before and after each polarization curve revealed no evidence of pitting corrosion. Also, the examination of nonwear cobalt surfaces of total hip prostheses with implantation times up to 6 years revealed no features uniquely identified as the result of pitting corrosion. Therefore, it was hypothesized that certain conditions inherent in the electrochemical phase of this study had caused the development of hysteresis behavior for the passivated alloy, and this hysteresis behavior should not be associated with pitting corrosion as is normally taken to be the case by application of the protection potential theory. Instead, it is postulated that the hysteresis behavior exhibited by the passivated alloy is due to processes involving a breakdown of the pre-established passive film followed by a repassivation characteristic of the saline electrolyte.
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    In vitro aging of proplast (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 951-954 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Announcements (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 955-956 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160618
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    Novel mode of contraception using polymeric hydrogels. I (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 3-9 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A new method of fertility control has been proposed and tested. The technique involves the use of the polymer, which when injected into the vas deferens lowers the pH sufficiently so as to kill the spermatozoa passing through. The polymer provides an acidic environment for a prolonged time and slowly erodes. The fertility may be restored after complete solubility of the polymer itself over a period of time or by flushing it with a suitable solvent. This method of male contraception is nonsurgical, nonocclusive, and reversible.
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    Irradiation crosslinking of the polytetrapeptide of elastin and compounding to dacron to produce a potential prosthetic material with elasticity and strength (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 11-16 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The poly(tetra peptide), H- (L·Val1-L·Pro2-Gly3-Gly4)n-L·Val-OMe, which is a recurring sequence in tropoelastin the precursor protein of the elastic fiber, has been irradiation crosslinked to produce an elastomeric material with limited strength. When a material such as a Dacron fabric is impregnated by the coacervate phase of the poly(tetra peptide) prior to irradiation crosslinking at 50 Mrad, the crosslinked product exhibits stress-strain curves with good elastomeric properties and high strength. In addition to the stress-strain curves, the material is characterized by scanning electron microscopy.
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    Evaluation of a chemical technique for determining the oxygen permeability of synthetic membranes (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 31-38 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The biocompatibility and high gas transfer characteristics of gas-permeable membranes have led to their use for total and supportive cardiopulmonary bypass. The gas transfer rates, particularly of oxygen, have previously been measured with sophisticated apparatus and this has restricted accurate measurements to a few laboratories. A simple chemical technique for measuring the oxygen permeability of synthetic membranes is described, in which sodium hydrosulfite is used to provide the highest possible oxygen gradient and the volume of oxygen crossing the membrane is measured volumetrically. Results agreed with those obtained with orthodox apparatus and replacement of the reducing agent with blood gave much lower oxygen transfer rates demonstrating the rheological influences of the blood upon oxygen transfer.
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    Permeability of heparinized hydrophilic polymer (H-RSD): Application to semipermeable membrane for microencapsulation of activated charcoal (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 17-30 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A series of heparinized hydrophilic polymers (H-RSD) composed of a hydrophobic element, a nonionic hydrophilic element, a cationic element and ionically bound heparin was synthesized. The permeability of the H-RSD polymers with various chemical compositions and water contents was investigated. From the studies on the permeability, it has been found that in order to maintain good permeability after heparinization, the nonionic hydrophilic element is necessary. In addition, the microencapsulation of activated charcoal granules using a H-RSD polymer with a similar permeability to that of Cuprophan was examined. In vitro adsorption studies and in vivo direct hemoperfusion studies on the activated charcoal microencapsulated with the H-RSD polymer, show that the H-RSD coating prevents clot formation without loss of the absorption power of the activated charcoal.
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    Polyphosphazenes: Effect of molecular motions on thrombogenesis (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 301-312 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The effect and interrelationship between primary (segmental backbone) and secondary (side chain) molecular motions on thrombogenesis, independent of morphological order/disorder, crystallinity, and/or associated water is elucidated using an amorphous hydrophobic polymer of poly-[(trifluoroethoxy) (fluoroalkoxy)phosphazene], PNF. The results indicate that thrombogenesis for an amorphous hydrophobic polymer is sensitive and dependent on the degrees and types of primary and secondary molecular motions at the polymer interface.
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    Masthead (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Announcement (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 313-314 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Rheological studies of the polymerization of elastomeric impression materials. I. Network structure of the set state (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 315-330 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: As part of the detailed study of the curing of a range of dental elastomeric impression materials, their chemistry was investigated. This information, the dependence of the stress relaxation modulus of the set material on the catalyst/base ratios, and the level of diluent were used to elucidate the network structure. Such information is required before the rheological behavior during cure can be understood. The clinical significance of the recommended catalyst/base ratio is discussed.
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    Rheological studies of the polymerization of elastomeric impression materials. II. Viscosity measurements (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 331-344 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: As part of a detailed study of the curing of a range of dental elastomeric impression materials, a cone and plate rheometer was used to measure the variation in viscosity due to chain growth. The dependence of this behavior on the catalyst/base ratio, retarding and accelerating agents, and alternative initiators was studied and rationalized in terms of the polymerization chemistry investigated previously. Limited success was achieved with the quantitative interpretation of this data in terms of the polymerization kinetics. Of clinical relevance, only the viscosity behavior of the imine-terminated polyether and one of the thiol-terminated polysulfides approached that of an ideal impression material.
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    Rheological studies of the polymerization of elastomeric impression materials. III. Dynamic stress relaxation modulus (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 345-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: As part of a detailed study of the curing of a range of dental elastomeric impression materials, the 10-s stress relaxation modulus was measured as a function of the curing time. The influence of the catalyst/base ratio was also investigated and compared with the pregel viscosity previously studied. Using the theory of network formation and an understanding of the chemistry of these materials, the modulus data were interpreted in terms of the polymerization kinetics. The addition silicones exhibited the most abrupt transition between the gel and final set stage, which is close the ideal response. The clinical significant of the results is discussed.
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    Intramedullary fixation of artificial hip joints with bone cement-precoated implants. I. Interfacial strengths (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 447-458 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In order to minimize the problems associated with implant fixation using acrylic bone cement, a new technique has been investigated. Canine hip prostheses were precoated with self-curing acrylic bone cement and implanted in random source dogs using the same cement for fixation, a precoated prosthesis on one side and an uncoated (control) on the other. After 1, 3, and 6 months, both femora were excised and sectioned for mechanical assessment of the interfaces among bone, cement, and implant. It was found that the precoated implants had much higher interfacial shear strengths than the uncoated ones (average 14.2 and 6.8 MPa for implant-cement interface; 2.0 and 1.2 MPa for the cement-bone interface for all implant periods). The precoated “old” cement and the “new” cement's interfacial shear strength was the strongest with an average of 15.1 MPa for all implant periods. The present results indicate that the precoated hemiarthroplastic implants provide a firmer intramedullary fixation than the traditional, uncoated implants.
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    Reaction of mercury with silver-tin dental amalgam alloy (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 535-547 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Electron diffraction evidence confirming the ordered orthorhombic crystal structure of the γ phase of the silver-tin system has been obtained, and it has been established by optical metallography that an alloy with a composition corresponding to the dental amalgam alloy formula Ag3Sn (i.e., 26.85 wt % Sn) lies outside the single γ phase field and in the duplex (γ + Sn) phase field adjacent to it. Studies of the mechanism of the hardening reaction of single crystals of homogeneous γ phase alloys with mercury were carried out using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Mercury attack occurred preferentially along welldefined planes in the single crystals. Using electron channeling and trace analysis techniques these planes of preferential attack were found to be {010} and {011}, and from transmission electron microscopy of thin foils these were shown to be slip bands and deformation twins, respectively. In bicrystals of γ phase material, preferential attack also occurred along grain boundaries. Similar preferential mercury attack, leading to the development of deep planar intrusions into the γ phase material, was observed in an experimental dental amalgam prepared from a lathe-cut homogeneous γ phase amalgam alloy. It is believed that the presence of such features would have important implications for the clinical performance of dental amalgam.
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    Effect of pore size on the peel strength of attachment of fibrous tissue to porous-surfaced implants (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 571-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Twenty-four rectangular metal plates were fabricated with surface regions in three different pore size ranges (5-20 μm, 20-50 μm, 50-200 μm). The plates were implanted into the dorsal subcutaneous tissue of 12 adult mongrel dogs for periods of 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. After animal sacrifice, the fibrous tissue which adhered to the porous-surfaced regions of each plate was mechanically peeled off to give an indication of the strength of tissue attachment. The tissue was examined by both transmitted light and scanning electron microscopy. At each time period, the tissue that contacted the porous regions was found to be collagenized fibroconnective tissue. The mechanical tests indicated an increasing strength of tissue attachment with increasing implantation time and pore size range. The largest pore size range of approximately 50-200 μm produced a mean peel strength of attachment of 27.5 g/mm at the 16-week period.
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    Durability of pyrolytic carbon-containing heart valve prosthesesA portion of this work was presented at the Conference on Implant Retrieval: Material and Biological Analysis, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD, May 1-2, 1980. (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 559-570 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: To assess abrasive wear of mechanical valve prostheses containing pyrolytic carbon components, we recovered at necropsy or surgery and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and surface profilometry eight prostheses. Seven were implanted for 30-85 (mean 50 months). Valves included DeBakey aortic (2), DeBakey mitral (1), Beall mitral (2), Bjork-Shiley aortic (1), Cooley-Cutter mitral (1), and Lillehei-Kaster (L-K) tricuspid (1). All carbon occluders had undetectable wear. Carbon cage struts had a superficial burnish. Metallic struts had insignificant wear marks. In contrast, a Teflon Beall Model 104 valve implanted for 34 days and similarly analyzed had considerable material loss from the cage struts. This study suggests that clinically important abrasive wear will not be a late complication of cardiac valve replacement with pyrolytic carbon prostheses.
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    Controlled release rate of a lipophilic drug (BCNU) from a refillable silicone rubber device (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 669-677 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The release rates of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), an anticancer drug, from various kinds of silicone and silicone-nylon implantable and refillable devices were investigated in vitro. The devices were made with different surface areas and wall thicknesses. The relation of the release rate at steady state to the surface area and the relation of the release rate per unit surface area to the wall thickness were determined. The relationship among the release rate, the surface area, and the wall thickness was analyzed using the multiple regression method, and is represented on a three-dimensional graph. The multiple regression equation predicts the release rate from the surface area and the wall thickness; the release rate can also be read from a nomogram that is presented.
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    Special report: Biomedical materials research in Japan (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 721-733 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160518
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    Thin film PMMA precoating for improved implant bone-cement fixation (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 679-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: It has been argued that various specific requirements based on known principles of good adhesion are not being met in the current procedures of formation of the implant-bone cement interface. It has been shown that an annealed thin film PMMA precoating, applied in a low-contact-angle form to surgical alloy surfaces devoid of weak boundary layers, satisfies the majority of the requirements during interface formation. Techniques for the application of the precoating have been developed for SS316LVM, Co-Cr-Mo, and Ti-6Al-4V based on fracture toughness and fatigue tests, and fractography of the interface. Implant surface preparation methods have been established to yield surfaces amenable to adhesive bonding. The composition of the coatings have been studied from the point of view of implant surface wetting, coating roughness and thickness, and interface strength. A biocompatible silane coupling agent (A-174), currently used in orthodontics, has been introduced to provide saline resistant interfaces. The final precoated metal-bone cement interfaces have demonstrated fracture toughnesses in excess of that of bone cement even after prolonged exposure to 37°C physiological saline. Fatigue tests have shown that the fatigue lives (6.5 MPa) of the precoated metal interfaces in saline are at least twice, and in one case several orders of magnitude greater than, that of the uncoated ones even when the latter are tested dry. Fractography of the interfaces show failures that are entirely cohesive in nature. For the UHMWPE (ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene)-bone cement interface, similar improvement with precoating, however, could not be attained. Finally, the coated metal-bone cement interfaces have been tested as a function of some clinical variables such as cement type, joining time, clinical contamination, and sterilization procedure. Results show that coated metals exhibit a certain level of insensitivity to these variables and retain their performance under all conditions except after particular repeated sterilizations.
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    Mechanical properties of the fibrous tissue found at the bone-cement interface following total joint replacement (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 911-927 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A long-term problem associated with total joint replacements is the formation of a fibrous tissue at the bone-cement interface which may compromise the fixation of the prosthesis. In this study, harvestable amounts of interfacial fibrous tissue were generated using a prosthetic replacement of the canine stifle joint as an animal model. The collected tissues were examined histologically and by uniaxial, unconfined compression tests. The fibrous tissue had a matlike structure. The heavy collagen fibers were distributed at random in sheets and the sheets themselves were layered to form a mat. Such a structure may be able to resist compressive stresses normal to the plane of the mat but is probably not well suited to resist shearing stresses. The fibrous tissue proved to be a very compliant, deformable material and to undergo very large strains with load. The stress-strain curve for the tissue was nonlinear and was characterized by large deformations at low loads. But with increasing loads, the material became stiffer, and at high loads, the stress-strain curve became linear with a short-term tangent modulus of 1.9 MPa at a stress level of 0.5 MPa and a compressive strain level of 50%. With regard to total joint replacement systems which consist of an outer bone shell followed by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, a mantle of PMMA cement and a central core of metal or UHMW polyethylene, the fibrous tissue is substantially more yielding and deformable than the other elements of the structure and may have a significant effect on the structural behavior of the system.
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    Effect of a cement-bone composite layer and prosthesis geometry on stresses in a prosthetically resurfaced tibia (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 929-949 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: A comparative study of stress distributions in the component materials of a number of models of a prosthetically resurfaced tibia is presented. Although the geometry is idealized to be axisymmetric, the loadings for which the finite element analyses are performed are considered to be nonaxisymmetric, simulating more realistically the loading conditions in vivo. The different models are chosen with the view of determining the influence of changes in the prosthesis design on the induced stress distribution in the component materials. The changes considered are in the thickness of the cement and the cement-bone composite layers, and in the shape of the prosthesis. Experimentally measured values of strains are compared with the analytically predicted values to check the validity of the assumptions used in the finite element modeling. The comparison of induced stresses in the different materials reveals the desirability, from a mechanical behavior point of view, of introducing a cement-bone composite layer and using a prosthesis with domed subsurface in the fixation system. It is shown that for a model incorporating these features, considerable reduction of stresses in the cement, in its bulk and at its interface with the prosthesis plate, is achieved. The reduced stresses can be expected to have beneficial effects on the long-term behavior of the cement and its interfaces in the fixation system.
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    A clinical comparison of LTI carbon, alumina, and carbon-coated alumina blade-type implants in baboons (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 887-899 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The clinical performance of LTI carbon, carbon-coated aluminum oxide, and uncoated aluminum oxide blade-type dental implants was studied in baboons. The objective of the study was to determine the effect that implant material elastic modulus and surface composition have on implant performance. Clinical parameters of mobility, sulcus depth, soft tissue characteristics, and radiographic appearance were used in the evaluation. The implants were placed in healed extraction sites in adult female baboons and were used as a distal abutment for a three-unit fixed gold prosthesis. The restorations were allowed to assume normal occlusal function and were left in situ for a period of two years. The radiographic and sulcus depth measurements appeared inferior for the LTI carbon implants and best for the carbon-coated aluminum oxide implants. No differences in mobility or soft tissue characteristics were noted for the three implant systems. Two implants both in the same animal - one LTI carbon and one uncoated aluminum oxide - were definite clinical failures. The results of the study indicate that an elastic modulus mismatch between implant and bone is not an a priori cause of implant failure and that the implant surface composition had little apparent effect on the clinical and radiographic performance of these implant materials.
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    Electrically enhanced osteogenesis at various metal cathodes (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 861-873 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Electode-induced bone formation was studied at six different metallic cathode materials in the rabbit medullary canal. Direct cathodic currents of 0.02 and 0.2 μA/mm2 were applied for 21 days. Quantitative differences in new bone growth were found. Platinum, cobalt-chrome (F-90) and silver had more bone relative to controls at the lower geometric current density, while stainless steel (316L) and titanium cathodes were more effective at the higher current. On average, there was a significant increase (46-48%) in new bone formation at active versus control implants for either current level. No corresponding difference in the number of vascular channels were observed in the 21 day specimens. Metal-specific differences in bone formation at control implants were also found, with platinum being most stimulatory. These observations are consistent with an interfacial electrochemical mechanism for electrode stimulated osteogenesis, which perhaps acts in concert with purely electrical and mechanical forces.
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    Masthead (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160101
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    Editorial: Additional information for contributors (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160102
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    NMR spectroscopy of dental materials. I. 31P studies on phosphate-bonded cement liquids (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 39-49 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of phosphoric acid solutions containing zinc and aluminium indicates that zinc forms simple salts in solution, whereas aluminium forms a number of complexes, some of which are polymeric. The formation of the aluminophosphoric acid complexes controls the gelation and strengthening of the dental silicate cement and prevents the formation of crystalline zinc phosphate in the zinc phosphate cement.
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    Hemostatic and healing studies of sodium amylose succinate (IP760) (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 51-61 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Acute and chronic studies were performed in the canine model to evaluate a new topical hemostatic agent in terms of initial hemostatic capability and tissue/material interaction during the healing process. IP760, a porous amylose succinate material, was applied to large spenic surface wounds in six acute and twelve chronic animals. Microfibrillar collagen (Avitene) was used in twelve chronic animals for comparison. While the hemostatic capabilities of the two agents were comparable, marked differences were noted in the healing response. In the IP760-treated wound sites the acute inflammatory response, granulation tissue infiltration with fibrosis and healing occurred earlier and in a more homogeneous manner than in the Avitene-treated wound sites. Healing of the IP760-treated wounds occurred concomitantly with the development of granulation tissue and fibrosis and the rapid resorption of the IP760.
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    Notes. A model for the production of large volume exudate from the implant-tissue interface (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 87-91 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    Phase identification and incipient melting in a cast Co-Cr surgical implant alloy (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 63-79 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Phase relationships in cast Co—Cr surgical implant alloys, heat treated at temperatures from 1180 to 1300°C, are reported. Interdendritic material was identified by selected area diffraction as a quaternary near eutectic mixture between sigma phase, M23C6, M7C3, and fcc Co. Incipient melting and subsequent resolidification of this near-eutectic mixture accounts for observations of behavior at temperatures above 1235°C. At temperatures just below its melting point the interdendritic material initially breaks down to M23C6, which subsequently dissolves in the Co matrix.
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    Cu2O and CuCl2·3Cu(OH)2 corrosion products on copper rich dental amalgamsBased in part on a presentation at the 1980 General Session of the American Association for Dental Research, Los Angeles, CA, March, 1980. (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 81-85 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: In addition to Sn-rich corrosion products found in conventional amalgams, Cu-rich amalgams also form Cu-containing corrosion products. The nature of these Cu-rich products was investigated by immersion of samples of 13 Cu-rich amalgam systems in Ringer's solution for prolonged periods. SEM/EDS and x-ray diffraction studies were used to identify the compounds formed and their morphology. Two products were identified: Cu2O, a red product, and CuCl2·3Cu(OH)2, a green product.
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    Announcements (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 93-94 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160112
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    Masthead (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982) 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820160201
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    Sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoride) as a biomaterial: Immobilization of urokinase and biocompatibility (1982)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 16 (1982), S. 289-299 
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    ISSN: 0021-9304
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The adsorption of urokinase (UK) on sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films was examined. The amount of adsorbed UK on sulfonated PVDF films increased linearly with the degree of the ion exchange capacity (IEC) of sulfonated film. Moderately sulfonated PVDF film (IEC = 0.25 meq/g) adsorbed 3 IU/cm2 UK, and highly sulfonated film (IEC = 0.54 meq/g) adsorbed 5 IU/cm2 UK. All UK-immobilized PVDF films were active for ten weeks. The presence of the sulfonated films in the culture of rat lymphocytes did not result in any change of their viability. The implant of the film (IEC 〉 0.48 meq/g) into the subcutaneous layer of rats resulted in the cell infiltration composed of lymphocytes and plasma cells or the blastogenesis within the surrounding tissues of the implant and the regional lymph nodes. On the contrary, the implant of the films (IEC 〈 0.27 meq/g) did not exert any visible changes, indicating that the lightly sulfonated films may be applicable in the sense of biocompatibility in vivo.
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    Discrete transfinite mappings for the description and meshing of three-dimensional surfaces using interactive computer graphics (1982)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 41-66 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A system for describing three-dimensional surfaces in a form suitable for finite element analysis is described. The system makes extensive use of real-time interactive computer graphics techniques for both input and display. Discrete transfinite mappings are used as the mathematical basis for the surface representation. The mathematical basis and the reasons for choosing this form of representation are discussed. Explicit forms of the mappings based on Lagrange polynomial interpolation functions are presented. Finally, the interactive graphics procedures for defining finite element meshes are described.
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    Hybrid stress finite element analysis of bending of a plate with a through flaw (1982)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 259-271 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A hybrid stress finite element procedure for the solution of bending stress intensity factors of a plate with a through-the-thickness crack is presented. Reissner's sixth-order plate theory including the effects of transverse shear deformation is used. The dominant singular crack tip stress field is embedded in the crack tip singular elements and only regular polynomial functions are assumed in the far field elements. The stress intensity factors can be calculated directly from the crack tip singular stress solution functions. The effects of the plate thickness, the ratio between the crack size and the inplane dimension of the plate, and the singular element size on the stress intensity factor solution are investigated.The effects of the explicit enforcement of traction-free conditions along crack surfaces, which are the natural boundary conditions in the present hybrid stress finite element model, are also investigated. The numerical results of bending of a plate with a straight central crack compare favourably with analytical solutions. It is also found that the explicit enforcement of traction-free conditions along crack surfaces is mandatory to obtain meaningful results for the Mode I type of bending stress intensity factor.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620180208
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  • 96
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    Gauss-Lobatto integration of high precision tetrahedral elements (1982)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 311-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620180211
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A warning against misuse of quarter-point elements (1982)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 314-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Quarter-point elements are used very frequently for fracture mechanics computations, because the quarter-point technique yields the required singular interpolation without any modification to existing software. This advantage is particularly significant for three-dimensional stress intensity factor computations because of the difficulty of implementing other techniques. However, in practical 3-D applications, the crack front is usually curved, and this note proves that a crack front distortion leads to a negative Jacobian in the region surrounding the crack front. The numerical difficulties to be expected depend on the aspect ratio of the elements.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620180212
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional hybrid-stress isoparametric quadratic displacement elements (1982)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 445-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two 20-node quadratic displacement three-dimensional isoparametric elements are developed based on the hybrid-stress model. The elements differ in the stress interpolation used. In one case, the stress polynomials are selected to correspond approximately to the strain polynomials obtained from the displacement field, and a 57β stress field results. In the other element, complete cubic polynomials are used which are forced to satisfy the equilibrium equations and stress compatibility equations, and a 69β stress field results. Both elements possess correct rank, but only the 69β element is invariant. Results obtained using these two elements, and the corresponding 20-node assumed-displacement element, are compared and the 69β element is shown to be the better element. The 2 × 2 × 2 Gauss stations are also verified to be the optimal sampling points for these elements.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620180310
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some vector expansion functions for quadrilateral and triangular domains (1982)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 727-735 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Vector functions having a constant or zero divergence over a quadrilateral domain are derived using a parametric co-ordinate formulation. Expansion functions with a constant curl, defined over parallelograms and triangles, which can be used in moments-based investigations of electromagnetic wave interactions with surfaces and apertures, are then obtained. Finally, two basis functions, which have appeared in the literature and have been used to solve field problems associated with rectangular apertures and arbitrary surfaces, are identified as special cases of these expansion functions.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620180508
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Round-off error in the penalty finite element analysis of incompressible continuous media (1982)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 792-797 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Upper and lower bounds on the spectral condition number of the coefficient matrix are computed for several Lagrangian and serendipity elements.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620180514
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