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  • Articles  (5,648)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (5,648)
  • 1995-1999
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  • 1976  (2,626)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Testing of flanged joints in GRP pipelines of 200 mm nominal diameter by means of short-term and long-term stressing. Part I: Sealing behaviour. The first part of this report deals with the sealing behaviour of joints with fixed and loose flanges in GRP pipelines of 200 mm nominal diameter. Tests were made with seven different flanges from three manufacturers and four different types of sealing rings. At room temperature the spring rate of the GRP flanges amounted to between 8% and 18% of that of welded steel flanges and at a temperature of 80°C within the pipe it was 5% to 16% of that of the steel flanges. Of the sealing rings tested a bulged soft rubber ring with steel reinforcement was found to have the flattest resilience characteristic and required the least bolt force to produce a tight joint under operational conditions. Its relaxation rate was low after low bolt force had been applied and increased rapidly when the initial bolt force was increased to higher values. Because of their lower spring rates, the GRP flanges sealed with this ring required 2.5 to 3.5 times as much initial bolt force as welded steel flanges. In an 1100-hour creep test at 80°C internal temperature and 10 bar internal pressure, a joint consisting of loose steel flanges and GRP shoulders exhibited considerably less loss of initial force than a fixed GRP flanged joint. Because losses of initial force increase at a disproportionately high rate as the force is raised, high initial force would not seem to increase remarkably the reliability of the seal in the long term. Since rigid flanges require less initial force than less rigid ones, high spring rate appears desirable. Apparently it could best be achieved by loose steel flanges with GRP shoulders. The results of the strength tests will be presented in the second part of this report.
    Notes: Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit befaßt sich mit dem Dichtverhalten von GFK-Fest- und -Losflanschen NW 200 dreier Hersteller sowie von vier verschiedenen Dichtungen. Die Federrate der GFK-Flansche betrug bei Raumtemperatur 8% bis 18% und bei 80°C Innentemperatur 5% bis 16% der Federrate von Vorschweißflanschen aus Stahl. Von den untersuchten Dichtungen hatte eine ballige Weichgummidichtung mit Stahleinlage die flachste Kennlinie und benötigte die niedrigste Betriebsdichtungskraft. Ihre Relaxationsgeschwindigkeit war bei niedrigen Dichtungskräften gering und nahm bei höheren Kräften stark zu. Die GFK-Flansche erforderten wegen ihrer geringeren Federrate mit dieser Dichtung eine 2,5- bis 3,5mal höhere Vorspannkraft als Stahl-Vorschweißflansche. In einem 1100-h-Zeitstandversuch bei 80°C Innentemperatur und 10 bar Innendruck des Prüfkörpers hatte eine GFK-Losflanschverbindung mit Stahlringen wesentlich geringere Vorspannungsverluste als eine GFK-Festflanschverbindung. Wegen der mit der Dichtungskraft überproportional steigenden Vorspannungsverluste dürften hohe Vorspannkräfte die Sicherheit gegen Leckwerden auf Dauer wenig erhöhen. Da steife Flansche eine geringere Vorspannung als weniger steife benötigen, erscheint eine hohe Federrate erstrebenswert. Sie dürfte sich am ehesten bei Losflanschen aus Stahl mit GFK-Bunden erreichen lassen. Die Ergebnisse der Festigkeitsuntersuchungen werden im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit mitgeteilt.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 38-48 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Identification of X-Ray powder diffraction patterns with the mini-computer. A description is given of a programme for identifying X-ray diffraction patterns of multiphase, polycrystalline materials with the minicomputer Wang 720 C. It is determined by the identification strategy, the identification criterion and the Δd(d) function which describes the permissible variation between the measured d values and those laid down in accordance with ASTM material data cards in the magnetic tape file. In the course of these investigations the partially erroneous and often also incomplete information provided by this file in respect of relevant material data proved in particular to be the decisive factor for the limitation of the reliability of the identification result.The efficiency of the programme is demonstrated by means of characteristic examples. In conclusion, the prospects for the future development of this programme are discussed.
    Notes: Es wird ein Programm zur Identifikation von Röntgenbeugungsdiagrammen mehrphasiger, polykristalliner Stoffe mit dem Tischcomputer Wang 720 C beschrieben. Seine bestimmenden Größen sind die Identifikationsstrategie, das Identifikationskriterium und die Δd(d)-Funktion, die die zulässige Abweichung zwischen den gemessenen und den in der Magnetband-Datei nach ASTM-Stoffdatenkarten festgelegten d-Werten vorgibt. Im Verlauf dieser Untersuchungen erwiesen sich insbesondere die z. T. fehlerhaften und nicht selten auch unvollständigen Angaben dieser Kartei bei relevanten Stoffdaten als der entscheidende Faktor für die Begrenzung der Zuverlässigkeit des Identifikationsergebnisses.An charakteristischen Beispielen wird die Leistungsfähigkeit des Programms demonstriert. Abschließend wird ein Ausblick auf die Weiterentwicklung dieses Programms gegeben.
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  • 4
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 123-123 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 123-123 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 7
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 123-123 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 124-124 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 9
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A67 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Tests on influence of shape to structural member toughness. Supplementary to former work on temperature depending toughness of boiler plate and low temperature steel vessels, influences of shape and manufacturing are investigated with model vessels of a different design, made of boiler plate. The expected influences seem to be evident only with regard to bursting behaviour of the vessels depending on temperature, whilst toughness behaviour may be estimated - without dependence on shape - by materials property data (crack arrest temperature and impact transition temperature).
    Notes: Ergänzend zu früheren Arbeiten über die temperaturabhängige Zähigkeit von Modellbehältern aus Kesselblech und aus Tieftemperaturstahl werden hier an Behältern anderer Konstruktionsform aus Kesselblech zusätzlich Einflüsse der Gestaltung und der Fertigung untersucht. Dabei zeigt sich, daß diese Einflüsse sich offenbar nur auf die Haltbarkeit der Behälter und den Verlauf des Berstdrucks über der Temperatur auswirken, daß aber die Verformungsreserve und damit das Zähigkeitsverhalten unabhängig davon aufgrund von Werkstoffkennwerten (Rißauffangtemperatur und Kerbschlagübergangstemperatur) abgeschätzt werden kann.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 314-315 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 12
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Mechanical Compatibility of Composite Components. The mechanical interactions between the components of a composite material are governed by the elastic constants, the strength and the plastic deformation behavior of the components. They can be furthermore influenced by the coefficients of thermal expansion and by the bond strength between the components. The extent of mechanical compatibility depends on the structure of the composite material and on its processing technique and practical application. This paper gives an introduction to a series of papers on the mechanical compatibility presented in a workshop meeting at Konstanz.
    Notes: Die Mechanische Verträglichkeit bewertet das Verhalten von Materialkomponenten in einem Verbundsystem. Die mechanischen Wechselwirkungen bei Verbundwerkstoffen werden einerseits durch die elastischen Konstanten, die Festigkeit und das plastische Formänderungsvermögen der einzelnen Komponenten bestimmt und andererseits durch Unterschiede in den thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten und durch die Haftfestigkeit zwischen den Komponenten festgelegt. Bei der Beurteilung der mechanischen Verträglichkeit spielt die Art des Verbundwerkstoffs und der äußeren Beanspruchung eine wesentliche Rolle. Diese Arbeit gibt eine Einführung in die Probleme der mechanischen Verträglichkeit, die in einem Workshop der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Metallkunde in den Themenkreisen Grundlagen, Meßmethoden und Beeinflussung des Werkstoffverhaltens ausführlich behandelt werden.
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  • 13
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 316-316 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 14
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 323-325 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 15
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 332-333 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 16
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 338-340 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 17
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 340-343 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanical compatibility of metallic composites. Corrosion in aqueous media. As a main condition for corrosion in aqueous media between components of a composite material, both components have to be touched by an invironmental wed atmosphere or of a fluid. If this condition is given contact corrosion can take place with any composite, independent of the mechanical compatibility of the components. Crevice corrosion is possible too if mechanical incompatibility (or extern loads) causes cracks between the components; stress corrosion cracking is possible as well. Stainless steel vires, for instance, can not reinforce the composit if attached by SCC. The other kinds of corrosion mostly dammage the matrix, which also reduces properties of the composit.Examples are given of possible kinds of corrosion for some fiber reinforced metallic composites and for metal laminates.
    Notes: Das Auftreten von Naßkorrosion zwischen den Komponenten eines Verbundwerkstoffs setzt voraus, daß beide Komponenten der umgebenden feuchten Atmosphäre oder einer umgebenden Flüssigkeit zugänglich sind. In diesem Fall kann bei jedem metallischen Verbund - faserig, lamellar oder geschichtet - und unabhängig von der mechanischen Verträglichkeit Kontaktkorrosion ausgelöst werden. Entstehen durch Unverträglichkeit (oder durch äußere Einflüsse) Risse, so kann Spaltkorrosion hinzukommen; und bei Eigenspannungen, wie auch bei äußeren Spannungen, kann Spannungsrißkorrosion beobachtet werden, sofern eine der Komponenten dagegen anfällig ist. Austenitische Stahldrähte z. B. neigen zu SpRK und können damit ihren Verstärkungseffekt einbüßen. Auch die anderen Korrosionsarten, die meist zu Lasten des Matrix- oder Grundwerkstoffs gehen, mindern in jedem Fall die Eigenschaften des Verbundes.Für einige Beispiele heute gebräuchlicher Verbundwerkstoffe werden die möglichen Korrosionsarten tabellarisch zusammengestellt.
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  • 18
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 353-356 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 19
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A107 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 20
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 364-367 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Determining the moduls of elasticity from the compliance of precracked specimens. A new method is described which allows the determination of the modulus of elasticity of solid materials. Compliance tests with precracked fracture mechanics specimens in a simple tensile test machine yield accurate measurements of the modulus of elasticity in the orientation and material condition desired for fracture mechanics calculations.
    Notes: Es wird über ein neues Meßverfahren berichtet, den Elastizitätsmodul von Werkstoffen zu bestimmen. Es ist an einfachen Zerreißmaschinen durchzuführen und gibt Meßwerte des Elastizitätsmoduls in der für bruchmechanische Untersuchungen gewünschten Probenorientierung, Materialbeschaffenheit und Genauigkeit.
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  • 21
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 376-380 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Influence of Porosity on a Few Properties of Tungsten/Copper Contact Materials. An investigation has been carried out on the influence of the amount of residual porosity on the electrical and mechanical properties of infiltrated tungsten/copper materials. By means of adding different quantities of infiltrating metal materials with a tungsten content of approximately 70 wt.% containing between 0,2 and 30% pores were produced. The following properties were measured for the different material specimens: are erosion rate, electrical conductivity, Vickers hardness number, and notch impact toughness. The arc erosion rate is not noticeably increased by pore contents up to 4%, all the other properties, however, are influenced considerably even by the smallest amount of measurable residual porosity. Thus it has to be concluded that infiltration with a slightly smaller quantity of infiltrating metal than that necessary to attain a pore-free material - a technique used occasionally in order to avoid the necessity of finishing the infiltrated parts - will lead to changes in quality.
    Notes: Es wird die für die praktische Fertigung von W/Cu-Tränkwerkstoffen wichtige Frage untersucht, inwieweit Restporositäten von Einfluß auf die elektrischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften sind. An Werkstoffen mit ca. 70 Gew.% Wolfram werden durch abgestufte Tränkmetallzugaben unterschiedliche Porositäten zwischen 0,2 und ca. 30% eingestellt und die Eigenschaften Abbrandverhalten im Hochstromlichtbogen, elektrische Leitfähigkeit, Vickershärte und Kerbschlagzähigkeit gemessen. Während Restporositäten bis zu 4% noch keine Erhöhung des Abbrandes bewirken, zeigen die übrigen Eigenschaften schon von kleinsten Porenanteilen an einen deutlichen Abfall. Die manchmal angewandte Fertigungsweise, durch geringe Unterschußtränkung eine mechanische Nachbearbeitung der Tränkteile zu vermeiden, ist mit den im Bericht aufgezeigten Qualitätsänderungen verbunden.
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  • 22
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 390-391 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 23
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 392-392 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 24
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 25
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 409-413 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cavitation-Corrosion - Types of Damage on the Surface of Pure Aluminium. By scanning electron microscope studies the development and propagation of plastic deformation and other types of damage are investigated.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe des Rasterelektronenmikroskopes werden die Ausbildung und der Fortschritt einer Werkstoffschädigung von Reinaluminium bei Kavitationsbeanspruchung studiert.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Clad Metals for Electrical Engineering. Materials with optimum properties for conducting springs can be produced by cladding a metallic sheat of high electrical conductivity between two sheats of a metal with high stiffness.Using suitable cladding components, thermo bi metals with different electrical resistance can be produced without essential variation of deflection and force. With this it is possible, to use groups of devices with uniform mechanical construction for different currents, which means a good technical as well as economic solution.High prices of noble metal based contact materials have led to the production of contact bimetals some years ago. Inspite of higher production costs these materials can be used very economically.
    Notes: Durch geeignete Anordnung hochfester und hochleitfähiger Komponenten in einem Schichtverbundwerkstoff lassen sich Werkstoffe mit optimalen Eigenschaften für stromführende Federn herstellen. Durch Verwendung geeigneter Plattierungskomponenten können Thermobimetalle mit unterschiedlichem elektrischen Widerstand ohne wesentliche Veränderung der Ausbiegung und der Kraftwirkung hergestellt werden. Somit ist es möglich, Gerätegruppen mit gleichem mechanischen Grundaufbau für verschiedene Stromstärken zu verwenden und damit technisch und wirtschaftlich günstige Problemlösungen zu erzielen.Der hohe Preis der Kontaktwerkstoffe auf Edelmetallbasis führte schon vor vielen Jahren zur Herstellung von Kontaktbimetallen. Trotz höherer Formkosten sind diese Werkstoffe in den meisten Fällen besonders wirtschaftlich einsetzbar.
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  • 27
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A126 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 29
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 429-437 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on long term strength of thermoplastic tubes in chemical media. Mechanical long term behaviour of plastics is influenced by environmental media, similar to stress corrosion cracking of metals. Therefore chemical resistance is not to be seen only by immersion tests but has to be found by long term tests under both, mechanical and chemical loading. The paper deals with a test method which shows shortening of the time for rupture of small tube specimens loaded by internal pressure after being filled with the medium.Examples are given for interpretation of results obtained in an international test program.
    Notes: Ähnlich der Spannungsrißkorrosion bei Metallen beobachtet man bei Kunststoffen unter Einwirkung chemischer Agenzien eine Änderung des zeitabhängigen Festigkeitsverhaltens. Zur Beurteilung der chemischen Beständigkeit sollte daher das Ergebnis von Immersionsversuchen nur für eine Vorauswahl herangezogen werden, während für die konstruktive Verwendung die Zeitstandfestigkeit in dem Umgebungsmedium ermittelt werden muß. Hierfür wird ein Prüfverfahren gezeigt, das mit Hilfe von Rohr-Innendruckversuchen an kleinen Probekörpern die Standzeitverkürzung durch das Medium erkennen läß; als Bezugsgröße wird die Zeitstandfestigkeit in Wasser bei der betreffenden Prüftemperatur herangezogen. Ist eine Wasserkurve noch nicht vorhanden oder liegt die vollständige Zeitstandkurve für das Medium noch nicht vor, so kann aus den Langzeitversuchen immerhin eine Abschätzung der Lebensdauer und eine Entscheidung über die Verwendbarkeit des Kunststoffes in dem Medium getroffen werden. Anhand von Beispielen aus einem auf internationaler Basis angelegten Untersuchungsprogramm werden der Aussagewert der Prüfmethode und die Interpretationsmöglichkeit dargelegt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 452-452 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A83 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A88 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 236-240 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Thermal stresses in thick-walled structures. The thermal stresses in typical components of chemical apparatus (plate, cylindrical shell) are calculated for nonuniform temperature distribution. The „exact“ results of the three-dimensional theory obtained by finite element method are compared with the results of the classical theories for thin structures. It is recognizable when an extensive analysis is necessary and when the stresses may be calculated by the relatively simple equations of thin structures theory.
    Notes: Für typische Bauteile des Apparatebaus (Scheibe, Platte, Schale) wurden die Wärmespannungen infolge ungleichmäßiger Temperaturverteilung mit Hilfe finiter Elemente berechnet. Diese „exakten“ Ergebnisse der dreidimensionalen Theorie werden mit den Werten verschiedener Näherungstheorien verglichen. Damit wird erkennbar, in welchen Fällen man umfangreiche Rechnungen durch führen muß bzw. wann die Spannungen aus einfachen Näherungsformeln gewonnen werden können.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. 261-266 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A128 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 7 (1976), S. A131 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A2 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Wear Resistance of Liner Material for Extruding Non-ferrous AlloysExtruding Al and its alloys Cu, brass, Cu-Ni alloys and Ni on account of variable working conditions (as temperature) different liner materials are used.Processing Al martensitic hot work steels are successful in application. Working up copper high temperature resistant and austenitic steels are additional in use.The high-temperature strength of these materials is well-known.Based on the investigation of the high-temperature wear this paper presents several new considerations.
    Notes: Anforderungen an die Innenbüchsenwerkstoffe für das Strangpressen von Aluminiumlegierungen, Reinkupfer, Messing, Kupfer-Nickellegierungen und Reinnickel; Kriterien für die Stahlauswahl. Verschleißverhalten in Abhängigkeit von Werkstoffpaarung und Beanspruchungstemperatur; Warmfestigkeit von martensitischen Warmarbeitsstählen und hochwarmfesten Austeniten.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A45 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A52 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Siliciumnitrid: Gefüge, Eigenschaften und neue HerstellungsverfahrenAnhand der Korrelation zwischen einigen wichtigen Gefügeparametern und verschiedenen mechanischen, thermischen und thermomechanischen Eigenschaften von heißgepreßtem und reaktionsgesintertem Siliciumnitrid wird die Forderung nach einer weiteren Verbesserung der Eigenschaften und nach einer ökonomischeren Herstellung von Siliciumnitrid durch Anwendung neuer Verfahren aufgezeigt. Die Aussichten und Probleme bei den verschiedenen neuen Verfahren, dem Sintern von verdichteten Si3N4 - Pulverkörpern, dem Nachsintern von reaktionsgesintertem Siliciumnitrid und den verschiedenen Methoden des heißisostatischen Pressens, werden diskutiert.Die Arbeit ist in 2 Teile unterteilt:Teil I: Einfluß des Gefüges auf die mechanischen, thermischen und thermomechanischen Eigenschaften von Siliciumnitrid.Teil II: Neue Herstellungsverfahren von Siliciumnitrid.In Teil I wird der Zusammenhang zwischen Gefüge und verschiedenen mechanischen, thermischen und thermomechanischen Eigenschaften von heißgepreßtem und reaktionsgesintertem Siliciumnitrid diskutiert, wie Bruchfestigkeit, Temperaturleitfähigkeit und Thermoschockverhalten. Aufbauend auf dieser Korrelation werden die heutigen Grenzen von Siliciumnitrid für eine breitere Anwendung sowie die Möglichkeiten für eine Optimierung dieser Materialgruppe dargelegt. Diese Diskussion zeigt sehr deutlich, daß es notwendig ist, einige wichtige Eigenschaften weiter zu verbessern und neue Herstellungsverfahren zu entwickeln. In Teil II der Arbeit werden die Entwicklungsrichtungen dieser neuen Herstellungsverfahren für Siliciumnitrid aufgezeigt. Es wird ein Überblick über die in jüngster Zeit erzielten Fortschritte bei der Anwendung dieser Verfahren gegeben. Als Beispiel für ein neues Herstellungsverfahren werden Ergebnisse vom heißisostatischen Pressen von reaktionsgesintertem Siliciumnitrid diskutiert.
    Notes: Based on the correlation of some essential microstructural parameters and various mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanical properties of hot-pressed and reaction-bonded silicon nitride, the demand for further improving the properties of silicon nitride and for developing a more economical fabrication of silicon nitride by applying new processing techniques is indicated. Aspects and problem areas of various new techniques, such as sintering of Si3N4-powder compacts and post-sintering of reaction-bonded silicon nitride as well as the various routes of hot-isostatic pressing, are discussed. The paper is divided into two parts:Part I: Microstructural effects on mechanical, thermal and thermomechanical properties of silicon nitride.Part II: New processing techniques of silicon nitride.In part I the relationship between microstructure and various mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanical properties of hot-pressed and reaction-bonded silicon nitride, such as fracture strength, thermal diffusivity and thermal shock resistance, is discussed. On the basis of this correlation today's limits of silicon nitride regarding a broader application, and the possibilities for optimizing this material group are outlined. This discussion demonstrates the necessity of further improving some important properties and of developing new processing techniques. In part II the development lines of these new techniques for silicon nitride processing are discussed and a survey is given of recent progresses in the use of those techniques. As an example of a new processing technique, results of hot-isostatic pressing of reaction-bonded silicon nitride are presented in more detail.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 37-41 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Long Term Creep Tests with HDPE Pipes under the Influence of Several FluidsThe results of long term creep tests with unwelded and welded HDPE pipes under the influence of several fluids are presented. It is shown that the resistance factors determined by the investigations of tubes are also valid for welded constructions, when the long term weld factors in DVS 2205, Blatt 1 are taken in consideration.
    Notes: Es werden die Ergebnisse von Zeitstandinnendruckversuchen an ungeschweißten und geschweißten Rohren aus HDPE im Kontakt mit einigen chemischen Medien vorgestellt. Dabei zeigt sich, daß die an ungeschweißten Rohren ermittelten Resistenzfaktoren auch für geschweißte Bauteile gelten, wenn man die in Merkblatt DVS 2205 Blatt 1 angegebenen Langzeitschweißfaktoren berücksichtigt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 41-44 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Weitere Überlegungen zur Entwicklung von Oberflächenfehlern bei stabilem WachstumAuf Grundlage einer früheren Arbeit [1] wird eine allgemeingültige Beziehung für die Entwicklung der Kontur von Oberflächenrissen angegeben. Für Zugbeanspruchung wird eine analytische Funktion hergeleitet, mit der auf einfache Weise Parameterstudien betrieben werden können. Für andere Lastfälle müssen dagegen weiterhin numerische Verfahren angewendet werden. Das Rißwachstumsverhalten von Oberflächenrissen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Based on results of a previous paper [1] a general formula for the development of the shape of surface cracks is presented. In case of tension an analytical solution is presented, which allows a very easy parameter study. For other loading conditions solutions can be obtained, using numerical calculations. The behaviour of surface crack growth development is discussed.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 57-57 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 72-72 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 85-90 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations Into the Corrosion of Three Steels and one Nickel Alloy in Mono- and Trichloroacetic AcidThe corrosion resistance of three steels and one nickel alloy was investigated in aqueous and nonaqueous monochloroacetic acid and in nonaqueous trichloroacetic acid at various temperatures.There is no difference in the corrosion behaviour of the steels whereas the resistance of the nickel alloy is better in all cases by a factor 10. In aqueous monochloroacetic acid the corrosion attack is due to the hydrolytic formation of hydrochloric acid. Nonaqueous monochloroacetic acid behaves more corrosive than nonaqueous trichloroacetic acid.
    Notes: Die Korrosion von drei Stählen und einer Nickellegierung wurde in wäßriger und wasserfreier Monochloressigsäure sowie wasserfreier Trichloressigsäure bei verschiedenen Temperaturen untersucht. In allen Korrosiosystemen verhalten sich die Stähle etwa gleich, die Nickellegierung wird etwa um den Faktor 10 geringer angegriffen.In wäßriger Monochloressigsäure wird die Korrosion durch hydrolytisch gebildete Salzsäure verursacht. In wasserfreiem Zustand ist Monochloressigsäure deutlich aggressiver als Trichloressigsäure.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 290-298 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983) 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A96 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 350-356 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 367-382 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Determination of Stress Intensity Factors from Isochromatics by means of a Multiparameter-Multipoint-MethodA multi-parameter-multiple-point method (VPVP-method) for determination of mode-1 stress intensity factors from isochromatic fringe patterns has been developed and tested in connection with practical examples. In particular the stress field behaviour in compact-tension specimens is thoroughly investigated where variable numbers of series coefficients in the stress field expansion and a variety of data-point combinations featuring remoted and close field influences has been utilized. Cracks approaching free specimen boundaries have been given special attention.
    Notes: Eine Vielparameter-Vielpunkt-Methode (VPVP-Methode) zur Bestimmung von mode-1 Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren von Rissen aus Isochromatenbildern wird entwickelt und an praktischen Beispielen geprüft. Ihre Anwendungsmöglichkeit auf Kompaktzugproben wird untersucht, wobei unterschiedliche Koeffizientenanzahlen und Datenpunktkombinationen zur Bestimmung von Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren aus verschiedenen randnahen und entfernten Isochromatenbildern um die Rißspitze in einer CT-Probe verwendet werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A120 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A60 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A89 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 322-324 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A103 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 336-341 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Simple Mechanical Models and Constitutive Equations with Regard to the Internal Damaging in Uniaxial Tension and CreepA modification of the Maxwell-Thomson equation for the standard solid of the linear theory of viscoelasticity is presented taking into account the internal damaging. The status of the modified constitutive equations are discussed in the frame of a more general theory. These equations describe the mechanical behaviour of materials in the tension test, for example beyond the yield stress, and in the creep test, for example with registration of all creep phases. The considerations presented in this paper can be generalized for all linear and nonlinear models or constitutive equations respectively.
    Notes: Die Maxwell-Thomson-Gleichung des Standardkörpers der linearen Viskoelastizitätstheorie wird durch formale Berücksichtigung der Werkstoffschädigung modifiziert. Die Stellung der damit gegebenen einfachen mechanischen Zustandsgleichungen im Rahmen allgemeiner Beziehungen wird erörtert. Die aufgestellten Gleichungen beschreiben das mechanische Verhalten der Werkstoffe im Zugversuch, z. B. von Polypropylen über den Streckspannungsbereich hinaus, und im Zeitstandversuch, z.B. mit Erfassung aller Kriechstadien. Die dargestellten Überlegungen lassen sich auf alle linearen und nichtlinearen Modelle bzw. Zustandsgleichungen übertragen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A112 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A66 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 253-257 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Gaslegieren mittels LaseraufheizungStähle lassen sich durch eine Laser-Wärmebehandlung härten. Eine Änderung der Oberflächenzusammensetzung bewirkt eine Erhöhung der Härtbarkeit. Indem die Laserbehandlung in einer geeigneten Atmosphäre durchgeführt wird, kann die Zusammensetzung während des Härtevorgangs simultan verändert werden. Dies wird an zwei Stählen in verschiedenen Atmosphären Argon, Luft, Stickstoff, CO2 und Acetylen gezeigt.
    Notes: Laser heat treatment can be used to harden steel. By changing the surface composition the hardenability can be increased. The surface composition can be changed most simply by carrying out the Laser treatment in an appropriate atmosphere. This is demonstrated by variously treating two steels in argon, air, nitrogen, CO2 and acetylene.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 264-271 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Theoretical Considerations on the Solidification Behaviour of Rapidly Quenched MeltsThe rapid heating, cooling and solidification processes on laser surface melting are calculated. The influence of the laser operating parameters e.g. beam energy density, melting speed and the resultant depth of melt on the solidification parameters cooling rate, solidification rate and temperature gradient is shown. By combining the cooling curves and TTT (CT) curves an attempt can be made to predict the resulting grain size. The use of the programmes is demonstrated for other quenching methods e.g. melt spinning, powder atomizing.
    Notes: In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die beim Laserumschmelzen ablaufenden schnellen Aufheiz-, Abkühl- und Erstarrungsvorgänge berechnet. Es wird gezeigt, welchen Einfluß die Laserparameter Leistungsdichte, Vorschubgeschwindigkeit und Einschmelztiefe auf die für die Erstarrung relevanten Größen Abschreckgeschwindigkeit, Erstarrungsgeschwindigkeit und Temperaturgradient haben. Durch Kombination der Abkühlkurven mit TTT-Kurven (CT-Kurven) wird versucht, die entstehende mittlere Korngröße vorherzusagen. Beispielhaft wird die Übertragbarkeit der verwendeten Rechenprogramme auf andere Abschreckmethoden (Melt-Spinning, Powder-Atomizing) gezeigt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 278-283 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: ARALL (Aramid Fibre Reinforced Aluminum Laminate)-A New Fatigue Resistant Hybrid CompositeHigh fuel expenses and the tendency to build larger aircrafts are two main factors forcing the aircraft engineers to develop structures which allow for higher design stress levels. Higher design stress levels require an increasing concern with the fatigue behavior of the structure. One way to solve the problem is to develop new high strength fatigue resistant materials. In this paper a material of this type is presented: ARALL, an aramid fibre reinforced aluminum laminate. This hybrid material consists of thin sheets of a high strength aluminum alloy which are bonded together. Into the bond-line thin layers of aramid fibres are embedded.As soon as fatigue cracks are initiated in the metallic part of the hybrid composite material during the fatigue loading, the strong and fatigue insensitive aramid fibres remain unbroken behind the propagating crack. They hinder the crack opening and reduce the stress intensity factor at the crack tip in the metal part of the hybrid composite. This mechanism leads to a significant reduction of the crack growth and can be enhanced by introducing favourable residual stresses into the hyb- rid material. For an optimized ARALL material an aluminum sheet thickness of about 0.5 mm and an aramid layer thickness of about 0.25 mm (with a fibre volume content of about 40-50%) are chosen.ARALL decreases the crack growth rates by orders of magnitude, as compared to monolithic aluminum sheets, and is an extremely damage tolerant material.
    Notes: Hohe Kraftstoffkosten und die Tendenz zu größeren Flugzeugen sind zwei Faktoren, die die Luftfahrtzeug-Konstrukteure zwingen, immer höhere Entwurfspannungen zu wählen. Für die verwendeten Konstruktionswerkstoffe bedeutet dies, daß ihr Ermüdungsverhalten immer wichtiger wird. Dieses Problem kann durch die Entwicklung neuer ermüdungsunempfindlicher hochfester Leichtbauwerkstoffe gelöst werden. In diesem Bericht wird ein neuer Werkstoff vorgestellt, der diesen Forderungen entgegenkommt. Es handelt sich um den aramidfaserverstärkten Aluminiumschicht-Verbundwerkstoff ARALL. Der Hybridverbundwerkstoff besteht aus dünnen, unplattierten Aluminiumblechen einer hochfesten Aluminiumlegierung, die mit einem Metallkleber verbunden sind. In den Kleber sind hochfeste Aramidfasern eingebracht. Treten im Laufe der Lebensdauer eines solchen Werkstoffs Ermüdungsrisse im metallischen Teil des Hybridverbundes auf, so bleiben die hochfesten ermüdungsunempfindlichen Aramidfasern weiterhin intakt und behindern die Rißfortschrittsgeschwindigkeit erheblich herabgesetzt. Diese Rißfortschrittsverzögerung kann noch dadurch erheblich gesteigert werden, daß günstige Eigenspannungen in das Laminat eingebracht werden. Als optimal kann ein Aufbau des ARALL-Werkstoffs angesehen werden, wenn die Aluminiumblechstärke etwa 0,5 mm und die Dicke der aramidfaserverstärkten Schicht etwa 0,25 mm (bei einem Faservolumenanteil von 40-50%) betragen.In bereits durchgeführten Schwingfestigkeitsversuchen wurden bei ARALL Reduktionen in der Rißfortschrittsgeschwindigkeit im Vergleich zu konventionellen Aluminiumlegierungen bis zu einem Faktor von 1000 beobachtet.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 305-310 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Evaluation of Computer-Controlled Hot Plane Strain Compression Tests for Investigation of Material BehaviourDuring the test the data of specimen temperature, deformation load and ram displacement are collected and stored. The flow curves evaluated predict actual mill loads and can be used to measure softening processes. The differentiation of the cooling curve of the deformed specimen provides information about transformation kinetics. A rather large specimen enables a comprehensive material testing of the simulated processing with the aim of the optimization of thermomechanical treatment.
    Notes: Während des Versuchsablaufs werden kontinuierlich die Probentemperatur, die Stauchkraft und der Werkzeugweg digital erfaßt und weiter ausgewertet. Die Ermittlung von Fließkurven ermöglicht Aussagen über die Umformkräfte und das Entfestigungsverhalten des Werkstoffs. Die differenzierten Abkühlkurven der gestauchten Probe liefern Informationen über den Umwandlungsablauf im Gefüge. Die Größe der Flachstauchprobe erlaubt eine umfassende Werkstoffprüfung nach der Simulation und damit eine Optimierung thermomechanischer Behandlungsverfahren.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A100 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A102 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Fracture Mechanics Investigations on Cast AluminiumAluminium castings cannot be massproduced economically without casting pores or similar flaws.These flaws must, however, be avoided, at least in the highly stressed regions of cast safety components of automobiles by changes in design or casting procedure. In other regions flaws up to a certain size can be tolerated if it can be shown by calculation and experiment that cracks either will not propagate from these flaws or at least will not reach critical size during the life of the component.Cast aluminium wheels are an example of such a component. Their allowable flaw sizes were determined in the following way: -The stresses occuring in service wer measured in 17 locations in a test rig in the laboratory and on a race track.-The crack propagation characteristics and the ΔKth-values of the cast aluminium material were determined.-Crack propagation was calculated under the stresses measured in service; based on these measured stresses and the fracture mechanics characteristics, locations were selected in the cast aluminium wheel where no flaws can be allowed; in other locations with lower stresses the allowable flaw sizes were calculated with a large safety factor.
    Notes: Bei gegossenen Aluminium-Bauteilen des Kraftfahrzeugbaues, z. B. bei Rädern, sind Lunker, Poren usw. nicht sicher vermeidbar. Sie können toleriert werden, wenn experimentell und rechnerisch nachgewiesen wird, daß sie mit genügender Sicherheit während der vorgesehenen Betriebszeit nicht zu Schäden führen.Unter der auf der sicheren Seite liegenden Annahme, daß sich ein Lunker gegenüber statischen und schwingenden Beanspruchungen wie ein Ermüdungsriß verhält, kann man mit Hilfe der linear-elastischen Bruchmechanik die Festigkeit des betreffenden Bauteils mit Lunkern gegenüber statischen und schwingenden Beanspruchungen berechnen. Daher wurde in zwei Schritten ein auf der linear-elastischen Bruchmechanik beruhendes Versuchsprogramm durchgeführt, um festzustellen, ob, an welchen Stellen, und bis zu welcher Größe Lunker in gegossenen Pkw-Aluminium-Rädern toleriert werden können. Hierfür wurde u.a. ein neues Verfahren zur Bestimmung der „bruchmechanischen Dauerfestigkeit“ verwendet.Wie gezeigt wird, schreiten Risse von zulässigen Lunkern unter Betriebsbeanspruchungen entweder überhaupt nicht for oder werden nur wenig länger.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 342-350 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Tribological Behaviour of Filled Polymers and CompositesThe friction and wear behaviour of polymer-steel sliding couples may be changed considerably by using filled polymers. In course of an extensive research work the effect of additions of glass fibers, graphite and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTEF) to polymers for higher temperatures was tested. Additionally the tribological behaviour of PTFE-lead-composite in DU-bearing material was examined. The results show that friction and wear may be reduced by fillers depending on the operating variables. The results can be interpreted by means of the observed tribophysical surface and contact processes.
    Notes: Das Reibungs- und Verschleißverhalten von Kunststoff-Stahl-Gleitpaarungen kann durch Verwendung von Kunststoffen mit Zusatzstoffen erheblich verändert werden. Im Rahmen einer umfangreichen Forschungsarbeit wurde untersucht, wie sich der Zusatz von Glasfasern, Graphit und Polytetrafluoräthylen (PTFE) in hochwärmebeständigen Kunststoffen auswirkt. Zusätzlich wurde das tribologische Verhalten einer PTFE-Blei-Komponente in einem DU-Lagerwerkstoff untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß sich in Abhängigkeit von den Beanspruchungsbedingungen Reibung und Verschleiß durch Zusatzstoffe verringern lassen. Eine Erklärung ist anhand der beobachteten tribophysikalischen Grenzflächen- und Kontaktvorgänge möglich.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A105 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 365-367 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Stabile Geometrie von Oberflächenrissen bei Rißwachstum durch ErmüdungDie sich bei einer Ermüdungsbeanspruchung einstellende Rißgeometrie unter überlagerter Zug- und Biegebeanspruchung wird mit verschiedenen Annahmen berechnet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen im Vergleich zu den in [1] publizierten Resultaten geringe Unterschiede.
    Notes: Final crack aspect ratios are calculated for alternating combined tension and bending loading using different assumptions. The results are compared with those published in [1] showing small differences.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A4 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 24-31 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Effects of Aging in Inert Gas at 800 to 1000 °C on the Mechanical Properties of X 10 NiCrAlTi32 20 Type AlloysSpecimens of three casts of a X 10 NiCrAlTi32 20 type alloy with different carbon contents (0,04, 0,08 and 0,33 wt%) were annealed at 800, 900 and 1000°C between 6 and 900 h. Tensile- and notched bar impact-tests were performed at room temperature to characterize the changes of mechanical properties due to the heat treatments. The structural changes were recorded by optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The formation of fine dispersed M23C6-precipitates leads to hardening effects, which are lost by coarsening with longer annealing time or higher temperatures, where an embrittlement occurs. Only the low carbon version exhibits a dominant precipitation of Ti(C, N), especially at 1000°C, which maintains its ductility.
    Notes: Versuchsdurchführung unter Argonatmosphäre bei 800, 900 und 1000 °C - mechanische Kennwerte bei Raumtemperatur in Abhängigkeit von Prüftemperatur und Auslagerzeit - licht- und elektronenoptische Untersuchung des Mikrogefüges - Zuordnung mechanischer Kennwerte und Mikrogefüge.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 35-35 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A18 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A12 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A20 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 70-71 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A24 
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 91-97 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Constitutive Equations for Inelastic Analysis with Reference to the Austenitic Stainless Steel X 6 CrNi 18 11 (Type 304 ss)The design analysis of high temperature components requires stress-strain relations for structural materials under consideration. These are to be based on quantitative descriptions of the mechanical behaviour under the conditions of operation.Average stress-strain relations for the time-independent and time-dependent material behavior are derived for a representative product form of the stainless steel X 6 CrNi 18 11 by means of the actual data from a set of tensile and creep experiments.The actual data at temperatures of 20°C and 550°C are compared with the derived average constitutive relations. The results are discussed and compared with literature data for the corresponding American steel AISI 304 ss and the Japanese steel SUS 304, resp.
    Notes: Zum Festigkeitsnachweis von im Hochtemperaturbereich betriebenen Komponenten werden für hochbeanspruchte Konstruktionsbereiche inelastische Spannungs-Dehnungsanalysen auf der Grundlage quantitativer Beschreibungen des Werkstoffverhaltens benötigt.Anhand einer realen Meßdatengesamtheit aus Zug- und Kriechversuchen werden für eine repräsentative Halbzeugform des Stahles X 6 CrNi 18 11 die mittleren Spannungs-Dehnungs-Beziehungen für das zeitunabhängige und zeitabhängige Materialverhalten abgeleitet. Bei Temperaturen von 20°C und 550°C werden die Meßdaten einer typischen Materiallieferung den abgeleiteten mittleren werkstoffmechanischen Beziehungen vergleichend gegenübergestellt. Das Ergebnis wird diskutiert und mit Literaturwerten für den artgleichen amerikanischen Stahl AISI 304 ss sowie den entsprechenden japanischen Stahl SUS 304 verglichen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 98-105 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Characterisation of Adherence of Precious Alloy to Dental CeramicLaminated metal-ceramic composites were produced from two Aubase alloys and two ceramic powders. For part of the specimen an extra Aurich layer was brought into the metal-ceramic interface. Microscopic investigations showed enrichment of non precious alloying elements in the metallic region adjacent to the interface and a sheet of enhanced porosity (about 5-15%) in the ceramic region adjacent to the interface. After producing a Chevron notch in the interface the composite specimens were fractured in a controlled mode in four point bending. As the crack was at least partly running along the ceramic zone of enhanced porosity near the interface, the average crack resistance R̄ of the interface could be determined. In specimens without an extra Au-rich layer R̄ was between 3 and 12 J/m2 and thus less than the R̄-value of the ceramic (R̄ 12 J/m2). The relatively large scatter is supposed to be mainly due to internal stresses. Specimens containing an extra Au-rich layer showed high R̄-values (up to 36 J/m2) due to good interlocking of metal and ceramic.
    Notes: Aus zwei Edelmetall-Aufbrennlegierungen und zwei keramischen Massen der Dentaltechnik wurden Metall-Keramik-Schichtverbundproben hergestellt, wobei bei einem Teil der Proben zusätzlich eine goldreiche Schicht zwischen die Verbundpartner eingebracht wurde. Die mikroskopische Untersuchung zeigte, daß sich metallseitig an der Grenzfläche unedle Legierungsbestandteile angereichert hatten und keramikseitig eine flächenhafte Zone erhöhter Porosität (etwa 5-15%) gebildet wurde. Die in der Grenzfläche mit einem Spitzkerb versehenen Proben wurden im Vierpunktbiegeversuch bei Raumtemperatur kontrolliert gebrochen. Der Riß verlief zumindest teilweise in der grenzflächennahen, porösen Zone der Keramik, so daß der mittlere Rißwiderstand R̄ der Grenzfläche bestimmt werden konnte. Für Proben ohne goldreiche Zwischenschicht lag R̄ zwischen 3 und 12 J/m2 und damit in der Regel niedriger als in der Keramik (etwa 12 J/m2). Die relativ große Streuung wird vorwiegend auf herstellungsbedingte innere Spannungen zurückgeführt. Für die hohen R̄-Werte der Proben mit goldreicher Zwischenschicht (bis 36 J/m2) wird die gute Verzahnung zwischen Metall und Keramik als ursächlich angesehen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 115-119 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper, the results of several years of research work by the authors on the microstructure of In-Situ composites are reviewed. Alloy systems investigated are the fibrous Al—Ni and cobalt-base superalloy Co—Cr—C, and the lamellar Al—Cu and Co—W. The effect of solidification variables and off-eutectic compositions on the micro-structure of Al—Ni Co—W and Al—Cu systems was studied. The influence of heat flow direction on the microstructure of Al—Ni was examined. Post solidification isothermal annealing was performed for Al—Cu and Co—Cr—C alloy and thermal cycling regimes were imposed on the Co—Cr—C alloy and the microstructure variations were examined. Computer simulation of directional, solidification to study the heat flow pattern in the metal and mould was also performed. It was found that low growth rates, high temperature gradients, eutectic composition and pure materials favor a planar solidification front and an aligned structure. Increasing the growth rate resulted in finer structures. The thermal stability of In-Situ composites was found to be reasonably good due to the strong interfacial bond between matrix and reinforcement in this class of composites.
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  • 90
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A53 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 91
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 164-170 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Characterization of Aluminium Oxide LayersAdhesive bonding aluminium sheets is a manufacturing process which is very relevant in aircraft construction. In order to produce bonds featuring adequate strength and long-term stability, an aluminium oxide layer having certain properties must be generated on the sheet surface during pretreatment.The properties of aluminium oxide layers which are required and adequate in the light of current findings are delineated in this paper and the analytics prepared for the purpose of checking these properties are presented.Al2O3 layers produced by means of pickling and chromic acid and phosphoric acid anodic oxidation can be characterized adequately by means of the following: chemical composition (impurity)layer thicknessstructuremorphologyThe following methods of physical analysis are employed in order to determine these properties: Surface analysis (AES, ESCA, SIMS) in conjunction with ion etching for the obtention of depth profiles.Electron diffraction in reflection and transmission as well as X-ray diffraction.High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (resolution 30 Å).Transmission electron microscopy.Further more, the methods of investigation which in our opinion are necessary and adequate for checking in the practice the proper pretreatment of aluminium sheets for subsequent bonding are also presented.
    Notes: Das Verkleben von Aluminiumblechen ist im Flugzeugbau ein wichtiges Fertigungsverfahren. Um Klebeverbindungen ausreichender Festigkeit und Langzeitbeständigkeit herzustellen, muß bei der Vorbehandlung der Bleche auf der Blechoberfläche eine Aluminiumoxidschicht erzeugt werden, die bestimmte Eigenschaften aufweist.In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die nach dem heutigen Erkenntnisstand notwendigen und hinreichenden Eigenschaften von Aluminiumoxidschichten aufgezeigt und die zur Überprüfung dieser Eigenschaften erarbeitete Analytik vorgestellt.Al2O3-Schichten, die durch Pickling-Beizen, Chromsäure- und Phosphorsäureanodisieren erzeugt werden, können durch die Chemische Zusammensetzung (Verunreinigung)SchichtdickeStrukturMorphologie hinreichend charakterisiert werden. Zur Ermittlung dieser Eigenschaften werden folgende Methoden der physikalischen Analytik eingesetzt: Oberflächenanalyse (AES, ESCA, SIMS) in Verbindung mit Ionenätzen zur Erstellung von Tiefenprofilen.Elektronenbeugung in Reflexion und Durchstrahlung sowie Röntgenbeugung.Hochauflösungsrasterelektronenmikroskopie (Auflösung ∼ 30 Å)Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie.Des weiteren werden die, unseres Erachtens für die Praxis notwendigen und hinreichenden. Untersuchungsmethoden für die Überprüfung der ordnungsgemäßen Vorbehandlung von Aluminiumblechen für das anschließende Verkleben angegeben.
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  • 92
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A55 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 93
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. A58 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Testing the Plastic Behaviour of Metallic Materials by Torsion TestsThe torsion test on cylindrical bars (bulk material) and the plane torsion test on thin sheet which has been developed recently are described and discussed with respect to their communities and their differences.In the torsion test on cylindrical bars the experimental data are conventionally used for calculating shear stress and shear strain for the specimen surface. However, the material properties are strongly distorted at the surface; therefore it is recommended to calculate shear stress and shear strain for a „critical radius“ for which shear stress is only weakly depend on the properties of the estimated shape of flow curve. It is shwon that for this critical radius, stress and strain are almost independent of the notch effect caused by the shape of specimen.For the plane torsion test on thin sheet a “critical radius” is defined by the condition that shear strain is only weakly dependent on the properties of the estimated shape of flow curve.The calculation of stress and strain for the “critical radius” seems to result in a loss of information. However, the flow curve obtained this way is more reliable than that one obtained by the conventional method.
    Notes: Der Torsionsversuch an Rundstäben (massives Probenmaterial) und der neuartige ebene Torsionsversuch an dünnen Blechen werden beschrieben und im Hinblick auf Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede diskutiert.Beim Torsionsversuch an Rundstäben werden aus den Meßdaten herkömmlicherweise Schubspannung und Schiebung für die Außenfaser (Mantelfläche) der Probe berechnet. Dies ist aber physikalisch nicht sinnvoll, da die Außenfaser ein Ort gestörten Zustandes (Grenzschicht) ist. Deshalb wird die Versuchsauswertung für einen „kritischen Radialabstand“ empfohlen, für den die Schubspannung möglichst wenig abhängt von den Eigenschaften einer geschätzten Näherungslösung für die Fließkurve. Es wird gezeigt, daß für diesen Radialabstand Schiebung und Schubspannung auch nahezu unabhängig sind von durch die Probengestalt bedingten Kerbeinflüssen.Für den ebenen Torsionsversuch an dünnen Blechen wird ein „kritischer Radialabstand“ definiert durch die Forderung, daß die Schiebung möglichst wenig abhängt von den Eigenschaften einer geschätzten Näherungslösung für die Fließkurve.Die Versuchsauswertung für den „kritischen Radialabstand“ führt bei beiden Versuchen zu einem scheinbaren Informationsverlust; sie liefert jedoch zuverlässigere Ergebnisse als die herkömmliche Vorgehensweise.
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  • 95
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 220-220 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 96
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 97
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 221-228 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Entwicklung der Anwendung von CO2-Lasern in der MaterialbearbeitungDie Anwendungen des CO2-Lasers in der Werkstoffkunde werden gezeigt. Beispiele aus den Gebieten des Laserschneidens, -schweißens und der Oberflächenbehandlung mit und ohne Oberflächenschmelzen bzw -legieren werden diskutiert.
    Notes: The applications of CO2-lasers in Materials Technology are presented Examples in the areas of laser cutting, laser welding, surface heat treatment with and without melting and alloying are discussed.
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  • 98
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 244-252 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of the Process Parameters on Quenching Rates in Laser Melting of Ledeburitic SteelsOn quenching, surface melted ledeburitic steels solidify dendritically. The secondary arm separation can be used to estimate the cooling rate and hence enables the effect of the operating conditions on the cooling rate to be assessed. In general, the residual melt solidifies as an eutectic or as chromium carbide or a mixture of chromium carbide and iron. The resultant carbide net and the resultant grain refinement change the hardness of the surface. The hardness can be controlled by varying the quenching rate in surface melting and if necessary a subsequent heat treatment.
    Notes: Beim Umschmelzen der Oberfläche ledeburitischer Stähle erstarren diese Stähle in dendritischer Form. Aus dem sekundären Dendritenarmabstand läßt sich die Abschreckgeschwindigkeit ermitteln. Dies bietet die Möglichkeit den Einfluß der Versuchsparameter auf die Abschreckgeschwindigkeit nach dem Umschmelzen zu untersuchen. Im allgemeinen beobachtet man ein eutektisches oder monolitisches Erstarren der Restschmelze in Form von Chromkarbid bzw. Chromkarbid und Eisen. Das so entstandene Karbidnetz und die durch das Karbidnetz aufgetretene Kornfeinung verändern die Härte der umgeschmolzenen Oberfläche. Damit kann über die unterschiedliche Abschreckgeschwindigkeit die Härte nach dem Umschmelzen und einer gegebenenfalls durchzuführenden Wärmebehandlung bereits durch die Versuchsparameter festgelegt werden.
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  • 99
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983), S. 272-277 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Advanced Simulation Technique of Hot DeformationFor simulation of modern hot working processes plane strain compression tests on a computer-controlled hot deformation simulator (WUMSI) are applied. The merits of this method and the latest developments of the experimental technique are described.
    Notes: Die Simulation moderner Warmumformverfahren erfolgt im Flachstauchversuch an einem rechnergesteuerten Warmumformsimulator (WUMSI). Die Vorteile der Methode und die Verbesserungen im Versuchsaufbau und -ablauf, die kürzlich durchgeführt wurden, werden beschrieben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 14 (1983) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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