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  • Other Sources  (429)
  • SPACE RADIATION  (429)
  • General Chemistry
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
  • 1995-1999
  • 1970-1974  (429)
  • 1972  (429)
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Source
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1970-1974  (429)
Year
  • 1
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    Cosmic ray experiment. Part A: Composition and energy spectra of solar cosmic ray nuclei (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The GE experiment consisted of two types of detectors: plastics and glasses located in panel 2 and the lower half of panel 3. In panel 2, the entire exposed detector area of 14.7 by 22.6 cm was composed of 31 sheets of 0.025-cm polycarbonate plastic 9070-112. In panel 3, 39 sheets of 0.02-cm cellulose triacetate with no plasticizer made up the major volume fraction. The lower part of panel 3 contained five types of glass detectors. Particles that entered the array after it was folded were recognized, if they crossed from one sheet to another, by means of a 2-mm relative shift of alternate sheets.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 9 p
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  • 2
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    Composition of interplanetary particles at energies from 0.1 to 150 MeV/nucleon, part B (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: During the Apollo 16 mission, a solar flare produced an enormous amount of low-energy nuclei, many orders of magnitude greater than the level inferred from studies of tracks in the window of the Apollo 12 spacecraft during a time when the sun was quiet. The differential energy spectrum of nuclei with Z less than or equal to 6 falls by seven orders of magnitude over the interval from 0.1 to 20 MeV/nucleon, then remains almost flat up to approximately 100 MeV/nucleon. The two parts correspond to contributions from the sun and from galactic cosmic rays. Any maximum in the spectrum occurs below the lowest energy studied.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 8 p
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  • 3
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    Solar cosmic ray, solar wind, solar flare, and neutron albedo measurements, part C (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: All mineral detectors exposed on Apollo 16 had high surface track densities probably produced by a solar flare that occurred during the mission. The heavy ions followed a power law spectrum with exponent approximately 3 down to approximately 200 KeV/nucleon. The abundance of low-energy particle tracks observed in this flare may explain the high track densities observed in lunar dust grains. Pristine heavy-particle tracks in feldspar give long tracks. Shallow pits similar to those expected from extremely heavy solar wind ions were observed in about the expected number. Initial results give a low apparent value of neutron albedo relative to theory.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 14 p
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  • 4
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    Solar flares, the lunar surface, and gas rich meteorites (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Investigations on the Fe-group nuclei track density vs depth in lunar rocks and Surveyor 3 TV camera filter glass were critically examined considering more factors than previously. The analysis gives a firmer basis to the observation of the preferential leakage of low energy Fe nuclei from the accelerating region of the sun. The track density gradients in lunar rock 12022 and filter glass are used to determine the lunar erosion rate of 3 angstroms/yr. Track gradients are less steep than predicted from energy spectrum observed in the Surveyor glass, perhaps due to sputtering. High densities of etchable tracks were found at all depths down to 60 cm in fines from Apollo cores and also in thin sections of the Pesjanoe, Pantar, and Fayetteville gas-rich meteorites. It is felt unlikely that suprathermal heavy ions were responsible for the high track densities.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 221-226
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  • 5
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    Very heavy solar cosmic rays: Energy spectrum and implications for lunar erosion (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Particle tracks were investigated in the glass plate of a neutral density (clear flint) optical filter housed in the Surveyor 3 TV camera but exposed directly to space. The track density vs depth curve was determined and descends sharply from approximately 2.6 million tracks/sq cm at a depth of 3.6 mg/sq cm to about 35/sq cm at 700 mg/sq cm. Several tracks were of V-shapes characteristic of high energy induced fission. The erosion rate on the moon due to solar wind ions was determined from the energy spectrum, and was found to be low (0 to 2 x 10 to the minus 8th power cm/yr).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 213-216
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  • 6
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    Solar and galactic cosmic ray exposure of Surveyor 3 as determined from cosmogenic radionuclide measurements (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The proton-produced Na-22 content of samples of Surveyor 3 TV camera, surface sampler scoop, and other components was determined by nondestructive gamma ray spectrometry. The contributions of the nine most prominent solar flares to Na-22 production were calculated to be 18 dpm/kg. The observed activity in the Surveyor 3 samples was 62 + or - dpm/kg. This indicates a galactic proton contribution of about 44 dpm/kg, which adjusted for spallation of Al gives a value of 42 dpm/kg. This is compared to measurements of 88 dpm/kg in the Lost City meteorite which had an orbit extending to 2.35 AU, with a 4 pi bombardment as compared to the 2 pi bombardment of the samples on the lunar surface. The agreement between Na-22 production in Surveyor 3 and the Lost City meteorite offers evidence that the galactic cosmic ray flux is almost the same at 1 Au and at 2.35 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 196-200
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  • 7
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    Long duration solar active regions (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Nimbus 3 and 4 observations of ultraviolet active regions of the sun have been investigated. It is not clear what is producing these UV-active regions, however, it could be changes in the overall intensity of the solar continuum near the region of the temperature minimum, or the solar flux variations that have been seen could be due to a continuous type of absorption like that associated with the ionization limits of elements such as aluminum, silicon, or magnesium.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 159-163
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  • 8
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    The stability of tangential discontinuities (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Intuition regarding the stability of MHD tangential discontinuities of solar wind has been borne out by a linear stability analysis of the MHD equations. In performing the calculation, the model used had no plasma flow and thus corresponded to the solar wind rest frame. The method calculated the change in total energy, plasma plus magnetic, due to the perturbation. This type of stability analysis is analogous to the test of the stability of an equilibrium point in a mechanical potential.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 134-139
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  • 9
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    Solar wind heat flow (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The ability of a theoretical solar wind model to predict the energy flux density due to heat conduction was investigated. In order to demonstrate this capability, the analysis used simultaneous data from the electron plasma experiment of Ogilvie and Lind, and the vector magnetic field data of Heppner and Sugiura on OGO-5. On the strength of two independent, different, and consistent experimental determinations of the conduction of heat flux by electrons at 149.6 gigameters(1 AU), it was determined that the models for the solar wind must be able to predict a value for the heat conduction in the range 0.007 to 0.008 in order to be in agreement with the observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 144-148
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  • 10
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    Solar X-rays and particle acceleration (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The process of solar flare acceleration of interplanetary particles, as measured by the fifth orbiting solar observatory, is explained. Data show the acceleration proceeds in two stages: (1) particle acceleration by induced electric fields arising from annihilating magnetic fields at the beginning stages of flares, and (2) a Fermi acceleration mechanism operating in a shock front produced by the flare.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 171-175
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  • 11
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    Solar particle tracks in glass from Surveyor 3 (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Samples of glass from the Surveyor 3 TV camera filter were examined for particle tracks by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The corrected density value is 1.7 million + or - 0.1 million tracks/sq cm, and the track density vs depth curve is determined. Comparisons with other estimated and calculated data are discussed, and lack of agreement between data sets is considered. It is felt that considerable erosion occurs, and that erosion also occurs by a flaking of small thicknesses of material, possibly caused by solar wind irradiation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 209-212
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  • 12
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    Enhanced emission of iron nuclei in solar flares (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: A silica glass window from Apollo 12 CM and a piece of flint glass from the Surveyor 3 camera filter were examined for Fe nuclei tracks. A large difference between observed and predicted track densitites was found. At low rigidity (or energy), the solar particle Fe/He ratio is much higher than the photospheric abundance ratio, but decreases with increasing rigidity until it approaches the photospheric value at a rigidity of about 500 MV. It is felt that the low-energy Fe tracks are of solar origin. The implications that heavy nuclei can be preferentially emitted from a source of energetic particles are discussed. Other conclusions are the following: Rocks exposed on the lunar surface for 10 million yr would accumulate about 6 x 10 to the 12th power tracks/sq cm, and the rate of radiation-induced erosion is about 10 to the -9 cm/yr. The lunar soil should contain heavily irradiated small grains, some with track densities of about 10 to the 12th power/sq cm that have flaked from radiation-damaged rock surfaces and some that were irradiated while at the top of the soil layer.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 217-220
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  • 13
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    Solar wind composition experiment (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The Apollo 16 SWC experiment is a continuation of the earlier experiments; however, an essential change was introduced in the solar wind particle collection technique. Platinum surfaces were incorporated in the collector foil, and use was made of a layer technique for distinguishing particles of different energies and different directions of arrival. The improvements and the expanded scope of the Apollo 16 experiment, relative to the earlier SWC experiments, can be summarized as follows: elimination of possible residual dust contamination by treating the platinum foil sections with dilute hydrofluoric acid before analysis; increased accuracy of solar wind argon abundance; determination of solar wind albedo; and search for helium in the energy range above approximately 40 KeV/nucleon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo 16 Prelim. Sci. Rept.; 10 p
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  • 14
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    The flare forecasting fiasco: Is everybody looking at the same sun? (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The passionate dream of the oppressed solar flare forecaster is the scientific discovery of the cause, the energy source, and the observable antecedent conditions for the solar flare. This tunnel vision has had a profound and deleterious effect on the state-of-the-art. It has diverted attention from many promising approaches and relegated them to limbo. More importantly, it has actually inhibited the scientific search for the underlying physical mechanisms. Examples of neglected aspects of the problem cover the entire range from observing techniques and equipment to the availability and accuracy of the archived scientific data. A cursory inspection of this data leads to an obvious conclusion: there are at least two suns up there.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Phys. of the Space Environment; p 157-171
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  • 15
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    Solar wind rare gas analysis: Trapped solar wind helium and neon in Surveyor 3 material (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The He-4 and Ne-20 contents in sections of the Surveyor 3 support strut samples were determined by optical and scanning electron microscopy and are compared to the results of the Apollo solar wind composition (SWC) experiments. The He-4/Ne-20 ratio in the samples from the sunlit side of the strut was approximately 300; the ratios determined in Apollo 12 lunar fines and SWC foil were below 100. The He-4/He-3 ratios were also determined, and the ratio obtained from Surveyor 3 material is higher than those found with Apollo 11 and 12 SWC experiments. The effects of spallation by cosmic rays or solar protons, stripping by cosmic ray or energetic solar alpha particles, recycling of solar wind He and radiogenic Ne, He from terrestrial atmosphere, mass discrimination near the moon, mass dependence of trapping probability, diffusion, and contamination by lunar dust are considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA, Washington Analysis of Surveyor 3 Mater. and Phot. Returned by Apollo 12; p 201-208
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  • 16
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    Quasi-seasonal variation in the sun (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The results of an investigation on the effects of earth seasonal changes on solar activity, particularly sunspots, are given. These results show corpuscular and electromagnetic activity increased during the equinoctial months. In addition the electromagnetic aspect tends to increase during the winter months. It was suggested that seasonal changes in sunspot numbers may be caused by the tidal forces and the processional torques exerted by the various planets in the solar atmosphere.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 164-170
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  • 17
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    Hydromagnetic heating in the solar wind (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Hydromagnetic heating in the solar wind was investigated using the heating model in which fast-mode hydromagnetic waves propagate outward from below the base and deposit energy by collisionless damping. Ray paths were found by solving Hamilton's equations. As the ray propagates along its path, it will damp, supplying thermal energy to the solar wind gas. The strong agreement of these results with observations is clear indication that the primary nonthermal heat source in the solar wind is the collisionless damping of hydromagnetic waves.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Significant Accomplishments in Sci., 1970; p 140-143
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  • 18
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    Statistical accuracy of cosmic radiation neutron component recorders (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: A method is examined for calculating the error of experimental data from a standard neutron monitor with the multiplicity of neutron generation. It is shown that use of the Poisson distribution to estimate the real statistical error is inadequate. The method proposed is for analysis of low-amplitude periodicities in the cosmic-ray variations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 79-81
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  • 19
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    Cosmic ray variations during PCA type absorption (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: It is shown based on data on the cosmic-ray neutron component, ionospheric soundings, and measurements of cosmic radio-emission absorption at Vostok station (Antarctica) that the ionization of the lower ionosphere increases during low intensity of Forbush-type cosmic rays. This is manifested in increased absorption and the appearance of strong sporadic layers in the E-region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 74-77
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  • 20
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    Variations of cosmic rays associated with chromospheric flares on the sun (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-26
    Description: Features of the cosmic-ray variations in the geomagnetic pole region and a smooth decrease in the cosmic rays intensity as a result of increased solar activity are reported. A 66-day variation of the cosmic rays was registered, in agreement with the maximum frequency and power of solar chromospheric flares.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Morphology of the Quiet and Disturbed Ionosphere; p 113-116
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  • 21
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    The effect of secondary autoionization on dielectronic recombination. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Demonstration that, during the process of dielectronic recombination, the energy of a recombined ion after a resonance capture and subsequent stabilization may still be higher than the first ionization limit. If that happens, a secondary autoionization can take place and reduce the recombination coefficient. The importance of this effect is considered for iron ions Fe(9+) to Fe(13+).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Letters; 10; Apr. 197
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  • 22
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    Metagalactic gamma rays from relativistic-electron bremsstrahlung interactions. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Evaluation of gamma-ray spectra calculated for relativistic-electron bremsstrahlung interactions at cosmological distances under the assumption of a single power-law source spectrum for the electrons. It is concluded that such spectra cannot match the form of the observed cosmic gamma-ray spectrum above 1 MeV, as has previously been suggested.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 171; Jan. 15
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  • 23
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    Heavy ions from interplanetary dust. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Most atoms that are evaporated from interplanetary dust near the sun are quickly ionized and are probably carried away by the interplanetary magnetic field and the solar wind. The contribution of these heavy ions to the solar-wind flux has been estimated by using estimates of the mass required to maintain the zodiacal cloud. This contribution appears to be small compared with the heavy-ion flux of coronal origin. Many ions from dust remain singly ionized; some of these, such as Ca(+), can resonantly scatter solar radiation. The contribution of this interplanetary glow to the background of twilight glow has been estimated. Interplanetary glow may be detectable. Some atoms from dust may be accelerated by radiation pressure before being ionized. Estimates of velocities and fluxes for Fe indicate that this acceleration is not very effective.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Apr. 1
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  • 24
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    Explorer 35 observations of solar-wind electron density, temperature, and anisotropy. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the solar wind electron integral spectrum yielding electron temperatures ranging from 100,000 to 400,000 K and having an average value of 182,000 K, electron densities having an average value of 4.6 per cu cm, and electron-temperature anisotropies ranging from 1 to 1.4. The electron temperature is found to be independent of solar-wind speed over the range from 290 to 675 km/sec. Comparison of the simultaneous alignment of the local magnetic-field vector with the direction of the electron-temperature anisotropy reveals a high correlation. Necessary conditions for the fire-hose instabilities were satisfied in the electron and proton components of the solar-wind plasma immediately behind an interplanetary shock.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Apr. 1
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  • 25
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    A high-sensitivity search for X-rays from supernova remnants in Aquila. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A high-sensitivity scan of the galactic plane from 70 to 30 deg was performed to search for 2-20-keV X rays from supernova remnants. The spectra of five X-ray sources detected between 44 and 31 deg longitude are presented, of which only two might be associated with suggested supernova remnants. Upper limits are given for the 19 possible supernova remnants scanned.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 173; Apr. 15
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  • 26
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    Cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra above 50 GeV. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Differential energy spectra of cosmic-ray protons and He nuclei have been measured for the first time by an ionization spectrometer flown at balloon altitudes. The energy range extended from 50 to more than 1000 GeV. The observed differential intensities can be represented with power-law spectra with a slope of -2.75 (plus or minus 0.03) for protons and of -2.77 (plus or minus 0.05) for He nuclei. The proton-to-He ratio is 26 (plus or minus 3) at 40 GeV/nucleon and is constant within errors up to 400 GeV/nucleon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 28; Apr. 10
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  • 27
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    The use of magnetometers on balloon-borne X-ray astronomy experiments. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of magnetometers for azimuth determination of balloon-borne X-ray astronomy payloads is examined, with special emphasis placed on the experiments of the University of Adelaide Cosmic Ray Group. A critical evaluation is made of the effectiveness of the magnetometers, including discussion of effects due to geomagnetic field variations, magnetometer misorientation and spurious contaminant magnetic fields. Calibration techniques and details of in-flight performance are also presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Mar. 197
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  • 28
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    Remarks about X-rays from Eta Carinae. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Two current models for Eta Carinae are discussed. It is shown that the recently observed soft X-ray flux seems to indicate a surprisingly high density for the ambient gas around Eta Carinae, and that some useful constraints on models of this object may result from X-ray observations.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 236; Mar. 20
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  • 29
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    Lunar fossil magnetism and perturbations of the solar wind. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Perturbations of the solar wind downstream of the moon and lying outside of the rarefaction wave that defines the diamagnetic cavity are used to define possible source regions comprised of intrinsically magnetized areas of the moon. A map of the moon is constructed showing that a model in which the sources are exposed to the grazing solar wind during the lunation yields a selenographically invariant set of regions strongly favoring the lunar highlands over the maria. An alternative model with the source due to electromagnetic induction is explored. The ages of the field sources should be consistent with those based on the basalt ages and possibly far older if the sources are connected with the formation of the highland rocks themselves. The perturbations are tentatively identified as weak shock waves, and a Mach angle in accord with nominal values for the solar wind is found.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Feb. 1
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  • 30
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    Search for antimatter in primary cosmic rays. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Data from two flights of a new superconducting magnetic spectrometer are reported. This instrument was capable of a direct matter-antimatter separation in the cosmic rays. Antimatter events would appear in the spectrometer as trajectories which curve in the opposite direction to common matter, because of their negative charge. A brief description of the equipment and of the characteristics of the instrument is presented, along with the data processing techniques used. A new upper limit on the amount of antimatter in primary cosmic rays has been established. The limits are considerably lower than those for any previous experiment.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 236; Apr. 14
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  • 31
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    Mechanism for the X-ray pulsations in Cyg X-1. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The mechanism proposed involves the occurrence of a flare in a region of high magnetic field on the surface of a star. The flare produces oscillations in the magnetic field structure. The oscillations lead to heating of the plasma in a flux tube which emits thermal radiation. The heating may be caused by magnetic pumping or particles accelerated in periodic bursts by the flare. Synchrotron radiation from high energy particles accounts for the hard X-ray emission.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 235; Jan. 14
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  • 32
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    Gamma-ray absorption for a beam model of NP0532. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The model involves an assessment of the effect of beaming as indicated by the pulsations themselves rather than by assuming gamma-ray absorption by interaction with an isotropic photon field. The chief absorption process to be taken into account is that of pair production in the intense photon field. Most important is the pair production in the intense photon field which occurs during the pulse.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 235; Jan. 3
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  • 33
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    Rocket observations of solar UV radiation during the eclipse of 7 March 1970. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of observations of the solar eclipse of Mar. 7, 1970, with photometers sensitive to narrow bands of radiation at Lyman-alpha (1216 A) and at 2600 A included in the payloads of four Nike Apache rockets flown before and during the eclipse. At the center of totality, the flux of Lyman-alpha from the solar corona is 0.15% of the flux from the unobscured sun. The flux at second contact is 0.64%; at third contact, two observations give 0.52 and 0.59%. The brightness of the chromosphere in Lyman-alpha decreases exponentially over the range from 5 to 30 arc-sec from the limb with a scale height of 3835 plus or minus 70 km. In addition to the coronal and chromospheric Lyman-alpha a diffuse source is found. This is restricted to within 20 deg of the earth's horizon and is nearly uniform in azimuth at 170 km, the flux is about 3% of that from the unobscured sun. The flux of Lyman-alpha during the eclipse is considered in relation to the observed variation in electron density. It is concluded that, in totality, the ionosphere near 80 km is not in equilibrium with the ionizing radiation and that the production rate for electrons is not negligible if the loss process is recombination; it is negligible if the loss process is attachment-like.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 34
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    Rocket observations of solar X-rays during the eclipse of 7 March 1970. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the absorption profiles and residual fluxes of three bands of solar X-rays before and during the eclipse of Mar. 7, 1970. In the bands 2 to 8 A, 8 to 20 A, and 44 to 60 A the residual flux in totality is found to be respectively 5, 7, and 16% of the flux from the uneclipsed sun. It is shown that the radiation maintaining the E-layer varies in proportion to the 44- to 60-A flux. In the D-layer, ionization by the residual flux of 2 to 8 A is less important in totality than is ionization of nitric oxide by Lyman-alpha.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics; 34; Apr. 197
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  • 35
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    Nuclear composition and energy spectra in the 1969 April 12 solar-particle event. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Measurement of the charge composition for several of the multicharged nuclei and the energy spectra for hydrogen, helium, and medium (6 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 9) nuclei in the Apr. 12, 1969, solar-particle event. The energy/nucleon spectral shape of the medium nuclei was again the same as that of the helium nuclei, and the ratio of these two species was consistent with the present best average of 58 plus or minus 5. By combining the results obtained here with previous work, improved estimates of the Ne/O and Mg/O values of 0.16 plus or minus 0.03 and 0.056 plus or minus 0.014, respectively, were obtained. Silicon and sulfur abundances relative to O were determined to be 0.208 plus or minus 0.008 plus or minus 0.006, respectively, and 85% confidence upper limits for Ar and Ca relative to O of 0.017 and 0.010 were obtained. Previously, these last four nuclei had only been listed as a group.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 171; Jan. 1
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  • 36
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    An all-sky X-ray monitor for the UK-5 satellite. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An X-ray imaging system using a pin-hole camera and a position sensitive proportional counter at the image plane has been designed for an all-sky X-ray monitor for UK-5 satellite. This high-sensitivity device with real-time coverage of the entire celestial sphere would aid in programming satellite maneuvers such that transient events in the X-ray sky could be investigated in detail by the other primary satellite experiments. Discussion of design criteria for the camera geometry, the position sensitive proportional detector, and electronics to handle the data is presented in this paper.
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  • 37
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    Multifarious temporal variations of low-energy relativistic cosmic-ray electrons. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Detailed examination of the intensity variations of 3- to 12-MeV interplanetary electrons. The data are from the Goddard cosmic-ray experiment on the Imp satellites and cover the period from just before the last solar minimum through the onset of the present solar maximum (i.e., from December 1963 through August 1969). A morphology for the intensity changes is tentatively proposed that includes solar-flare-associated events, solar co-rotating increases, Forbush decreases, quiet-time increases, and the long-term 11-year variation. It is contended that the electron components observed both during quiescent times and during quiet-time increases are galactic in origin. The quiet-time increases represent a completely new phenomenon that appears to be unique to the low-energy electron population. During a quiet-time increase the electron intensity is enhanced by a factor of 3 to 5 over a period of days, and, in general, these periods anticorrelate with low-energy solar particle events. Qualitatively, their amplitude diminishes with increasing solar activity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; May 1
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  • 38
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    Quiet-time electron increases - A measure of conditions in the outer solar system. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of a possible explanation for the increases in the intensity range of 3- to 12-MeV interplanetary electrons that McDonald et al. (1972) have labeled as 'quiet-time electron increases.' It is argued that the electrons in quiet-time increases are galactic in origin but that the observed increases are not the result of any variation in the modulation of these particles in the inner solar system. It is suggested instead that quiet-time increases may occur when more electrons than normal penetrate a modulating region that lies far beyond the orbit of the earth. The number of electrons penetrating this region may increase when field lines that have experienced an unusually large random walk in the photosphere are carried by the solar wind out to the region. As evidence of this increased random walk, it is shown that five solar rotations before most of the quiet-time increases occur there is an extended period when the amplitude of the diurnal anisotropy (measured by the Deep River neutron monitor) is relatively low. A delay time of five rotations implies that the proposed modulating region lies at about 30 AU from the sun if the average solar-wind speed is assumed to be constant at about 400 km/sec over this distance. The implications for the correlation between periods of low-amplitude diurnal anisotropy and quiet-time increases on interplanetary conditions out to about 30 AU and some possible models for the proposed modulating region are also considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; May 1
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  • 39
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    Observational evidence relating to a recent theory on the origin of the universal X-ray background /Research note/. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysics and Space Science; 16; May 1972
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  • 40
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    Search for a visible counterpart of the September 2, 1972 radio outburst in Cygnus. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 239; Oct. 23
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  • 41
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    Some characteristics of microwave type IV radio bursts and the acceleration of solar cosmic rays. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astronomical Society of the Pacific; vol. 84
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  • 42
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    Free oscillations of the sun and their possible stimulation by solar flares. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The main characteristics of free oscillations of the sun are described, and the sources and sinks of energy are estimated. Adiabatic oscillations and damping are considered. It is shown how a large solar flare can exert a significant mechanical impulse on the sun by causing a wave of compression to move subsonically into the interior. The solar interior does not easily dissipate low-amplitude acoustical energy, and therefore a relatively large fraction of the energy should remain available to go into the normal modes. An estimate is made of how this energy might be distributed among the more interesting modes.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 176; Sept. 15
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  • 43
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    Observation of several X-ray sources in 1970 September. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Position and intensity measurements made with proportional counters in the 2 to 12 keV band are described. The instruments were launched from Johnson Atoll, and four scans were carried out during the 525 sec spent above 200 km. In comparing the results with the Uhuru survey, only a few differences are noted. One variable source, 2U 1908+0, was weaker. The case of the Magellanic Cloud sources is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 176; Sept. 15
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  • 44
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    Upper limit of the torque of the solar wind on the earth. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An upper limit is presented for the torque exerted on the earth by the solar wind. It is found that the maximum possible torque is 3 or 4 orders of magnitude too small to be responsible for the slowing of the earth's rotation, contrary to Coleman's (1971) suggestion.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Sept. 1
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  • 45
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    Magnetic field structure in flare-associated solar-wind disturbances. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Review of the solar-wind disturbance models proposed by Piddington (1958), Gold (1959, 1962), Parker (1961), and De Young and Hundhausen (1971), in an attempt to determine what information and conclusions can be drawn about these models by examining the interplanetary magnetic field. The conclusions reached suggest that little, if any, flux is permanently ejected during the average solar-wind disturbance.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Sept. 1
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  • 46
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    Relativistic electrons associated with solar flares. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Solar flares which produce relativistic electrons generally occur within sunspot groups which are active in the emission of meter type I noise storms. It is suggested that relativistic electrons in solar flares are accelerated from the keV-energy electrons responsible for the type I noise storms. The relationship between flare developments and the ejection of keV-electrons is briefly considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Planetary and Space Science; 20; Aug. 197
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  • 47
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    Search for 1/3e and 2/3e charged quarks in the cosmic radiation at 2750-m altitude. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A scintillation counter telescope consisting of eight liquid scintillation counters and four wide-gap spark chambers was used to search for particles with electric charge 1/3e and 2/3e in cosmic rays at 2750 m above sea level. No such particles were detected during the 1500-hr experimental run. Upper limits on the vertical fluxes are established, and estimates of the corresponding sea-level fluxes are made for comparison with previous results.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review D - Particles and Fields; vol. 6
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  • 48
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    Solar wind heating. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The difference in objectives, physical assumptions, and results among the most recent detailed models aimed at understanding energy transport in the solar wind are analyzed. Models have been judged primarily by comparing their predictions against spacecraft observations near 1 AU. However, the observed values of flow speed, density, and temperature fluctuate over a wide range so that the criteria for agreement between theory and observation are necessarily somewhat subjective.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Cosmic Electrodynamics; 3; July 197
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  • 49
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    Stardust. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Rocket experiments were conducted to collect particles from noctilucent clouds at Kiruna, Sweden. The Pandora II inflight shadowing technique considered by Hallgren and Hemenway (1971) was used in the experiments. This technique makes it possible to study the collected particles as a function of time and altitude intervals. The particles observed consisted of an irregular electron-opaque core surrounded by a rounded, low density material. X-ray and electron opacity data suggest that the abundances of the heavy elements, such as Hf and Ta, in the particles are comparable to those of the light elements, such as Al and Si.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 238; Aug. 4
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  • 50
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    Helium abundance variations. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Use of observations of the solar wind by Explorers 34 and 43 to confirm the existence of a linear relationship between the relative abundance of helium and the bulk speed of the wind, recently described by Hirshberg et al. (1972). Use of this relationship allows the dependence of the relative abundance of helium on solar activity to be separated from its dependence on bulk speed. The proportion of helium in the solar wind at a given bulk speed is found to increase with increasing sunspot number, averaged over the period of observation. It is shown that the relationship between average relative abundance and temperature, deduced by using the bulk speed/temperature relation, is consistent with the data. The relative abundance of helium is not found to increase with increasing solar-wind flux. This confirms the result of Hirshberg et al.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Aug. 1
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  • 51
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    Attenuation of X rays in interstellar space. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Calculation of the X-ray interaction cross sections for three cosmic mixtures over the range from 1 keV (12.4 A) to 1.5 MeV (0.008 A). The cosmic composition of elements as given by Aller and utilized by Bell and Kingston (1967) and the total photon interaction cross sections per atom of the elements as computed by Hubbell and collaborators are used for this purpose. The results are compared with a formula given by Heiles (1971). Approximate agreement exists between 10 to 20 keV.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 43; Aug. 197
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  • 52
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    A comparison of measurements of the charge spectrum of solar cosmic rays from nuclear emulsions and the Explorer 35 solid-state detector. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; July 1
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  • 53
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    Velocity and flux dependence of the solar-wind helium abundance. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The causes of the variations in the relative abundance of helium in the solar wind are not understood. To define the theoretical problem more precisely, empirical relationships between helium abundances and other pertinent solar-wind parameters are necessary. In this report we show that the average percentage of helium increases with the solar-wind velocity. We also confirm that the abundance of helium tends to be higher for low solar-wind fluxes rather than lower as expected from theory. The interpretation of these results is discussed, and it is concluded that more realistic theoretical treatments of the problem are necessary before these results can be understood in terms of models of the solar corona and solar wind.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; July 1
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  • 54
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    X-ray emission from the galactic disk. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A search was made for a diffuse component of greater than 1.5 keV X rays associated with an interarm region of the Galaxy at galactic longitudes in the vicinity of 60 degrees. A statistically significant excess associated with a narrow disk component was detected. The angular extent of this component has a most probable value of 2 degrees. The best-fit spectrum yields an intensity of 2.9 photons/sq cm per sec per sterad over the 2-10 keV range. The 3-sigma upper limit to any emission in a 1.5 keV band centered at 7 keV from galactic latitudes not greater than 3.5 deg is 0.3 photons/sq cm per sec per sterad. Several possible emission models are evaluated, with the most likely choice being a population of unresolvable low-luminosity sources.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 174; June 1
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  • 55
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    Transition radiation as a source of cosmic X-rays. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that transition radiation generated during the passage of relativistic charged particles through interstellar grains can be an important source of cosmic X-rays. In order to account for recent X-ray observations below 300 eV by transition radiation, an energy density in interstellar space of about 10 eV per cu cm in 10 MeV electrons is required. This seems to rule out transition radiation as an important source of diffuse cosmic X-rays in any energy region.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Letters; 11; May 1972
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  • 56
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    Radio tracking of solar energetic particles through interplanetary space. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Satellite observations of traveling solar radio bursts provide information about the propagation of energetic solar particles through interplanetary space. This information leads to data on the solar wind density and gross magnetic field configuration over distances of 1 AU. By placing a radio telescope well above the ionosphere it is possible to observe the radio emission down to frequencies that correspond to emission at distances of the order of 1 AU. The observations reported provide the first 'radio picture' over 1 AU of the spiral magnetic field configuration in interplanetary space.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Science; 178; Nov. 17
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  • 57
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    Mean lifetimes and equilibrium abundances in the fast CN cycle. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that the production of small nitrogen to carbon ratios is possible, in contrast to the equilibrium production in the ordinary CN cycle. Associated with such a production are high ratios of C-13/C-12 and of N-15/N-14. The final ratios depend on the conditions under which cessation of hydrogen burning occurs under astrophysical circumstances. A table showing proton capture mean lifetimes of CN nuclei is provided together with tables of the equilibrium abundances in a fast CN cycle. The ratios of final abundances of nitrogen to carbon as functions of temperature are also presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 238; July 10
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  • 58
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    Theoretical studies of the flux and energy spectrum of gamma radiation from the sun. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Space Science Reviews; 13; May 1972
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  • 59
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    Transport of cosmic rays in the solar corona. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Abstract missing.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 23; Mar. 197
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  • 60
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    Extragalactic X-ray sources. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The extended X-ray sources associated with the Virgo, Perseus, and Coma clusters of galaxies can best be explained as a result of the Compton scattering of relativistic electrons (generated in the radio sources which are present in each of these clusters) on the microwave background radiation. The same physical process involving microwave infrared or optical photons generated in the nuclei of active galaxies may account for the more compact X-ray sources. Thermal bremsstrahlung of hot gas in clusters of galaxies is a less likely source of X-rays.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature; 237; June 23
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  • 61
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    Monte Carlo treatment of Lyman-alpha radiation in a plane-parallel atmosphere. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A Monte Carlo technique involving Stokes vectors is used to obtain the state of polarization and intensity of solar Lyman-alpha photons as they diffuse through a plane-parallel homogeneous model of earth's hydrogen envelope. Fine structure of Lyman-alpha and Doppler redistribution of frequencies are taken into account. Comparison of the results with Heath's observed upper limit for polarization of 1.5 per cent implies an optical thickness tau greater than 7 and intensities of 8-10 kilorayleighs for a solar Lyman-alpha flux of 5.8 ergs per sq cm per sec.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 175; July 1
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  • 62
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    High-energy radiations from space. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Survey of past, current, and planned U.S. high-energy astronomy observation (HEAO) experiments in space, and review of their significance. It is shown that astronomical observations from spacecraft during the first decade of space flight, though they be few and modest, have provided a wealth of new results that are most exciting, and that suggest that the next 20 or 30 years of space exploration may write a new chapter in the history of astrophysics and astronomy as important as the chapters initiated by Galileo or by the five-meter telescope on Mount Palomar. Special attention is given to the planned HEAO-A and HEAO-B experiment series.
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  • 63
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    Advances in solar and cosmic X-ray astronomy - A survey of experimental techniques and observational results. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The current status of X-ray astronomy is surveyed by reviewing observational results and theoretical conclusions gained within the past two years in areas dealing with the quiet-sun, slowly-varying, and burst components of solar X-radiation and with the features of cosmic X-ray sources. Thermal and nonthermal processes responsible for a wide variety of X-ray emission mechanisms in nature are explained, and characteristics of X radiation from specific solar structures are described. Attention is given to the effects of interstellar and intergalactic matter on cosmic X-rays; the properties of galactic and extragalactic X-ray sources; and the specifications of such instruments as gas-filled ionization detectors, proportional counters, Geiger counters, scintillation detectors, photoelectric detectors, polarimeters, collimators, spectrometers, and imaging systems.
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  • 64
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    Remarks on the heating of solar-wind protons. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The heating of solar-wind protons cannot be explained by the thermalization of those protons arising from the ionization of neutral hydrogen atoms traveling in the general direction of the sun. By requiring the heating to satisfy the experimental results of the T sub p versus V sub sw correlation, an efficiency function of thermalization of these incoming protons is obtained, and a value of the 'hot component' of the hydrogen population is about 0.05 per cu cm near 1 AU. This hot component hydrogen density is too high compared to recent estimates by satellite experiments of Lyman alpha radiation and other experiments, and therefore the suggested solar-wind heating mechanism is unimportant in explaining the T sub p versus V sub sw correlation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Nov. 1
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  • 65
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    Limit on the energy density in the submillimetre background radiation. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis is made which indicates that the energy density in the submillimeter quanta cannot exceed about 0.4 eV/cu cm averaged over the galactic dimensions, independent of the exact spectral distribution of this radiation. This corresponds to an upper limit of 3.4 K on the radiation temperature in the galactic neighborhood.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Nature Physical Science; 239; Sept. 18
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  • 66
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    The solar spectrum - Wavelengths and identifications from 60 to 385 angstroms. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Abstract missing.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 175; July 15
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  • 67
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    Influence of thermal anisotropy on best-fit estimates of shock normals. (1972)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper deals with the influence of thermal anisotropy on least-squares estimates of interplanetary shock parameters and the associated normals by using the Rankine-Hugoniot equations. A practical theorem is given for quantitatively correcting for anisotropic effects by weighting the before and after magnetic fields by the same 'anisotropy parameter' h. The quantity h depends only on the thermal anisotropies before and after the shock and on the angles between the magnetic fields and the shock normal. It is shown that, for fast shocks and for a liberal range of realistic conditions, the quantity h lies in the range from 0.90 to 1.22. The theorem can also be applied to most slow shocks, but in those instances h usually should be lower and sometimes markedly lower than unity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; June 1
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    Orbit Perturbations Due to Solar Radiation Pressure (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-09
    Description: This disturbing force will be important for satellites with a large area to mass ratio and also for those whose orbits are high enough that atmospheric drag is not the more dominate force. The procedure for the analysis is to represent the radiation force as the gradient of a scalar function to be compatible with existing procedures for studying perturbations due to earth's oblateness. From this analysis, solar radiation pressure appears not to be responsible for any secular or long-periodic variations in the semi-major axis of the orbit nor does it provide any secular changes in the eccentricity of the orbit or the angle of inclination of the osculating plane. Solar radiation pressure does produce secular effects in the other orbital elements, but these are in the opposite sense of secularities caused by the gravitational attraction of the sun and tend to reduce the total secularity.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Auburn Univ. The NASA-ASEE Summer Fac. Fellowship Program; p 533-545
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    Type 1 Tails: Solar Wind Interactions (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: The ionization of the gas emitted by a comet is discussed along with the formation of a visible tail, and the bow shock front upstream toward the sun. Questions that a cometary probe can answer are listed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Ariz. Univ. Comets: Sci. Data and Missions; p 59-64
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    Comment on the large velocity discontinuities in the solar wind (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ivanov (1970) showed that rotational discontinuities can exist in an anisotropic medium, and claimed that 10 of the 11 discontinuities examined by Burlage (1969) are rotational in Hudson's sense. Using Hudson's (1970, 1971) data, it is argued that at least 5 of the 10 discontinuities are of the tangential and not rotational type. This supports Burlaga's interpretation, according to which there exist tangential discontinuities characterized by large shifts.
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    Modulation of low-energy galactic cosmic rays over solar maximum /cycle 20/. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Low-energy (about 60 MeV/nucleon) galactic cosmic rays observed during the recent period of solar maximum are reviewed. For this particular cycle, a significant time lag between intensity changes in the low-energy and high-energy components has been observed. Several possible explanations of this 'hysteresis effect' are discussed. The cosmic-ray intensity gradients provided by Pioneer 10 are soon to be available and are expected to provide a more definite clue to this process of cosmic-ray modulation.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; Dec. 1
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    The spectra of highly ionized aluminum /Al VI-X/ in the extreme-ultraviolet and soft X-ray regions. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 178; Nov. 15
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    Interplanetary gas. XVII - An astrometric determination of solar-wind velocities from orientations of ionic comet tails. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal; 177; Oct. 1
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    Origin of 200-keV interplanetary electrons. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The suggestion by Lin et al. (1972) that a distinct spectral feature exists at about 200 keV, which could be due to a neutron-decay electron component of either solar or galactic origin, is examined. Alternative sources models, including production by nearby galactic objects or acceleration at the outer boundary of the solar system, are also considered.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Physical Review Letters; 29; Oct. 9
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  • 75
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    Twenty-seven-day recurrences in the solar-wind speed - Mariner 2. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results of an autocorrelation analysis of the Mariner 2 data concerning solar-wind speed obtained in late 1962. A statistically significant correlation associated with the solar rotation has been found near a lag of 27 days; however, the amplitude of the correlation is only about 0.4, in essential agreement with measurements of Vela 2 and 3 during the period from July 1964 to July 1967. The relatively modest correlation is interpreted to mean that a number of speed structures observed by Mariner 2 did not endure for more than one solar rotation; those structures that did endure evolved significantly in shape, amplitude, and solar longitude from one solar rotation to the next. The analysis also shows that typical solar-wind structures occupied about 30 to 45 deg in solar longitude near 1 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 77; June 1
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    The normalization of solar X-ray data from many experiments. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A conversion factor is used to convert Geiger (GM) tube count rates or ion chamber currents into units of the incident X-ray energy flux in a specified passband. A method is described which varies the passband to optimize these conversion factors such that they are relatively independent of the spectrum of the incident photons. This method was applied to GM tubes flown on Explorers 33 and 35 and Mariner 5 and to ion chambers flown on OSO 3 and OGO 4. Revised conversion factors and passbands are presented, and the resulting absolute solar X-ray fluxes based on these are shown to improve the agreement between the various experiments. Calculations have shown that, although the GM tubes on Explorer 33 viewed the Sun off-axis, the effective passband did not change appreciably, and the simple normalization of the count rates to the count rates of a similar GM tube on Explorer 35 was justified.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 22; Feb. 197
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  • 77
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    Heating of the solar flare plasma by high energy electrons. (1972)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Discussion of the heating of the ambient plasma by high-energy electrons in solar flares. It is shown that for large flares the heating is enough to produce a thermal plasma with a temperature up to 10 to the 7th K rapidly in the initial phase of the flares. Thus thermal bremsstrahlung in addition to nonthermal bremsstrahlung should be considered for the X-ray emission of solar flares in the initial phase.-
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Physics; 22; Jan. 197
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    New evidence for solar cycle variations at great distances (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Recent studies of solar planetary relationships are directed toward exploring how far out from the sun one could observe solar cycle variations. A positive solar Jovian relationship is suggested from a Chree superposed epoch study of the intensity of the great red spot of Jupiter over a period of about six solar cycles. The characteristic double maxima observed in the solar cycle variation is common to other observations of solar events in the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona; radio and corpuscular emissions from the sun; cosmic ray intensity and geomagnetic activity. The same method of analysis adopted for the study of luminosity changes of the planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune indicates that the fluctuations of luminosity follow the single maximum solar cycle represented by sunspot numbers. In conjunction with changes of upper atmospheric density and temperature, it is suggested that the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission from the sun may be connected with luminosity changes. A method of distinguishing between phenomena related to solar wind and those related to solar EUV is presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Wind; p 704-708
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    HEOS 1 helium observations in the solar wind (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results of alpha-particle observations performed by the European satellite HEOS 1, in the period from December 9, 1968, to April 13, 1969, and from September 6, 1969, to April 15, 1970, are presented. The average bulk velocities of protons V sub p and alpha-particles V sub alpha appear to be equal; however, due to an instrumental bias, the possibility of V sub alpha being lower than V sub p cannot be ruled out. Comparison with observations of Vela 3 and Explorer 34 satellites gives evidence of a dependence of helium abundance on the solar cycle. The problem of the stability of differences between the bulk velocities of protons and alpha-particles is investigated. The behavior of alpha-particles through interplanetary shock waves is illustrated in connection with magnetic field measurements.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Solar Wind; p 588-597
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    Solar wind helium enhancements following major solar flares (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The observations of solar wind helium enhancements following major solar flares are reviewed, and the hypothesis that helium enhancements often mark flare piston plasma is confirmed. Helium enhancements were observed during each of the three periods (March 1966, July 1966, August/September 1966) of major solar activity that occurred from October 1965 to October 1966. No enhancements were seen during the long quiet periods that occurred that year. At 1 AU, the helium-enhanced plasma pistons had slowed so that the velocity was 80 percent of the mean transit velocity, in general agreement with theoretical models of the propagation of flare disturbances. A qualitative model, in which the piston plasma is accelerated from the flare site deep in the corona, is discussed briefly. If the model is valid in general outline, the piston plasmas provide samples of material from the lower levels of the corona.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Wind; p 582-587
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    Spacecraft observations of the solar wind composition (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Solar wind composition studies by means of plasma analyzers carried on various spacecraft are reviewed. The average ratio of helium to hydrogen over the solar cycle is close to 0.045; values as low as 0.0025 and as high as 0.25 have been observed. High values have been observed following solar flares and interplanetary shock waves when the flare gas driving the shock arrives at the spacecraft. Ions of He-3(+2), O-16(+6), and O-16(+7) have been observed with Vela 3 electrostatic analyzers. Further measurements with Vela 5 analyzers have shown the presence of N-14(+6), Si-28(+7) to Si-28(+9) and Fe-56(+7) to Fe-56(+12) ions. The relative abundance of oxygen, silicon, and iron in the solar wind of July 6, 1969, was 1.00, 0.21, and 0.17, which is very similar to reported values for the corona. The ratio of helium to oxygen is variable; the average value of He/O is close to 100, but values between 30 and 400 have been observed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Solar Wind; p 535-558
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    Elemental and isotopic abundances in the solar wind (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of collecting foils and lunar material to assay the isotopic composition of the solar wind is reviewed. Arguments are given to show that lunar surface correlated gases are likely to be most useful in studying the history of the solar wind, though the isotopic abundances are thought to give a good approximation to the solar wind composition. The results of the analysis of Surveyor material are also given. The conditions leading to a significant component of the interstellar gas entering the inner solar system are reviewed and suggestions made for experimental searches for this fraction. A critical discussion is given of the different ways in which the basic solar composition could be modified by fractionation taking place between the sun's surface and points of observation such as on the Moon or in interplanetary space. An extended review is made of the relation of isotopic and elemental composition of the interplanetary gas to the dynamic behavior of the solar corona, especially processes leading to fractionation. Lastly, connection is made between the subject of composition, nucleosynthesis and the convective zone of the sun, and processes leading to modification of initial accretion of certain gases on the Earth and Moon.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Solar Wind; p 559-581
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    Wavelength dependence of the interplanetary scintillation index (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Published observations of the interplanetary scintillation index m sub z are shown to vary with wavelength in a manner consistent with a smooth, power law spectrum of plasma fluctuations. This is in contrast to recent work arguing that the data require a spectrum with two separate regimes. It is concluded that published observations of m sub z are consistent with either type of density spectrum.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Solar Wind; p 494-505
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    Observations of the solar plasma using radio scattering and scintillation methods (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Observations of the solar plasma using the interplanetary scintillation technique have been made at radial distances of 0.03 to 1.2 AU. The solar wind is found to be independent of ecliptic latitude and radial distance, except close to the sun where acceleration is observed. Plasma density irregularities on a scale near the proton gyro radius, which modulate the mean density by about 1 percent, are present throughout the observed range of radial distance.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Solar Wind; p 477-493
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    The nature of stream-stream interaction in the large-scale structure of the solar wind (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The stream-stream interaction between a slow solar wind and its leading faster solar wind is considered. A hydrodynamic model comprising double-layered rarefactions and recompressions is proposed toward understanding the observed large-scale structure near the trailing portion of a high-speed stream.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Solar Wind; p 472-474
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    Corotating shock structures (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Consideration of observed interplanetary shocks leads to the conclusion that a corotating forward shock has not been unambiguously identified at 1 AU. A reverse shock identified in September 1967 is a likely candidate for a corotating structure.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Wind; p 430-434
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    Shock pair observation (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: On day 84, 1969, the HEOS 1 satellite observed a shock pair connected with a plasma bulk velocity increase from 400 to approximately 750 km/sec. Both shocks were fast shocks. The forward shock had a Mach number of 1.7, the reverse shock had M(fast) = 1.4. The time interval between the two shocks was 7 hrs, 10 min. The time delay between HEOS 1 and Explorer 35 reverse shock observation (20 + or - 6 min) agrees with the computed time delay (11 + or - 4 min).
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Solar Wind; p 435-442
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    Coronal Alfven waves and the solar wind (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The observed properties of coronal Alfven waves in the solar wind at 1 AU are briefly reviewed, with some theoretical discussion of their probable effects on the dynamics of the expanding solar corona. It is concluded that coronal Alfven waves can have a major influence on both the small- and large-scale properties of the wind at 1 AU.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Solar Wind; p 382-389
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    Interplanetary shock waves and the structure of solar wind disturbances (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Observations and theoretical models of interplanetary shock waves are reviewed, with emphasis on the large-scale characteristics of the associated solar wind disturbances and on the relationship of these disturbances to solar activity. The sum of observational knowledge indicates that shock waves propagate through the solar wind along a broad, roughly spherical front, ahead of plasma and magnetic field ejected from solar flares. Typically, the shock front reaches 1 AU about two days after its flare origin, and is of intermediate strength. Not all large flares produce observable interplanetary shock waves; the best indicator of shock production appears to be the generation of both type 2 and type 4 radio bursts by a flare. Theoretical models of shock propagation in the solar wind can account for the typically observed shock strength, transit time, and shape.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Solar Wind; p 393-420
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    Magnetic field merging in the solar wind (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Magnetic field merging in the solar wind is discussed in terms of steady-state merging, which involves a steady flow field, and of spontaneous merging, which involves an instability such as the tearing instability. Spontaneous merging is found to be more effective than steady-state merging.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Solar Wind; p 360-364
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    Microscale fluctuations in the solar wind (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Theoretical constraints on the interpretation of fluctuations (either propagating or stationary) in the interplanetary medium are reviewed, with emphasis on the important differences between the properties of hydromagnetic waves (and stationary structures) in collisionless and in collision-dominated plasmas, and on the possible roles of Landau damping and nonlinear effects in determining the interplanetary fluctuation spectrum. Hypotheses about the origins of the fluctuations and their influence on the large-scale properties of the solar wind are reviewed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Wind; p 333-352
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    Evidence for an angular momentum flux in the solar wind (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A round table discussion of problems of solar and stellar spindown and theory is presented. Observational evidence of the angular momentum flux of the solar wind is emphasized.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Wind; p 261-275
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    A gas-dynamic calculation of type 2 shock propagation through the corona (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An approximate analytic theory of acoustic shock propagation in nonuniform media is used to determine the motion of a flare-generated shock wave in the corona. The shock is followed from the time it strikes the chromosphere-corona transition region (density interface) out to 5 solar radii under the assumption that the corona in this region is approximately in hydrostatic equilibrium. The strength of the shock incident on the transition region from below determines the ejection velocity of eruptive prominence material, as well as the initial velocity of the coronal shock. The calculation is applied to one well-documented case of a related flare spray, moving type 4 isolated source, and type 2 burst. It is shown that a chromospheric shock of the appropriate strength to produce the observed prominence and type 4 velocities strengthens as it moves out in the corona by an amount sufficient to account for the observed high velocity of the type 2 burst.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Solar Wind ate]; p 252-257
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    Model for energy transfer in the solar wind: Formulation of model (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The two-fluid solar-wind model is extended by including the collisionless dissipation of hydromagnetic waves originating at the sun. A series of solar wind models is generated, parameterized by the total energy flux of hydromagnetic waves at the base of the model. The resulting properties of propagation and dissipating of hydromagnetic waves on this model are presented.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Wind; p 248-251
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    Transition from a supersonic to a subsonic solar wind (1972)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The transition from a supersonic to a subsonic corona was investigated by increasing the density N sub O at the base of the corona while keeping the temperature T sub O constant. For the initial values of N sub O and T sub O, the solution of the inviscid solar wind equations is of the Parker type. As N sub O is increased, Parker type supersonic solutions cease to exist. No subsonic solutions exist.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Solar Wind; p 232-235
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    Some physical implications of recent solar wind measurements (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The physical implications of the existence at about 1 AU of a quiet solar wind particle flux about 90 percent larger than that suggested in the past is investigated within the framework of the two-fluid solar wind model equations. During the spherically symmetric radial expansion of the quiet solar wind, the particle flux is conserved quantity. It is found that a pure collisional two-fluid model provides good particle density and streaming velocity at 1 AU, but predicts too large an electron temperature and too small a proton temperature. When noncollisional contributions to the transport coefficients are incorporated in the model equations, a complete satisfactory agreement with the available observations is obtained. Upper limits to the effective coupling between electrons and protons, as well as to the effective proton thermal conductivity, and both upper and lower limits to the effective electron thermal conductivity in the quiet solar wind, required to provide agreement with observations, are given.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Solar Wind; p 244-247
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    Model for energy transfer in the solar wind: Model results (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A description is given of the results of solar wind flow in which the heating is due to (1) propagation and dissipation of hydromagnetic waves generated near the base of the wind, and (2) thermal conduction. A series of models is generated for fixed values of density, electron and proton temperature, and magnetic field at the base by varying the wave intensity at the base of the model. This series of models predicts the observed correlation between flow speed and proton temperature for a large range of velocities. The wave heating takes place in a shell about the sun greater than or approximately equal to 10 R thick. We conclude that large-scale variations observed in the solar wind are probably due mainly to variation in the hydromagnetic wave flux near the sun.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Wind; p 219-226
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    Average thermal characteristics of solar wind electrons (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Average solar wind electron properties based on a 1 year Vela 4 data sample-from May 1967 to May 1968 are presented. Frequency distributions of electron-to-ion temperature ratio, electron thermal anisotropy, and thermal energy flux are presented. The resulting evidence concerning heat transport in the solar wind is discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Solar Wind; p 208-218
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    Temporal evolution of velocity structures in the solar wind (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Generally poor correlations were obtained of solar wind flow speed measurements at one point in the ecliptic plane with measurements at the same point 28 days (one solar rotation) earlier or with measurements at other points in the ecliptic plane separated by 50 deg or more in solar longitude. This is evidence that either the flow speed is a very sensitive function of solar latitude or that temporal processes typically alter the speed of the wind emanating from particular solar regions on a time scale of about 4 days. From a measure of the persistence of the flow speed at the orbit of the earth, it appears that the temporal explanation is more likely to be the correct one.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Solar Wind; p 202-207
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    The large-scale structure of the solar wind (1972)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The large-scale structure of the solar wind is reviewed on the basis of experimental space measurements acquired over approximately the last decade. The observations cover the fading portion of the last solar cycle up through the maximum of the present cycle. The character of the interplanetary medium is considered from the viewpoint of the temporal behavior of the solar wind over increasingly longer time intervals, the average properties of the various solar wind parameters and their interrelationships. Interplanetary-terrestrial relationships and the expected effects of heliographic lattitude and radial distance are briefly discussed.
    Keywords: SPACE RADIATION
    Type: Solar Wind; p 170-201
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