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  • BIOSCIENCES  (307)
  • AERODYNAMICS
  • 1970-1974  (564)
  • 1973  (564)
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Keywords
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  • 1970-1974  (564)
Year
  • 1
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    Auditory system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The physical correlations of hearing, i.e. the acoustic stimuli, are reported. The auditory system, consisting of external ear, middle ear, inner ear, organ of Corti, basilar membrane, hair cells, inner hair cells, outer hair cells, innervation of hair cells, and transducer mechanisms, is discussed. Both conductive and sensorineural hearing losses are also examined.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 667-691
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  • 2
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    Toxicology (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Oxygen toxicity is examined, including the effects of oxygen partial pressure variations on toxicity and oxygen effects on ozone and nitrogen dioxide toxicity. Toxicity of fuels and oxidizers, such as hydrazines, are reported. Carbon monoxide, spacecraft threshold limit values, emergency exposure limits, spacecraft contaminants, and water quality standards for space missions are briefly summarized.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 455-487
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  • 3
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    The vestibular system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The end organs, central nervous system connections, and static and dynamic characteristics of the vestibular system are presented. Vestibular servation in man and vestibular side effect prevention from space missions involving artificial gravity generation are also considered. Vestibular models and design criteria for rotating space vehicles are appended.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 533-609
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  • 4
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    Vision (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Some data on human vision, important in present and projected space activities, are presented. Visual environment and performance and structure of the visual system are also considered. Visual perception during stress is included.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 611-665
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  • 5
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    Respiratory system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The general anatomy and function of the human respiratory system is summarized. Breathing movements, control of breathing, lung volumes and capacities, mechanical relations, and factors relevant to respiratory support and equipment design are discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 489-531
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  • 6
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    Subjective and nystagmus reactions considered in relation to models of vestibular function (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Modelling will become increasingly important as more knowledge is accumulated, because it offers advantages in predicting reactions of individuals in a variety of situations, including novel aerospace environments, and in specifying a few parameters which should have considerable clinical significance. However, the need for continuing experimental crosschecks of these models has been illustrated by several sets of results which would not have been predicted by any existing models.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 211-219
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  • 7
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    Artifacts produced during electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve in cats (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Evidence is presented to indicate that evoked potentials in the recurrent laryngeal, the cervical sympathetic, and the phrenic nerve, commonly reported as being elicited by vestibular nerve stimulation, may be due to stimulation of structures other than the vestibular nerve. Experiments carried out in decerebrated cats indicated that stimulation of the petrous bone and not that of the vestibular nerve is responsible for the genesis of evoked potentials in the recurrent laryngeal and the cervical sympathetic nerves. The phrenic response to electrical stimulation applied through bipolar straight electrodes appears to be the result of stimulation of the facial nerve in the facial canal by current spread along the petrous bone, since stimulation of the suspended facial nerve evoked potentials only in the phrenic nerve and not in the recurrent laryngeal nerve. These findings indicate that autonomic components of motion sickness represent the secondary reactions and not the primary responses to vestibular stimulation.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 115-123
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  • 8
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    Perception of the upright and susceptibility to motion sickness as functions of angle of tilt and angular velocity in off-vertical rotation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Motion sickness susceptibility of four normal subjects was measured in terms of duration of exposure necessary to evoke moderate malaise (MIIA) as a function of velocity in a chair rotated about a central axis tilted 10 deg with respect to gravitational upright. The subjects had little or no susceptibility to this type of rotation at 2.5 and 5.0 rpm, but with further increases in rate, the MIIA endpoint was always reached and with ever shorter test durations. Minimal provocative periods for all subjects were found at 15 or 20 rpm. Higher rotational rates dramatically reversed the vestibular stressor effect, and the subjects as a group tended to reach a plateau of relatively low susceptibility at 40 and 45 rpm. At these higher velocities, furthermore, the subjects essentially lost their sensation of being tilted off vertical. In the second half of the study, the effect of tilt angle was varied while the rotation rate was maintained at a constant 17.5 rpm. Two subjects were completely resistant to symptoms of motion sickness when rotated at 2.5 deg off vertical; with greater off-vertical angles, the susceptibility of all subjects increased sharply at first, then tapered off in a manner reflecting a Fechnerian function.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 99-103
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  • 9
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    Crew microbiology (DTO 71-19) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: States of microbial imbalance as a result of human altitude chamber confinement occurred, for the most part, only in those genera and species of bacteria, yeast, and fungi which are classified as transients and are not part of the true indigenous flora of the crewmembers. Inasmuch as no crew illness events occurred and only subtle changes in the indigenous flora were noted, it appears that confinement of 56-days in a Skylab simulated environment does not mediate toward shifts in bacterial populations which have obvious clinical significance.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 12 p
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  • 10
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    Use of Lorente de No's neuron circuit model for describing acceleratory nystagmus (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Results of a previous metric analysis and an electronic simulation of acceleratory nystagmus are given. On this basis, a tentative mathematical model for describing acceleratory nystagmus is reported. The essential content of the model is Lorente de No's neuron circuit, to which the two-factor theory of excitation has been applied.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 263-272
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  • 11
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    Systems analysis of the vestibulo-ocular system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The vestibulo-ocular system is examined from the standpoint of system theory. The evolution of a mathematical model of the vestibulo-ocular system in an attempt to match more and more experimental data is followed step by step. The final model explains many characteristics of the eye movement in vestibularly induced nystagmus. The analysis of the dynamic behavior of the model at the different stages of its development is illustrated in time domain, mainly in a qualitative way.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 237-249
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  • 12
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    Use of Steinhausen's model for describing periodic Coriolis star nystagmus (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Phase lag, maximal slow phase velocity, and beat frequency were measured in periodic Coriolis star nystagmus. The results have been described by Steinhausen's model of the semicircular canal system. Estimates of the biophysical constants have been obtained. It is concluded that this model is a good functional approximation for describing, and also for interpreting, the behavior of the system.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 251-262
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  • 13
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    On visual-vestibular interaction (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Experimental evidence is presented regarding visual vestibular interaction, and the results of three studies on the subject are briefly noted. An attempt to put together some of these observations with elementary notions of a visual vestibular interaction program is shown in the form of a flow chart representation of a possible model. This is a nonlinear model in which visual and vestibular influences are linearly weighted when they are in relative agreement but switch to the more believable one when they are in disagreement. A solution to the human space orientation problem is depicted by a schema for optimal subjective orientation based on several sensory modalities.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 205-210
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  • 14
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    Responses to rotating linear acceleration vectors considered in relation to a model of the otolith organs (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Human subjects were exposed to a linear acceleration vector that rotated in the transverse plane of the skull without angular counterrotation. Lateral eye movements showed a sinusoidal change in slow phase velocity and an asymmetry or bias in the same direction as vector rotation. A model is developed that attributes the oculomotor response to otolithic mechanisms. It is suggested that the bias component is the manifestation of torsion of the statoconial plaque relative to the base of the utricular macula and that the sinusoidal component represents the translational oscillation of the statoconia. The model subsumes a hypothetical neural mechanism which allows x- and y-axis accelerations to be resolved. Derivation of equations of motion for the statoconial plaque in torsion and translation, which take into account forces acting in shear and normal to the macula, yield estimates of bias and sinusoidal components that are in qualitative agreement with the diverse experimental findings.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 221-236
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  • 15
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    Otolithic influences on extraocular and intraocular muscles (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Selective stimulation of utricular gravireceptors leads to gross activation of the bulbar reticular formation where a strong interaction with evoked spino-bulbo-spinal reflex activity occurs. The utricular neurons encountered by microelectrodes in the lateral vestibular nuclei show four types of elicited activity; two of these display an increased firing rate, and two exhibit pronounced inhibitory effects. Application of a stimulus of long duration and constant intensity to the utricle has shown that rapid adaptation of the peripheral receptors is a prominent feature. The effects of selective utricular stimulation upon eye movements, as recorded by the corneoretinal potential method, have been studied in experiments on cats and monkeys and it can be firmly stated that prolonged stimulation of the utricle can evoke strong primary nystagmus, followed by a secondary nystagmus at the cessation of stimulation. The action of utricular stimulation on ocular reflexes has been examined further, with particular attention to evoked pupillary reactions in both cats and monkeys: constriction during the fast phase of the brisk conjugate eye movement, and dilatation during the flow phase.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 195-201
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  • 16
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    Habituation of vestibular responses: An overview (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: An historical survey of vestibular habituation experiments has been undertaken. Methodological problems are presented briefly, and the influence of arousal on vestibular responses is detailed. Data obtained from animals and from man are treated separately. At least for man, the term habituation may be better defined by a dynamic change in the form of vestibular responses than by a simple response reduction.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 157-193
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  • 17
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    Scanning electron microscopy of the vestibular end organs (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The vestibular end organs, after chemical fixation, were freeze dried, coated with gold and palladium, and studied in the scanning microscope. Scanning microscopy gives a good three dimensional view of the sensory areas and allows study of both gross anatomy and microstructures. Cross anatomical features of the structure of the ampullae are demonstrated. The form of the statoconia in different species of animals is shown. New aspects of the structure of the sensory hairs are revealed. The hair bundles in the central areas of the cristae and in the striola of the maculae differ structurally from the hair bundles at the periphery of the sensory regions. Furthermore, some hair bundles consisting of very short stereocilia were observed. The relationship between the cupula and the statoconial membrane to the epithelial surface is discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 145-156
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  • 18
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    Anti-motion-sickness therapy (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Neither alterations in environmental temperature nor moderate intake of alcohol was found to alter susceptibility to motion sickness in subjects exposed to rotation in the Pensacola slow rotation room. Scopolamine with d-amphetamine was found to be the most effective preparation for the prevention of motion sickness under the experimental conditions of the studies reported here. Promethazine in combination with d-amphetamine was in the same range of effectiveness. Drug actions suggest that acetylcholine and norepinephrine may be involved in motion sickness.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washinton Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 109-114
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  • 19
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    Preliminary lift and drag characteristics of the F-8 supercritical wing airplane (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: its Supercritical Wing Technol.: A Report on Flight Evaluation; p 59-70
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  • 20
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    The ferrioxalate actinometry system of the microbial response to space environment experiment (M191) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The fluid actinometry portion of the Microbial Response to Space Environment Experiment (M191) was designed for measurement of the solar energy that penetrates certain optical filter systems during exposure in space. Potassium ferrioxalate was used to measure energy at peak wavelengths of 254, 280, and 300 nanometers because of its high degree of sensitivity and its linear response to the middle ultraviolet regions.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 169-178
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  • 21
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    Effects of space environment on T-7 bacteriophage and spores of Bacillus subtilis 168 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Two strains of Bacillus subtilis were exposed to components of the ultraviolet spectrum in space. Both strains possess multiple genetic markers, and one of the strains is defective in the ability to repair ultraviolet damage. The T-7 bacteriophage of Escherichia coli was also exposed to selected wavelengths and energy levels of ultraviolet light in space. Preliminary findings do not reveal anomalies in survival rates. Data are not yet available on detailed genetic analyses.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 65-85
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  • 22
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    Background and general design of the microbial response to space environment experiment (M191) system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Nine different species of organisms were exposed to space flight conditions during the Apollo 16 mission. Each test system was selected because it provided a quantitative method of evaluating some medically important phenomenon. The experiment design and each of the test systems are discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 3-19
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  • 23
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    Infectivity and egg production of Nematospiroides dubius as affected by space flight and ultraviolet irradiation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Nematospiroides dubius was tested to determine the infective potential of the third stage larvae and the egg-production and egg-viability rates of the resulting adults after they are exposed to space flight and solar ultraviolet irradiation. The results are indicative that space-flown larvae exposed to solar ultraviolet irradiation were rendered noninfective in C57 mice, whereas flight control larvae that received no solar ultraviolet irradiation matured at the same rate as the ground control larvae. However, depressed egg viability was evident in the flight control larvae.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 51-64
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  • 24
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    The high energy multicharged particle exposure of the microbial ecology evaluation device on board the Apollo 16 spacecraft (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The high energy multicharged cosmic-ray-particle exposure of the Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device package on board the Apollo 16 spacecraft was monitored using cellulose nitrate, Lexan polycarbonate, nuclear emulsion, and silver chloride crystal nuclear-track detectors. The results of the analysis of these detectors include the measured particle fluences, the linear energy transfer spectra, and the integral atomic number spectrum of stopping particle density. The linear energy transfer spectrum is used to compute the fractional cell loss in human kidney (T1) cells caused by heavy particles. Because the Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device was better shielded, the high-energy multicharged particle exposure was less than that measured on the crew passive dosimeters.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 179-189
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  • 25
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    Thermoluminescent dosimetry for the Apollo 16 microbial response to space environment experiment (M191) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Lithium fluoride thermoluminescent chips were used to provide an integrated dose from the broad spectrum of ionizing radiation to the Microbial Response to Space Environment Experiment (M191). The chips were positioned in the flight hardware to provide data on ionizing radiation within specific volume segments. A uniform radiation dose of 4.8 x 0.001 plus or minus 2 x 0.0001 joule/kg resulted.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 191-197
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  • 26
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    Effect of solar irradiation on extracellular enzymes of Aeromonas proteolytica (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: The bacterium Aeromonas proteolytica was selected for studying the effects of solar irradiation on extracellular enzymes because it produces an endopeptidase that is capable of degrading proteins and a hemolysin that is active in lysing human erythrocytes. Possible alterations in the rate of enzyme production in response to the test conditions are currently underway and are not available for this preliminary report. Completed viability studies are indicative that little difference exists among the survival curves derived for cells exposed to various components of ultraviolet irradiation in space.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 137-151
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  • 27
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    Postflight analyses of Bacillus thuringiensis organisms exposed to space flight conditions (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Cultures of B. thuringiensis returned from space flight appeared to be normal to slightly affected adversely in their ability to produce three toxins that affect insects. In addition, it can be stated that B. thuringiensis spores are very resistant to ultraviolet irradiation at the individual wavelengths and energy levels previously described. Full sunlight, however, does have a detrimental effect on the viability of B. thuringiensis spores.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 105-120
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  • 28
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    Mycological studies housed in the Apollo 16 microbial ecology evaluation device (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Survival, death, and phenotype count have yielded variation in the number of fungi recovered from the controls and the flight exposed cuvettes during preliminary analysis of postflight first phase data. Also the preliminary analysis was indicative that fungi exposed to specific space flight conditions demonstrated variable survival rates and phenotype counts. Specific space flight conditions included full light space exposure for Chaetomium globosum, exposure at 300- and 254-nanometer wavelengths for Rhodotorula rubra, full light and 280-nanometer wavelength exposure for Trichophyton terrestre, and 254-nanometer wavelength exposure for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In general, phenotype counts for flight cuvettes and survival rates for control cuvettes were higher compared with the remaining cuvettes.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 121-135
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  • 29
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    Effects of space vacuum and solar ultraviolet irradiation (254 nanometers) on the colony forming ability of Bacillus subtilis spores (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Bacillus subtilis spores are highly resistant to harsh environments. Therefore, in the Apollo 16 Microbial Response to Space Environment Experiment (M191), these spores were exposed to space vacuum or solar ultraviolet irradiation, or both, to estimate the change of survival for terrestrial organisms in space. The survival of the spores was determined in terms of colony-forming ability. Comparison of the flight results with results of simulation experiments on earth applying high vacuum or ultraviolet irradiation, or both, revealed no remarkable difference. Simultaneous exposure to both these space factors resulted in a synergistic effect (that is, an ultraviolet supersensitivity). Therefore, the change of survival in space is assumed to depend on the degree of protection against solar ultraviolet irradiation.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Proc. of the Microbial Response to Space Environ. Symp.; p 87-103
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  • 30
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    Fungi and bacteria (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-02
    Description: Spacecraft equipment is usually protected from fungi and bacteria by incorporating a fungicide-bactericide in the material, by a fungicide-bactericide spray, or by reducing the relative humidity to a degree where growth will not take place. A unique method to protect delicate, expensive bearings in equipment was to maintain a pressure (with dry air or nitrogen) slightly above the outside atmosphere (few millibars) within the working parts of the equipment, thus preventing fungi from entering equipment.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Terrest. Environ. (Climatic) Criteria Guidelines for Use in Aerospace Vehicle Develop., 1973 Rev.; 2 p
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  • 31
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    Brain blood-flow changes during motion sickness (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The possibility of diminished blood flow in the brain is studied as one of the factors resulting from an increase in skeletal muscle blood volume concomitant with other characteristics of motion sickness. Thermistors are implanted in the thalamus of dogs and blood flow changes are recorded while they are subjected to sinusoidal movement on a two pole swing. Results of these initial steps in a proposed long term exploration of different areas of the brain are presented.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 105-107
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  • 32
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    Environmental noise experiment (DTO 71-22) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Only general conclusions can be reached of the effect of Skylab simulation chamber noise on the crewmen. Two crewmen experienced a small hearing decrement in-chamber, but there was no pattern as to the ear and frequency affected. Temporary hearing threshold shifts were observed in all three crewmen postchamber. These postchamber threshold shifts were perhaps the most significant finding of the study. However, no lasting detrimental effects on the crew's hearing were found.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 8 p
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  • 33
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    Sleep-monitoring, experiment M133 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Skylab sleep-monitoring experiment simulated the timelines and environment expected during a 56-day Skylab mission. Two crewmembers utilized the data acquisition and analysis hardware, and their sleep characteristics were studied in an online fashion during a number of all night recording sessions. Comparison of the results of online automatic analysis with those of postmission visual data analysis was favorable, confirming the feasibility of obtaining reliable objective information concerning sleep characteristics during the Skylab missions. One crewmember exhibited definite changes in certain sleep characteristics (e.g., increased sleep latency, increased time Awake during first third of night, and decreased total sleep time) during the mission.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 21 p
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    Metabolic activity, experiment M171 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Skylab metabolic activity experiment determines if man's metabolic effectiveness in doing mechanical work is progressively altered by a simulated Skylab environment, including environmental factors such as slightly increased pCO2. This test identified several hardware/procedural anomalies. The most important of these were: (1) the metabolic analyzer measured carbon dioxide production and expired water too high; (2) the ergometer load module failed under continuous high workload conditions; (3) a higher than desirable number of erroneous blood pressure measurements were recorded; (4) vital capacity measurements were unreliable; and (5) anticipated crew personal exercise needs to be more structured.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 15 p
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  • 35
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    Mineral balance, experiment M071 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Concern for the long term metabolic consequences of weightless flight was the basis for the conception of the Skylab medical experiment to measure mineral balance. Proper interpretation of obtained data that diminished atmospheric pressure has no appreciable effect, or at least no protective effect, on calcium metabolism. The absence of changes in calcium metabolism indicates that a stable baseline observation has been made for Skylab as far as the effects of atmosphere or calcium metabolism are concerned.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 12 p
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  • 36
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    Lower body negative pressure, experiment M092 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Evaluation of orthostatic intolerance has been achieved by the use of lower body negative pressure (LBNP). The LBNP technique, though independent of gravity, simulates its effect by exposing the legs and the lower abdomen to reduced ambient pressures. This LBNP experiment, conducted during the 56-day simulation of the Skylab environment, was designed to supply baseline information on cardiovascular responses to periodic orthostatic stress. Impaired orthostatic tolerance, manifested by the increased heart rate, diminished systolic and pulse pressure, and increased tendency to syncope in the upright position, or during LBNP, was not observed in this experiment.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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  • 37
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    Vestibular mechanisms underlying certain problems in a rotating spacecraft (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Vestibular side effects are discussed with the aid of a conceptual framework based on an analysis of vestibular input-output relations. These side effects tend to fall into two main categories: (1) Reflex phenomena, and (2) motion sickness, a delayed epiphenomenon. Although the symptomatology of motion sickness is similar wherever experienced, both the eliciting stimuli and the opportunity to adapt may differ in different motion environments. These differences not only are exemplified when motion sickness is compared in a weightless and in a rotating environment, but they also point to important differences in the problem of preventing (or treating) motion sickness in these two very different environments.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 35-39
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  • 38
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    Red blood cell metabolism (M114), part D (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Statistically significant differences were found between Skylab simulation crews and controls for glycolytic enzymes. The absence of simultaneous controls for the pre- and postchamber analyses leaves the significance of the findings in the crew during these periods indeterminate.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 2 p
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  • 39
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    Special hematologic effects (M115), part E (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: All routine hematological measurements for the Skylab simulation test were within normal astronaut population limits for the CDR, SPT, and PLT, with one exception: A significant lymphopenia was observed in the PLT during the post test period, possibly the reflection of increased adrenal corticoid secretion. No ultrastructural red cell membrane abnormalities were observed in any of the subjects, nor were any red corpuscle morphological abnormalities noted. Slight elevations in the PLT's red corpuscular potassium were observed in the younger corpuscles after chamber entrance and again upon egress. This probably represents newly released young red cells from hematopoietic tissue. Flame photometric analyses confirm the fact that potassium is indeed higher in the younger cells of all subjects examined.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 12 p
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  • 40
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    Investigation of man's immune system (M112), part B (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Fifty-six days of residence in a Skylab-type environment produce essentially no change in the reactivity of the human immune system, as typified by the rate of RNA or DNA synthesis in small lymphocytes. The one point of divergence between the Skylab simulation crew and previous Apollo crews, a marked depression in synthesis rates on the fourteenth day after the chamber study, may be due to some technical difficulty in the experiment. Lymphocyte morphology changes paralleled functional changes.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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  • 41
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    Hematology/immunology (M110 series) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The hematology/immunology experiments in the Skylab mission study various aspects of the red blood cell, including its metabolism and life span, and blood volume changes under zero gravity conditions to determine the precise mechanism of the transient changes which have been seen on the relatively brief missions of the past.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 5 p
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  • 42
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    The role of perilymph in the response of the semicircular canals to angular acceleration (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A new model for the response of the semicircular canals to angular motion is postulated. This model is based on evidence that the bony canal is not compartmentalized and assumes that the ampulla wall is highly flexible. It is shown that the perilymph induces a cupula displacement far greater than that produced by the endolymph alone. The predicted dynamic behavior of the canals on the basis of this model is found to be consistent with experimental observations.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 135-141
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  • 43
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    The vestibular system of the owl (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Five owls were given vestibular examinations, and two of them were sacrificed to provide serial histological sections of the temporal bones. The owls exhibited a curious variability in the postrotatory head nystagmus following abrupt deceleration; sometimes a brisk nystagnus with direction opposite to that appropriate to the stimulus would occur promptly after deceleration. It was found also that owls can exhibit a remarkable head stability during angular movement of the body about any axis passing through the skull. The vestibular apparatus in the owl is larger than in man, and a prominent crista neglecta is present. The tectorial membrane, the cupula, and the otolithic membranes of the utricle, saccule, and lagena are all attached to surfaces in addition to the surfaces hearing hair cells. These attachments are very substantial in the utricular otolithic membrane and in the cupula.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 127-132
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  • 44
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    Medical operations: Crew surgeon's report (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: To assure the safety and well being of the Skylab environment simulation crewmembers it was necessary to develop a medical safety plan with emergency procedures. All medical and nonmedical test and operations personnel, except those specifically exempted, were required to meet the medical standards and proficiency levels as established. Implemented programs included health care of the test crew and their families, occupational medical services for chamber operating personnel, clinical laboratory support and hypobaric and other emergency support.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 15 p
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  • 45
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    Effects of SMEAT on the oral health of crewmen (DTO 71-2) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The oral health status of three astronauts was monitored before, during and after a 56-day simulation of the Skylab mission. Laboratory and clinical parameters which are considered to be ultimately related to dental impairments were evaluated. The most notable changes were observed in increased counts of mycoplasma and S. mutans, decreased counts of enteric bacilli, decreased saliva flow rates, increased secretory IgA and salivary lysozyme levels, and increased clinical scores of dental plaque, calculus and inflammation.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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  • 46
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    Bioassay of body fluids, experiment M073 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Body fluids were assayed in this experiment to demonstrate changes which might have occurred during the 56-day chamber study in fluid and electrolyte balance, in regulation of calcium metabolism, in overall physiological and emotional adaptation to the environment, and in regulation of metabolic processes.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 14 p
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  • 47
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    Bone mineral measurement, experiment M078 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Measurement tests revealed few deviations from baseline bone mineral measurements after 56 days in a Skylab-type environment. No mineral change was observed in the right radius. One individual, however, showed a possible mineral loss in the left os calcis and another gained mineral in the right ulna. The cause of the gain is unclear but may be attributable to the heavy exercise routines engaged in by the crewmember in question. Equipment problems were identified during the experiment and rectified.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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  • 48
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    Blood volume and red cell life span (M113), part C (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Prechamber, in-chamber, and postchamber blood samples taken from Skylab simulation crewmembers did not indicate significant shortening of the red cell life span during the mission. This does not suggest that the space simulation environment could not be associated with red cell enzyme changes. It does show that any changes in enzymes were not sufficiently great to significantly shorten red cell survival. There was no evidence of bone marrow erythropoetic suppression nor was there any evidence of increased red cell destruction.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 4 p
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  • 49
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    Cytogenetic studies of the blood (M111), part A (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The cytogenetic study of the crew appears to indicate that Skylab-type environmental conditions have no deleterious effect upon chromosomal material. The findings are, however, less clear-cut than might be desired, due in large measure to confounding of the experimental design by the administration of isotope injections for the purposes of other experiments and to the lack of control subjects.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 3 p
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  • 50
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    Program organization (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Skylab medical experiments altitude test plan is outlined. Described are the scope and objectives of the program, the management system under which it would be conducted, requirements for configuration of the test facility, test control documentation, data processing, and detailed test objectives.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 5 p
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  • 51
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    Introduction (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The objective of the Skylab medical experiment altitude test was to provide a nearly full scale simulation of a 56-day Skylab mission for studying physiological changes produced in man by the long term exposure to space conditions. Evaluated in the altitude chamber tests were human cardiovascular/hemodynamic responses, musculoskeletal/metabolic effects, endocrine/electrode factors, and neurophysiological indices.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 6 p
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  • 52
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    Construction of a mathematical model of the human body, taking the nonlinear rigidity of the spine into account (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: A mathematical model of the human body was constructed, under the action of harmonic vibrations, in the 2.5-7 Hz frequency range. In this frequency range, the model of the human body as a vibrating system, with concentrated parameters is considered. Vertical movements of the seat and vertical components of vibrations of the human body are investigated.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 38-40
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  • 53
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    Externally blown flap dynamic loads (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-27
    Description: Some of the principal results obtained in three series of measurements of fluctuating surface pressures induced on externally blown flaps by jet impingment are presented. Large- and small-scale models and hot- and cold-flow tests are considered. The discussion sets forth scaling parameters and consistent features of the root-mean-square values and spectra of the loading. Implications of these results with regard to sonic fatigue are indicated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: STOL Technol.; p 131-142
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  • 54
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    Review of drag measurements from flight tests of manned aircraft with comparisons to wind-tunnel predictions (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-14
    Description: In-flight studies of the overall and local components of drag of many types of aircraft were conducted. The primary goal of these studies was to evaluate wind-tunnel and semiempirical prediction methods. Some evaluations are presented in this paper which may be summarized by the following observations: Wind-tunnel predictions of overall vehicle drag can be accurately extrapolated to flight Reynolds numbers, provided that the base drag is removed and the boattail areas on the vehicle are small. The addition of ablated roughness to lifting body configurations causes larger losses in performance and stability than would be expected from the added friction drag due to the roughness. Successful measurements of skin friction have been made in flight to Mach numbers above 4. A reliable inflatable deceleration device was demonstrated in flight which effectively stabilizes and decelerates a lifting aircraft at supersonic speeds.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AGARD Aerodyn. Drag; 12 p
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  • 55
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    A summary of current research in rotor unsteady aerodynamics with emphasis on work at Langley Research Center (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-14
    Description: The basic unsteady aerodynamic environment of the rotary wing is summarized. Some of the observed trends in the state of the art are discussed. Some of the research needs that will require attention are reported. A review of a number of research investigations as a part of a joint NASA/Army rotorcraft project is presented. The research is directed toward achieving a better understanding of rotor unsteady airfoils. The investigations include: (1) rotor maneuver loads; (2) level flight and maneuver wake prediction; (3) tip-vortex flow; (4) blade-vortex interactions; (5) dynamic stall; (6) transient Mach number air loads; and (7) development of variable geometry rotors.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AGARD Aerodyn. of Rotary Wings; 20 p
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  • 56
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    A centre for accommodative vergence motor control (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Latencies in accommodation, accommodative-vergence, and pupil-diameter responses to changing accommodation stimuli, as well as latencies in pupil response to light-intensity changes were measured. From the information obtained, a block diagram has been derived that uses the least number of blocks for representing the accommodation, accommodative-vergence, and pupil systems. The signal transmission delays over the various circuits of the model have been determined and compared to known experimental physiological-delay data. The results suggest the existence of a motor center that controls the accommodative vergence and is completely independent of the accommodation system.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Vision Research; 13; Dec. 197
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  • 57
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    Integral equation for small perturbations of irrotational flows (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation is conducted concerning the validity of analytical methods which are based on deriving an integral equation, taking into account small perturbations in the case of a nonuniform but irrotational flow. The results obtained apply to a wide Mach number range, but are restricted to small amplitude motions and to nonviscous flows. It is shown that the integral equation relating the unknown velocity potential to the known normal flow velocity can be derived from the appropriate Green's identity.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; Dec. 197
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  • 58
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    On the inviscid rolled-up structure of lift-generated vortices (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A simple form is presented of the relationships derived by Betz for the inviscid, fully developed structure of lift-generated vortices behind aircraft. An extension is then made to arbitrary span-load distributions by inferring guidelines for the selection of rollup centers for the vortex sheet. These techniques are easier to use and yield more realistic estimates of the rolled-up structure of vortices than the original form of Betz' theory when the span loading differs appreciably from elliptic loading.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 10; Nov. 197
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  • 59
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    Dietary carbohydrate increases brain tryptophan and decreases serum-free tryptophan (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 244; July 6
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  • 60
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    Van Driest generalization applied to turbulent skin friction and velocity profiles measured on the wall of a Mach 7.4 wind tunnel (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; Dec. 197
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  • 61
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    Effect of anisotropic turbulence on aerodynamic noise (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A model based on Lighthill's theory for predicting aerodynamic noise from a turbulent shear flow is developed. This model is a generalization of the one developed by Ribner. It does not require that the turbulent correlations factor into space and time-dependent parts. It replaces his assumption of isotropic turbulence by the more realistic one of axisymmetric turbulence. In the course of the analysis, a hierarchy of equations is developed wherein each succeeding equation involves more assumptions than the preceding equation but requires less experimental information for its use. The implications of the model for jet noise are discussed. It is shown that for the particular turbulence data considered anisotropy causes the high-frequency self-noise to be beamed downstream.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Acoustical Society of America; vol. 54
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  • 62
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    Three-dimensional separation for interaction of shock waves with turbulent boundary layers (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: For the interaction of shock waves with turbulent boundary layers, obtained experimental three-dimensional separation results and correlations with earlier two-dimensional and three-dimensional data are presented. It is shown that separation occurs much earlier for turbulent three-dimensional than for two-dimensional flow at hypersonic speeds.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; Nov. 197
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  • 63
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    Possibilities for the evolution of the genetic code from a preceding form (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analysis of the interaction between mRNA codons and tRNA anticodons suggests a model for the evolution of the genetic code. Modification of the nucleic acid following the anticodon is at present essential in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes to ensure fidelity of translation of codons starting with A, and the amino acids which could be coded for before the evolution of the modifying enzymes can be deduced.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 246; Nov. 2
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  • 64
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    Noise coupling between accommodation and accommodative vergence (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: For monocular viewing, the fluctuations in accommodative lens power in the frequency range from 0.5 to 3 Hz were found to be considerably greater than those in accommodative vergence movements of the covered eye. Considering the close synkinesis between these motor responses for step changes or slow variations in accommodative stimulus, this finding is unexpected. This apparent lack of synkinesis is found to result mainly from the fact that the decrease in small-signal linear gain with increasing frequency is more rapid in the case of the accommodative vergence system than in the case of the accommodation system, rather than from some nonlinear phenomenon.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Vision Research; 13; Dec. 197
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  • 65
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    The effect of bedrest on adrenal function (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Eight male subjects were subjected to continuous bedrest for 24-80 weeks for the purpose of studying metabolic responses. Three of the subjects did supine exercises daily during part of the study. Adrenal function was examined in relation to adrenal cortical and medullary excretions. The results reveal an increase in hydrocortisone throughout the test period, a decrease in norepinephrine and no change in epinephrine. These data suggest that exercise could decrease the severity of deconditioning caused by bedrest.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Space Life Sciences; 4; Sept
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  • 66
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    A graphical method for the investigation of shock interference phenomena (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; Nov. 197
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  • 67
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    Shooting method for solution of boundary-layer flows with massive blowing (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A modified, bidirectional shooting method is presented for solving boundary-layer equations under conditions of massive blowing. Unlike the conventional shooting method, which is unstable when the blowing rate increases, the proposed method avoids the unstable direction and is capable of solving complex boundary-layer problems involving mass and energy balance on the surface.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; Nov. 197
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  • 68
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    Derivation of aerodynamic kernel functions (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The method of Fourier transforms is used to determine the kernel function which relates the pressure on a lifting surface to the prescribed downwash within the framework of Dowell's (1971) shear flow model. This model is intended to improve upon the potential flow aerodynamic model by allowing for the aerodynamic boundary layer effects neglected in the potential flow model. For simplicity, incompressible, steady flow is considered. The proposed method is illustrated by deriving known results from potential flow theory.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; Nov. 197
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  • 69
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    Correlation of hypersonic zero-lift drag data. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A pseudo-one-dimensional model of the supersonic combustion ramjet engine cycle is revised on the basis of recent (additional) data obtained from combustor tests. The data were generated in a simple nonreacting system which produces shock structures and shock/boundary layer interactions analogous to those observed at the entrance of supersonic combustors. It is shown that the revised model provides better descriptions of the wall pressure distributions and the overall shock pressure rises for the available test data.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 10; Sept
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  • 70
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    Prebiotic activation processes. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Questions regarding the combination of amino acids and ribonucleotides to polypeptides and polynucleotides are investigated. Each of the reactions considered occurs in the solid state in plausible prebiotic conditions. Together they provide the basis for a unified scheme of amino acid and nucleotide activation. Urea, imidazole and Mg(++) are essential catalytic components of the reaction mixtures. However, these compounds could probably be replaced by other organic molecules.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Nature; 244; Aug. 17
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  • 71
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    Effect of simulated lunar impact on the survival of bacterial spores. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: In order to test the effect of impact on organisms, the survival of bacterial spores after being propelled at high velocity in Pyrex and plastic beads into crushed basalt was measured. The beads were fired into sterilized canisters by both a conventional powder and a light gas gun. Results indicate that at the minimum (2.4 km/sec) lunar capture velocity, the number of colony forming units (CFUs) decreased by five orders of magnitude, and at 5.5 km/sec, statistically a more probable capture velocity, no CFUs were found. The decrease in CFUs observed with increasing velocity indicates that the spores were most probably killed by the impact.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Space Life Sciences; 4; Apr. 197
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  • 72
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    Brain calcium - Role in temperature regulation. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Perfusion of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus with excess calcium ion in ground squirrels produces a drop in core temperature. The magnitude of the drop is directly dependent on ambient temperature. Respiration, heart rate, and oxygen consumption are also reduced during perfusion of calcium ion. It is concluded that the depression of body temperature during calcium ion perfusion is due to generalized depression of the neurons of the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Science; 181; Aug. 17
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  • 73
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    Changes in functional construction of bone in rats under conditions of simulated increased gravity. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation was conducted to determine experimentally whether femur bones are altered in cross-sectional area or cross-sectional shape by chronic centrifugation at different G-levels in conformance to Wolff's law. It was found that the centrifuged animals exhibit on the average smaller body masses, femur lengths and femur cross sections, as compared to their corresponding age controls. The mean inhibitory effect of chronic centrifugation upon body and femur growth can be measured in a shortcut approximation by calculating the decrease of body masses and femoral dimensions on a percentage basis.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Zeitschrift fuer Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte; 139; 1973
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  • 74
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    Transonic flow about lifting configurations. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A transonic flow solution is presented for configurations with span-to-length ratios of order one. The angles of attack are sufficiently large to produce lift effects that are either dominant or comparable to the thickness effects. The analysis is performed with the aid of the method of matched asymptotic expansions. The results obtained are compared with data reported by Cheng and Hafez (1972).
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; May 1973
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  • 75
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    High Reynolds number experimental data for forebody axial force. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Brief review of the operational principle and capability of the high-Reynolds-number wind tunnel developed over the last few years. Its test medium is stored in a Ludwieg tube and held there by means of a diaphragm. When the diaphragm is broken, a rearward-facing centered rarefaction fan propagates upstream through the test section and nozzle into the supply tube, and the useful run time is bounded by the reflected rarefaction wave and the starting shock wave caused by choking at the nozzle. The operating problems center around the ability of model and sting support systems to withstand the loads and to meet the instrumentation requirements. Evaluation tests have shown that satisfactory force and moment measurements can be obtained in this facility.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; Mar. 197
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  • 76
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    Reference temperature method for predicting turbulent compressible skin-friction coefficient. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 11; Feb. 197
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  • 77
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    Effect of artificial gravity on thermoregulation, respiratory metabolism and intermediary metabolism of animals (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Metabolic alterations in animals exposed to radial acceleration are reported. Temperatures in acutely stressed animals dropped profoundly in correlation with decreased food consumption. Repeated exposure of the acutely stressed animal caused a decrease in hypothermic response whereas deceleration or reduction of G load did not significantly change body temperatures. Adrenal corticosteroids affected significantly the animal's recovery rate. No changes occured in body temperature patterns of chronically centrifuged animals after full adaptation; their respiratory rate increased very significantly in terms of CO2 output as did their glucose uptake by muscle tissues and their insulin responsiveness or sensitivity.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Regulatory Biol.: Depressed Metab.; p 27-51
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  • 78
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    Kinetic principles of interaction of components in complex biological systems (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A biomathematical analysis of component interaction in biological systems is given. Two primary types of systems are discussed - open systems and closed systems. The applicability of these systems to life support equipment in spacecraft is analyzed and formulae are provided to demonstrate the effect (theoretical) of closed and open systems in life support systems.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Probl. of Space Biol., Vol. 19 (NASA-TT-F-761); p 173-278
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  • 79
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    Mass-energy metabolic characteristics of algae (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A mathematical analysis is given for the mass energy characteristics of photosynthesizing algae. An engineering-biological approach to this allows for a detailed analysis of the characteristics for a broad spectrum of environmental situations in which such algae are used as a component of a life support system. Models of such systems are constructed and are employed to demonstrate actual and hypothetical situations. Computers are employed for this purpose.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Probl. of Space Biol., Vol. 19 (NASA-TT-F-761); p 77-171
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  • 80
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    The limits of the adaptation of life to extreme conditions (in connection with problems of exobiology) (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Accommodation is discussed as a universal evolutionary principle which essentially will apply to all life forms, regardless of chemical base (carbon, silicon, etc.). Life forms must either adapt to extreme conditions or perish, and for any life form an extremum factor is any significant deviation in environmental parameters. The possibility of life forms existing in specific extraterrestrial environments is discussed, and a conclusion is drawn which unequivocally states that through many forms of accommodation life is possible in many different environments.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Probl. of Space Biol., Vol. 19 (NASA-TT-F-761); p 1-76
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  • 81
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    Effect of iron and salt on prodigiosin synthesis in Serratia marcescens. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Iron requirements of Serratia marcescens for growth and prodigiosin synthesis are investigated. Sodium chloride of sea salt is shown to be responsible for inhibition of prodigiosin synthesis in the microorganism. The role of sodium chloride in the terminal biosynthetic pathway of the pigment is discussed.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Bacteriology; 114; June 197
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  • 82
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    The prospect of life on Jupiter. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: We have simulated electrical discharges in the Jovian atmosphere, using anhydrous methane-ammonia mixtures, and shown the formation of simple aliphatic nitriles, amino-nitriles, and their oligomers. Including hydrogen sulfide in the gas mixture, it appears that sulfur-containing amino-nitriles are not formed, since the hydrolysate of the products did not contain the corresponding amino-acids. There is a strong analogy between these reactions and the classical spark reactions simulating the primitive earth's atmosphere. We are attempting a closer simulation of Jupiter's atmosphere by using appropriate temperature and pressure conditions. It seems that prebiotic synthesis on Jupiter may have reached an advanced state. As an alternative approach we have tested the survival ability of common terrestrial microorganisms in aqueous media at 102 atmospheres pressure and at 20 C in a simulated Jovian atmosphere. E. coli, S. marcescens, A. aerogenes, and B. subtilis will all tolerate 24 hr under these conditions with little death.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
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  • 83
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    Performance characteristics of a model VTOL lift fan in crossflow. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper presents a summary of principal results obtained from crossflow tests of a model 15-in.-diam lift fan installed in a wing in the NASA Lewis Research Center, 9 by 15 ft V/STOL Propulsion Wind Tunnel. Tests were run with and without exit louvers over a range of tunnel air speeds, fan speeds, and wing angle of attack. Fan thrust in crossflow was influenced by two principal factors: the effects of inflow distortion on blade-row performance, and changes in fan stage operating point brought about by changes in back pressure ratio. In this particular fan, flow separation on the inlet bellmouth did not appear to be a serious problem for crossflow operation.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 10; Mar. 197
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  • 84
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    Cardiac arrhythmias during exercise testing in healthy men. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Clinically healthy male executives who participate in a long-term physical conditioning program have demonstrated cardiac arrhythmia during and after periodic ergometric testing at submaximal and maximal levels. In 1,385 tests on 248 subjects, it was found that 34% of subjects demonstrated an arrhythmia at some time and 13% of subjects developed arrhythmia on more than one test. Premature systoles of ventricular origin were most common, but premature systoles of atrial origin, premature systoles of junctional origin, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, atrioventricular block, wandering pacemaker, and pre-excitation were also seen. Careful post-test monitoring and pulse rate regulated training sessions are suggested for such programs.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 44; Mar. 197
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  • 85
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    Survival of Arthrobacter crystallopoietes during prolonged periods of extreme desiccation. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Journal of Bacteriology; 113; Jan. 197
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  • 86
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    Methods for study of cardiovascular adaptation of small laboratory animals during exposure to altered gravity (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Several new techniques are reported for studying cardiovascular circulation in small laboratory animals kept in metabolic chambers. Chronical cannulation, miniaturized membrane type heart-lung machines, a prototype walking chamber, and a fluorocarbon immersion method to simulate weightlessness are outlined. Differential hypothermia work on rat cancers provides localized embedding of radionuclides and other chemotherapeutical agents in tumors and increases at the same time blood circulation through the warmed tumor as compared to the rest of the cold body. Some successful clinical applications of combined chemotherapy and differential hypothermia in skin cancer, mammary tumors, and brain gliomas are described.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Regulatory Biol.: Depressed Metab.; p 158-177
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  • 87
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    The role of brown adipose tissue in temperature regulation (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The thermogenetic capacities of brown adipose tissue were studied on marmots, rats and monkeys in response to cold exposure. All experiments indicated that the brown fat produced heat and slowed the cooling of tissues.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Regulatory Biol.: Depressed Metab.; p 139-157
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  • 88
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    Intermediary metabolism during brief and prolonged low tissue temperature (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The intermediary metabolism of the depressed metabolic state in the hypothermic hamster and the hibernating ground squirrel was studied by observing acetate and palmitic acid metabolisms in their tissues. The oxidative metabolism seemed to be dominant in the depressed state although synthetic reactions such as fat synthesis proceeded in some cases at a faster rate than normothermic metabolism for the same tissues. Fat syntheses proceeded in all tissues with brown fat and liver especially active. Enzymes for the synthesis of cholesterol seemed to be more temperature sensitive than enzymes for fatty acid synthesis. It was concluded that there are no great differences between metabolisms in hypothermic and hibernating animals.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Regulatory Biol.: Depressed Metab.; p 119-138
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  • 89
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    Hibernation, sleep, and thermogulation (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Nerve activity adaptation to hypothermia and the differences in CNS activity during hypothermia are studied on marmots. Thermoregulatory experiments on hibernating animals indicated a sympathetic response.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Regulatory Biol.: Depressed Metab.; p 73-90
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  • 90
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    Radioprotection in depressed metabolic states: The physiology of helium-cold hypothermia (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of hypothermia as a means of radiation protection was studied on a variety of mammals exposed to 80% helium-20% oxygen atmospheres at low ambient temperatures. Results show that the LD for normothermic animals significantly increased compared with hypothermic animals; similar results were obtained for hibernating mammalians. Pre-exposure of animals to cold temperatures increased their ability to withstand radiation levels close to LD sub 50.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Regulatory Biol.: Depressed Metab.; p 91-118
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  • 91
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    Metabolic effects of artificial environments (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Effects of diluent gases on the metabolism of animals breathing nitrogen-oxygen, argon-oxygen, and helium-oxygen mixtures were studied. Results show that helium actually affected the mean free path of oxygen across the alveoli and increased metabolic rate. It is speculated that it might be necessary to keep an astronaut in a depressed metabolic state during prolonged space flight by using an argon-oxygen or a xenon-nitrogen mixture for breathing. Replacement of the depressant gases during periods requiring critical spacecraft maneuvers by neon-oxygen mixtures would insure maximal performance.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: NASA. Wallops Station Regulatory Biol.: Depressed Metab.; p 52-72
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  • 92
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    Structure of the lipid phase in cell envelope vesicles from Halobacterium cutirubrum. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Biochemistry; 12; 1973
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  • 93
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    Remarks on vortex-lattice methods. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are presented of some numerical experiments on simple planar configurations. The experiments serve to establish more precisely some ground rules for optimum lattice arrangements. In particular, the location of both the horseshoe vortex elements and the control points at which the surface boundary conditions are to be satisfied is uniquely determined. Questions of lattice arrangement are discussed together with numerical results and problems of control point location.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 10; May 1973
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  • 94
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    Corner pressures and fillet shock locations for symmetrical corners by an approximate method. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Description of an approximate method for predicting the pressure in the immediate corner region and the shock structure on stream-aligned, sharp-leading-edge, symmetrical corner configurations. The method is basically the two-shock method developed by Charwat and Redekopp (1966), with the additional assumption that the corner fillet shock can be located from the calculated pressure in the corner. Corner pressures are correlated over a wide range of Mach numbers in air and helium for different corner wedge angles. The shock structure calculated by this method is compared with supersonic and hypersonic data.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 10; Jan. 197
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  • 95
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    Conformal mapping for potential flow about airfoils with attached flap. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The conformal mapping sequence presented transforms the potential flow about a circle into that about an airfoil with an attached flap or spoiler. It is found that adequate versatility of the flap shape for a given airfoil can usually be obtained with the indicated functions, although other transformations would expand the variety of possible flap shapes.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 10; Jan. 197
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  • 96
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    Synthesis of reverse osmosis membranes by plasma polymerization of allylamine. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Science; 179; Feb. 2
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  • 97
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    Limitations of terrestrial life. (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Questions of the suitability of other planets in the solar system for terrestrial organisms are discussed. It is found that life forms similar to terrestrial organisms but modified to fit the prevailing conditions could exist on Venus, Mars, and Jupiter. Of these, only in the case of Jupiter is there any evidence that life would have been able to evolve. Life on Jupiter would be restricted to the clouds. It is pointed out that life may have developed on other celestial bodies in forms which are quite dissimilar to terrestrial organisms with regard to their biochemistry.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Spaceflight; 15; Jan. 197
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  • 98
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    Experimental studies of turbulent aircraft wake (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of wind tunnel test data obtained for tip vortex studies on a square-tipped rectangular wing. The results include wing surface pressure distributions, three-dimensional velocity components in the wake, and principal vortex characteristics such as peak tangential velocity and core size distributions. The wind tunnel measurements are compared with flight test data. These comparisons show that the magnitudes of circumferential velocities, normalized by flight speed and lift coefficient, as well as the vortex core radius, normalized by wing span, are in close agreement. The data obtained make possible the calculation of turbulence stress distributions and the formulation of models for the prediction of downstream flow fields.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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  • 99
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    Visual light flash phenomenon (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Light flash phenomenon observed by crewmen on Apollo 14, 15, 16, and 17 are analyzed. The passage of cosmic rays through the crewman's head and eyes was recorded by the Apollo light flash moving emulsion detector. Events of all the light flash observations are tabulated. It is suggested that the most probable explanation of the phenomenon is that it is caused by cosmic rays penetrating the eyes and retinas of the observers.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: Apollo 17 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 6 p
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  • 100
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    Lipid-absorbing Polymers (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-01
    Description: The removal of bile acids and cholesterol by polymeric absorption is discussed in terms of micelle-polymer interaction. The results obtained with a polymer composed of 75 parts PEO and 25 parts PB plus curing ingredients show an absorption of 305 to 309%, based on original polymer weight. Particle size effects on absorption rate are analyzed. It is concluded that crosslinked polyethylene oxide polymers will absorb water, crosslinked polybutadiene polymers will absorb lipids; neither polymer will absorb appreciable amounts of lipids from micellar solutions of lipids in water.
    Keywords: BIOSCIENCES
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev.; Vol. 2; No. 4; p 1-6
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