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  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (558)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (302)
  • 1975-1979  (256)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1982  (302)
  • 1979  (256)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984  (302)
  • 1975-1979  (256)
  • 1930-1934
Year
  • 1
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    Development of the operational program for satellite meteorology (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The geostationary and polar satellites comprising the current operational system are discussed. The data acquisition capabilities of both satellite types and their complementary functions are reviewed. The advanced very high resolution radiometer on the TIROS N satellites is particularly addressed along with the imaging and atmospheric sounding instrumentation aboard the GOES satellites. The dissemination of the satellite data to the prospective users is also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 34-40
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  • 2
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    Early program development and implementation (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Programs for the development and operation of meteorological satellites from the TIROS 1 satellite and the establishment of NASA through the 1960's are described. The technical problems confronted in the development of the early satellite systems are discussed in addition to issues in international involvement and program support. The TIROS and Nimbus series satellites are primarily addressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 5-33
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  • 3
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    The climatic effect of explosive volcanic activity: Analysis of the historical data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: By using the most complete available records of direct beam radiation and volcanic eruptions, an historical analysis of the role of the latter in modulating the former was made. A very simple fallout and dispersion model was applied to the historical chronology of explosive eruptions. The resulting time series explains about 77 percent of the radiation variance, as well as suggests that tropical and subpolar eruptions are more important than mid-latitude eruptions in their impact on the stratospheric aerosol optical depth. The simpler climatic models indicate that past hemispheric temperature can be stimulated very well with volcanic and CO2 inputs and suggest that climate forecasting will also require volcano forecasting. There is some evidence that this is possible some years in advance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 191-202
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  • 4
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    Distribution of Mount St. Helens dust inferred from satellites and meteorological data (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Visible and infrared pictures from two Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite Systems satellites, in circular orbits at about 19,000 nautical miles, are available continuously at approximately 30 minute intervals. Still pictures and film loops from this system vividly depict the events associated with the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. The initial explosion, shock wave, and visible horizontal dust distribution during the following week are readily apparent. Meteorological wind and height fields permit the inference of the vertical distribution of volcanic dust as well as explain the atmospheric behavior which caused the visible and nonvisible dust distribution.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 131-140
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  • 5
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    Comments on satellite meteorology from geostationary satellites (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Examples of the use of geostationary satellites in meteorology are given. Studies of the rate of change of cumulus clouds and cloud systems and wind parameter determination from cloud motions are reviewed. Computer processed imagery products are also discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 72-83
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  • 6
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    Military applications evolution and future (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program is described with particular emphasis on the military applications of METSAT data. Satellite operational support, data processing and image quality requirements are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 41-47
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  • 7
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    Early satellite program developments (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: A historical overview of the pioneer projects for the development of meteorological satellites is given. In addition, the parallel development of the responsible space agencies and panels is addressed. The Vanguard 2 satellite, the first Earth radiation experiment, and the vidicon equipped TIROS-1 satellite are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 1-4
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  • 8
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    Problems in the climatology of the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruptions (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: A brief review of the effects of climate and weather on the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruptions and the subsequent dispersion of ash and gases and the reciprocal influences of the eruptions on climate and climatology is presented. The effects of mesoscale destruction of snow fields and vegetation, a revised mountain profile, and ash deposits are addressed along with impacts on hemispheric climate and disruption of normal climatological observations, in the areas directly affected by the explosions and ashfall. Environmental and economic consequences are also considered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 203-209
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  • 9
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    A study of the geographic coverage properties of a satellite borne Doppler lidar wind velocity measuring system (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Geographic coverage frequency and geographic shot density for a satellite borne Doppler lidar wind velocity measuring system are measured. The equations of motion of the light path on the ground were derived and a computer program devised to compute shot density and coverage frequency by latitude-longitude sections. The equations for the coverage boundaries were derived and a computer program developed to plot these boundaries, thus making it possible, after an application of a map coloring algorithm, to actually see the areas of multiple coverage. A theoretical cross-swath shot density function that gives close approximations in certain cases was also derived. This information should aid in the design of an efficient data-processing system for the Doppler lidar.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 26 p
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  • 10
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    Thunderstorm electric field modelling (1982)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Calculation of eletric field vectors within and near an isolated thundercloud (which has a given volume charge distribution) is envisaged. The maximum field strength within the thundercloud is calculated. The effects of screening layers, both above and below the thundercloud may be investigated, as well time-dependent potential problem. The study can lead to a better understanding of the charge distributions in a thundercloud, which in turn may shed some light on the actual mechanism of charging of a thundercloud.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Alabama Univ. in Huntsville The 1981 NASA(ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; 10 p
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  • 11
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    Summary report of the Lightning and Static Electricity Committee (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Lightning protection technology as applied to aviation and identifying these technology needs are presented. The flight areas of technical needs include; (1) the need for In-Flight data on lightning electrical parameters; (2) technology base and guidelines for protection of advanced systems and structures; (3) improved laboratory test techniques; (4) analysis techniques for predicting induced effects; (5) lightning strike incident data from General Aviation; (6) lightning detection systems; (7) obtain pilot reports of lightning strikes; and (8) better training in lightning awareness. The nature of each problem, timeliness, impact of solutions, degree of effort required, and the roles of government and industry in achieving solutions are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 203-214
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  • 12
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    The forecasting center of Meudon, France (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Main features of solar activity are described in relation to solar and geophysical forecasting. Spectroheliograms, radio and X-ray data, white light coronal observations, particles data, photospheric images, and photospheric magnetic fields are among the types of data used to identify the active centers and flares of the Sun. Forecasting and identification of geomagnetic activity is also discussed. The forecasting technique is described along with the types of users.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 1-11
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  • 13
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    Planetary waves and Sun-weather effects (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A brief outline about the theory of planetary waves is given and a review of space-time analysis, mainly at the 500 mbar pressure level, is presented. This analysis gives evidence that broad spectral bands of two types of waves exist within the troposphere: ultralong waves with zonal wave numbers M or approximately equal to 4 and periods tau or approximately equal to 5 days, propagating mainly to the west, and synoptic scale waves with M or approximately equal to 3 and tau or approximately equal to 10 days, propagating mainly to the east. These waves are generated by internal turbulent processes within the atmosphere and are quasi-persistent with lifetimes of several periods. It is shown that solar activity cannot generate planetary waves of significant amplitudes, and that the observed 'Sun-weather effects' can be interpreted within the framework of these internally generated planetary waves without any trigger mechanism from outside the atmosphere. It is suggested that a better knowledge of these persistent ultralong waves may help to improve long range weather forecasts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 703-721
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  • 14
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    Coupling processes related to the Sun-weather problem (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Physical mechanisms for coupling the energetics of solar activity to meteorological responses are reviewed. Although several hypotheses have been advanced, none can be said to be sufficiently complete to be applied to weather or climate prediction. Solar activity indicators potentially useful for forecasting are identified, including sunspots, solar flares, and magnetic sector boundary crossings. Additional experiments, studies, and analyses are required before Sun-weather concepts can be utilized for predicting meteorological responses.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 669-688
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  • 15
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    Solar weather/climate predictions (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Solar variability influences upon terrestrial weather and climate are addressed. Both the positive and negative findings are included and specific predictions, areas of further study, and recommendations listed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 655-668
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  • 16
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    The impact of Sun-weather research on forecasting (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The possible impact of Sun-weather research on forecasting is examined. The type of knowledge of the effect is evaluated to determine if it is in a form that can be used for forecasting purposes. It is concluded that the present understanding of the effect does not lend itself readily to applications for forecast purposes. The limits of present predictive skill are examined and it is found that skill is most lacking for prediction of the smallest scales of atmospheric motion. However, it is not expected that Sun-weather research will have any significant impact on forecasting the smaller scales since predictability at these scales is limited by the finite grid size resolution and the time scales of turbulent diffusion. The predictability limits for the largest scales are on the order of several weeks although presently only a one week forecast is achievable.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 689-702
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  • 17
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    Remarks on future developments (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Future developments in satellite meteorology are proposed and examined in the light of policy and funding changes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 97-101
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  • 18
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    Prospects for the future (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Atmospheric and surface fields produced from the TIROS N high resolution infrared sounder/microwave sounding unit data are discussed. The data were analyzed by direct physical inversion of the multispectral radiative transfer equation. Sea ice mapping and sea surface temperature determination are addressed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 84-96
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  • 19
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    Key scientific questions and the role of satellites (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: Some of the research opportunities that are available from geostationary satellite data, especially from MONEX during the Global Weather Experiment are described. In addition, the International Cloud Climatology Program is described and the use of satellite imagery in studying mesoscale convection complexes is discussed. Finally, information derived from satellite data on ocean winds is examined.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center The Conception, Growth, Accomplishments and Future of Meteorol. Satellites; p 48-71
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  • 20
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    Volcanoes and climate (1982)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-12
    Description: The evidence that volcanic eruptions affect climate is reviewed. Single explosive volcanic eruptions cool the surface by about 0.3 C and warm the stratosphere by several degrees. Although these changes are of small magnitude, there have been several years in which these hemispheric average temperature changes were accompanied by severely abnormal weather. An example is 1816, the "year without summer" which followed the 1815 eruption of Tambora. In addition to statistical correlations between volcanoes and climate, a good theoretical understanding exists. The magnitude of the climatic changes anticipated following volcanic explosions agrees well with the observations. Volcanoes affect climate because volcanic particles in the atmosphere upset the balance between solar energy absorbed by the Earth and infrared energy emitted by the Earth. These interactions can be observed. The most important ejecta from volcanoes is not volcanic ash but sulfur dioxide which converts into sulfuric acid droplets in the stratosphere. For an eruption with its explosive magnitude, Mount St. Helens injected surprisingly little sulfur into the stratosphere. The amount of sulfuric acid formed is much smaller than that observed following significant eruptions and is too small to create major climatic shifts. However, the Mount St. Helens eruption has provided an opportunity to measure many properties of volcanic debris not previously measured and has therefore been of significant value in improving our knowledge of the relations between volcanic activity and climate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Atmospheric Effects and Potential Climatic Impact of the 1980 Eruptions of Mt. St. Helens; p 15-36
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  • 21
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    Influence of the vegetation structure on the thermal forcing of the atmosphere (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: World Climate Programme: Sci. Papers Presented at WMO(ICSU Conf. on Phys.; p 327-340
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  • 22
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    Ability and limitations of general circulation models to simulate climate and climate variability (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: World Climate Programme: Sci. Papers Presented at WMO(ICSU Conf. on Phys.; p 97-128
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  • 23
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    Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor, liquid water, and wind speed at the ocean surface by passive microwave techniques from the Nimbus 5 satellite (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The microwave brightness temperature measurements for Nimbus 5 electrically scanned microwave radiometer (ESMR) and Nimbus-E microwave spectrometer (NEMS) are used to retrieve the atmospheric water vapor, liquid water, and wind speed by a quasi-statistical retrieval technique. It is shown that the brightness temperature can be utilized to yield these parameters under various weather conditions. Observations at 19.35, 22.235, and 31.4 GHz were input to the regression equations. The retrieved values of these parameters for portions of two Nimbus 5 orbits are presented. Then comparison between the retrieved parameters and the available observations on the total water vapor content and the surface wind speed are made.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radio Science; 14; Sept
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  • 24
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    Mid-latitude model analysis of solar radiation, the upper layers of the sea, and seasonal climate (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simplified, time-dependent energy balance climate model is run at the latitude belt 40-50 deg N. The model solves for the temperatures of the land, air, and 12 vertical oceanic layers, and it includes a wind stirred mixed layer. A change in model ocean optical turbidity from relatively clear (Jerlov 1) to particle rich (Jerlov III) conditions decreases the effective thickness of the oceanic layer in which heat is stored seasonally and increases the seasonal variation of sea surface temperature by 2-3 C. A decrease in the liquid water content of clouds by a factor of 4 warms the model climate and increases the seasonal variation of sea surface temperatures by 2-3 C. A 2-3 C change in the seasonal variation of sea surface temperature is also obtained by varying oceanic mixing through a factor of 2 change in the surface wind speed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Oct. 20
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  • 25
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    Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF's), eigenvectors of the spatial cross-covariance matrix of a meteorological field, are reviewed with special attention given to the necessary weighting factors for gridded data and the sampling errors incurred when too small a sample is available. The geographical shape of an EOF shows large intersample variability when its associated eigenvalue is 'close' to a neighboring one. A rule of thumb indicating when an EOF is likely to be subject to large sampling fluctuations is presented. An explicit example, based on the statistics of the 500 mb geopotential height field, displays large intersample variability in the EOF's for sample sizes of a few hundred independent realizations, a size seldom exceeded by meteorological data sets.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 110; July 198
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  • 26
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    The growth of prognostic differences between GLAS model forecasts from SAT and NOSAT initial conditions (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A study has been conducted to determine the cause of a major synoptic difference in the 72 h GLAS model forecasts from 0000 GMT 19 February 1976 that resulted from the inclusion of satellite data. The prognostic differences that resulted in diverging cyclone paths between the forecast that included satellite temperature soundings (SAT) and the forecast that excluded satellite sounding data (NOSAT) have been traced to initial state differences in the upper level wind and temperature patterns. These modifications enhanced the variation of thermal vorticity and thermal advection across the cyclone center and in the SAT case, gave a greater initial rate of movement of the upper-level vorticity maximum associated with the surface cyclone.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 110; July 198
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  • 27
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    Radar reflectivities and satellite imagery of severe storms 20 May 1977 (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Storms on 20 May 1977 generated a vast cirrus deck. Disturbed areas at storm top had equivalent black-body temperatures (T sub BB) much lower than the tropopause temperature, indicative of overshooting tops. The area of T sub BB not greater than -71 C represents the area of convective activity penetrating 2 km above the tropopause. This area was relatively large after cloud tops and radar reflectivities reached their maximum heights. It became much smaller during tornadoes when reflectivities were decreasing. T sub BB was at a minimum at the time of mesocyclone formation. The Del City storm had two periods of growth, as indicated both by reflectivities and the T sub BB areas. The mesocyclone was first detected during the second less intense period of growth; the tornado occurred during decreasing reflectivities. The maintenance of large areas of relatively low T sub BB after tornado dissipation is ascribed to continued convection on the flanks of the storm and to residual updrafts in a thick anvil cloud.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 110; July 198
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  • 28
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    The effect of model resolution and satellite sounding data on GLAS model forecasts (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The effect of horizontal model resolution on satellite data impact has been studied for two versions of the GLAS second-order general circulation model: the C-model with a 4-deg latitude by 5-deg longitude resolution and the F-model with a 2.5-deg latitude and 3-deg longitude resolution. It is found that the 48-72 h forecast skill of the GLAS model was significantly improved by the increased resolution. Initial state differences between the SAT and NOSAT cycles using the F-model were on the average smaller than the corresponding differences with the C-model. However, the F-model cycle differences exhibited a smaller scale structure and, in some cases, larger gradients.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 110; July 198
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  • 29
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    Doppler radar echoes of lightning and precipitation at vertical incidence (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Digital time series data at 16 heights within two storms were collected at vertical incidence with a 10-cm Doppler radar. On several occasions during data collection, lightning echoes were observed as increased reflectivity on an oscilloscope display. Simultaneously, lightning signals from nearby electric field change antennas were recorded on an analog recorder together with the radar echoes. Reflectivity, mean velocity, and Doppler spectra were examined by means of time series analysis for times during and after lightning discharges. Spectra from locations where lightning occurred show peaks, due to the motion of the lightning channel at the air speed. These peaks are considerably narrower than the ones due to precipitation. Besides indicating the vertical air velocity that can then be used to estimate hydrometeor-size distribution, the lightning spectra provide a convenient means to estimate the radar cross section of the channel. Subsequent to one discharge, we deduce that a rapid change in the orientation of hydrometeors occurred within the resolution volume.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 87; Aug. 20
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  • 30
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    Altitude variations in stratospheric aerosols of a tropical region (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: To investigate the possibility that significant amounts of tropical tropospheric air may be convectively introduced into the stratosphere, aerosol samplings over Panama were made at various altitudes using a wire impactor collector. The percentage of particle sizes less than the mean mode decreases with height above the tropopause, suggesting depletion of small particles, possibly due to coagulation. Larger aerosols (greater than 0.3 micron in diam.) are more abundant farther above the tropopause, indicating growth, mainly by condensation. The total particle concentration decreases with increasing height above the tropopause, and also with increasing temperature. Aerosols containing smaller-size particles are thus found closer to the tropopause, and larger-size, more-evolved aerosols occur at higher altitudes. These data indicate that convective activity at the Intertropical Convergence Zone may be a source mechanism for stratospheric aerosols.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; June 198
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  • 31
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    A dehydration mechanism for the stratosphere (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Although mean circulations are generally credited with dehydration of the earth's stratosphere, convective instability in the tropics converts mean circulations to small residuals of local convective circulations. The effects of large cumulonimbus which penetrate the stratosphere and form huge anvils in the lower stratosphere are discussed with respect to hydration and dehydration of the stratosphere. Radiative heating at anvil base combined with cooling at anvil top drives a dehydration engine considered essential to explain the dry stratosphere. Seasonal and longitudinal variations in dehydration potentials are examined with maximum potential attributed to Micronesian area during winter and early spring.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 9; June 198
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    An assessment of the FGGE satellite observing system during SOP-1 (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The sensitivity of a Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences global objective analysis cycle to the addition of FGGE level II-b data is assessed. The GOAS system comprises a predictive continuity provided by a model first-guess forecast integrated from a previous forecast and updated by data gathered in the interim. FGGE data originated in the Jan.-Mar. 1979 period and were acquired by rawinsondes, pilot balloons, surface stations, satellites, ships, and drifting buoys deployed during SOP-1. Focussing on 2-5 and 8-day forecasts, comparisons were made of the 6 hr forecast error at the 300 mb height in three experiments using all, no-satellite (NOSAT), and without rawinsondes or pilot balloons modes. Larger errors occurred in the case of NOSAT, while significant corrections to the GOAS predictions were noted using all the FGGE data. It was concluded that all forecasts were improved by inclusion of full FGGE data sets, including forecasting beyond one week.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 63
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    Stratospheric condensation nuclei variations may relate to solar activity (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of increases of stratospheric condensation nuclei suggest a photo-initiated sulphuric acid vapour formation process in spring in polar regions. It is proposed that the sulphuric acid rapidly forms condensation nuclei through attachment to negatively charged multi-ion complexes and that the process may be modulated through variations in solar activity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 297; May 13
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    Skylab near-infrared observations of clouds indicating supercooled liquid water droplets (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Orographically-induced lee-wave clouds were observed over New Mexico by a multichannel scanning radiometer on Skylab during December 1973. Channels centered at 0.83, 1.61 and 2.125 microns were used to determine the cloud optical thickness, thermodynamic phase and effective particle size. An additional channel centered at 11.4 microns was used to determine cloud-top temperature, which was corroborated through comparison with the stereographically determined cloud top altitudes and conventional temperature soundings. Analysis of the measured near-infrared reflection functions at 1.61 and 2.125 microns are most easily interpreted as indicating the presence of liquid-phase water droplets. This interpretation is not conclusive even after considerable effort to understand possible sources for misinterpretation. However, if accepted the resulting phase determination is considered anomalous due to the inferred cloud-top temperatures being in the -32 to -47 C range. Theory for the homogeneous nucleation of pure supercooled liquid water droplets predicts very short lifetimes for the liquid phase at these cold temperatures. A possible explanation for the observations is that the wave-clouds are composed of solution droplets. Impurities in the cloud droplets could decrease the homogeneous freezing rate for these droplets, permitting them to exist for a longer time in the liquid phase, at the cold temperatures found.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; Mar. 198
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    Utilization of normal mode initial conditions for detecting errors in the dynamics part of primitive equation global models (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: When a global atmospheric basic state has constant angular velocity and its temperature varies with altitude only, there exist normal mode solutions to the linearized global primitive equations. The use of these normal modes, which have known behavior in time, is superior to the use of the Rossby-Haurwitz wave as initial conditions for detecting errors in the dynamics part of primitive equation global models. With these initial conditions, integration through only one time step is sufficient to detect many formulation and coding errors. Other tests are still required for detecting problems of nonlinear instability and conservation of integral properties, however.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 110; Apr. 198
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    User needs and the future of operational meteorological satellites (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Meteorological satellites and their capabilities are described. Future satellite configurations and instrumentation are discussed in the light of future user needs. In addition to the continuation of existing baseline products and services, the goals for improvement of the geosynchronous system through the 1990's will be: increasing spacial resolution in the visible and infrared channels; increasing vertical mean layer temperature resolution; adding the ability to image the solar disk; and upgrading the ground systems. Other improvements are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Meteorol. Satellites; p 53-59
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    The initial conceptualization and design of a meteorological satellite (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The meteorological satellite had its substantive origin in the analytical process that helped initiate America's military satellite program. Its impetus lay in the desire to acquire current meteorological information in large areas for which normal meteorological observational data were not available on a day-to-day basis. Serious consideration was given to the feasibility of reconnaissance from meteorological satellites. The conceptualization of a meteorological satellite is discussed along with the early research which gave substance to that concept.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Meteorol. Satellites; p 3-6
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    The Nimbus satellite system: Remote sensing R&D platform of the 70's (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Originally conceived to be the future operational weather satellite, the Nimbus series of seven satellites became the work horse and experimental backbone of the NASA/NOAA space research program. Early problems in developing the attitude control system and proving its operational characteristics in the simulated space environment are discussed. The program proved itself many times over; contributing substantially to the scientific knowledge of atmospherics and weather. As application/research vehicles, the seven Nimbus spacecraft were used for the development, test and application of a variety of new and advanced meteorological and geophysical remote sensing instruments and associated data transmission and processing techniques.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Meteorol. Satellites; p 17-29
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  • 39
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    Cloud cover sampling capability of various satellite combinations for ISCCP (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: One of the most important objectives of the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) is the quantification of cloud cover and associated radiation parameters for climate research. The time-varying nature of cloud cover requires a measurement system that obtains cloud radiance at sufficient time intervals for determining accurate values of cloudiness for the appropriate averaging period. Current plans for the ISCCP call for such day to be acquired every 3 hours during both data and night to ensure that the diurnal cycle of cloud cover is adequately sampled. The satellite system proposed is an array of geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites. The error in mean cloud cover estimates for observation systems which do not include geostationary satellites are quantified. Candidates for such a system include two NOAA Sun-synchronous satellites with daylight equatorial-crossing times of 0730 and 1430, and a USSR satellite in an 81 deg. inclination, 900-km altitude orbit.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: World Climate Program Rept. of the First Session of the International Working Group on Data Management for the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP); 27 p
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    Lidar clear atmosphere multiple scattering dependence on receiver range (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The degree of multiple scattering encountered by nadir-directed lidar in clear atmosphere conditions was assessed by the Monte Carlo method based on a model of the vertical distribution of aerosol scattering in the atmosphere. The lowest 3 km of the atmosphere were regarded as containing 90% of the aerosol optical thickness, with the unity normalized value for the forward peak of the aerosol phase function being 4.38 at a 694.3 nm laser wavelength. Results were obtained for two lidar receiver heights for three receiver field of view (FOV) angular halfwidths. An increase in receiver height was determined to cause a significant increase in the amount of angular scattering of the lidar signal. A factor of 20 change in receiver height produced an order of magnitude change in the single to multiple scattering ratio.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; July 15
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    Radar research on thunderstorms and lightning (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Applications of Doppler radar to detection of storm hazards are reviewed. Normal radar sweeps reveal data on reflectivity fields of rain drops, ionized lightning paths, and irregularities in humidity and temperature. Doppler radar permits identification of the targets' speed toward or away from the transmitter through interpretation of the shifts in the microwave frequency. Wind velocity fields can be characterized in three dimensions by the use of two radar units, with a Nyquist limit on the highest wind speeds that may be recorded. Comparisons with models numerically derived from Doppler radar data show substantial agreement in storm formation predictions based on information gathered before the storm. Examples are provided of tornado observations with expanded Nyquist limits, gust fronts, turbulence, lightning and storm structures. Obtaining vertical velocities from reflectivity spectra is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 297; June 10
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    The latitude dependence of the variance of zonally averaged quantities (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Geometric characteristics of the spherical earth are shown to be responsible for the increase of variance with latitude of zonally averaged meteorological statistics. An analytic model is constructed to display the effect of a spherical geometry on zonal averages, employing a sphere labeled with radial unit vectors in a real, stochastic field expanded in complex spherical harmonics. The variance of a zonally averaged field is found to be expressible in terms of the spectrum of the vector field of the spherical harmonics. A maximum variance is then located at the poles, and the ratio of the variance to the zonally averaged grid-point variance, weighted by the cosine of the latitude, yields the zonal correlation typical of the latitude. An example is provided for the 500 mb level in the Northern Hemisphere compared to 15 years of data. Variance is determined to increase north of 60 deg latitude.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 110; May 1982
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    Clarification of confirmation in the FACE-2 experiment (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Definitions of the data acquisition and interpretation goals which were sought in the Florida Area Cumulus Experiment (FACE) phase-II experiment as confirmation of results from FACE-I are presented. The FACE-1 trials in cloud seeding to increase rainfall were conducted in 1970, '71, '73, '75, and '76 and phase II proceeded from June 1978-August 1980. The data from the second set were to be treated with a block randomization scheme using the mean vector wind speed and direction and superposition of rainfall data, considering fixed and floating target clouds. A first level of probability was configured to eliminate cells from further investigation, and then two other levels are included in the analyses, each of continually increasing levels of likelihood. The instances of rainfall with seeding cover periods of either 60 or more or 60 or less seeding flares being ignited.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 63
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    Cloud top remote sensing by airborne lidar (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of cloud top height, backscattering, and signal depolarization have been obtained by a lidar system operating onboard a high-altitude research aircraft. The transmitter for the cloud lidar system is a doubled Nd:YAG laser operating at 5 Hz. The system functions as a fully automated sensor under microprocessor control and operates from a nominal 19-km altitude. Measurements have been acquired over a wide variety of cloud cover in conjunction with passive visible and infrared measurements. Initial observation results are reported
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics; 21; May 1
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    An iterative radiative transfer code for ocean-atmosphere systems (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The details of an iterative radiative transfer code for computing the intensity and degree of polarization of diffuse radiation in models of the ocean-atmosphere system are described. The present code neglects the upwelling radiation from below the ocean surface and as such can be applied to the part of the spectrum where the absorption by water is strong. To establish the reliability of the numerical scheme and the computer code, the results are compared with those of Fraser and Walker (1968), Dave (1972), and Mullamaa (1964); they are found to be in excellent agreement. The computations also show that both the intensity and the degree of polarization of the upwelling diffuse radiation at the top of the atmosphere vary significantly when the rough ocean at the base of the atmosphere is replaced by a Lambertian surface that reflects the same energy as the rough ocean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; Mar. 198
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    Precipitation measurements from space - Workshop summary 28 April-1 May 1981, Greenbelt, MD (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The goals and methods for global precipitation measurements from space are examined. Records currently exist only for visible and IR scans of cloud properties, and are applied from GEO for detecting diurnal variations in precipitation. Microwave radiometry is noted to be a suitable method for supplementing the visible and IR data for measuring stratiform oceanic precipitation, and when used at up to 3 microns can detect areas, if not amounts, of precipitation from GEO. Applications of radar altimeters are proposed in terms of modifications to the Seasat-type 2.2 cm radar, the use of surface target attentuation radar, of frequency agile rain radar, or of adaptive pointing radar. Soil moisture sensing is available with passive microwave radiometry in the 20-50 cm bands, or active sensing in the 5-8 cm bands. The utilization of GARP ground truth data is explored, along with statistical methods for treating the data samples.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 63
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    Vacillation, sudden warmings and potential enstrophy balance in the stratosphere (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The balance of potential enstrophy and its relationship to vacillation cycles and the sudden warming is studied for a beta-channel model of the stratosphere. It is shown that the mean flow cannot be steady in the presence of large-amplitude quasi-geostrophic waves (approximately 1-0.25 geopotential kilometers /gpkm/) when any dissipation is present, and the maximum wave amplitude allowed is approximately 2 gpkm. If wave forcing (transience plus dissipation) is artificially maintained, the mean flow decelerates slowly at first then explosively as the potential vorticity gradient of the basic state is wiped out over the channel. This process is called wave saturation. The initial phase of the explosive deceleration resembles both the observed and modeled mean flow evolution during a sudden stratospheric warming. A simple vacillation model based upon these ideas shows remarkable similarity to the results of Holton and Mass (1976) and Davies (1981).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; Aug. 198
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    Sensitivity of the boundary layer energy fluxes to forcing parameters in a simple climate model (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Winter and summer surface temperatures and time-averaged boundary layer energy fluxes are calculated by utilizing the Saltzman-Ashe parameterization for boundary layer fluxes in a two-level static model. The results are found to agree with observed patterns. Within the framework of this simple model, sensitivity analyses of the time-averaged boundary layer energy fluxes are conducted. Based on these results some of the forcing parameters (such as the subsurface temperature, cloud cover, surface albedo, etc.) are arranged in a hierarchical order of importance. A generalized method of sensitivity analysis is also suggested.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tellus; 34; Aug. 198
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  • 49
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    Stratospheric warmings diagnosed using the transformed Eulerian-mean equations and the effect of the mean state on wave propagation (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Terms for the transformed Eulerian equations are calculated in order to characterize the phenomenom of sudden stratospheric warming. The transformed diagnostics are applied to data for warmings during Dec. and Jan. 1976-1977, as well as cross sections for the directions of the Eiliassen-Palm (EP) fluxes and residual mean meridional circulations. The convergence of the EP flux was determined to provide a strong approximation to the total effect of waves in forcing the zonal mean flow. The EP fluxes change from an upward and equatorward direction to an upward and poleward direction during the warmings, and indications are reported that the effect is due to a feedback on wave propagation of an evolving mean flow. Ray paths in the meridional plane are computed for different mean wind fields to determine the direction of wave propagation according to linear theory based on the WKB approximation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; June 198
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    SASS wind ambiguity removal by direct minimization (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An objective analysis procedure is presented which combines Seasat-A satellite scatterometer (SASS) data with other available data on wind speeds by minimizing an objective function of gridded wind speed values. The functions are defined as the loss functions for the SASS velocity data, the forecast, the SASS velocity magnitude data, and conventional wind speed data. Only aliases closest to the analysis were included, and a method for improving the first guess while using a minimization technique and slowly changing the parameters of the problem is introduced. The model is employed to predict the wind field for the North Atlantic on Sept. 10, 1978. Dealiased SASS data is compared with available ship readings, showing good agreement between the SASS dealiased winds and the winds measured at the surface. Expansion of the model to take in low-level cloud measurements, pressure data, and convergence and cloud level data correlations is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Automatic classification of clouds on Meteosat imagery - Application to high-level clouds (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A statistical classification method based on clustering on three-dimensional histograms is applied to the three channels of the Meteosat imagery. The results of this classification are studied for different cloud cover cases over tropical regions. For high-level cloud classes, it is shown that the bidimensional IR-water vapor histogram allows one to deduce the cloud top temperature even for semi-transparent clouds.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 21; Mar. 198
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    Determination of semi-transparent cirrus cloud temperature from infrared radiances - Application to Meteosat (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A bispectral technique was employed to determine the cirrus cloud-top temperature. Data were gathered from aircraft equipped with the ARIES radiometer, which on sixteen flights provided IR readings at 6.5 and 11.5 microns of cirrus tops. The flights were made on a NASA Convair to a maximum ceiling of 12,500 m. The brightness temperatures above the cirrus were found to be consistently colder, by up to 40 K, than the 11.5 microns window channel, and good spatial correlations were displayed over whole clouds. Effective emissivities are calculated for both channels and applied to Meteosat digital imagery. The subsequent derived temperatures were significantly colder than black-body temperatures, which is explained by taking into account the absorption of emitted radiation by water vapor.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 21; Mar. 198
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    Toward parameterization of the stable boundary layer (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Wangara data is used to examine the depth of the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) and the height to which surface-linked turbulence extends. It is noted that a linearity of virtual temperature profiles has been found to extend up to a significant portion of the NBL, and then diverge where the wind shear rides over the surface-induced turbulence. A series of Richardson numbers are examined for varying degrees of turbulence and the significant cooling region is observed to have greater depth than the depth of the linear relationship layer. A three-layer parameterization of the thermodynamic structure of the NBL is developed so that a system of five equations must be solved when the wind velocity profile and the temperature at the surface are known. A correlation between the bulk Richardson number and the depth of the linear layer was found to be 0.89.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 21; Jan. 198
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    Cloud fluctuation statistics (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A space-time statistical analysis of total outgoing infrared radiation is used to determine the gross features of day-to-day cloudiness fluctuations over the Pacific Ocean in summer and winter. IR fluctuations arise from the passage of cloudiness systems through a grid box as well as the creation and destruction of cloudiness in the box. Which process dominates depends upon the size of the box relative to the size, speed and persistence time of a typical cloudiness system. In most regions the statistical analysis yields advection speeds characteristic of 700 mb mean flow with spatial dependence resembling the 300 mb mean flow. Spatial scales less than 2000 km predominate, smaller scales having less persistence. Characteristic time scales are on the order of one or two days, even for a grid box spanning the entire North Pacific storm track. This result is remarkable in view of the much longer time scales commonly associated with atmospheric disturbances. Apparently many cloudiness systems are created and destroyed during the lifetime of a single disturbance.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 110; Jan. 198
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    Three-dimensional simulations of cumulus congestus clouds on GATE day 261 (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Schlesinger's (1978) three-dimensional cumulus model is applied to showering congestus clouds on day 261 of GATE. Model results are compared with each other and with observations to analyze the effects of varying shear and altered sounding. Relationships between shear, mesovortices and dynamic entrainment are examined, as well as the model clouds' impact on the environment as a function of shear. The simulations appear to resemble reality in many important aspects. Altostratus layers observed on day 261 are found to be a by-product of convection in three-dimensional shear. Rapid erosion of cloud base to 3.6 km is related to the ambient thermal structure, with wind shear and initial perturbation playing a secondary role. Some of the apparent conflict regarding lateral versus cloud-top entrainment is clarified, as well as some factors governing convective downdraft structure and intensity.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; Jan. 198
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    Influence of land-surface evapotranspiration on the earth's climate (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Land-surface evapotranspiration is shown to strongly influence global fields of rainfall, temperature and motion by calculations using a numerical model of the atmosphere, confirming the general belief in the importance of evapotranspiration-producing surface vegetation for the earth's climate. The current version of the Goddard Laboratory atmospheric general circulation model is used in the present experiment, in which conservation equations for mass, momentum, moisture and energy are expressed in finite-difference form for a spherical grid to calculate (1) surface pressure field evolution, and (2) the wind, temperature, and water vapor fields at nine levels between the surface and a 20 km height.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Science; 215; Mar. 19
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    Thunderstorm intensity as determined from satellite data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Digital infrared data from SMS 2 obtained on May 6, 1975 are used to study thunderstorm vertical growth rates and cloud top structure in relation to the occurrence of severe weather (tornadoes, hail, and high wind) on the ground. All thunderstorms from South Dakota to Texas along a N-S oriented cold front were monitored for a 4 h period with 5 min interval data. Thunderstorm growth rate, as determined by the rate of blackbody temperature isotherm expansion and minimum cloud top temperature, are shown to be correlated with reports of severe weather on the ground.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 18; Apr. 197
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    Pulsed laser Doppler measurements of wind shear (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: There is a need for a sensor at the airport that can remotely detect, identify, and track wind shears near the airport in order to assure aircraft safety. To determine the viability of a laser wind-shear system, the NASA pulsed coherent Doppler CO2 lidar (Jelalian et al., 1972) was installed in a semitrailer van with a rooftop-mounted hemispherical scanner and was used to monitor thunderstorm gust fronts. Wind shears associated with the gust fronts at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) between 5 July and 4 August 1978 were measured and tracked. The most significant data collected at KSC are discussed. The wind shears were clearly visible in both real-time velocity vs. azimuth plots and in postprocessing displays of velocities vs. position. The results indicate that a lidar system cannot be used effectively when moderate precipitation exists between the sensor and the region of interest.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 60
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    A passive microwave technique for profiling of atmospheric water vapor (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: There is considerable interest in remote measurements of the vertical distribution of water vapor, particularly under cloud conditions. The net integrated amount of water vapor has been measured using the 22.235-GHz water vapor line (Staelin et al., 1975). Attempts to use this line for obtaining vertical distribution information have not been fruitful because of the weakness of absorption even at line center. The 183.310-GHz line is much stronger and thus provides a possibility of profiling water vapor. The paper presents a preliminary analysis of this possibility. A technique is described for retrieval of water vapor profiles from microwave radiometric measurements near the 183-GHz water vapor line, and weighting functions useful in the retrievals are developed. The results suggest that microwave radiometry near the 183-GHz water vapor line could yield interesting water vapor profiles, at least over oceans.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radio Science; 14; May-June
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  • 60
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    Thunderstorm vertical velocities estimated from satellite data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Infrared geosynchronous satellite data with an interval of 5 min between images are used to estimate thunderstorm top ascent rates on two case study days. A mean vertical velocity of 3.4 m/sec for 23 clouds is calculated at a height of 8.7 km. This upward motion is representative of an area of approximately 10 km on a side. Thunderstorm mass flux of approximately 2 times 10 to the 8th power kg/sec is calculated, which compares favorably with previous estimates. There is a significant difference in the mean calculated vertical velocity between elements associated with severe weather reports (omega = 4.9 m/sec) and those with no such reports (2.4 m/sec). Calculations were made using a velocity profile for an axially symmetric jet to estimate the peak updraft velocity. For the largest observed omega value of 7.8 m/sec the calculation indicates a peak updraft of approximately 50 m/sec.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Sept
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  • 61
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    The benefits of using short-interval satellite images to derive winds for tropical cyclones (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During the 1975, 1976 and 1977 North Atlantic hurricane seasons, NOAA/NESS and NASA/GSFC conducted a cooperative program to determine the best resolution and frequency now available from satellite images for deriving winds to study and forecast tropical cyclones. High spatial and temporal resolution satellite imagery made it feasible to provide a large number of lower and upper tropospheric winds which can be obtained by tracking clouds within 650 km of tropical cyclone centers. Up to 10 (5) times as many low-level winds were derived from images spaced at 3 or 7.5 min intervals as from those at 30 min (15 min) intervals. Rapid-scan full-resolution IR and visible images minimized the 'erroneous' winds derived by tracking cloud elements that propagate by growing on one side and dissipating on the other and by tracking repetitive patterns that provided ambiguous indications of direction of movement.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 107; May 1979
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  • 62
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    A one-dimensional model describing aerosol formation and evolution in the stratosphere. I - Physical processes and mathematical analogs. II - Sensitivity studies and comparison with observations (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A new time-dependent one-dimensional model of the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer is developed. The model treats atmospheric photochemistry and aerosol physics in detail and includes the interaction between gases and particles explicitly. It is shown that the numerical algorithms used in the model are quite precise. Sensitivity studies and comparison with observations are made. The simulated aerosol physics generates a particle layer with most of the observed properties. The sensitivity of the calculated properties to changes in a large number of aeronomic aerosol parameters is discussed in some detail. The sensitivity analysis reveals areas where the aerosol model is most uncertain. New observations are suggested that might help resolve important questions about the origin of the stratospheric aerosol layer.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Apr. 197
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  • 63
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    Errors in fixed and moving frame of references - Applications for conventional and Doppler radar analysis (1982)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Techniques for the correction of errors in Doppler radar scans due to advection effects are presented. A moving frame of reference is shown to be useful in least-squares estimates with stationary observations expressed in scalars or Cartesian coordinates. For non-Cartesian coordinates, such as the deduction of radial velocities from triple Doppler radar data, an integral is defined for accounting for advection effects and consequent coordinate transformations. The multiple radars are necessary for unambiguous characterization of the horizontal wind velocity. A scale analysis is employed to estimate errors with and without the error correction procedure. Improvements in correlations between scans are demonstrated when the error correction method is used.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 39; Oct. 198
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  • 64
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    The influence of ground moisture conditions in North America on summer climate as modeled in the GISS GCM (1982)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A new general circulation model, developed to run on a coarse grid (8 x 10 deg resolution) at the Goddard institute for Space Studies is employed to investigate the potential use of ground moisture anomalies for seasonal climate prediction. For three different summertime simulations, the ground moisture on 1 June over the United States is reduced to 1/4 of its value in the control run. The results show that the subsequent surface air temperature is significantly higher throughout most of the summer, while the precipitation decreases, especially in June and July. Knowledge of late spring ground moisture anomalies should thus be an aid in predicting summertime climate.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 110; Oct. 198
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  • 65
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    The effect of cumulus friction on the simulation of the January Hadley Circulation by the GLAS model of the general circulation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A method of parameterizing the vertical mixing of horizontal momentum by cumulus convection was added to the GLAS model of the general circulation of the tropics. Addition of the cumulus friction term strengthened the winter Hadley circulation and smoothed the mean meridional wind field, with a slight increase in the eddy kinetic energy. The results showed that the intensity of the meridional circulation is regulated by the atmosphere's angular momentum budget, changes in the zonally-averaged Coriolis force correlate with the new cumulus friction term, and the intensification of Hadley circulation is a response of the mean meridional flow field to the downward cumulus field of relative angular momentum in the winter hemisphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Oct. 197
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  • 66
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    The effect of nonuniform wind shear on the intensification and reflection of mountain waves (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study is made of the intensification and reflection of mountain waves when the shear of the basic wind profile is nonuniform. A two-layer atmospheric model is treated, and the wind profile in the troposphere is assumed to be parabolic. The Scorer parameter includes the wind profile curvature term, which may not be neglected if the Richardson number Ri is finite. When Ri is finite, the optimal phase difference across the troposphere for maximum surface velocity intensifications is found to be slightly greater than Pi. As Ri increases, the optimal phase difference decreases with Ri and approaches the limiting value Pi. This implies that waves approximately reverse phase between the surface and the tropopause for maximum wave intensifications in most physically realistic atmospheric situations. The concept of Eliassen and Palm concerning the additivity of the vertical wave energy fluxes is expanded (valid at least up to the parabolic wind profile), by which the upward and downward energy transporting modes are identified.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Dec. 197
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  • 67
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    Water vapor differential absorption lidar development and evaluation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A ground-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system is described which has been developed for vertical range-resolved measurements of water vapor. The laser transmitter consists of a ruby-pumped dye laser, which is operated on a water vapor absorption line at 724.372 nm. Part of the ruby laser output is transmitted simultaneously with the dye laser output to determine atmospheric scattering and attenuation characteristics. The dye and ruby laser backscattered light is collected by a 0.5-m diam telescope, optically separated in the receiver package, and independently detected using photomultiplier tubes. Measurements of vertical water vapor concentration profiles using the DIAL system at night are discussed, and comparisons are made between the water vapor DIAL measurements and data obtained from locally launched rawinsondes. Agreement between these measurements was found to be within the uncertainty of the rawinsonde data to an altitude of 3 km. Theoretical simulations of this measurement were found to give reasonably accurate predictions of the random error of the DIAL measurements. Confidence in these calculations will permit the design of aircraft and Shuttle DIAL systems and experiments using simulation results as the basis for defining lidar system performance requirements
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Oct. 15
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  • 68
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    On the simulation of the oceanic general circulation (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two global ocean simulations based on the physics of a highly viscous ocean are discussed, one having realistic atmospheric functions for calculating the thermal forcing of the ocean. The velocity field of this model compares reasonably well with the relatively small amount of real data available. Temperature and heat budget components of the model reproduce best the equatorial band of heating. A simulation based upon the physics of a weakly viscous ocean is described, which produces the correct pattern of isotherms. This model has not yet been run to thermal equilibrium. The Gulf Stream and eddies and their influence on the oceanic and atmospheric heat budgets are discussed in the terms of their importance in coupled ocean-atmosphere models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Climate models: Performance, Intercomparison and Sensitivity Studies, Vol. 2; p 607-687
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  • 69
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    Comparisons of observed seasonal climate features with a winter and summer numerical simulation produced with the GLAS general circulation model (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented from numerical simulations performed with the general circulation model (GCM) for winter and summer. The monthly mean simulated fields for each integration are compared with observed geographical distributions and zonal averages. In general, the simulated sea level pressure and upper level geopotential height field agree well with the observations. Well simulated features are the winter Aleutian and Icelandic lows, the summer southwestern U.S. low, the summer and winter oceanic subtropical highs in both hemispheres, and the summer upper level Tibetan high and Atlantic ridge. The surface and upper air wind fields in the low latitudes are in good agreement with the observations. The geographical distirbutions of the Earth-atmosphere radiation balance and of the precipitation rates over the oceans are well simulated, but not all of the intensities of these features are correct. Other comparisons are shown for precipitation along the ITCZ, rediation balance, zonally averaged temperatures and zonal winds, and poleward transports of momentum and sensible heat.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Climate Models: Performance, Intercomparison and Sensitivity Studies, Vol. 1; p 207-253
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  • 70
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    Effect of a Pacific sea-surface temperature anomaly on the circulation over North America: A numerical experiment with the GLAS model (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A numerical experiment was carried out to determine the effect of sea surface temperature anomalies over the Pacific on the circulation over North America. The sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly pattern chosen for this study was similar to the one observed during January 1977. It is shown that a cold sea surface temperature anomaly over the Pacific produces a strong southward flow over the United States and colder temperature in eastern Canada and the United States, as it was observed during the 1977 winter. The results indicate that the SST anomaly over the Pacific can produce a significant downstream effect over the continental United States.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Climate Models: Performance, Intercomparison and Sensitivity Studies, Vol. 1; p 501-518
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  • 71
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    In situ aircraft verification of the quality of satellite cloud winds over oceanic regions (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A 5-year aircraft experiment to verify the quality of satellite cloud winds over oceans using in situ aircraft Inertial Navigation System wind measurements is presented. Cloud motions measured by satellite and aircraft wind measurements that were coincident in time and space, and the results from the experiment are for undisturbed to moderately disturbed oceanic weather regimes. The results show that satellite measured cumulus cloud motions are good estimators of the cloud-base wind for trade wind and subtropical high regions. The average magnitude of the vector differences between the cloud motion and the cloud-base wind was determined; for cumulus clouds near frontal regions, the cloud motions agreed best with the mean cloud layer wind. For a very limited sample, cirrus cloud motions most closely followed the mean wind in the cloud layer.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 18; Nov. 197
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  • 72
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    Assessment of the urban heat island effect through the use of satellite data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A recent NASA satellite is obtaining high spatial resolution thermal infrared data at times of day appropriate for the study of the urban heat island effect. Quantitative estimates of the extent and intensity of urban surface heating are obtained by analysis of digital data acquired over the New York City-New England area. In many large cities satellite sensed temperatures are 10-15 C warmer than in surrounding rural areas. A thorough interpretation of the elevated urban surface temperature will require studies of (1) the relationship between remotely sensed surface temperatures and air temperatures, and (2) compensation for observed very localized heating due to industry and/or power plants.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 107; Nov. 197
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  • 73
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    Remote sensing of seasonal distribution of precipitable water vapor over the oceans and the inference of boundary-layer structure (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: From the depth of the water vapor spectral lines in the 8-9 micron window region, measured by the Nimbus 4 Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) with a resolution of about 3/cm, the precipitable water vapor over the oceans is remotely sensed. In addition the IRIS spectral data in the 11-13 micron window region have been used to derive the sea surface temperature (SST). Seasonal maps of w on the oceans deduced from the spectral data reveal the dynamical influence of the large-scale atmospheric circulation. With the help of a model for the vertical distribution of water vapor, the configuration of the atmospheric boundary layer over the oceans can be inferred from these remotely sensed w and SST. The gross seasonal mean structure of the boundary layer inferred in this fashion reveals the broad areas of trade wind inversion and the convectively active areas such as the ITCZ. The derived information is in reasonable agreement with some observed climatological patterns over the oceans.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 107; Oct. 197
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  • 74
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    A hydrological analysis of east Australian floods using Nimbus-5 electrically scanning radiometer data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The chronological development and diminution of six floods in eastern Australia during January, February, and March 1974 were mapped for the first time by the Nimbus Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR). Day and nighttime ESMR (19.35 GHz) coverage was analyzed for the low gradient, flooded Darling River system in New South Wales. Apparent movement of surface water as indicated by low brightness temperatures (less than 250 K, day and less than 240 K, night) was easily followed around the curved runoff basin along the northern shoreline of the flooded Darling River during this 3-month period. This pattern was in good agreement with flood crest data at selected river height gage stations, even under cloudy conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 60
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  • 75
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    Are solar spectral variations a drive for climatic change (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of UV variations on atmospheric ozone content and climate for time scales encompassing the 27-day solar rotation period, the sunspot period, twice the solar magnetic, and also longer time periods are examined. The studies of the relationship between solar UV variations, atmospheric ozone content and atmospheric temperatures were conducted by estimating the impact of such variations on tropospheric temperature. The total luminosity constant is then held and the dependence of the ozone variations on the forcing period is calculated. It is concluded that solar UV variations on time scales of weeks to months occasionally perturb total ozone and stratospheric temperatures by noticeable amounts but result in only minor changes in the troposphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 282; Dec. 6
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  • 76
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    NASA's participation in the AVE-SESAME '79 program (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center participated with its AVE (Atmospheric Variability Experiment) in a large interagency mesoscale and severe storms experiment identified herein as AVE-SESAME '79 (Atmospheric Variability Experiment-Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment 1979). A primary objective of NASA was to support an effort to acquire carefully edited sets of rawinsonde data during selected severe weather events for use in correlative and diagnostic studies with satellite and radar data obtained at approximately the same times. Data were acquired during six individual 24-h experiments on both the regional and storm scales over a network in the central United States that utilized approximately 20 supplemental rawinsonde sites meshed among 23 standard National Weather Service sites. Included among the six experiments are data obtained between 1200 GMT on April 10 and 1200 GMT on April 11, encompassing the formation and development period for the tornado-producing systems that devastated Wichita Falls, Texas, and other sections of Oklahoma and Texas. The other dates for which data sets are available are April 19-20 and 25-26, May 9-10 and 20-21, and June 7-8, 1979.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 60
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  • 77
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    Influence of environmental saturation and electric field on growth and evaporation of epitaxial ice crystals (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Crystal Growth; 46; 1979
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  • 78
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    A statistical technique for determining rainfall over land employing Nimbus 6 ESMR measurements (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Statistical analysis of the Nimbus 6 ESMR measurements for remote monitoring of active rainfall data over land is presented. Horizontally and vertically polarized brightness temperature pairs from ESMR 6 were sampled for areas of rainfall over land as determined from the rain recording stations and the WSR 57 radar, and wet and dry ground over the southeastern U.S. These three categories of brightness temperatures were significantly different so that the possibilities of the mean vectors of any two populations coinciding were less than 1 in 100, so that classification algorithms were then developed. The Fisher linear classifier, the Bayesian quadratic classifier, and a non-parametric linear classifier were examined, and the Bayesian algorithm performed best. It was concluded that a rainfall area delineated by the Bayesian classifier coincided well with the synoptic-scale rainfall area mapped by ground recording rain data and radar echoes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 18; Aug. 197
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  • 79
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    The data systems tests - The final phase (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The U.S.A. has conducted a series of data systems tests (DSTs) as a precursor to its participation in FGGE, the Global Weather Experiment. The paper briefly describes the impact those tests have had on the FGGE observing system and on the data management plans. In particular, the final phase of the DST programs is described, wherein a number of investigators have been selected to work with the DST data sets in research studies directed toward the GARP objectives. Thus, an important first step has been taken in providing feedback to the potential FGGE research community.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 60
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  • 80
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    Perturbation of the zonal radiation balance by a stratospheric aerosol layer (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of stratospheric aerosols on the earth's monthly zonal radiation balance is investigated using a model layer consisting of 75% H2SO4, the primary constituent of the background aerosol layer. The reduction in solar energy absorbed by the earth-atmosphere system is determined through the albedo sensitivity, and the optically thin approximation is used in conjunction with the Henyey-Greenstein phase function for scattering. An infrared radiative transfer model is used to estimate the increased greenhouse effect from the aerosol layer, and the infrared heating compensates for the albedo effect in altering the radiation balance. The results indicate that the dominant influence of the thin model stratospheric aerosol layer is an increased reflection of solar energy all over the globe except for the polar-winter region, but the change in the radiation balance is uniform and small equatorward of 50 deg.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; July 197
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  • 81
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    Differences between seasonal and mean annual energy balance model calculations of climate and climate sensitivity (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper extends a simple Budyko-Sellers mean annual energy balance climate model with diffusive transport to include a seasonal cycle. In the model the latitudinal distribution of the zonal average surface temperature is represented by Legendre polynomials and its time-dependence by a Fourier sine-cosine series, and it has three parameters adjusted so that the observed amplitudes of the Northern Hemisphere zonal mean surface temperature are recovered. The seasonal model is used to reveal how the annual mean climate and the sensitivity to changes in incident radiation differ from the predictions obtained with the corresponding mean annual model. The distribution of the incident solar radiation in the models is shown to be insensitive to changes in the eccentricity and the longitude of perihelion and sensitive only to changes in the obliquity of the earth, and for past orbital changes both the seasonal and the mean annual model fail to produce glacial advances of the magnitude that are thought to have occurred.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; July 197
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  • 82
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    A stability theorem for energy-balance climate models (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper treats the stability of steady-state solutions of some simple, latitude-dependent, energy-balance climate models. For north-south symmetric solutions of models with an ice-cap-type albedo feedback, and for the sum of horizontal transport and infrared radiation given by a linear operator, it is possible to prove a 'slope stability' theorem, i.e., if the local slope of the steady-state iceline latitude versus solar constant curve is positive (negative) the steady-state solution is stable (unstable). Certain rather weak restrictions on the albedo function and on the heat transport are required for the proof, and their physical basis is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; July 197
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  • 83
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    An observational test of the quasi-geostrophic relation between eddy momentum flux convergence and eddy fluxes of potential vorticity and potential temperature (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The quasi-geostrophic relation between the fluxes of momentum, potential vorticity and potential temperature is tested with atmospheric data by computing the convergence of momentum flux as a residual of the potential temperature and potential vorticity flux and comparing it to the momentum flux convergence computed directly. It is shown that in the troposphere between 18 and 74 deg N the observed momentum flux convergence differs from the quasi-geostrophic convergence by 25-60% depending on tropospheric level and season.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; May 1979
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  • 84
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    A 'special effort' to provide improved sounding and cloud-motion wind data for FGGE (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Enhancement and editing of high-density cloud motion wind assessments and research satellite soundings have been necessary to improve the quality of data used in The Global Weather Experiment. Editing operations are conducted by a man-computer interactive data access system. Editing will focus on such inputs as non-US satellite data, NOAA operational sounding and wind data sets, wind data from the Indian Ocean satellite, dropwindsonde data, and tropical mesoscale wind data. Improved techniques for deriving cloud heights and higher resolution sounding in meteorologically active areas are principal parts of the data enhancement program.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 60
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  • 85
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    Satellite detection of a long curving cirrus plume (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: On August 23, 1978, a long cirrus plume, as detected by the GOES E satellite, made a sharp anticyclonic turn and traveled a total distance of 2800 km from the generating thunderstorm, as determined from satellite imagery. During a five-hour period the leading edge moved a distance of 550 km, giving a speed of 30 m/sec. This is in good agreement with the pertinent wind speeds at the presumed height of the cloud, which may indicate that cirrus evaporation may not have been too important. In a relatively dense portion of the cirrus the minimum equivalent blackbody temperature was 226 K.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 107; Mar. 197
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  • 86
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    Simulating the moderating effect of a lake on downwind temperatures (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A steady-state, two-dimensional numerical model is used to simulate air temperatures and humidity downwind of a lake at night. Thermal effects of the lake were modelled for the case of moderate and low surface winds under the cold-air advective conditions that occur following the passage of a cold front. Surface temperatures were found to be in good agreement with observations. A comparison of model results with thermal imagery indicated the model successfully predicts the downwind distance for which thermal effects due to the lake are significant.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 16; Feb. 197
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  • 87
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    Time-continuous assimilation of remote-sounding data and its effect on weather forecasting (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Methods were developed for the time-continuous assimilation of satellite-sounding temperature data: direct insertion method, asynoptic successive correction method, and local linear regression method. These methods were applied to DST-6 data from the operational and experimental temperature sounders aboard the NOAA 4 and Nimbus 6 satellites. Attention is given to a comparison of these methods and their effect on the accuracy of the initial states obtained, as well as the resulting forecasts generated from these initial states. The results suggest that (1) satellite-derived temperature data can have a modest though statistically significant positive impact on numerical weather prediction in the 2-3 day range; (2) the impact is highly sensitive to the quantity of data available; and (3) the method of satellite-data assimilation can substantially influence the magnitude of the impact obtained for the same data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 107; Feb. 197
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  • 88
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    Variational formulation of Budyko-Sellers climate models (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A class of simple climate models including those of the Budyko-Sellers type are formulated from a variational principle. A functional is constructed for the zonally averaged mean annual temperature field such that extrema of the functional occur when the climate satisfies the usual energy-balance equation. Local minima of the functional correspond to stable solutions while saddle points correspond to unstable solutions. The technique can be used to construct approximate solutions from trial functions and to carry out finite-amplitude stability analyses. A spectral example is given in explicit detail.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Feb. 197
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  • 89
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    On the influence of orography on large-scale atmospheric flow (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The steady response to orography as described by shallow-water equations on the sphere is examined in an attempt to provide insight into the dynamical effects of large-scale orographic features on atmospheric motion. The model equations and the zonal flows and orography used in the study are described. The results for simple mountains and for the earth orography are given. The two-dimensional nature of the horizontal propagation on the sphere is emphasized. The results give interesting indications of the regions of influence of mountains and suggest that quantitative theories of the stationary waves must involve a full representation of the spherical domain.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Feb. 197
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  • 90
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    Balloon-borne ECC ozonesonde data, appendix A (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data tables and graphs are presented for balloon sounding data acquired during the 1977 Intertropical Convergence Zone experiment.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 175-347
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  • 91
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    Pressure and temperature measurements from the U-2 aircraft during the 1977 intertropical convergence experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: For the study of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, the aircraft provided pressure and temperature data to supplement the radiosonde records. The results obtained from the U-2 aircraft during the six flights of the cryogenic and whole-air sampling system on July 18, 19, 23, 25, 28, and 29, 1977, are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 165-174
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  • 92
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    Airborne pressure and temperature measurements during the 1977 intertropical convergence zone experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During the 1977 ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) experiment in Panama two aircraft and numerous balloon-borne radiosonde instruments were equipped to measure pressure and temperature. The experiment was a coordinated effort to evaluate the meteorological conditions that prevailed from July 17 through 31, 1977. A critical analysis of the data collected on one of the aircraft (the Lear jet) operating at altitudes to 13,000 m for about 2 hr each day during most days of the experiment is presented. The discussion includes a comparison of the vertical profiles of potential temperature obtained from the Learjet with those obtained from balloons launched at Ft. Sherman. Time histories of pressure, temperature, and potential temperature, as observed from the Learjet are also presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 153-164
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  • 93
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    U-2 water vapor burden observations through the tropopause (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A U-2 aircraft provided a platform for an infrared radiometer inferring water vapor burdens associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Flight altitudes were 16 to 23 km. The radiometer system, coupled with an algorithm to produce an inverse solution of the radiative transfer equation, resulted in an rms error of 20 percent in the inferred water vapor burden. A unique, bivariate solution including radiance and vertical temperature profiles produced an essentially real-time solution for the water vapor burden. Results of the July 1977 missions over the Canal Zone region between latitudes 7.5 degrees N and 11.0 degrees N are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 145-152
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  • 94
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    Preliminary results from the University of Denver infrared spectrometer - 1977 intertropical convergence zone experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Denver University Infrared Spectrometer (DUIRS) is a liquid-helium-cooled emission radiometer designed to study minor atmospheric constituents. DUIRS flew on 12 data flights during the 1977 Intertropical Convergence Zone experiment. No data were obtained on the flight from Wallops Island to Panama because of a power failure or on the return flight to Wallops Island because of a cryogen line freeze-up. The data coverage on the nine vertical profile flights that were flown before the freeze-up are shown. Typical spectra and variations as a function of U-2 (research aircraft) altitude are also shown. Radio metric data and rawinsonde temperature data were used to perform band model calculations to obtain molecular number densities in the column above the aircraft at each altitude.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 111-126
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  • 95
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    Intertropical convergence zone ozone profiles from the Learjet ozone analyzer (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An ozone analyzer operated as part of the sampling package aboard the NASA Learjet on each flight in the Panama ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) experiment. The measurement program was not successful because of instrument failure, apparently due to high humidity effects on one or more components of the ozone sensing instrument. A brief description of the experimental installation and some comments about an apparent correlation between very low ozone concentrations and cloud layers at altitude are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 107-110
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  • 96
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    Stratospheric aerosols in the intertropical convergence zone, Panama Canal zone (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: To investigate whether injection sources of the stratospheric aerosol layer could be detected in the tropical stratosphere, an examination of the aerosol vertical and horizontal size distribution around the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) at the Panama Canal Zone was performed during the summer of 1977. By comparing these data with similar measurements in temperate and polar regions, it was hoped to discover variations in particle size that would indicate whether a young aerosol is forming and entering the stratosphere at the ITCZ; where the aerosol matures; and finally, where it reenters the troposphere. The methods used in the investigations and the results obtained from the analyses are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 127-144
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  • 97
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    Determination of trace gases in learjet and U-2 whole air samples collected during the intertropical convergence zone experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The contribution of Washington State University (WSU) to the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) study, conducted in the Panama Canal Zone in July 1977 is reported. The ITCZ program had the objective to study the meteorology and air chemistry to determine, if possible, the magnitude of injection of tropospheric air into the stratosphere in the ITCZ. WSU was responsible for two phases of the air chemistry program for the ITCZ study: (1) the collection of whole-air samples from ground level to 13.7 km using a Learjet as a sampling platform, and the analysis of the samples for selected halocarbons, C2 hydrocarbons, N2O, and SF6; and (2) the analysis for selected halocarbon species and N2O of low pressure whole-air samples, collected between 13.7 km and 21.3 km by a U-2 aircraft. The report is divided into separate sections describing the Learjet and the U-2 sampling methods, analytical methods, and results. Complete data tables for all samples analyzed are given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 61-106
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    Trace constituent mixing ratios in the lower stratosphere during the 1977 intertropical convergence zone experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Minor constituents in the atmosphere can play an important role as tracers in studies of atmospheric transport and mixing. Simultaneous measurements of the vertical distribution of trace constituents in the troposphere and lower stratosphere were conducted in the region of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). An effort was made to measure the mixing ratios of selected trace constituents. A cryogenic sampling system on board a U-2 aircraft was used to acquire whole-air samples and to cryogenically collect samples at 13.7 to 21.3 km. Simultaneous tropospheric measurements using whole-air sampling canisters on board a Learjet aircraft were also carried out.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 51-60
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  • 99
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    Measurement of NO and O3 from aircraft: 1977 tropical convergence zone experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: As part of the Ames Research Center program to explore the nature of stratosphere-troposphere exchange processes occurring in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, simultaneous in situ measurements of nitric oxide and ozone mixing ratios were made with the Ames stratospheric air sampler SAS 2. The SAS 2 is a second-generation system; it employs four parallel sensors and was designed primarily for measurements at altitudes of 60,000 ft and above on the U-2 stratospheric research aircraft. The only modifications required for this study was the addition of an air sample flow restrictor. Data were obtained with the SAS 2 system on July 26, 27, 30 and 31, 1977. Generally, 30-min measurements were made at each of six altitudes ranging from 45,000 ft to 70,000 ft, and separated by 5,000 ft intervals.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 35-50
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    Notes on the meteorology of the intertropical convergence zone during the July 1977 experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The stratosphere and troposphere are large-scale open systems which exchange mass and trace constituents. If averaged over all longitudes, mass exchange can be expressed as products of the means and the mean of the product of the deviations from the mean. At high latitudes, the mass exchange is dominated by the deviations from the mean. At low latitudes, in the tropics, it is generally assumed that the mass exchange is caused by the mean motion. Figures are presented which depict: Northern Hemisphere mean motion; Convergence Zone motion; clouds and their motions; surface pressure variations; and meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, and ozone mixing ratios.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 13-26
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