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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (671)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (276)
  • SPACE RADIATION
  • 1975-1979  (1,067)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1976  (1,067)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1975-1979  (1,067)
  • 1970-1974
Year
  • 1
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    Gamma rays, cosmic rays and galactic structure (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Working primarily from the recent SAS-2 observations of galactic gamma rays, the relation of these observations to the large scale distribution of cosmic rays and interstellar gas in the galaxy is reviewed and reexamined. Starting with a discussion of production rates, the case for pion decay being the predominant production mechanism in the galactic disk above 100 MeV is reestablished and it is also pointed out that Compton gamma rays can be a significant source. To facilitate discussion, the concepts of four distinct galactic regions are defined, viz. the nebulodisk, ectodisk, radiodisk and exodisk. Bremsstrahlung and pion decay gamma rays are associated with the first two (primarily the first) regions, and Compton gamma rays and synchrotron radiation are associated with the latter two regions. On a large scale, the cosmic rays, interstellar gas (primarily H2 clouds in the inner galaxy) and gamma ray emissivity all peak in a region between 5 and 6 kpc from the galactic center. This correlation is related to correlation with other population I phenomena and is discussed in terms of the density wave concept of galactic structure. The singular nature of the HI distribution appears to follow the supernova remnant and pulsar distributions in the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 357-391
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  • 2
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    The non-thermal radiation in the galaxy (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The distribution of nonthermal emissivity with height z above the galactic plane is examined. The main result is that recent observations of the distribution of brightness at intermediate latitudes in the galaxy and of the edge-on spiral galaxy NGC 891 indicate that the emissivity extends to heights of several kpc perpendicular to the plane. The relationship between the nonthermal emissivity and the neutral gas is also studied. In several galaxies the angular distributions of neutral hydrogen and nonthermal emission are roughly coextensive and show similar features such as spiral structure. If radio galaxies and normal galaxies with strong nuclear radio sources are excluded, there appears to be a proportionality between their total HI content and their nonthermal radio luminosity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 206-221
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  • 3
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    Gamma rays and supernova explosions (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The detection of gamma rays from supernovae will provide interesting tests of current theory. Some current ideas on the expected gamma ray flux, as modified by recent theoretical results are reviewed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 289-298
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  • 4
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    COS-B observations of localised sources of gamma-ray emission (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: In October 1975 the high energy gamma ray flux from the Vela pulsar was measured by COS-B to be 1.6 to 2.1 times higher than the flux measured by SAS-2 in 1973. The existence is confirmed of a second region of enhanced radiation in the galactic anticenter in addition to that from the Crab pulsar.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 45A-51
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  • 5
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma ray results, 1 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Continuing analysis of the data from the SAS-2 high energy gamma-ray experiment has produced an improved picture of the sky at photon energies above 35 MeV. On a large scale, the diffuse emission from the galactic plane is the dominant feature observed by SAS-2. This galactic plane emission is most intense between galactic longitude 310 and 45 deg, corresponding to a region within 7kpc of the galactic center. Within the high-intensity region, SAS-2 observes peaks around galactic longitudes 315 deg, 330 deg, 345 deg, 0 deg, and 35 deg. These peaks appear to be correlated with such galactic features and components as molecular hydrogen, atomic hydrogen, magnetic fields, cosmic ray concentrations, and photon fields.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 1-11C
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  • 6
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    Extreme ultraviolet survey experiment MA-083 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: A grazing incidence telescope sensitive to radiation in the 5- to 100-nanometer band was flown in the Apollo service module. On 10 nighttime revolutions, the command and service module was maneuvered to point the instrument at 30 different stellar targets for periods of 1 to 20 minutes, thus constituting the first sensitive search for extreme ultraviolet radiation from nonsolar sources. Several hours of supplementary data were also obtained during nighttime orbits when other experiments in the scientific instrument module bay were operating. Preliminary analysis of a small fraction of the total data indicates the definite detection of a strong source of extreme ultraviolet radiation during observations made during revolution 109. The source is located in Coma Berencies. The suggested optical identification is the white dwarf HZ 43. If this association is correct, the star has the highest temperature of any known white dwarf. Regardless of the optical identification, however, this object is the first nonsolar source to be detected in the extreme ultraviolet band.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 16 p
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  • 7
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    Cosmic X-ray observations with OSO-8 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The GSFC Cosmic X-ray Spectroscopy experiment aboard OSO-8 has operated successfully since launch providing spectral and temporal data on X-ray sources in tha energy range 2-60 keV. Analysis of quick look data shows a variety of spectral features, some stable, others variable, which will increase understanding of the nature of individual sources. In particular, observed emission and absorption features that can be attributed to iron will result in abundance measures of this important element in sources such as some X-ray binaries, the supernova remnant Cas A, and the nucleus of the galaxy Cen A.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: X-ray Binaries; p 67-79
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  • 8
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    Earth observations and photography experiment MA-136 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The primary objectives of the earth observations and photography experiment of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project were to photograph various terrestrial structures and to use the capabilities of man as a trained observer in visually studying earth features and phenomena. Man's special capabilities include the sensitivity of the eye to subtle color variations and the speed with which the eye/brain system can interpret what is seen and select targets for photography. Real time astronaut observations constitute a useful complement to orbital photographs and greatly aid in their interpretation. Targets for mapping and hand held photography were selected on the basis of their value to specialists in the earth sciences including geology, oceanography, desert study, hydrology, meteorology, and environmental science.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 64 p
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  • 9
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    Cosmic ray propagation and containment (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The cosmic rays, an active gaseous component of the disk of the galaxy, are considered along with their propagation and containment as a part of the general dynamics of the disk. The sources of cosmic rays are a matter of speculation. The disk is inflated by the cosmic ray gas pressure comparable to the magnetic pressure, but the rate of inflation is unknown. The time spent by the individual cosmic ray particles in the disk is inversely proportional to the cosmic ray production rate. It is evident from the decay of Be(1c) that the cosmic rays circulate through a volume of space perhaps ten times the thickness of the gaseous disk, suggesting a magnetic halo extending out approximately 1 kpc from either face of the disk. The cosmic rays may be responsible for the halo by inflating the magnetic fields of the disk. Extension of the fields to 1 kpc would imply a high production rate and short life of cosmic rays in the dense gaseous disk of the galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 320-340
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  • 10
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    Low and medium energy galactic gamma-ray observations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Observation of 0.2-100 MeV diffuse gamma radiation emitted from the Galaxy can provide information on the intensities of 5-50 MeV/nucleon cosmic-rays and 50 MeV electrons in interstellar space. Recent measurements of gamma-rays emitted from the galactic center region provide evidence for a diffuse continuum between 10 and 100 MeV. The intensities of the recently reported nuclear line gamma rays, also observed in the direction of the galactic center, require the presence of intense fluxes of low-energy cosmic-rays in the inner Galaxy if the gamma-rays are produced on a galactic scale. Current detection techniques for 0.1-100 MeV gamma-ray measurements are summarized and their capabilities for measuring the diffuse galactic emission are evaluated.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center. The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 65-83
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  • 11
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    Crystal activation experiment MA-151 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The crystal activation experiment consisted of two sample packages that were flown in the command module and returned to earth for analysis of the radioactivity induced in them during the flight. The objective of the experiment was to define the background caused by detector activation that interferes when gamma radiation is measured in the 0.02- to 10-megaelectronvolt range from earth orbit. Preliminary results show that the activation of the NaI(Tl) crystal was a factor of 3 below that from a similar measurement on Apollo 17. The identification of certain species and the level of activation observed show an important contribution from the interactions of thermal and energetic neutrons produced as secondaries in the spacecraft. That the activation was reduced by only a factor of 3 compared with the Apollo 17 experiment, despite the geomagnetically shielded orbit, possibly indicates more efficient secondary neutron production by the more energetic cosmic rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 10 p
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  • 12
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    Gamma rays and large scale galactic structure (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Many theoretical models were developed in an attempt to explain the spatial structure in the observed emission which results from interactions of energetic cosmic rays with the interstellar gas. The peaks in the observed distribution are remarkably well correlated with longitudes corresponding to tangential directions to known spiral arm features. Based on theoretical and experimental arguments, it is assumed that on the scale of galactic arms the cosmic rays are more intense where the mass of the gas to which they are coupled is greatest. Refining this model with the results of recent surveys of the interstellar gas, a good fit to the observations is obtained whether the cosmic rays are confined to the spiral arms in the disk or are more evenly confined as in a flat halo model.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 341-354
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  • 13
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    The time structure of the gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: High resolution data on the pulsed gamma ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars are presented. The light curves of these two pulsars at gamma ray energies show striking similarities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 52-64
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  • 14
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    Preliminary Results from the European Space Agency's COS-B satellite for gamma-ray astronomy (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The COS-B satellite carries a single experiment, capable of detecting gamma rays with energies greater than 30 MeV. Its objectives are to study the spatial, energy, and time characteristics of high energy radiation of galactic and extragalactic origin. The capability to search for gamma ray pulsations is enhanced by the inclusion in the payload of a proportional counter sensitive to X-rays of 2-12 Kev. The experiment was calibrated using particle accelerators. The results of these measurements are presented and the performance of the system in orbit is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 23-38
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  • 15
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    Soft X-ray observation experiment MA-048 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Soft X-ray Experiment was designed to observe celestial X-ray sources in the energy range from 0.1 to 10 kiloelectronvolts. The instrument that was used in the experiment obtained energy and fast timing data to characterize both the spectrum and the variability of known X-ray sources. Data were obtained on approximately 12 sources. During the mission, the instrument developed an intermittent high voltage discharge problem that resulted in the loss of approximately 75 percent of the anticipated data, including the scans intended for mapping of the low energy diffuse X-ray background.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 11 p
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  • 16
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    SAS-2 galactic gamma ray results. 2. Localized sources (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Gamma-ray emission was detected from the radio pulsars PSR1818-04 and PSR1747-46, in addition to the previously reported gamma-ray emission from the Crab and Vela pulsars. Since the Crab pulsar is the only one observed in the optical and X-ray bands, these gamma-ray observations suggest a uniquely gamma-ray phenomenon occurring in a fraction of the radio pulsars. Using distance estimates it is found that PSR1818-04 has a gamma-ray luminosity comparable to that of the Crab pulsar, while the luminosities of PSR1747-46 and the Vela pulsar are approximately an order of magnitude lower. This survey of SAS-2 data for pulsar correlations has also yielded upper limits to gamma-ray luminosity for 71 other radio pulsars.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Struct. and Content of the Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 12-22
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  • 17
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    COS-B observations of the high energy gamma radiation from the galactic disc (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: During the first months of operation, COS-B has observed galactic high energy gamma rays from the galactic disc. In the galactic center and Vela regions the disc emission distribution was measured. From these data the existence of a local ( 1 kpc) and a distant ( 3 kpc) emitting region is apparent in the general direction of the inner galaxy.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The Galaxy and Galactic Gamma Rays; p 39-44
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  • 18
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    Interstellar helium flow experiment MA-088 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Interstellar Helium Glow Experiment (MA-088) studied the motion of helium in the local interstellar medium as that medium passed through the solar system to determine several poorly known properties of the local interstellar gas. The instrument used was a photometer sensitive to two solar extreme ultraviolet spectral lines that are resonantly scattered by helium gas. The instrument surveyed the entire celestial sphere during a series of slow, rolling maneuvers by the Apollo spacecraft. The equipment operated properly, and usable data were obtained.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 15 p
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  • 19
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    Whence cometh /and goeth/ Jupiter's high energy electrons (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Jupiter's decimetric emission is universally identified as synchrotron radiation from about 10 MeV electrons. These electrons radiate away their energy in a few months and hence must be continuously replaced. A theory in which electrons are injected at Jupiter's magnetopause and radially diffuse toward the planetary surface, gaining energy in the process is summarized. The radial diffusion coefficient in the inner magnetosphere is determined. This diffusion coefficient, which also holds for protons, is sufficiently small that the inner Galilean satellites can wipe out large fractions of the incoming proton and electron fluxes. The reduction of the proton flux is extremely important to the survival of the Pioneer experimental payloads.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 20
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    Earth-atmosphere system and surface reflectivities in arid regions from Landsat MSS data (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Previously developed programs for computing atmospheric transmission and scattering of the solar radiation are used to compute the ratios of the earth-atmosphere system (space) directional reflectivities in the nadir direction to the surface Lambertian reflectivity, for the four bands of the Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS). These ratios are presented as graphs for two water vapor levels, as a function of the surface reflectivity, for various sun elevation angles. Space directional reflectivities in the vertical direction are reported for selected arid regions in Asia, Africa, and Central America from the spectral radiance levels measured by the Landsat MSS. From these space reflectivities, surface reflectivities are computed applying the pertinent graphs. These surface reflectivities are used to estimate the surface albedo for the entire solar spectrum. The estimated albedos are in the range 0.34-0.52, higher than the values reported by most previous researchers from space measurements, but are consistent with laboratory and in situ measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 5; 4, 19; 1976
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  • 21
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    The impact of earth resources exploration from space (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensing of the earth from satellite systems such as Landsat, Nimbus, and Skylab has demonstrated the potential influence of such observations on a number of major human concerns. These concerns include the management of food, water and fiber resources, the exploration and management of mineral and energy resources, the protection of the environment, the protection of life and property, and improvements in shipping and navigation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 22
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    Thermographic mosaic of Yellowstone National Park (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An uncontrolled aerial thermographic mosaic of Yellowstone National Park was assembled from the videotape record of 13 individual thermographs obtained with linescan radiometers. Post mission processing of the videotape record rectified the nadir line to a topographic map base, corrected for v/h variations in adjacent flight lanes, corrected for yaw and pitch distortions, and distortions produced by nonlinearity of the side-wise scan. One of the purposes of the thermographic study was to delineate the areas of thermal emission (hot springs, geysers, etc.) throughout the Park, a study which could have great value in reconnaissance surveys of geothermal areas in remote regions or regions of high relief.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 42; Oct. 197
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  • 23
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    Scintillating plastic fibers as light pipes for a cosmic ray hodoscope: Feasibility calculations and measured attenuation characteristics (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A candidate hodoscope uses arrays of scintillator fibers, followed by an image intensifier and imaging system such as that proposed for the X-ray shadowgraph. A literature search was performed to ascertain the experience of other workers with hodoscopes using this or similar principles. Calculations were performed to determine the feasibility of candidate systems and some laboratory experiments were performed to attempt to check these numbers.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Specific Light Output of Cesium Iodide Crystals; p 45-58
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  • 24
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    Satellite measurement of mass of Sahara dust in the atmosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Landsat 1 measurements of nadir radiance are used to obtain the mass of particulates in a vertical column of dust from the Sahara Desert. A radiative transfer model, constructed with knowledge of a few values of optical parameters measured from a ship, is developed to account for the measured radiance values. Measurement and model accuracies are discussed. It is found that the mass of particulates with smaller than a 10 micron radius in a vertical column is 1.6 g/sq m.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Oct. 197
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  • 25
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    Flooding of Monroe County, Michigan - A comparison of three remote sensor data sets (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During the spring of 1973, three techniques were used to obtain remotely sensed data pertaining to the flooded shoreline of Monroe County, Michigan. Although digitized data from the Earth Resources Technology Satellite were available on magnetic tapes, analysis was based on interpretation methods normally used for aerial photography, since the black and white IR photography and side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) data were available only as images. Using IR photography as the standard, it was found that ERTS-1 Band 7 imagery had a 93% accuracy in detecting areas in the combined category of open water and flooded fields. X(HH) data from SLAR detected that built-up and wet areas were built-up (89 to 100% accuracy), but not that they were wet. It is suggested that these two sensors used in concert from orbital heights could provide information useful to relief organizations in flooded areas. It is considered likely that SLAR data will improve as higher resolution becomes available.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Michigan Academician; 8; Spring 1
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  • 26
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    Don't waste waterweeds (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experiments carried out at the NASA National Space Technology Laboratories indicate that water hyacinths can absorb organic chemicals, heavy metals, nutrients, and other materials from waste water while producing large quantities of biomass, which can be used to produce a gas containing 60-80% methane. When grown in sewage free of toxic materials, the biomass can be used as a potential source of fertilizer or animal feed supplements. The use of hot water from nuclear power plants to grow water hyacinths during the winter months is particularly attractive, since the hyacinths could act as an added safety filtration system for the removal of radioactive elements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: New Scientist; 71; Aug. 12
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  • 27
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    Local and large scale galactic gamma-ray emission (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study of the gas-to-dust ratio suggests that interstellar reddening may provide an accurate way of assessing column densities in various directions in the Galaxy. A gamma ray intensity of 7.25 x 10 to the -5th E sub B-V photon/sq cm/s/sterad is predicted for regions of the Galaxy where the medium cosmic ray density is equal to that observed close to the sun. It is found that in the longitude range of about 0-180 degrees, the large scale cosmic ray distribution producing the gamma rays follows that of extreme population I stars put in evidence by giant H II regions, and that of molecular hydrogen traced by carbon monoxide emission. The gamma-ray production exhibits a maximum at R roughly equal to 5 kpc, and practically vanishes at R not less than 11 kpc, beyond the location of the outermost H II regions.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomy and Astrophysics; 50; 2, Ju; July 197
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  • 28
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    Paragenesis and petrogenesis of a corundum-bearing marble at Hunza /Kashmir/ (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Mineralium Deposita; 11; 1976
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  • 29
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    Imaging radar applications to mapping and charting (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper outlines the major actual and potential radar mapping applications, gives an account of the present state of satellite radar imaging, and reviews the radargrammetric work achieved since 1972. Attention is focused on the mapping methods and accuracy regarding single-image radar mapping, stereo radargrammetry, and mapping from blocks of overlapping imagery. It is recommended that more radargrammetric expertise be applied in radar mapping projects so that full advantage may be taken of the metric information potential of imaging radar.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 30
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    Electrons in a closed galaxy model of cosmic rays (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper considers the consistency of positrons and electrons with a propagation model in which the cosmic rays are stopped by nuclear collisions or energy losses before they can escape from the Galaxy (the closed-galaxy model). The fact that no inconsistency is found between the predictions and the data implies that the protons which produce the positrons by nuclear reactions could have their origin in a large number of distant sources, as opposed to the heavier nuclei which in this model come from a more limited set of sources. The closed-galaxy model predicts steep electron and positron spectra at high energies. None of these are inconsistent with present measurements; but future measurements of the spectrum of high-energy positrons could provide a definite test for the model. The closed-galaxy model also predicts that the interstellar electron intensity below a few GeV is larger than that implied by other models. The consequence of this result is that electron bremsstrahlung is responsible for about 50% of the galactic gamma-ray emission at photon energies greater than 100 MeV
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 45; Nov. 197
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  • 31
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    Precision processing of earth image data (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Precise corrections of Landsat data are useful for generating land-use maps, detecting various crops and determining their acreage, and detecting changes. The paper discusses computer processing and visualization techniques for Landsat data so that users can get more information from the imagery. The elementary unit of data in each band of each scene is the integrated value of intensity of reflected light detected in the field of view by each sensor. To develop the basic mathematical approach for precision correction of the data, differences between positions of ground control points on the reference map and the observed control points in the scene are used to evaluate the coefficients of cubic time functions of roll, pitch, and yaw, and a linear time function of altitude deviation from normal height above local earth's surface. The resultant equation, termed a mapping function, corrects the warped data image into one that approximates the reference map. Applications are discussed relative to shade prints, extraction of road features, and atlas of cities.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Scientist; 64; Sept
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    Large area ion chambers for a high energy cosmic ray experiment (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: High resolution measurement of the iron group nuclei was performed with the intention of determining individual abundances in the cosmic ray flux at the earth of particles with z = 22 to 30. Of the three types of dE/dx detectors used in the experiment, pulse ion chambers, Cerenkov radiators and scintillators, the first has the best z resolution over a wide range of particle z and energy. The plastic scintillators define the particle acceptance cone of the telescope while the Cerenkov detector aids in rejection of low energy particle background and measurement of particle velocity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Specific Light Output of Cesium Iodide Crystals; p 1-44
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  • 33
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    Compensating for environmental variability in the thermal inertia approach to remote sensing of soil moisture (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A procedure is developed for removing data scatter in the thermal-inertia approach to remote sensing of soil moisture which arises from environmental variability in time and space. It entails the utilization of nearby National Weather Service air temperature measurements to normalize measured diurnal surface temperature variations to what they would have been for a day of standard diurnal air temperature variation, arbitrarily assigned to be 18 C. Tests of the procedure's basic premise on a bare loam soil and a crop of alfalfa indicate it to be conceptually sound. It is possible that the technique could also be useful in other thermal-inertia applications, such as lithographic mapping.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Aug. 197
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    Measurement of the primary cosmic electron spectrum from 10 to about 250 GeV (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The intensity and energy spectrum of primary cosmic electrons from 10 to about 250 GeV have been studied by using balloon-borne detectors. The detectors were large-area ionization calorimeters which sampled showering particles frequently and demonstrated an energy resolution of about 7% in calibration tests. On one of the flights a time-of-flight system and detectors to sample the lateral properties of showers were used to examine and to test background rejection. The results of the balloon flights from Alamogordo, N. Mex., in 1970 and Cape Girardeau, Mo., in 1972 indicated that the primary cosmic ray electron differential energy spectrum exhibits no change of slope in the energy range measured and is well represented by a power law. The results indicate that the cosmic electron spectrum is steeper than the cosmic ray proton spectrum. It is shown that these data are consistent with the leakage lifetime model for the propagation of cosmic electrons in the galaxy, although other more complex models cannot be excluded on the basis of these data.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Aug. 1
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  • 35
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    Solar modulation and a galactic origin for the anomalous component observed in low-energy cosmic rays (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The current theory of solar modulation can be used to argue that the cosmic-ray component at low energies, which is observed to have an anomalous composition, is not of galactic origin, i.e., it is not a component of the galactic cosmic-ray flux. The current theory predicts, from quite general considerations, that an unreasonably large intensity of cosmic rays, by many orders of magnitude, would be required in the interstellar medium to account for the observed fluxes. Conceivably, the current modulation theory could be modified so that only reasonable interstellar fluxes are predicted. One such modification involves an unusual scheme for particle diffusion in the interplanetary medium. Particles are assumed to diffuse not as a result of their own motion among small-scale irregularities in the magnetic field, but rather in a process in which they are trapped between time-varying constrictions in the large-scale field.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 206; May 15
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    Photonuclear interactions of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays and their astrophysical consequences (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are presented for detailed Monte Carlo calculations of the interaction histories of ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray nuclei with intergalactic radiation fields, using improved estimates of these fields and empirical determinations of photonuclear cross sections, including multinuclear disintegrations for nuclei up to Fe-56. Intergalactic and galactic energy-loss rates and nucleon-loss rates for nuclei up to Fe-56 are also given. Astrophysical implications are discussed in terms of expected features in the cosmic-ray spectrum between 10 to the 18th and 10 to the 21st power eV for the universal and supercluster origin hypotheses. The results of these calculations indicate that ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays cannot be universal in origin regardless of whether they are protons or nuclei. Both the supercluster and galactic origin hypotheses, however, are possible regardless of nuclear composition.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 205; Apr. 15
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    Remote sensing of the surface emissivity at 9 microns over the globe (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The infrared spectral measurements made by the Nimbus 4 infrared interferometer spectrometer (Iris) for a period of about 10 months are used to study the surface emissivity properties over the globe. It is found that the surface emissivity at 9 microns, as measured by Iris with a circular field of view of about 100-km diameter, is significantly less than unity over arid and semiarid areas. The spectral features in the 8-12-micron window observed over these lands reveal emissivity characteristics essentially due to quartz (SiO2). It is found that these emissivity features are significantly weakened by the presence of clay, clay horizons, or pedogenic horizons in the soil. Low emissivity is observed over sandy or sandy loam areas (psamments) with no clay or pedogenic horizons.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; July 20
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  • 38
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    Three-dimensional interplanetary stream magnetism and energetic particle motion (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Cosmic rays interact with mesoscale configurations of the interplanetary magnetic field. A technique is presented for calculating such configurations in the inner solar system, which are due to streams and source conditions near the sun, and maps of magnetic field are constructed for some plausible stream and source conditions. One effect of these mesoscale configurations on galactic cosmic rays is shown to be an out-of-the-ecliptic gradient drift sufficient to explain Forbush decreases. The effects on solar energetic particles include small polar drifts due to the field gradients and a possibly large modification of the time-intensity profiles and anisotropy characteristics due to the formation of mirror configurations in space. If a diffusion model is applicable to solar particles, the true diffusion coefficient will be masked by the effects of streams. A conceptual model which incorporates these ideas and those of several other models is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; May 1
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  • 39
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    The use of remote sensing imagery for environmental land use and flood hazard mapping (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Flood hazard maps have been constructed for Graham, Yuma, and Yavapai Counties in Arizona using remote sensing techniques. Watershed maps of priority areas were selected on the basis of their interest to the county planning staff and represented areas of imminent or ongoing development and those known to be subject to inundation by storm runoff. Landsat color infrared imagery at scales of 1:1,000,000, 1:500,000, and 1:250,000 was used together with high-altitude aerial photography at scales of 1:120,000 and 1:60,000 to determine drainage patterns and erosional features, soil type, and the extent and type of ground cover. The satellite imagery was used in the form of 70 mm chips for enhancement in a color additive viewer and in all available enlargement modes. Field checking served as the main backup to the interpretations. Areas with high susceptibility to flooding were determined with a high level of confidence from the remotely sensed imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Environmental Sciences; 19; May-June
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  • 40
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    Applications of space technology to developing nations (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of imagery from the Landsat spacecraft for the monitoring and management of natural resources in developing countries is discussed. The Landsat imagery can be used to make cartographic maps at scales of 1:250,000 which meet the US National Map Accuracy Standards, providing a means of map updating to correct for river meanders or changing shorelines. The Landsat data can also be used in defining and measuring agricultural areas, identifying pest breeding areas, and monitoring irrigation practices and crop performance. Total volume estimates can be obtained in many cases for surface bodies of water, and subsurface water supplies can be detected from changes in vegetation in some instances.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: COSPAR Information Bulletin; 75, A; Apr. 197
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  • 41
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    Remote profiling of lake ice using an S-band short-pulse radar aboard an all-terrain vehicle (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A short-pulse (one nanosecond) S-band radar system was developed to supplement the information obtained with the aid of the SLAR system of the Great Lakes ice information system. It is the objective of the ice information system to aid in extending the winter navigation season. The SLAR imagery cannot be interpreted directly to obtain information concerning the thickness of the ice. This information is to be provided by a remote ice measuring system utilizing nanosecond radar pulses. A description is given of investigations in which such a system was installed on a C-47 aircraft. In other studies reported an S-band short-pulse radar was mounted on an all-terrain vehicle.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radio Science; 11; Apr. 197
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  • 42
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    Beaufort Sea ice zones as delineated by microwave imagery (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave and infrared data were obtained from a research aircraft over the Beaufort Sea ice from the shoreline of Harrison Bay northward to a latitude of almost 81 deg N. The data acquired were compared with microwave data obtained on the surface at an approximate position of 75 deg N, 150 deg W. Over this north-south transect of the polar ice canopy it was discovered that the sea ice could be divided into five distinct zones. The shorefast sea ice was found to consist uniformly of first-year sea ice. The second zone was found to be a mixture of first-year sea ice, medium size multiyear floes, and many recently refrozen leads, polynyas, and open water; considerable shearing activity was evident in this zone. The third zone was a mixture of first-year and multiyear sea ice which had a uniform microwave signature. The fourth zone was found to be a mixture of first-year sea ice and medium-to-large size multiyear floes which was similar in composition to the second zone. The fifth zone was almost exclusively multiyear ice extending to the North Pole.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Feb. 20
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  • 43
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    The interplanetary acceleration of energetic nucleons (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Corotating proton and electron streams are the dominant type of low-energy (i.e., 0.1-10 MeV per nucleon) particle event observed at 1 AU. The radial dependence of these events has been studied between 1 and 4 AU using essentially identical low-energy detector systems on IMP-7, Pioneer-10, and Pioneer-11. It had been expected that at a given energy, the intensity of these streams would decrease rapidly with heliocentric distance due to the effects of interplanetary adiabatic deceleration. Instead, it is observed that from event to event, the intensity either remains roughly constant or increases significantly (more than an order of magnitude) between 1 and 4 AU. It appears that interplanetary acceleration processes are the most plausible explanation. Several possible acceleration models are discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 203; Feb. 1
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  • 44
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    Ground location of satellite scanner data (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper presents simple and accurate mathematical formulation for determining the ground location of remote sensor data. The techniques used are based on elementary concepts of differential geometry and lead to the development of a relation that gives location as a function of surface ellipticity, satellite position, velocity, attitude, and scanner orientation. The formula lends itself to simply computer coding and will hopefully lead to a standardization of the various techniques which have been developed to solve this problem.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 42; Apr. 197
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  • 45
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    Geothermal flux through palagonitized tephra, Surtsey, Iceland - The Surtsey temperature-data-relay experiment via Landsat-1 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The net geothermal flux through palagonitized basaltic tephra rims of the Surtur I and Surtur II craters at Surtsey, Iceland, in 1972, is estimated at 780 plus or minus 325 microcal/sq cm/s, indicating a decline since 1969 when a flux of 1500 microcal/sq cm/s was estimated. Heat flux in this range characterizes the postvolcanic environment on Surtsey in which the subaerial polagonitization of basaltic tephra is associated with mass transfer of hydrothermal vapor, either of meteoric or sea-water origin, only a few years after cessation of eruptive activity. The flux estimation is the result of the Surtsey data-relay experiment via Landsat-1 which was carried out in several phases. Temperature data were transmitted for a 38-day period in November and December 1972. A near-surface vertical gradient of 69.4 C/m was obtained, suggesting a mixed mechanism of heat transfer, partitioned between conduction and convection.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: U.S. Geological Survey; vol. 4
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  • 46
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    Evaluation of clad scintillating light pipes (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Arrays of fibers made of scintillating material were used as position-sensitive detectors or hodoscopes for beam-finding at ion accelerators. Experiments were made with alpha's from an Am241 source incident upon one end of the fiber, the other end being viewed with a photomultiplier tube. The scintillation light was not detected in any of the fibers tested beyond about 5 cm. The effective useful lengths for detection of relativistic heavy ions were given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: The Specific Light Output of Cesium Iodide Crystals; p 59-63
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  • 47
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    Significance of medium-energy gamma-ray astronomy in the study of cosmic rays (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper examines the medium-energy (about 10-30 MeV) galactic gamma-ray radiation from primary and secondary electrons and calculates the expected gamma-ray distribution for the specific model of Bignami et al. (1975) on the assumption that the cosmic rays are correlated with the matter on the scale of galactic arms. The energy spectrum typical of regions near the galactic center indicates a dramatic shift from a predominantly cosmic-ray nucleonic mechanism at higher energies to a cosmic-ray electron mechanism at the lower energies. This provides a most important and direct means of probing the cosmic-ray electrons as a function of galactic position by making gamma-ray observations in the few to 40 MeV energy range. Medium-energy gamma-ray astronomy is shown to be a valuable tool in galactic research.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 208; Aug. 15
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  • 48
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    Exploration for porphyry copper deposits in Pakistan using digital processing of Landsat-1 data (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Rock-type classification by digital-computer processing of Landsat-1 multispectral scanner data has been used to select 23 prospecting targets in the Chagai District, Pakistan, five of which have proved to be large areas of hydrothermally altered porphyry containing pyrite. Empirical maximum and minimum apparent reflectance limits were selected for each multispectral scanner band in each rock type classified, and a relatively unrefined classification table was prepared. Where the values for all four bands fitted within the limits designated for a particular class, a symbol for the presumed rock type was printed by the computer at the appropriate location. Drainage channels, areas of mineralized quartz diorite, areas of pyrite-rich rock, and the approximate limit of propylitic alteration were very well delineated on the computer-generated map of the test area. The classification method was used to evaluate 2,100 sq km in the Mashki Chah region. The results of the experiment show that outcrops of hydrothermally altered and mineralized rock can be identified from Landsat-1 data under favorable conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: U.S. Geological Survey; vol. 4
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  • 49
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    ERTS-1 data applied to strip mining (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two coal basins within the western region of the Potomac River Basin contain the largest strip-mining operations in western Maryland and West Virginia. The disturbed strip-mine areas were delineated along with the surrounding geological and vegetation features by using ERTS-1 data in both analog and digital form. The two digital systems employed were (1) the ERTS analysis system, a point-by-point digital analysis of spectral signatures based on known spectral values and (2) the LARS automatic data processing system. These two systems aided in efforts to determine the extent and state of strip mining in this region. Aircraft data, ground-verification information, and geological field studies also aided in the application of ERTS-1 imagery to perform an integrated analysis that assessed the adverse effects of strip mining. The results indicated that ERTS can both monitor and map the extent of strip mining to determine immediately the acreage affected and to indicate where future reclamation and revegetation may be necessary.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 42; Feb. 197
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  • 50
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    Advances in gamma-ray burst astronomy (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper reviews the current status of observational research into the highly puzzling problem of cosmic gamma-ray bursts. Up to now there is no convincing temporal or spatial correlation with any known celestial processes or objects. The typical burst source strength is somewhere between 10 to the 26th power ergs and 10 to the 52nd power ergs. A list of 39 confirmed and 9 unconfirmed cosmic gamma-ray bursts observed by satellite is given, showing times of occurrence and in some cases, the size in erg per square centimeter. Several approaches to the problem of source object identification are discussed: (1) accumulation of observation statistics with their present poor resolution and research for correlative phenomena, (2) mapping out celestial source distributions with moderate resolution in order to search for galactic or other anisotropies in direction or to look for repeating source regions, and (3) very high-accuracy localization of the source directions of one or several bursts in order to pinpoint a tiny fraction of the celestial sphere for correlative radio, optical and X-ray studies. Planned future instrumentation for deep space probes and multiple-balloon studies is described.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
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  • 51
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    Remote measurement of water color (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper contains a discussion of the requirements and approaches which can be taken in the development of techniques for the analysis of remote multispectral imagery of natural bodies of water. There are two general approaches which can be used in the analysis of multispectral water color data collected by aircraft or satellite remote sensors. With the theoretical modeling approach, optically important constituents of natural waters are mathematically related to the upwelling radiance spectrum received by the remote sensor. With the empirical approach, the relationships are determined empirically by comparing remote sensing data with surface truth data. There are several levels of mathematical sophistication which can be applied to both approaches. The two approaches are discussed in some detail and it is concluded that the two approaches are closely related and should be pursued simultaneously for maximum utilization of the laboratory and field measurement data which will be needed. A set of minimum surface truth measurement parameters and techniques is suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 5; 1, 19; 1976
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  • 52
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    Side-looking radar mosaicking experiment (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A block of 24 overlapping synthetic aperture side-looking radar images flown over a well mapped area of about 90,000 sq km provided an opportunity to evaluate the mapping accuracy achieved in current radar mosaicking projects. The maps of scale 1:24,000 that are available in the imaged area permitted the study of the geometric errors of the radar mosaics and of individual radar strips. An estimate was obtained for the effect of the distribution and density of ground control points and for the accuracy of different mosaicking methods that are currently employed with synthetic aperture radar images. It is shown that a successful radar mosaicking process requires the elimination of image errors of up to several kilometers. These errors are introduced as a result of the limited precision of the inertial aircraft navigation. An example of a radar mapping effort in which the navigation errors could be eliminated is presented. The resulting radar mosaics have residual RMS mapping errors of planimetry of about plus or minus 150 m.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    A nonlinear theory of cosmic-ray pitch-angle diffusion in homogeneous magnetostatic turbulence (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A plasma strong turbulence, weak coupling, theory is applied to the problem of cosmic-ray pitch-angle scattering in magnetostatic turbulence. The theory used is a rigorous generalization of Weinstock's 'resonance broadening' theory and contains no ad hoc approximations. A detailed calculation is presented for a model of 'slab' turbulence with an exponential correlation function. The results agree well with numerical simulations. The rigidity dependence of the pitch-angle scattering coefficient differs from that found by previous researchers. The differences result from an inadequate treatment of particle trajectories near 90 deg pitch angle in earlier work.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 204; Mar. 15
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  • 54
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    Cosmic-ray positron and negatron spectra between 20 and 800 MeV measured in 1974 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The flux density of cosmic-ray positrons and electrons was measured by a balloon-borne spark chamber magnetic spectrometer in two flights in an attempt to study the solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays. The total electron flux was found to be about 0.03/cu m/s/sr/MeV between 70 and 800 MeV and to increase toward lower energies, while the positron flux decreased sharply toward lower energies from about 0.008/cu m/s/sr/MeV at 650 MeV and only upper limits were obtained for positrons below 200 MeV. At energies above 180 MeV, the spherically symmetrical Fokker-Planck equation with a diffusion coefficient proportional to the particle rigidity provided a reasonable fit to both positron and total electron data, while at energies below 180 MeV, the data were consistent with a continuation of the same diffusion coefficient and local source of electrons, or a change in the diffusion coefficient to a constant value.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 204; Mar. 15
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  • 55
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    Ionising flux of cosmic background radiation (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The indirect method of estimating the diffuse metagalactic flux of ionizing radiation proposed by Sunyaev (1969) is reconsidered in the light of further studies of the interaction of this radiation with galactic gas. An upper limit is derived for the intensity of the metagalactic background radiation to which the neutral interstellar medium is exposed. This limit on the ionizing radiation flux severely restricts the emission from a galactic corona containing gas in the temperature range 100,000 to 1,000,000 K. An upper limit of 10 to the 29.2 erg/sec/Hz is obtained for the mean luminosity radiated by a quasar in the energy band 40-170 eV. The 21-cm observations examined indicate that further than about 30 kpc from the center of the galaxy self-shielding by H II is possible only when the critical metagalactic ionizing flux is not exceeded.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 260; Apr. 8
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  • 56
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    Solar-cosmic-ray variability (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Abstracts of Papers Presented at a Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; p 81-86
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    Cosmic ray modulation in three dimensions (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief critique of spherically symmetric conventional modulation theory is supplied. Estimates are made of the cosmic ray intensity at high solar latitudes. Direct evidence for significant off-ecliptic cosmic ray gradients is reviewed in support of the requirement for an off-ecliptic spacecraft mission. The possibility of measuring the galactic spectrum is discussed. The effect of interplanetary magnetic fields on cosmic ray motion is examined, and calculations (Fokker-Planck equation) are shown.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Proc. of the Symp. on the Study of the Sun and Interplanetary Medium in Three Dimensions; p 210-230
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    Thematic mapper studies: Data quality analysis (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-80715
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  • 59
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    Design specification for color coded spectral plots (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E80-10245 , NASA-CR-160706 , LEC-9924 , JSC-11851
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  • 60
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    Thematic mapper studies band correlation analysis (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Spectral data representative of thematic mapper candidate bands 1 and 3 to 7 were obtained by selecting appropriate combinations of bands from the JSC 24 channel multispectral scanner. Of all the bands assigned, only candidate bands 4 (.74 mu to .80 mu) and 5 (.80 mu to .91 mu) showed consistently high intercorrelation from region to region and time to time. This extremely high correlation persisted when looking at the composite data set in a multitemporal, multilocation domain. The GISS investigations lend positive confirmation to the hypothesis, that TM bands 4 and 5 are redundant.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-80716
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  • 61
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    Final design specification for LARSYS modification/Fisher F-distribution thresholding (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E80-10210 , NASA-CR-160648 , LEC-9963 , JSC-11864
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  • 62
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    As-built design specification for Metro data edit program (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E80-10201 , NASA-CR-160620 , LEC-9888 , JSC-11838
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  • 63
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    Transfer of Interactive Report Extracted Data (TIRED) requirements specification (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E80-10221 , NASA-CR-160611 , LEC-8841-REV-A , JSC-11365-REV-A
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  • 64
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    As-built specification for the ERIM tape conversion to LARSYS 2 program (ECTL2) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E80-10202 , NASA-CR-160614 , LEC-9857 , JSC-11833
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  • 65
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    PDP 11/45 LACIE phase 11/111 automatic status and tracking system functional design specification (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E80-10222 , NASA-CR-160613 , LEC-9861 , JSC-11835
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  • 66
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    Transfer of Interactive Report Extracted Data (TIRED) requirements specification (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E80-10219 , NASA-CR-160615 , LEC-8841 , JSC-11365
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  • 67
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    A computer analysis of ERTS data of the Lake Gregory area of South Australia with particular emphasis on its role in terrain classification for engineering (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A digital computer and multivariate statistical techniques were used to analyze 4-band multispectral data. A representation of the original data for each of the four bands allows a certain degree of terrain interpretation; however, variations in appearance of sites within and between bands, without additional criteria for deciding which representation should be preferred, create difficulties for classification. Investigation of the video data groups produced by principal components analysis and cluster analysis techniques shows that effective correlations with classifications of terrain produced by conventional methods could be carried out. The analyses also highlighted underlying relationships between the various elements. The approach used allows large areas (185 cm by 185 cm) to be classified into fundamental units within a matter of hours and can be applied to those parts of the Earth where facilities for conventional studies are poor or lacking.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E83-10178 , NASA-CR-169785 , NAS 1.26:169785
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  • 68
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    Image processing system performance prediction and product quality evaluation (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. A new technique for image processing system performance prediction and product quality evaluation was developed. It was entirely objective, quantitative, and general, and should prove useful in system design and quality control. The technique and its application to determination of quality control procedures for the Earth Resources Technology Satellite NASA Data Processing Facility are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E78-10062 , NASA-CR-156654 , ZE-5185-M-2
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  • 69
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    Forest land management by satellite: LANDSAT-derived information as input to a forest inventory system (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Analysis of LANDSAT temporal data, specifically the digitally merged winter and summer scenes, provided the best overall classification results. Comparison of temporal classification results with available ground truth reveal a 94% agreement in the delineation of hardwood categories, a 96% agreement for the combined pine category, and a greater than 50% agreement for each individual pine subcategory. For nearly 1000 acres, compared clearcut acreage estimated with LANDSAT digital data differed from company inventory records by only 3%. Through analysis of summer data, pine stands were successfully classified into subcategories based upon the extent of crown closure. Maximum spectral separability of hardwood and pine stands was obtained from the analysis of winter data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E78-10038 , NASA-CR-155259
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  • 70
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    Digital image correlation techniques applied to LANDSAT multispectral imagery (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Automatic image registration and resampling techniques applied to LANDSAT data achieved accuracies, resulting in mean radial displacement errors of less than 0.2 pixel. The process method utilized recursive computational techniques and line-by-line updating on the basis of feedback error signals. Goodness of local feature matching was evaluated through the implementation of a correlation algorithm. An automatic restart allowed the system to derive control point coordinates over a portion of the image and to restart the process, utilizing this new control point information as initial estimates.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E78-10022 , NASA-CR-156647
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  • 71
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    Modulation of trapped energetic electrons at 6.6 earth radii by the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Energetic (energies greater than 1.6 and 3.9 MeV) trapped electron fluxes observed at the synchronous altitude during 1974 and 1975 by an experiment aboard ATS-6 exhibit a modulation in intensity which is correlated with the passage of sector-structure boundaries of the interplanetary magnetic field past the earth. The electron fluxes reach equilibrium intensities during the time the magnetosphere is in a given IMF sector; these fluxes are highest in the fall for (+) sectors and highest in the spring for (-) sectors.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; May 1976
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  • 72
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    Selective radiant temperature mapping using a layered classifier (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A method of measuring temperatures of selected ground-cover types using remotely sensed multispectral scanner data and a layered classification approach is described. A brief review of radiation theory is presented to show that for the wavelength bands and temperature ranges involved in remote sensing applications, a linear calibration function can be satisfactorily utilized. An example of the application of the layered classifier for temperature mapping of water is shown.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electronics; GE-14; Apr. 197
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  • 73
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    Soil water content and evaporation determined by thermal parameters obtained from ground-based and remote measurements (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Soil water contents from both smooth and rough bare soil were estimated from remotely sensed surface soil and air temperatures. An inverse relationship between two thermal parameters and gravimetric soil water content was found for Avondale loam when its water content was between air-dry and field capacity. These parameters, daily maximum minus minimum surface soil temperature and daily maximum soil minus air temperature, appear to describe the relationship reasonably well. These two parameters also describe relative soil water evaporation (actual/potential). Surface soil temperatures showed good agreement among three measurement techniques: in situ thermocouples, a ground-based infrared radiation thermometer, and the thermal infrared band of an airborne multispectral scanner.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Mar. 20
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  • 74
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    The absorption of trapped particles by the inner satellites of Jupiter and the radial diffusion coefficient of particle transport (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The process of trapped particle absorption by the inner Jovian satellites is considered in detail taking into account both the particle and satellite motions in a magnetic dipole field which is displaced from the center of the planet and tilted with respect to the planetary rotation axis. An expression is derived for computing the sweeping time at a given satellite, defined as the time required for the satellite to sweep up a given fraction of the trapped particles within its sweeping region. By making use of the sweeping time and the radial diffusion equation of particle transport approximate expressions for the diffusion coefficient are derived. Measurements obtained by Pioneer 10 are then used to obtain estimates of the diffusion coefficient at the orbits of Io and Europa. We find that the diffusion coefficient is a function of energy and magnetic latitude for electrons in the energy range 0.7-14 MeV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Mar. 1
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  • 75
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    Geologic mapping using LANDSAT data (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The feasibility of automated classification for lithologic mapping with LANDSAT digital data was evaluated using three classification algorithms. The two supervised algorithms analyzed, a linear discriminant analysis algorithm and a hybrid algorithm which incorporated the Parallelepiped algorithm and the Bayesian maximum likelihood function, were comparable in terms of accuracy; however, classification was only 50 per cent accurate. The linear discriminant analysis algorithm was three times as efficient as the hybrid approach. The unsupervised classification technique, which incorporated the CLUS algorithm, delineated the major lithologic boundaries and, in general, correctly classified the most prominent geologic units. The unsupervised algorithm was not as efficient nor as accurate as the supervised algorithms. Analysis of spectral data for the lithologic units in the 0.4 to 2.5 microns region indicated that a greater separability of the spectral signatures could be obtained using wavelength bands outside the region sensed by LANDSAT.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 42; Mar. 197
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  • 76
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    The preprocessing of multispectral data. II (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: It is pointed out that a correction of atmospheric effects is an important requirement for a full utilization of the possibilities provided by preprocessing techniques. The most significant characteristics of original and preprocessed data are considered, taking into account the solution of classification problems by means of the preprocessing procedure. Improvements obtainable with different preprocessing techniques are illustrated with the aid of examples involving Landsat data regarding an area in Colorado.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Bildmessung und Luftbildwesen; 44; Mar. 1
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  • 77
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    Regional prospecting for iron ores in Bahariya Oasis-El Faiyum area, Egypt, using LANDSAT-1 satellite images (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. New discoveries of iron deposits were registered as a result of the LANDSAT imagery, and the conditions of the already known iron deposits and occurrences were regionally connected and verified.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E78-10169 , NASA-CR-157287
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  • 78
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    Geology of Kharga-Dakhla Oases area, western desert, Egypt, from LANDSAT-1 satellite images (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E78-10158 , NASA-CR-157276
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  • 79
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    Laboratory requirements for in-situ and remote sensing of suspended material (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Recommendations for laboratory and in-situ measurements required for remote sensing of suspended material are presented. This study investigates the properties of the suspended materials, factors influencing the upwelling radiance, and the various types of remote sensing techniques. Calibration and correlation procedures are given to obtain the accuracy necessary to quantify the suspended materials by remote sensing. In addition, the report presents a survey of the national need for sediment data, the agencies that deal with and require the data of suspended sediment, and a summary of some recent findings of sediment measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-145263 , TR-76-C2
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  • 80
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    Utilization of satellite data for inventorying prairie ponds and lakes (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: ERTS-1 data were used in mapping open surface water features in the glaciated prairies. Emphasis was placed on the recognition of these features based upon water's uniquely low radiance in a single near-infrared waveband. On the basis of these results, thematic maps and statistics relating to open surface water were obtained. In a related effort, the added information content of multiple spectral wavebands was used for discriminating surface water at a level of detail finer than the virtual resolution of the data. The basic theory of this technique and some preliminary results are described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 42; May 1976
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  • 81
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    Correlation between multispectral photography and near-surface turbidities (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Four-band multispectral photography obtained from an aerial platform at an altitude of about 10,000 feet has been utilized to measure near-surface turbidity at numerous sampling sites in the Ross Barnett Reservoir, Mississippi. Correlation of the photographs with turbidity measurements has been accomplished via an empirical mathematical model which depends upon visual color recognition when the composited photographs are examined on either an I squared S model 600 or a Spectral Data model 65 color-additive viewer. The mathematical model was developed utilizing least-squares, iterative, and standard statistical methods and includes a time-dependent term related to sun angle. This model is consistent with information obtained from two overflights of the target area - July 30, 1973 and October 30, 1973 - and now is being evaluated with regard to information obtained from a third overflight on November 8, 1974.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 42; May 1976
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  • 82
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    A cosmic gamma-ray burst on 1975 May 14 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A cosmic gamma-ray burst is described which was observed from a balloon with a double-scatter gamma-ray telescope. The observed burst had a rise time of about 0.15 sec, a duration of 0.11 sec, and variations on a time scale of 5 msec. The variations are shown to imply a maximum source dimension of 1500 km. The integral energy distribution of the burst is determined along with the total energy above 0.5 MeV. The direction of the source is found, with 90% confidence, to be limited to a circle with a radius of 25 deg centered at +39 deg galactic latitude and 40 deg galactic longitude. Two additional candidate bursts observed with the same telescope are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 203; Feb. 1
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  • 83
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    Low-cost, aerial photographic inventory of tidal wetlands (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E76-10444 , NASA-CR-148521 , CRS-2-76
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  • 84
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    Remote sensing of coastal pollutants (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E76-10442 , NASA-CR-148519
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  • 85
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    Application of LANDSAT data to agricultural resource problems with emphasis on the North American Great Plains (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E76-10439 , NASA-CR-148516
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  • 86
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    Urban land use monitoring from computer-implemented processing of airborne multispectral data (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Machine processing techniques were applied to multispectral data obtained from airborne scanners at an elevation of 600 meters over central Indianapolis in August, 1972. Computer analysis of these spectral data indicate that roads (two types), roof tops (three types), dense grass (two types), sparse grass (two types), trees, bare soil, and water (two types) can be accurately identified. Using computers, it is possible to determine land uses from analysis of type, size, shape, and spatial associations of earth surface images identified from multispectral data. Land use data developed through machine processing techniques can be programmed to monitor land use changes, simulate land use conditions, and provide impact statistics that are required to analyze stresses placed on spatial systems.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-147789 , LARS-IN-032576
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  • 87
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    Detection and mapping of mineralized areas in the Cortez-Uinta Belt, Utah-Nevada, using computer-enhanced ERTS imagery (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. An approach to obtain spatial precision utilizes large scale black and white ratio images with high geometric precision. These images have a precision of .005 inch across the diagonals. Evaluation of a color ratio composite image of south central Nevada using ratio images recorded at this scale shows that the respective pixels are registered throughout the scene. Thus reconnaissance mapping can be carried out for the entire scene at 1:300,000 scale and then at larger scales by analyzing photographic enlargements of the original color ratio composite image. The advantages to this approach are elimination of repetitive computer processing and considerable flexibility as to specific scales.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E76-10410 , NASA-CR-147793
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  • 88
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    Reanalysis of the Apollo cosmic gamma-ray spectrum in the 0.3 to 10 MeV energy region (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Additional data obtained from the Apollo-16 and -17 missions, together with collateral calculations on background radiation effects, have enabled an improved subtraction of unwanted backgrounds from the diffuse cosmic gamma-ray data previously reported from Apollo-15. As a result, the 1- to 10-MeV spectrum is lowered significantly and connects smoothly with recent data at other energies. The inflection reported previously is much less pronounced and has no more than a 1.5-sigma significance. Sky occultation by the Apollo-16 spacecraft shows the bulk of the 0.3- to 1-MeV radiation to be diffuse. The analysis of spurious backgrounds points to important improvements for future experiments designed for this spectral region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71150 , X-682-76-128
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  • 89
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    Analysis of field size distributions, LACIE test sites 5029, 5033, and 5039, Anhwei Province, People's Republic of China (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A study was made of the field size distributions for LACIE test sites 5029, 5033, and 5039, People's Republic of China. Field lengths and widths were measured from LANDSAT imagery, and field area was statistically modeled. Field size parameters have log-normal or Poisson frequency distributions. These were normalized to the Gaussian distribution and theoretical population curves were made. When compared to fields in other areas of the same country measured in the previous study, field lengths and widths in the three LACIE test sites were 2 to 3 times smaller and areas were smaller by an order of magnitude.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-X-71156 , X-923-76-145
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  • 90
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    Applied Remote Sensing Program (ARSP) (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The activities and accomplishments of the Applied Remote Sensing Program during FY 1975-1976 are reported. The principal objective of the Applied Remote Sensing Program continues to be designed projects having specific decision-making impacts as a principal goal. These projects are carried out in cooperation and collaboration with local, state and federal agencies whose responsibilities lie with planning, zoning and environmental monitoring and/or assessment in the application of remote sensing techniques. The end result of the projects is the use by the involved agencies of remote sensing techniques in problem solving.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-148324 , OALS-BULL-13
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  • 91
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    LANDSAT Non-US standard catalog, 1-31 March 1976 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Non-U.S. Standard Catalog lists Non-U.S. imagery acquired by LANDSAT 1 and LANDSAT 2 which have been processed and input to the data files during the referenced month. Data, such as date acquired, cloud cover and image quality are given for each scene. The microfilm roll and frame on which the scene may be found is also given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-X-74140 , GSFC/LN-76/003 , NTISUB/B/139-76/003
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  • 92
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    LANDSAT US standard catalog, 1-31 March 1976 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The U.S. Standard Catalog lists U.S. imagery acquired by LANDSAT 1 and LANDSAT 2 which has been processed and input to the data files during the referenced month. Data, such as date acquired, cloud cover and image quality are given for each scene. The microfilm roll and frame on which the scene may be found is also given.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-TM-X-74141 , GSFC/LU-76/003 , NTISUB/B/138-76/003
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  • 93
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    Thematic mapping, land use, geological structure and water resources in central Spain (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E76-10416 , NASA-CR-148280 , QR-2
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  • 94
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    Water quality conditions in San Francisco Bay delta (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: There are no author-identified significant results in this report.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E76-10408 , NASA-CR-148215 , PR-4
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  • 95
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    Investigation of earth's albedo using Skylab data (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. Specific test sites in the White Sands, New Mexico and Lake Michigan areas were chosen because of their stability and known reflectances. Skylab S192 multispectral data and ERIM aircraft multispectral data were collected for these sites and were compared with results of atmospheric radiative transfer calculations in order to determine the aerosol content of the atmosphere. The spectral shape of the Skylab data compared quite favorably with the nearly simultaneous spectral character of the aircraft data. Although there were difficulties in the calibration of the S192 instrument which remain unresolved, interesting mathematical and physical relationships were discovered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E76-10409 , NASA-CR-147445 , ERIM-102200-20-F
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 96
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    Thailand national programme of the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. The study on locating hill tribe villages from LANDSAT imagery was successful and exceeded the initial expectations. Results of the study on land use and forest mapping using Skylab data demonstrated the capability and feasibility of large scale mapping with high accuracy.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E76-10404 , NASA-CR-148217 , G-28080
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 97
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    Comparisons of cloud cover evaluated from LANDSAT imagery and meteorological stations across the British Isles (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. This stage of the study has confirmed the initial supposition that LANDSAT data could be analyzed to provide useful data on cloud amount, and that useful light would be thrown thereby on the performance of the ground observer of this aspect of the state of the sky. This study, in comparison with previous studies of a similar nature using data from meteorological satellites, has benefited greatly from the much higher resolution data provided by LANDSAT. This has permitted consideration of not only the overall performance of the surface observer in estimating total cloud cover, but also his performance under different sky conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E76-10403 , NASA-CR-148216 , QR-3
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 98
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    Development of remote sensing technology in New Zealand, part 1. Mapping land use and environmental studies in New Zealand, part 2. Indigenous forest assessment, part 3. Seismotectonic, structural, volcanologic and geomorphic study of New Zealand, part 4 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The author has identified the following significant results. As part of the tape reformatting process, a simple coded picture output program was developed. This represents Pixel's radiance level by one of a 47 character set on a nonoverprinting line printer. It not only has aided in locating areas for the reformatting process, but has also formed the foundation for a supervised clustering package. This in turn has led to a simplistic but effective thematic mapping package.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E76-10389 , NASA-CR-148203 , REPT-531 , QR-2
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 99
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    Computer subroutines for the estimation of nuclear reaction effects in proton-tissue-dose calculations (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Calculational methods for estimation of dose from external proton exposure of arbitrary convex bodies are briefly reviewed. All the necessary information for the estimation of dose in soft tissue is presented. Special emphasis is placed on retaining the effects of nuclear reaction, especially in relation to the dose equivalent. Computer subroutines to evaluate all of the relevant functions are discussed. Nuclear reaction contributions for standard space radiations are in most cases found to be significant. Many of the existing computer programs for estimating dose in which nuclear reaction effects are neglected can be readily converted to include nuclear reaction effects by use of the subroutines described herein.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA-TM-X-3388
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 100
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    Survey of users of earth resources remote sensing data (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A user survey was conducted to determine current earth resources survey (ERS) data use/user status and recommendations for strengthening use. Only high-altitude aircraft and satellite (primarily LANDSAT) data were included. Emphasis was placed on the private sector/industrial user. Objectives of the survey included: who is using ERS data, how they are using the data, the relative value of current data use as well as obtaining user views as to possible ways of strengthening future ERS data use. The survey results are documented and should provide relevant decision making information for developing future programs of maximum benefit to all end users of satellite ERS data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-147361
    Format: application/pdf
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