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  • Articles  (1,064)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,009)
  • Chemical Engineering  (55)
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  • 1965-1969  (1,064)
  • 1965  (1,064)
  • Physics  (1,064)
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  • Articles  (1,064)
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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,009)
  • Chemical Engineering  (55)
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  • Chemistry  (1,064)
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  • 1965-1969  (1,064)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steam and heat setting of nylon 6 fiber. IV. Relationship between heat setting and swellingThis material appeared in part in Kobunshi Kagaku, 16, 333 (1959). (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The swelling and dissolution of heat-set nylon 6 fiber in aqueous sulfuric acid were examined. Steam-set fiber having good dyeability swells with much more difficulty than the dry-heat-set and unset fibers. Similar phenomena are seen in the examination of density of nylon 6 fiber subjected to heat setting, and it is found that the resistance to swelling depends on the crystalline region rather than on the amorphous region.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090105
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steam and heat setting of nylon 6 fiber. VII. Infrared spectra of nylon 6 prepared from N-deuterated ε-caprolactam and the water accessibility of nylon 6 in steam settingThis material appeared in part in Kobunshi Kagaku, 17, 545 (1960). (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 55-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The infrared spectrum of deuterated ε-caprolactam was examined. It was confirmed spectroscopically that the hydrogen of the N—H group in ε-caprolactam is exchanged for deuterium after repeated exchange reactions. The deuterated ε-caprolactam was polymerized, and the infrared spectrum of the polymer (called as N—D polymer) is compared with that of the normal nylon 6 polymer (called N—H polymer) which was steam-set in D2O vapor at 135°C. Characteristic absorption bands of N—D polymer are observed at 967, 896, 888, 876, and 719 cm.-1. The water accessibility of both N—H and N—D polymer was estimated from the spectra of both samples subjected to the repeated steam setting in D2O and H2O alternately at 130°C. The results show that at the initial stage of the repeated steam setting, H2O and D2O molecules may penetrate into the ordered regions in the polymers and partially break down intermolecular hydrogen bonds; such phenomenon may be followed by an exchange reaction and recrystallization. Subsequent stages of steam setting, however, no longer bring about such an effect.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090108
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steam and heat setting of nylon 6 fiber. X. Effect of heat setting on diffusion of dyestuff into nylon 6 fiberThe material appeared in part in Kobunshi Kagaku, 19, 506 (1962). (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 91-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The degree of penetration, the diffusion constant, and the uptake of dyestuffs of different molecular sizes were measured in undrawn and drawn nylon 6 filament, heat-set under various conditions in order to determine the pore structure in the amorphous regions. Unset and dry-heat-set nylon 6 can be penetrated only with difficulty by the dyestuffs having molecular lengths above about 30 and 25 A., respectively. The apparent diffusion coefficients and molecular weight of dyestuffs are approximately hyperbolic. The relations are considerably different, depending on the degree of drawing and conditions of the heat setting. Further, the relations among molecular size, amount of absorbed dyestuffs, and fraction of amorphous region capable of being penetrated by dyestuff are discussed with reference to the lateral-order distribution of nylon 6, as evaluated from the accessibility to D2O vapor.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090111
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  • 4
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    Electronic Resource
    Glass transition temperatures of poly(methyl methacrylate) plasticized with low concentrations of monomer and diethyl phthalate (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3795-3818 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of low plasticizer concentrations on the glass transition temperature of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has been studied experimentally for diethyl phthalate (DEP) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as plasticizers. Volume dilatometry, differential thermal analysis, and a torsional pendulum were used to determine glass transition temperatures. The monomer-plasticized PMMA samples were prepared by polymerizing MMA to a limiting conversion which was found to depend primarily on temperature. At temperatures slightly above the glass transition temperature of a MMA-PMMA system, a polymerization reaction occurred at a rate rapid enough to complicate the interpretation of the dilatometric and differential thermal analysis methods for determining the glass transition temperature. However, the torsional pendulum method could be used since it did not require measurements to be made at temperatures where polymerization could occur. The differential thermal analysis results showed that the temperature at which the polymerization reaction was first detectable was related to the glass transition temperature of the MMA-PMMA solution. The measured glass transition temperatures were compared with the predictions of the theories of Fox, Kelley, and Bueche, and Dimarioz and Gibbs on the effect of plasticizer concentration on the depression of the glass transition temperature.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091202
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of volatilization of stabilizers and oxidation products on polypropylene lifetimesPresented at the annual conference of the Plastics Institute of America, Hoboken, New Jersey, November 1965. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3837-3843 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three methods of measuring thermal oxidative stability of polypropylene have been compared. The oxygen absorption and the sealed tube tests give comparable results. The polymer lifetimes in circulating oven-aging tests differ significantly from those obtained by the first two methods. The oven-aging lifetime is aparently influenced to a large extent by the volatilization of the added stabilizer and of the oxidation products, the former decreases whereas the latter increases the polymer lifetime. The optimum composition of a synergistic stabilizer system was found to vary with the test method.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091204
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  • 6
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    Electronic Resource
    Estimation of molecular weights of epichlorohydrin-bisphenol a polymers by gel permeation chromatography (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3845-3850 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: During a program to evaluate the gel permeation chromatography (GPC) technique for measuring the molecular size distribution of polymers, three experimental epichlorohydrin-bisphenol A polymers were sent to Waters Associates for analysis with the commercially available instrument. The resulting distribution curves were used to calculate weight-average and number-average chain lengths of the samples. These values were found to give good straight-line correlations with weight-average and number-average molecular weights measured by absolute methods. Thus the GPC method gives meaningful information about the molecular size distribution of polymers which can be used to obtain rapid estimates of molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of crosslinked polyethylene and crosslinked ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymersPresented at the 21st Annual Technical Conference of the Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE) 1965. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3819-3835 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress-strain curves at various temperatures and secant modulus vs. temperature curves were used to investigate the differences that exist between peroxide crosslinked polyethylene, and vulcanized rubber. A series of hypotheses in terms of crosslinking density and crystallinity is advanced to help visualize the differences between crosslinked polyethylene and cured rubber. The same techniques were used to investigate the nature of crosslinked ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymers. These copolymers, being more flexible than polyethylene, appear similar to “mechanical rubber,” particularly after crosslinking. Recent experiments, however, indicate that profound differences exist. The performance of crosslinked polyethylene and of ethylene copolymers at elevated temperatures depends on crosslinking density, while at lower temperatures it is dominated by polyethylene crystalline morphology. This latter factor makes crosslinked polyethylene at ambient temperature a completely different product from vulcanized rubber. It also means that a crosslinked polyethylene will have lower crosslinking density than most rubber compositions of equivalent room temperature stiffness. A good indication of crosslinking density of crystalline polyolefins may be obtained by measuring mechanical properties such as modulus at elevated temperatures. Use of reactive co-agents is effective in raising crosslinking density to the point where fairly good elevated temperature properties are obtained without increasing the room temperature rigidity.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091203
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Method for structural characterization of high polymeric networks by an osmotic pressure technique (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3903-3908 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An apparatus was designed to measure the osmotic pressure of solvent-polymer systems. The method is unique in that semirigid polymers may be incorporated as the solute component without specimen fissures occurring from excessive solvent dilative action. The advantages of this technique are: high polymeric materials both elastomeric and plastic can be structurally characterized by the same technique; the calculated effective molecular weight of the polymer network will reflect a value consistent with the polymer's performance characteristics; and the method is only restricted to lyophilic polymer-solvent systems.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091211
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  • 9
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    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of emulsion polymerization (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1291-1297 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The quantitative theory of free radical mechanisms in emulsion polymerizations is reexamined. It is suggested that existing descriptions are not entirely consistent with physically realizable situations. The proposed modifications result in a closer resemblance to homogeneous systems. Explicit expressions for the distribution of radicals are also given. The importance of interphase transfer is emphasized.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090410
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  • 10
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    Incremental modification of styrene-butadiene rubber with tert-nonyl mercaptan (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1273-1283 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A model equation derived for the viscosity-average degree of polymerization (P̄v) for the incremental addition of modifiers, P̄v = K{(exp{arx1} - 1) + [2/(2 + exp {x1r})]a(exp{arx2} - exp{arx1})}1/a indicates a minimum should occur in a curve of P̄v versus conversion at which the increments are added, x1. Incremental addition of commercial tert-dodecyl mercaptan in the laboratory to SBR recipes at 5°C. showed effects contrary to those predicted by the model equation, but incremental addition experiments with tert-nonyl mercaptans resulted in a minimum in viscosity versus x1 curves, changed the molecular weight distribution, and required 34 wt.-% less mercaptan than did the tert-dodecyl mercaptan control (all the tert-dodecyl mercaptan added initially). Incremental addition of tert-nonylmercaptan in pilot plant 20-gal. autoclave reactors gave essentially the same results found in the laboratory bottle experiments. The stress-strain and mixing properties of the incrementally modified polymer and the tert-dodecyl mercaptanmodified control were essentially the same within experimental error. Conditions required for successful application of the incremental modifier technique are given.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090408
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  • 11
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    Electronic Resource
    Butadiene/styrene/2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine terpolymer. Composition-conversion data in comparison with calculated values (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1323-1340 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Terpolymers from 1,3-butadiene, styrene, and vinylpyridine are important as rubbers, and, in latex form, as components of rubber-to-fabric adhesives. Three monomer mixtures having the approximate weight composition butadiene/styrene/2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine 70/15/15, 25/48/27, and 38.5/49/12.5 have been emulsion-polymerized at 30°C., and the terpolymer composition as a function of the conversion has been studied. The six monomer reactivity ratios have been determined by binary copolymerizations at 30°C. and checked by low conversion bulk terpolymerizations. Average and instantaneous composition-conversion curves have been calculated, on the assumption of a constant reaction volume, by numerical integration of the terpolymerization equations on electronic computer. Details, of general applicability, for calculations are given. The experimental results of the emulsion terpolymerizations fit satisfactorily the calculated curves over a wide range of conversions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090412
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crosslinking of cis-polybutadiene by co60 γ-rays (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1363-1366 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The radiation-induced vulcanization of cis-polybutadiene (Europrene Cis, 92% cis-configuration) was investigated. The crosslinking density of irradiated rubber was determined by two methods: equilibrium swelling and equilibrium compression modulus. The inhibition and acceleration of radiation-induced crosslinking by addition to Europrene Cis of sulfur, Thiurame, Elastopar, Arubrene, paraffin oil, or barium sulfate was studied. The chemical resistance of radiation vulcanizates to 10% nitric acid was determined.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090414
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The photooxidation of polymers. IV. A note on the coloration of polystyrene (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 999-1003 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Yellow coloration develops in polystyrene under 2537 A. radiation a t comparable rates whether or not oxygen is present. Thus the commonly accepted view that coloration is a manifestation of oxidation is wrong. The coloration increases in intensity with time but does not move toward the red end of the spectrum, behavior which is typical of poly(vinyl chloride), polyacrylonitrile, etc., and which is due to the development of long conjugation sequences. It is suggested that the color in polystyrene is due to conjugated carbon-carbon unsaturation in the polystyrene backbone but that the lack of mobility of the molecules within the rigid polymer films prevents long sequences of double bonds becoming coplanar and color consequently moving through the spectrum. The rapid darkening of irradiated polymer which occurs on melting is probably due to relaxation of this rigidity allowing coplanarity of longer sequences.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090317
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  • 14
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    Electronic Resource
    Dipolar solvents in polyurethane foams (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1019-1040 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A number of catalytic solvents have been discovered for the polyurethane foaming process. These solvents include N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), formamide, and a number of others. The catalytic effectiveness of a given solvent appears to be dependent on its dipole moment, water solubility, and the size or bulkiness of the groups which are attached to the carbonyl carbon or sulfur atom of the amides and sulfoxides, respectively. Steric effects play a very important role in controlling the catalytic efficiency of these solvents. A mechanism is proposed for the catalytic action of these solvents in the polyurethane reaction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090319
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  • 15
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    Electronic Resource
    Mechanism for the aqueous acid decomposition of the formaldehyde derivative of cellulose xanthate (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1067-1072 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Kinetic equations for the decomposition of S-hydroxymethyl cellulose xanthate in the presence of acid and formaldehyde are derived. The assumed mechanism involves an equilibrium between the S-hydroxymethyl cellulose xanthate and cellulose xanthic acid and xanthate ion. Decomposition appears to proceed via interaction between the cellulose xanthate ion and hydrogen ion which form an activated complex that subsequently decomposes to cellulose and carbon disulfide. The equations derived show the proper dependence on acid and formaldehyde concentrations. An estimate of the equilibrium constant between cellulose xanthate and S-hydroxymethyl cellulose xanthate is calculated from the rate constants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090322
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Curing ethylene-propylene rubber terpolymers with dimethacrylate monomers. II. Effect of unsaturation (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1579-1584 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In a previous paper it was shown that the vulcanization obtained with ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer is equivalent or superior to that obtained with ethylene-propylene copolymer when a peroxide-dimethacrylate coagent cure system was used. In order to determine the effect of the unsaturation on the physical properties in the terpolymer, the terpolymer had been hydrogenated to remove the double bonds. Infrared spectra and bromination were used to check the extent of hydrogenation. Tensile strength, Shore A hardness, per cent elongation, and modulus indicated no decrease in vulcanization efficiency after hydrogenation. The data show that the unsaturation in the terpolymer does not contribute to the vulcanization cure with the peroxide-dimethacrylate coagent curing system.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090433
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    Radiation protection of polyethylene (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1585-1591 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is known that aromatic hydrocarbons are more stable to ionizing radiation than are saturated hydrocarbons. It is shown here that polyethylene can be more stable to radiation either by mixing aromatic compounds with the polyethylene or by grafting styrene onto the polyethylene. In either case, the polymer has greater radiation resistance than predicted from the law of averages. Aromatic compounds which have the greatest resonance energy protect the polymer to the greatest extent. In mixtures, polystyrene gives the least protection, and naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene give the greatest protection. Polyethylene grafted with styrene has better radiation resistance than does a polyethylene-polystyrene mixture. The G(H2) was calculated for each sample, and curves are presented illustrating the effect.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090434
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  • 18
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    Surface tension and viscosity studies of molten resins for thermoplastic recordingThis investigation was supported by the Reconnaissance Laboratory, Aeronautical Systems Division, U. S. Air Force. Work done at ITT Federal Laboratories, San Fernando, California. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1593-1598 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Analytical and experimental studies of surface tension and viscosity properties of Dow resins PS-2 and 276V-2 are described. This investigation was undertaken to provide information on materials of interest for thermoplastic recording. It was found that external plasticization lowered the surface tension of the polystyrene while greatly decreasing the viscosity. Typical values for a 25% mixture of PS-2 in 276V-2 are γ = 35 dynes/cm. and η = 20 poise at 80°C.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090435
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  • 19
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    The effects of radiation on materials and components. J. F. Kircher and R. E. Bowman, Eds. Reinhold, New York, 1964. xi + 690 pp. $22.50 (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1599-1599 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090436
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  • 20
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    Determination of hydroperoxides in ultraviolet-irradiated nylon 66 (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1631-1639 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: According to mechanisms described in the literature, photodecomposition of nylon 66 proceeds through the abstraction of the hydrogen on the carbon α to the amide NH group by a free radical which has been activated by photo absorption. In the propagation phase, the α-carbon radical could readily react with atmospheric oxygen to form a hydroperoxide. The formation of a hydroperoxide in the photodecomposition scheme for nylon 66 has been detected but has not been measured quantitatively. With the colorimetric method described in this paper, it is now possible to determine the peroxide content in a polyamide to a level of 1 μmole/g. with a relative precision of less than 5%. The polyamide is dissolved in tetrafluoropropanol, to which aliquots of potassium iodide and glacial acetic solutions are added. The absorbance of the liberated iodine is measured in a 1-cm. cell at 400 mμ and the hydroperoxide concentration determined from a calibration curve constructed from hydrogen peroxide solution standards. The rate of peroxide formation, which is dependent on the wavelength of ultraviolet radiation, can be correlated to the strength loss exhibited by a nylon 66 yarn free from antioxidant and delustrant. In addition, an increase in the level of thermal degradation will accelerate yarn strength loss and peroxide formation under ultraviolet exposure. The hydroperoxide begins to decompose at about 100°C. Yarn finish will contribute to the peroxide formation during exposure.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Infrared spectra of alkanesulfonic acids, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, and their derivatives (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1653-1668 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The infrared spectra of methane, n-butane-, and n-dodecane-sulfonic acids, their esters, alkali metal, silver and amine salts, amides, and chlorides are compared with analogous structures derived from chlorinated and chlorosulfonated polyethylenes. The Bellamy and William's linear relationship between vSO2 (asym.) and vSO2 (sym.) is valid for both the simple alkane sulfonic acid derivatives and those of chlorinated and chlorosulfonated polyethylenes.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Copolymerization of vinyl chloride with trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1669-1680 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Copolymerization of vinyl chloride with trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was carried out at various temperatures, and the properties of the copolymers obtained by the emulsion copolymerization at low temperature were examined. In the case of bulk copolymerization at temperatures higher than room temperature, the rate of polymerization, the equilibrium conversion, and [η] were lowered with increasing content of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in the initial monomer mixture, but the Tg and softening point of the copolymers containing about 15% of 1,2-dichloroethylene unit were about 10°C. higher than these of conventional PVC resin, in spite of their inability to form films. The monomer reactivity ratios at 50°C. were 5.39 (VC) and 0.072 (trans-DCE). Emulsion copolymerization was carried out at -30°C. with the use of a redox initiator system (hydrogen peroxide-ferrous sulfate-ascorbic acid), in order to increase both the [η] and the rate of polymerization. The copolymers prepared at low temperature had higher Tg and better solubility than the VC homopolymer polymerized at the same condition or conventional PVC resin. The results of the infrared absorption spectra, the solubilities, and the calculation of sequence length of VC monomer unit in the polymer chain indicated that the stereoregularity and the crystallinity of the low temperature copolymers were lower than those of the low temperature VC homopolymers. It was concluded that higher Tg and good solubility of the low temperature copolymer were brought about by the prevention of the free rotation of the polymer chain by the random distribution of 1,2-dichloroethylene units in the polymer chain.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090506
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    Endgroup modification of unsaturated polyesters. Effect on chemical resistance (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1681-1700 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Endgroups of unsaturated polyesters formulated with mole ratios of 2/1/3 and 1/1/2 isophthalic acid/maleic anhydride/propylene glycol were modified. Carboxylic acid content was effectively reduced by esterification with alcohols or epoxides, amidation with phenyl isocyanate, or neutralization with amines. Hydroxyl content was reduced by esterification with acids or anhydrides and urethane formation with phenyl isocyanate. Chemical resistance was determined by measuring the decrease in flexural strength and modulus with exposure to 10% solutions of sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid at 82°C. A 2-week test using the medium chemical-resistant 2/1/3 polyester indicated that any modification which decreased the carboxylic acid content improved chemical resistance. Modifications which increased or decreased the hydroxyl content had no significant effect in the 2-week tests; however, decrease of hydroxyl content appeared important in 6-month exposure tests. The 1/1/2 resins which have high initial chemical resistance had poorer chemical resistance after endgroup modification than the unmodified 1/1/2 resin, with the exception of the phenyl isocyanate-modified product which was equal to the unmodified resin. Water (0.8%) and xylene (0.1%) had no effect on chemical resistance. However, larger amounts of residual solvent were disadvantageous.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Kinetics of the tin-catalyzed reactions of phenyl isocyanate with ureasFrom the Ph.D. dissertation, University of Delaware, 1964, of R. Bruce Pinkerton, Armstrong Cork Co. Research Fellow, 1962-1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1713-1729 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The initial rates have been determined for the second-order equilibrium reaction of phenyl isocyanate with a series of phenyl-substituted 1,1-pentamethylene-3-phenyl ureas in the presence of butyltin trichloride catalyst in chlorobenzene at 60°C. These results were compared with the rates of reaction of phenyl isocyanate with 1,1-di-n-butyl-3-phenylurea, 1,3-diphenyl-1-methylurea, N-phenylbenzamide, methyl-N-phenyl carbamate, and 1-butanol. The activation energy for the butyltin trichloride-catalyzed reaction of phenyl isocyanate and 1,1-pentamethylene-3-phenylurea was 12 kcal./mole. At 60°C. this reaction was approximately 11 times as fast as the reverse reaction. The rate of the reaction of phenyl isocyanate and 1,1-pentamethylene-3-phenylurea was directly proportional to the concentration of butyltin trichloride. The activity of this catalyst was 28 times as great as that of triethyltin chloride. Dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin diacetate, dibutylin dichloride, tributyltin chloride, tetramethyltin, trimethyltin bromide, triethyltin fluoride, and 1,2,4-trimethylpiperazine were not catalysts for these reactions. The ureas formed solid complexes with stannic chloride and with butyltin trichloride in which the tin compounds were coordinated through the carbonyl oxygen. A tentative reaction mechanism has been proposed, which involves nucleophilic attack of the urea on the isocyanate through an intermediate ternary complex. The stannic chloride-catalyzed reaction of ureas with isocyanates at room temperature has been shown to have wide application.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Studies in hard rubber reaction. Part III. Effect of metallic oxides and metallic oxide-accelerator combinations (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1731-1742 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A study of thermal effects accompanying exothermic hard rubber reaction with the help of differential thermal analysis has been extended to 68/32 rubber-sulfur compounds containing different metallic oxides and metallic oxide-accelerator combinations. Metallic oxides do not affect the heat of reaction appreciably; however, they affect the slope value, litharge showing an unusually low value. In combination with accelerator, metallic oxides exert specific effects on heat of reaction, initiation temperature, and slope value. Attempts have been made to explain these findings on the basis of the known behavior of the individual oxides and the accelerators.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Investigation on the polymerization of an unsaturated polyester system by a resistivity technique (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1743-1755 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A continuous current monitoring technique has been used to follow the resistivity change during the early stages of the isothermal bulk polymerization of an unsaturated polyester resin. The general form of the log (resistivity)-time curves is similar to the conversion-time curves of inhibited vinyl polymerization obtained by other techniques. An overall activation energy for the polymerization has been derived by using the postgelation rate of resistivity change as a polymerization rate index. An analysis of the data obtained from these experiments emphasizes the complexity of the reaction kinetics of the bulk polymerization. There appears to be an unusual dependence of the rate of initiation upon initiator concentration and hence because of the short kinetic chain length, of the final rate of polymerization upon initiator concentration.
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    Diffusion effect during electrodialysis with ion-exchange membranesNCL Communication No. 758. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2631-2632 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090723
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    Effect of chemical agents on the fine structure of cellulose. Part II. The action of acetyl chloride (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1913-1928 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The action of acetyl chloride on the fine structure of regenerated cellulose (fiber and film) has been studied by infrared and x-ray techniques. The two techniques reveal different aspects of the fine structure and are therefore complementary. The changes found on acetylation appear to show that the molecular network theory is inadequate to describe the fine structure of the samples of regenerated cellulose studied. The observed effects can be explained more satisfactorily in terms of a structure in which highly oriented crystallites are interspersed with regions that are highly oriented but not as well ordered, resulting in a variation in density across the cross section.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090524
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    Metal-organic stabilizers and antistabilizers for polyolefin plastics (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1947-1953 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: During the past few years it has been reported that a number of metal-organic compounds show outstanding effectiveness as stabilizers against the oxidative deterioration of polyolefins and other polymers. This may seem surprising in view of the well known catalytic effect of such compounds on the oxidation of organic materials. Indeed, it has been observed that a given metal compound can act as a stabilizer in one system and as an antistabilizer in another. Even in a single system the compound may simultaneously retard one mode of oxidation and accelerate another. For example, the copper chelate of α,α-(ethylenedinitrilo)-di-o-cresol retarded the formation of carbonyl groups and accelerated scission during the photoöxidation of polyethylene. It is the purpose of this paper to consider a number of examples of this sort drawn from the field of metal-organic stabilizers.1 Any comprehensive theory of oxidation and antioxidation should be able to encompass such curious anomalies.
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    Thermal degradation of polymers with aromatic rings in the chain (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1955-1971 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The thermal degradation in vacuum of polymers containing aromatic or heterocyclic rings linked by various groups has been studied by a weight loss method. The most stable of the polymers examined were those with —CO—, mixed —SO2— and —O—, or—SO2— linkages. The stability of these were superior to or comparable with poly-p-phenylene and poly-m-phenylene. The particular combinations of aromatic nuclei and linking groups used did not result in tractability as most of the polymers were insoluble and infusible, even though of low molecular weight. Substitution in the aromatic nuclei could improve tractability, though at the expense of thermal stability.
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    Investigation of the elastic properties of the particle network in gelled solutions of hydrocolloids. II. Cellulose microcrystals (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1973-1980 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to obtain information about the particle network existing in gelled suspensions of cellulose microcrystals, the elasticity modulus was determined of series of dilutions of these gels. It was found that over a tenfold concentration range, the modulus varies as the 3.4 power of the concentration. A gel point could not be determined. A tentative model for this behavior is proposed, in which strong forces cause extensive linear aggregation, and weaker forces cause crosslinking of the linear aggregates. It is pointed out that this model is not unreasonable in the light of earlier experimental work on these gels. The results of similar experiments on gels of attrited level-off DP cellulose are also reported.
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    Poly-2-oxazolidones (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1994-1996 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090531
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    Mechanisms of thermal degradation of phenolic condensation polymers. III. Cleavage of phenolic segments during the thermal degradation of uncured epoxy resinsPaper presented at the 148th National Meeting, American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, September 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1981-1989 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The phenolic cleavage of the uncured epoxy resins is further substantiated by the semiquantitative study with the aid of the mass spectrometer analysis. In general, the phenolic cleavage (at 475°C.) of the epoxylated novolac resin, D.E.N. 438 resin, was found to be similar to that of the unepoxylated novolac resin. For both cases, cresols and phenol were the major products as a result of the homolytic cleavage and the subsequent hydrogen abstraction. At the same time, a small amount of xanthene or the substituted xanthenes appeared in the mixture presumably due to the dehydration of related phenolic compounds. A small amount of C6H5OC3H3 or C6H4OC3H4 could indicate that there could be some cyclization of the glycidyl ether side chain of the epoxylated novolac resin. For the epoxylated bisphenol-A resin, D.E.R. 331 resin, the phenolic cleavage at high temperature appeared to follow two major and one minor scheme. The first type of cleavage is undoubtedly homolytic to yield isopropylphenol, C2H5 phenols, cresols, and phenol. The second type cleavage was not found in the above two resins and is heterolytic in nature. This cleavage resulted in the formation of isopropenyl-phenol. Due to the presence of C6H5OC3H3 or C6H4OC3H4, it is postulated that the cyclization of the glycidyl ether side chain may also, take place.
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    Graft copolymers consisted of polyether and phenol-formaldehyde resin: A curable polyether resin (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1991-1994 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Paint flow and pigment dispersion. T. C. PATTON. Interscience, New York, 1964. xii + 479. $16.50 (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1997-1997 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090532
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    Plastics as an art form. THELMA R. NEWMAN. Chilton Books, Philadelphia, 1964, xxi + 339 pp. $11.00. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1998-1998 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090533
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    Polymer news (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1999-1999 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090534
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    Relative inhibitory effect of various compounds on the rate of polymerization of methyl methacrylate (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2009-2018 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The relative inhibitory effect of the following compounds on the bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate were measured: hydroquinone, p-tert-butylcatechol, p-methoxyphenol, 2,4-dichloro-6-nitrophenol, n-propyl gallate, di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 1-amino-7-naphthol, p-benzoquinone, 2,6-dichloro-p-benzoquinone, 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinone, three aminoanthraquinones, diphenylamine, p-nitrosodimethylaniline, α- and β-naphthylamine, phenothiazine, N-nitrosodimethylamine, hexamethylphosphoramide, n-dodecyl mercaptan, benzenethiol, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, phenyl hydrazine, divinylacetylene, and various antimony and copper salts. Polymerization was carried out in a test tube in a bath at 101.2°C., benzoyl peroxide being used as initiator. Generally, phenols and naphthols were the strongest inhibitors, followed by quinones, aromatic amines, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, antimony pentachloride, phenyl hydrazine, divinylacetylene, and the thiols.
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    Irradiation stability of sulfonated styrene resins crosslinked with various divinylbenzene isomers and mixtures thereof (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2001-2007 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The Co60γ-irradiation-induced degradation of sulfonated styrene resins crosslinked with 4 and 8 mole-% m- or p-divinylbenzene isomers, or mixtures thereof including commercial divinylbenzene have shown a loss in capacity of 5-12.8% at radiation intensities of ca. 290,000 r./hr. and total doses of 0.91-1.90 X 108 rad in the presence of water. The loss is less for the 8% crosslinked resins and is less (2-6%) if irradiated dry. The resins crosslinked with commercial divinylbenzene show a slightly higher loss of capacity (11.2-11.9%) than do others (10.2-10.7%), presumably due to the ethylphenyl contamination. The moisture content also increases on irradiation; 13-16% for the 8% and 2.7-3.0% for the 4% resins at 1.90 X 108 rad. The meta crosslinked resin shows somewhat lower moisture content increase (1.5% for 8%; 0.8% for 4%), indicative of a more stable cross-linkage. The results are discussed in terms of the reactions involved: desulfonation, hydroxylation, and cleavage of crosslinkages.
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    Role of ozone in dynamic cut growth of rubber (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2031-2045 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The effect of ozone on the growth of cuts in rubber strips subjected to repeated tensile deformations has been investigated. At tearing energies below a critical value ozone accounts for all the cut growth, and in this region the rate of growth also occurs due to mechanico-oxidative rupture, the rate of this type of growth increasing rapidly with increasing tearing energy so that the effects of ozone are normally slight. For vulcanizates of natural rubber and SBR unprotected by antiozonant, the characteristics of dynamic ozone cut growth can be deduced from static measurements. If a natural rubber test piece is not allowed to relax to zero strain on each cycle, the effects of ozone are important over a wider range of tearing energy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090604
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    Heptane-soluble material from atactic polypropylene. I. Fractionation and characterization of fractions (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2019-2029 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A sample of commercial atactic polypropylene was extracted with ether and the residue extracted with boiling n-heptane. Six fractions of the heptane-soluble material, which is very similar to that obtained by heptane extraction of isotactic polypropylene, were obtained by stepwise addition of acetone to a solution in cyclohexane. Densities, melting points, and x-ray photographs of the fractions and the unfractionated material were obtained and infrared absorption spectra used to estimate tacticity. Molecular weights, determined by means of a vapor pressure osmometer, ranged from about 3000 to about 25,000. That of the fraction of highest molecular weight was in good agreement with a separate determination by means of osmotic pressure measurements. Separation in fractionation occurred in order of decreasing molecular weight and increasing crystallinity as estimated from densities and x-ray photographs. Tacticity also seems to increase with decreasing molecular weight. Melting points of the fractions were not entirely in the order expected from their molecular weights and estimated crystallinities, and it is possible that low DP isotactic material may be preferentially concentrated in the highest molecular weight fraction. It is emphasized that the unfractionated material may contain polymers possessing a range of order intermediate between those of purely atactic and purely isotactic polymer and that refractionation may be required in order to characterize the material completely.
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    DTA study of heterogeneous nucleation of crystallization in polypropylenePresented before the Division of Polymer Chemistry, 148th National American Chemical Society Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, September 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2131-2142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of cooling, nucleation, and spherulitic growth rates on the properties of polypropylene is discussed briefly. A differential thermal analysis technique is described for evaluating the relative extent of heterogeneous nucleation that occurs in a particular polypropylene composition. The method is based upon a nucleating agent's ability to reduce the relatively large amount of supercooling that occurs upon crystallization of polypropylene. Compounds are shown to vary widely in their effectiveness as heterogeneous nucleating agents in polypropylene. The relationships between the degree of supercooling of a particular polypropylene composition and its relative clarity, tensile properties, density, and morphology are shown.
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    Photodegradation of cis-1,4-polyisoprene sensitized by the addition of chloronitroso compounds (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2121-2130 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: It was found that chloronitroso compounds with a free non-conjugated nitroso group show a considerable sensitizing activity in respect to the process of photochemical degradation of dissolved cis-1,4-polyisoprene, which is induced by visible radiation (4000-7000 A.). The effect of 10 chloronitroso sensitizing compounds were investigated. The highest sensitizing activity was found with compounds 2,2-chloronitrosopropane and 1,1-chloronitrosocyclohexane. The maximum wavelength, of which the decrease of relative viscosity of solutions was the highest, was determined for 2,2-chloronitrosopropane. The highest sensitizing activity of chloronitroso compounds was found for wavelengths corresponding to the absorption maximum of the sensitizer added. The theory of the sensitizing activity of chloronitroso compounds is proposed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Studies on the drawing of polyamide fibers. III. Change of dye-diffusion behavior into polyamide fibers with drawing (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2167-2176 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion constants of an acidic dye (Xylene Fast Blue P) into nylon 6 monofilaments of various draw ratios have been measured at several temperatures by measuring the distance of dye penetration into the cross-sections of the sample. The results are as follows. The diffusion coefficient of dye increases, reaches a maximum at a draw ratio near 1.6, and then decreases as the draw ratio increases. The activation energy of dye diffusion obtained from the temperature dependence of dye diffusion coefficient remains nearly constant in the initial and middle stages of drawing and increases above a draw ratio of about 3, as the draw ratio increases. The change in the polymer structure during drawing is discussed on the basis of these results.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Studies of non-newtonian flow I. Criterion of flow instability (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2779-2784 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: It is shown that the flow instability of polymer melts occurring above a certain critical shear stress is a direct result of the degree of non-Newtonian behavior of the flowing liquid. Melt fracture, elastic turbulence, and slip-stick effects are a consequence of this instability, which frequently leads to periodic phenomena. The condition for the occurrence of flow instability is derived.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Chemical and physical behavior of phenolic resins in air-dried films of phenolic varnishes (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2785-2797 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Chemical and physical behavior of the oil soluble phenolic resins in phenolic varnish films were investigated by means of dynamic-mechanical measurement, infrared spectra, and M̄c measurement. The viscoelastic property of phenolic varnish films or increase in (Tg)d due to the addition of resin is the same regardless of the types of phenolic resin (oil-reactive or oil-nonreactive) employed, and despite the lower reactivity of the oil-nonreactive phenolic resin in the cooking stage. A reaction takes place between the oil-nonreactive phenolic resin and drying oil in the course of autoxidation and proceeds in aging, resulting in a network in which the phenolic resin is the backbone. Both the crosslinking and filling of resin were effective in increasing the (Tg)d of the films; crosslinking is the better method as it results in films having a smaller acetone-extractable portion.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    Tensile stress relaxation behavior of a mechanical mixture of two polymer componentsPresented before the 13th Annual Symposium on Rheology, Japan, Okayama Univ., Okayama, Oct. 3, 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2261-2272 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As one in a series of studies relating the rheological properties of mechanical mixtures of two polymer components to the degree of mixing, the temperature dependence of tensile stress relaxation behavior of two types of mixed systems, i.e., poly(methyl methacrylate)-poly(vinyl acetate) system and lightly crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate-poly(vinyl acetate)) system, was investigated over a temperature range covering the glass transition temperatures of both polymer components. The time-temperature superposition procedure was carried out for comparison of several parameters, such as fractional free volume and its thermal expansion coefficient, which were determined on the basis of the free volume concept from the viscosity in relation to the William-Landel-Ferry equation, with those of the individual polymer components. Although the fractional free volume and its thermal expansion coefficient thus determined for the mixed systems were apparent values, the results may, at least qualitatively, deny the simple additivity of the free volumes of the two-polymer mixed phases and suggest the existence of a sort of physical interaction between the phases, i.e., the internal pressure induced by one phase or the other due to a difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the phases.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Studies in hard rubber reaction. Part IV. Effect of fillers (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2285-2296 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The effects of the different fillers i.e., china clay, light magnesium carbonate, Pliolite S6E, and ebonite dust, on the exothermic hard rubber reaction has been studied with the help of differential thermal analysis. The data for heat evolution show some unexpected features in that china clay, a more or less inert filler, lowers heat evolution. The behavior of magnesium carbonate also can not be fully explained. Attempts have been made to explain the data for Pliolite S6E and ebonite dust on the basis of their composition and effects of the individual components on heat of reaction. The differences in initiation temperature and slope values have been explained.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    Equivalence of cyclohexanone and tetrahydrofuran as solvents for poly(vinyl chloride) (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2319-2320 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    Stress - strain behavior of rubber-reinforced glassy polymersPresented as a talk before the Canadian High Polymer Forum, Ste. Marguerite. Quebec, May 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2297-2310 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The main objective of this work has been to develop some rational hypothesis for the toughness of rubber-modified glassy polymers as defined by the energy to rupture in a tensile measurement. It is shown that the rigid phase yields and that the toughness is a result of the large energy absorption involved in the cold drawing of the matrix. The rubber phase acts principally to induce a yielding in the matrix. A triaxial stress field in the environment of the dispersed particles results in local increases in free volume which aid in the initiation of cold drawing and provides the rubber with sufficient breaking stress to prevent premature crack propagation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090621
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    Modification of crosslinking effects in cotton fabrics by swelling and methylation (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2311-2318 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The effects of crosslinking on cotton fabric are changed when the cotton has been chemically modified before crosslinking with an inert substituent, such as the methyl group. The main action of the inert substituent is to preserve swelling ability by hindering fiber deswelling after methylation and during crosslinking. At the levels of modification used, the crosslinking reaction appears to proceed normally, with no effects from reduction in the number of reactive cellulosic hydroxyl groups.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    Thermogravimetric study of some new transition metal-schiff base coordination polymers (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2321-2336 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A condensation reaction between 5-amino-8-hydroxyquinoline and terephthalaldehyde yielded a bis-bifunctional Schiff base ligand, 5,′5-[p-phenylene-bis(methylidynenitrilo)] di-8-quinolinol, which was used to produce coordination polymers containing Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), or Zn(II) in the form of insoluble powders. The thermal stabilities of these polymers were evaluated in vacuum over the temperature range of 25-700°C. by using a newly constructed thermobalance having improved sensitivity. The results relate the decomposition of the polymers to the metal in the backbone as well as to the organic ligand to which the metal is coordinated. Some discussion is devoted to the possible modes of decomposition of these polymers.
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    Interfacial polycondensation of nylon 610 in continuous cascade systems (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2337-2343 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The interfacial polycondensation of nylon 610 in unstirred, continuous, cascade systems has been studied. It was found that yields increased with increased reactant flow rates. The increase was shown to result from improved mass transport due to the change from molecular diffusion at low flow rates to eddy diffusion at high flow rates. The effect of improved mass transfer was also shown in the behavior of plots of polymer intrinsic viscosity versus sebacoyl chloride concentration.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090702
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    Examination of variables in the radiation-induced solid-state polymerization of trioxane (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3681-3700 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Additional studies have been conducted on the radiation-induced, solid-state polymerization of trioxane. The out-of-source polymerization rate has been investigated as a function of radiation dose and of temperature and time of polymerization. The empirical relationship of log time ∝ Y (where Y is the polymerization percentage) was found to be satisfactory over wide ranges of conversion, of dose, and of polymerization time. At a given dose, the yield was directly proportional to the RSV1.33 (where RSV is the reduced specific viscosity). Either increasing the dose or decreasing the particle size gave lower RSV values at the same conversions.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091116
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    Acetylenic polyesters (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2379-2391 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Acetylenic polyesters containing either residues of 2-butyne-1,4-diol, acetylenedicarboxylic acid, or both of them, were prepared and characterized. Polyesters of 2-butyne-1,4-diol with succinic, adipic, and phthalic acids were obtained as soluble polymers by use of known methods. The polymaleate ester of 2-butyne-1,4-diol was obtained either as a soluble or as an insoluble polymer, depending on the experimental conditions. Relatively high temperature or long reaction periods led to the formation of insoluble polymers. Polyesters of acetylenedicarboxylic acid with diethylene glycol, tetra- and hexamethylene glycols, 2-butene-1,4-diol, and 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol were prepared by melt polycondensation in bulk. These polyesters were obtained as insoluble, rubbery materials, except those of 2-butene-1,4-diol and 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, which were obtained both as linear or as nonlinear polymers. The insolubility of the polyesters of acetylenedicarboxylic acid was due to crosslinking reactions involving the conjugated system —C≡C—C=O. While the melt polycondensations in bulk involving either 2-butyne-1,4-diol or acetylenedicarboxylic acid were entirely controlled reactions, those carried out between acetylenedicarboxylic acid and 2-butyne-1,4-diol were very often associated with highly exothermic decompositions involving carbonization. The decompositions could be eliminated when the melt polycondensation in bulk was preceded by a fore-condensation in solution. Solid, soluble, powdery low polymers (DP = 2-3) having softening temperatures of about 150-175°C. were thus obtained.
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    Semipermeable membranes of cellulose acetate for desalination in the process of reverse osmosis. III. Bound water relationshipsThis work was supported by the Office of Saline Water, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Contract Nos. 14-01-0001-272 and 14-01-0001-378. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2363-2378 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The mechanism by which water and dissolved salts permeate selectively through membranes has been investigated. It has been demonstrated that the predominant mechanism of permeation involves the interaction of the various species with specific sites and their associated bound water molecules. The extent of the bound water held by the cellulosic membranes of interest has been determined. Correlation has been found between the permeation characteristics demonstrated by membranes at various steps in their preparation and its bound water content. The mechanism of rejection of salts has been shown to be related to the relative inability of their ions to become solvated by bound water. A model has been hypothesized which correctly describes the behavior of the desalination membrane with reference to water and soluble inorganic salts.
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    Poly(vinyl alcohol)-iodine complexes (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2393-2424 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The poly(vinyl alcohol)-iodine blue color reaction in dilute aqueous solution has been investigated, and extinctions at the absorption maximum have been measured as a function of the concentrations of polymer, iodine, iodide ions, and boric acid. Depending upon the reaction conditions, the main absorption maximum can be made to appear at any wavelength between 580 and 700 mμ, with the longest wavelengths and highest extinctions per vinyl alcohol group showing up at high boric acid concentrations. Poly(vinyl alcohol) samples from various sources displayed, under identical reaction conditions, great differences in staining intensities. This can be ascribed to differences in the regularity of the polymer chain structures. To account for the behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol) towards iodine under a wide variety of reaction conditions, as well as for a number of irreversible or only slowly reversible phenomena, a model for the mechanism of the PVA-iodine complex formation is proposed involving a dual process of helix formation and intramolecular helix association. There is evidence to indicate that at full iodine saturation of the polymer, 12 vinyl alcohol residues supported by one boric acid molecule form a single turn of a helix which enwraps one iodine atom, out of a long polyiodide chain nested in the interior of a poly(vinyl alcohol) helix.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    Characterization of block and random ethylene-propylene copolymers by differential thermal analysisPresented in part before the Division of Polymer Chemistry, 148th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, August 30-September 4, 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3061-3069 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A group of C14-tagged ethylene and propylene polymers consisting of physical mixtures of homopolymers, block copolymers made up of two homopolymer sequences, and block copolymers made up of several homopolymer segments has been studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The effect of randomness in copolymers has also been studied in this set of systems, which contains 0-51 wt.-% ethylene. Block copolymers and physical mixtures have been found to have thermograms with endothermal minima at approximately 138 and 163°C. The ratio of heights of the two minima has been found to be a function of the ethylene and propylene content for mixtures of homopolymers and for block copolymers without randomness. DTA thus provides an analysis for monomer ratios in physical mixtures and in block copolymers of ethylene and propylene. The cooling thermograms of block copolymers have been demonstrated to have two exotherms in all cases where the block ethylene content exceeded 10%; the propylene limit was not fixed. Mixed homopolymers do not exhibit two freezing exotherms. The total heat of fusion of the polymer has been found to be a usable measure of chain randomness and block nature. The conditions for observation of single and multiple transitions have been extended.
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    Network characterization of silicone rubber vulcanizates. Part I. solvent, temperature, and specimen shape effects on effective crosslink density determinations (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3049-3060 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The effective crosslink densities were determined for four silica-filled silicone rubber vulcanizates which represent different degrees of crosslinking. The determinations were made from compression-deflection measurements of rubber specimens at an equilibrium swelling condition. Nine solvents representing a wide range of dilatant strengths were investigated at four equilibrium temperatures (8, 23, 41, and 60°C.) for their effect on the crosslinking determinations. Specimen shape effects were also investigated. Explicit equations of state were derived empirically and were found to be similar to the well-known Mooney-Rivlin equation in which two independent parameters are required for the definition of a dilated rubber network.
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    Crystallinity of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3153-3160 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Determination of crystallinity of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers according to the usual x-ray diffraction method employed for polyethylene is very much hampered by the fact that these copolymers are usually largely amorphous and the Bragg reflections in their diffraction diagrams which are therefore broad and weak are drowned by the strong and dominant amorphous halo. As a consequence it is virtually impossible to carry out a realistic resolution of the total diffraction diagram into the individual Bragg reflections in the halo. In the method described in this paper this difficulty is successfully surmounted by taking advantage of the unique shape and placement of the amorphous halo with respect to the Bragg reflections in the diffraction diagrams of these copolymers. This rather fortunate situation permits a direct determination of amorphous content without having to take recourse to the cumbersome resolution of the Bragg reflections and hence one can obtain crystallinity indirectly.
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    Glyceryl methacrylate hydrogels (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3161-3170 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hydrophilic three-dimensional polymer networks (hydrogels) were prepared from glyceryl methacrylate (2,3-dihydroxypropyl methacrylate). The solubility of poly(glyceryl methacrylate) in water permits the preparation of transparent hydrogels containing variable amounts of water at the equilibrium stage. This is accomplished by varying the degree of swelling at the time of network formation, and by varying the density of crosslinks. The temperature dependence of swelling of the hydrogels in water and in 0.9% sodium chloride solution, was determined. There exists a linear relationship between the refractive index and the per cent of water in the hydrogel. These hydrogels are potentially useful in ophthalmology.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Effects of thermal exposure on the physicochemical properties of polyamidesPresented at the 148th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Illinois, August 31, 1964. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2855-2877 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nylon 66 and nylon 6 yarns were exposed in air, nitrogen, and vacuum to temperatures form 136 to 215°C. for periods from 5 min. to 17.5 hr. The moisture absorption of both fibers is reduced by the exposure independently of the presence of oxygen or of antioxidant. This is ascribed to secondary crystallization. Simultaneously, the electrical resistivity is increased. The breaking strength is reduced by exposure in the presence of oxygen unless the polymer contains antioxidant. The extent of oxidative cleavage was measured by the viscosity-average molecular weight M̄v of nylon 66. Simultaneously, a reduction of the amine endgroup content was observed. It occurs only in the presence of oxygen and approaches a limit indicating that some amine groups are not subject to elimination. If oxygen is absent or the polymer protected by antioxidant, the M̄v increases. Sorption of hydrochloric acid is reduced by the exposure. Only 80% of the amine groups in the unexposed and 55% in the exposed nylon participate in acid binding at pH 2.5. The rate constants of cleavage as manifested by M̄v and of the process leading to disappearance of amine groups were determined for nylon 66. The activation energies were calculated 40 and 36 Kcal./mole, respectively.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090820
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    Chemie, Physik und Technologie der Kunststoffe. Vol. 5. Glasfa-servastarkte Kunststoffe. R. Nitsche and H. Hagen, Eds. Springer-Verlag, Germany, 1961. xiv + 698 pp. D.M. 69.00 (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2927-2927 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090825
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    Chemie, Physik und Technologie der Kunststoffe. Vol. 6. Stmktur und Physikalisches Verhalten der Kunststoffe. R. Nitsche and K. A. Wolf, Eds. Springer-Verlag, Germany, 1962. xv + 974 pp. D.M. 168.00 (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2927-2927 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090826
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    Latex growth (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2929-2938 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method is described for preparing a latex with a particle size larger than can be obtained by direct emulsion polymerization. It consists in growing latex particles to larger size by feeding more monomer and adjusting the emulsifier concentration in a manner which prevents both coagulation and the formation of new micelles.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    A simple relation to estimate the maximum tensile modulus of drawn polymer fibers (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3897-3902 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The partial unfolding of folded lamellae crystals is taken as point of departure for the development of a model to describe the elastic properties of cold-drawn polymer filaments. The resulting relation sums the van der Waals tensile compliance and the spectroscopic tensile compliance of the polymer backbone chain in proportion to the length of folded and unfolded crystal lamellae, respectively, in the drawn filament. Many reported tensile moduli of drawn filaments of semicrystalline polymers are substantially below the predicted value. However, specially careful drawing experiments are rewarded with tensile moduli which closely approach the magnitude predicted by the relation presented here.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    Pressure chamber for use during differential thermal analyses (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3935-3938 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes a simple cell suitable for use with the Du Pont 900 differential thermal analyzer to maintain pressures up to 150 psi. Also discussed are two applications of such a device.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091215
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    Crosslinked polyacrylamide gel as a dehydrating agent (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3929-3934 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The dried crosslinked gel prepared from acrylamide and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide has been shown to be an efficient drying agent. The effectiveness of the dried gel has been shown to be comparable with that of several inorganic dehydration agents.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091214
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    Specific refractive index increments of polymer solutions. Part II. Scope and applications (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 4003-4024 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The data of Part I are examined in the light of accepted theories. The specific refractive index increment ñ of most polymer solutions lies between -0.2 and +0.2 ml./g., although larger values can obtain in circumstances wherein the scattering unit is unusually large, e.g., solutions of partially neutralized polyacids the units of which contain the gegenions. ñ depends on the indices of solvent n1 and polymer n2. Among common solvents, water and 1-bromonaphthalene are capable of affording high positive and negative values, respectively, for n. The Gladstone-Dale rule applies rigorously to pure and mixed solvents, but the Lorenz-Lorentz expression is preferable for evaluating n2. Results of current theories applied to mixed solvents and copolymers are summarized. In the former, the true molecular weight M is determined by using ñ and the variation of solvent index with composition. For a copolymer of monomers A and B, M as well as Ma and Mb are obtainable by using ñ, ña, and ñb. Dispersion is expressed as (ñ)λ = (ñ)436[D′ + D″/λ2] at a wavelength λ, and dispersive constants D′ and D″ are evaluated for some solutions. ∂ñ/∂T is generally 3.2 (±2.3) × 10-4 ml./g./°C. and changes very little with λ. When ñ increases with M, the limiting characteristic value is derived (at 1/M = 0) from a plot of ñ versus 1/M. ñ can be determined to a maximum accuracy of 1% by using n2 calculated from the Lorenz-Lorentz equation and the experimental partial specific volume.
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    Barus effect in filled polymer melts (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3071-3089 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of fillers on the post-extrusion swelling (Barus effect) of polymer melts is explored with the use of three model fillers in poly(styrene-acrylonitrile). The filler effect is shown to be more complex than simple dilution of the polymer. The role of such factors as melt rigidity, tendency toward plug flow, trapping of matrix in filler aggregates, and filler migration are considered.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090913
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    Organotin polyesters (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3383-3388 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The interfacial polymerization technique was used in the preparation of organotion polyesters. Dialkyltin dihalides dissolved in an organic solvent immiscible with water were reacted with the dialkali metal or ammonium salt of a dicarboxylic acid. High yields of polyesters were obtained after short reaction times. The polyesters were generally insoluble and were high melting. Copolymers were also obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091015
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    Fractionation of asphaltenes by gel permeation chromatography (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3389-3393 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Asphaltenes from three asphalts of very diverse service properties were fractionated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) on crosslinked polystyrene gels. Broad molecular weight distributions were found spanning from 700 to more than 40,000. Each sample consisted of two portions of similar quantities, one peaking around 1000 molecular weight, the other around 14,000. The distribution of structural features measured by infrared spectroscopy is discussed briefly.
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    Stress relaxation in rubbers containing reinforced fillersPaper presented at the 48th Canadian Chemical Conference, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1965. (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3395-3408 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress relaxation in rubber stocks containing various fillers was measured at room temperature, and an empirical equation found for relating decrease in tension, ft, over a period of time from 0.1 sec. to 6 months, namely: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ f_t = f_{1.0} t^{- n} $\end{document} where f1.0 is force after 1 min. of relaxation, n is the relaxation rate of material (by definition) and t is time in minutes. Raw rubbers were examined under compression, and cured rubbers were tested under tension. In both cured and raw butadiene rubbers, stress relaxation was found to be a viscous-controlled process. In raw rubbers, reinforcing carbon blacks decrease the rate of relaxation, while in cured rubbers the effect of carbon black is very small. However, in swollen (to VR = 0.25), cured rubbers, the rate of relaxation increases with increasing carbon black loading, indicating a slippage and/or breakage of some carbon black-polymer attachments.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Molecular weight distributions in continuous linear addition polymerizations (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3409-3416 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Molecular weight distributions for addition polymerization without termination in continuous vessels were developed and compared with distributions for batch, chain polymerization with termination. A correspondence was found to exist between: batch, chain polymerization with termination by disproportionation and continuous polyaddition in one vessel; batch polymerization with termination by combination and continuous polyaddition in two vessels in series; and, finally, Flory's multichain condensation polymerization and continuous polyaddition in any number of vessels in series.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091018
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    Permeation of water through some hydrogels (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3417-3426 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The permeability to water and the average pore radius of transparent hydrogels from glyceryl methacrylate (GMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), propylene glycol monoacrylate (PGMA), and a polyelectrolyte complex were determined. The transport process was found to be a predominantly viscous flow in the polyelectrolyte complex and in the more dilute GMA hydrogels (74-94% water), but in HEMA hydrogel (40% water), and PGMA hydrogels (40-60% water), diffusion seemed to play a more important part in the movement of water through the gel. These hydrogels are potentially useful for surgical implants in the cornea. A comparison is made with the flow conductivity of the corneal stroma at normal hydration.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070091019
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    Small-angle X-ray scattering of cellulose. I. Shape and extent of scattering in some vegetable fibers (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 3427-3437 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It was shown that the shape of the scattering pattern is not only related to the shape but also to the face-orientation of the lamellar scattering units, and an actual observation of its characteristic shape depends on the amount and dispersion of their spiral angle. The following results were obtained: (1) For observing a cross-pattern, the critical spiral angles corresponding to minimum and maximum dispersions are 7.5° and 30° respectively, whereas in an actual fiber, coir, the critical angle is about 16.75°. (2) The jute pattern changes from a uniformly narrow to a triangular shape on disorientation and reverts to the former on reorientation. The corresponding changes in ramie are from a triangular to a uniformly wide and then to a uniformly narrow shape. Both native and disoriented cottons give weak, fan-shaped scattering superimposed on a more intense elliptical pattern. The pattern given by reoriented cotton is roughly a narrow streak. Delignified jute gives a somewhat shaving-brush-shaped pattern which changes to a uniformly wide streak on alkali treatment. (3) The extent of scattering decreases on swelling and increases on stretching in jute, ramie, and cotton, but decreases in stretched coir.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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    Brief review of biochemical degradation of polymers (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 227-230 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Proteins and synthetic polypeptides undergo specific catalytic cleavage by enzymes. It is the object of this article to review the specific hydrolytic, redox, and electron transfer reactions involving enzymes and their mechanisms. The stability of the synthetic high polymers in the biochemical environments is much higher than that of proteins in general, but the increasing use of these materials in the field of surgical implants and internal prostheses has necessitated the systematic long range study of the systems in these surroundings. The enzymatic attack on the synthetic polymers has not been the subject of general study until now, but the intimate knowledge of the specificity and mode of attack of the enzymes, in case of the proteins, would pave the way towards experimental designs to elucidate the comparative stability of various synthetic plastics in these environments. The study of the correlation of the mechanical strength and the chemical structures of these polymers tested as implants in living animals is reviewed, and the suitability of several synthetic polymers for this application is discussed.
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    Internal stresses developed in an epoxy resin potting compound during long-term storage (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 280-284 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Strain gage techniques have been developed to monitor the internal stresses in epoxy resin castings. The data obtained are a measure of the stresses developed on a transducer held in the center of a mass of polymerizing epoxy resin or those caused by thermal cycling of the potted unit at intervals of storage time. Results show that the stresses developed on the transducer during the first 70 hours of room temperature polymerization reached 900 psi in axial compression. Further polymerization during storage increased the stress to 2300 psi after 12 months. During thermal cycling approximately 10,000 psi compressive stress was developed at -54°C. These stresses were relieved at 71°C but reappeared at the lower temperatures upon subsequent cooling.
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    Auxiliary stabilizers for plasticized polyvinyl chloride (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 7-14 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: More than seventy materials were examined for their ability to improve the performance of DTDP plasticized PVC wire formulation in a modified 105°C wire oven aging test. Twenty of these were as effective as the widely used Bisphenol A, four of which were effective at a lower concentration.
    Additional Material: 12 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050103
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    The surface tension of polyethylene (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 5-6 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Extrapolation from data on low molecular weight n-alkanes indicates that the surface tension of polyethylene at 150°C is 26 dynes/cm. The total surface energy, γ  -  Tdγ/dT, is 51 dynes/cm and is much less dependent on chain length. The surface tension of polyethylene extrapolated to 20°C is 34 dynes/cm, consistent with the critical surface tension below which liquids will wet the polymer. The total surface energy is in reasonable accord with the incremental energy of vaporization, 1.029 kcal/mole of CH2 groups. The surface entropy is less than that of low molecular substances. This is attributed to a reduction in the opportunities for rotational isomerism at the surface.
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    Transitional phenomena in α-polyolefin melts (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 15-21 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A first order transition was observed in the temperature range of about 210°C by dilatometric studies on both isotactic and atactic polypropylene and for isotactic poly (butene-1) and poly (pentene-1). No such transition was observed for polyethylene. It was found that the transition is not due to the measurements per se, to polymer treatment, to catalyst residues, or to polymer degradation. It is suggested that the transition could be due to the disappearance of liquid crystals.
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    Kinetics of spherulitic crystallizationThis work is being carried out in the olin center for the study of materials. (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 22-28 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Polymer crystallization is discussed with attention given to primary nucleation, spherulite growth, and bulk crystallization. Primary nucleation is the area of least knowledge, and the authors discuss the kinetics of nuclei appearance and recent observations concerning the effects of foreign materials and surfaces. Spherulitic growth rates are discussed in general and specifically with respect to data at low degrees of supercooling in conjunction with secondary nucleation theory. The Avrami Theory and its limitations are discussed in the interpretation of bulk crystallization data. The authors propose that n = 4 in all cases and that the Avrami Theory be used for calculating the primary nucleation rate, kn, not for determining n itself.
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    Polyaromatic heterocyclesPresented at the symposium on ring contanining, polymer division American Society meeting, philadelphia, pennsylvania, April 7, 1964; ACS award in polymer Chemistry lecture. (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 29-33 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This article is a brief review of recent work in the author's laboratory on heat stable polyaromatic heterocycles. New polymers based on 2,7-disubstituted-1,3,6,8-tetraazopyrene structure are described.Some background material on ladder or two-strand polymer structures will be discussed. This will be followed by a description of recent work aimed at producing polyquinoline types and some properties of such polymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050106
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    Infra-red spectroscopy of brominated epoxy resins (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 39-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The method of determining the epoxy equivalent weight of resins derived from Bis Phenol A and epichlorohydrin described by Kagarise and Weinberger has been extended to resins derived from epichlorohydrin and Tetra Brom Bis Phenol A and/or Bis Phenol A. In the infrared spectra of the latter, the characteristic aromatic band at 1610 cm-1 is replaced by a strong band at 738 cm-1, the intensity of which increases linearly with the content of Tetra Brom Bis Phenol A. The logarithm of the epoxy equivalent weight is linearly related to the ratio of the absorbance at 915 cm-1 to a linear combination of those at 1610 and 738 cm-1, respectively.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050108
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    Melt viscosity - temperature dependence of some low density polyethylenes (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 34-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The melt viscosities of three low density polyethylenes of widely varying melt indices were studied as a function of temperature over a broad range of shear rates and shear stresses. Apparent viscosities at constant shear stress could be fitted adequately to a simple Arrhenius equation over the entire temperature range studied. However, pronounced curvature of the log ηa-1/T curves was observed for apparent viscosities at constant shear rate. The apparent activation energies for viscous flow at constant shear stress were found to decrease slowly with increasing shear stress and also to decrease with decreasing molecular weight. A temperature-shear rate superposition was demonstrated to hold, and the shift factor dependence on temperature was determined.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050107
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 2-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050112
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  • 87
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    The influence of resin strength and defects on the interlaminar shear strength of filament-wound composites (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 49-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The interlaminar shear strength of reinforced plastic composites has long been recognized as a critical property in the structural performance of composites. However, its role in structural performance and the many factors that influence it have not been clearly elucidated. Although much attention has been given to the importance of resin-glass adhesion, little is known regarding the contribution of resin strength and composite quality. In this article it is shown that interlaminar shear strength is a direct function of both resin strength and composite void content. The curves of resin tensile strength vs interlaminar shear strength indicate a limiting value for interlaminar shear above which increases in resin tensile strength do not increase defects.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050110
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    Resins and reinforced plastic laminates for continuous use at 650°F (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article reports the preparation of a number of high molecular weight aromatic amide and imide polymers. An order of relative thermal stability of a series of alternative linkages between benzene rings in aromatic polymers is established on the basis of weight loss of thin films in air. It is found to agree with the stability order established by others by study of model compounds. It is further confirmed by the aging performance of laminates employing such resins. Electrical properties of the polymers were measured as a function of temperature. Change in the dissipation factor with temperature was used to determine Tg, which in turn was correlated to the minimum temperature required to produce laminates. Examples of the performance of these organic polymers in long time exposure tests at elevated temperature are given. Flexural properties of laminates aged and tested at temperatures of 600-650°F are reported.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050203
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    Effect of stearate processing aids upon polypropylene stability (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 84-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fatty acid salts are often added to polymers as processing aids. Although calcium stearate promoted highly reduced mixing torque requirements in polypropylene compositions, this was due largely to lowering of the polymer molecular weight. However, the amount of shear withstood without severe degradation was less. The effects of calcium stearate upon polypropylene stabilization systems were investigated by oxygen absorption studies Up to 50% stabilization was lost, particularly with metals such as copper, with 0.1% calcium stearate even in compositions protected by inhibitors. The stearate evidently reacts with transition metals or their oxides, particularly if acidic materials are present, to give metallic stearates which are extremely effective polyofin oxidation catalysts. Considering these results, the use of stearate processing aids should be avoided if property retention and stability are important in the fabricated article.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050204
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    Heat-resistant epoxy-boroxine foams for high temperature applications (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 90-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Foams are produced by mixing an epoxy resin, a primary polyamine and a trialkoxyboroxine without applied heat. The reaction heat evolved, predominantly from the reaction between the boroxine and the amine, speeds up the gelation of the epoxy resin and simultaneously evaporates methanol, a by-product, to form the foam, leading to the formation of a highly crosslinked polymer. A theory for the mechanism involves the chemical properties of intermediates, the basicity of the nitrogens, the acidity of the borons, and the mode of curing of the epoxy resin. The physical properties can be varied using different epoxies, amines and boroxines and different proportions. With a typical mixture, the foams produced have densities and thermal conductivities similar to polystyrene foam but have heat resistance up to 300°C. Adhesion to various substrates is excellent. Compression strengths are low but can be increased by the addition of fillers. The foams are self-extinguishing. Potential applications and method of dispensing the foams are suggested.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050205
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    The effect of filler particle-size distribution in epoxy casting formulations (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 101-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The selection of particle size distribution is based on a theoretical concept of the “close packing” of particles. The usefulness of this concept was investigated using silica as the filler in a single epoxy-hardener system. The viscosity and settling characteristics for several particle-size distributions and concentrations of silica fillers were studied. These studies show that significant decreases in the viscosities of casting formulations can be obtained using a two-component filler system which permits the use of higher filler loadigs. The increase in the ratio of coarse filler to fine filler reduced the flexural strength of the castings and increased the rate of settling in the formulations. The effect of parameters other than particle size is demonstrated by the use of non-silica fillers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050206
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    The calculation of screw characteristics for the extrusion of non-Newtonian melts (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 230-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Common methods of calculating screw characteristics are reviewed, and predictions of performance based on these techniques are compared with those based upon the exact solution for simultaneous pressure and drag flow in a plane infinite slit. The error made in superimposing pressure and drag flow, as if each were independent of the other, is indicated. Some brief remarks are also made with regard to the effect of transverse (cross-channel) flow on the output of the extruder.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050405
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    Deformation and failure of plastics and elastomers (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 270-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of various environmental conditions, other than chemical, on the mechanical properties of amorphous polymers is considered. The response of such polymers to an applied stress or strain depends on the mobility of polymeric chains which in turn is largely a function of free volume. The free volume varies with temperature, pressure, and plasticizer concentration; in the glassy state, it also depends on thermal history and tensile strain. These concepts are reviewed and some illustrative data, primarily from the published literature, are presented. A discussion is also given of the nonlinear viscoelastic properties (in uniaxial tension) of amorphous network polymers in the rubbery state. Methods for characterizing the ultimate tensile properties of such polymers are also described. Finally, some comments are made about the mechnical characteristics of polymers in the glassy state.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050410
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    The use of visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy to identify carbonyl compunds in photodegraded plastics (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 284-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method was developed for identifying certain carbonyl compounds formed in plastics during exposure to carbon-ac or solar radiant energy. The reaction of aldehydes and certain ketones with phenylenediamines (o-, m-, p-, and N, N-dimethyl-p-) in glacial acetic acid was found to yield stable colored products whose transmittance spectra are charactersitic of the carbonyl compound. Similar colored products were also formed when exposed plastics were dissolved in acetic acid solutions of the diamine. A comparison of the spectra of solutions of the plastics with those from known carbonyl compounds facilitates identification. The method was applied to the identification of carbonyl compounds from photodegraded poly (methyl methacrylate) and cellulose acetatebutyrate.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050412
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    Masthead (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050101
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 66-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050209
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    Recent aspects of the uncatalyzed thermal oxidation of isotactic polypropylene (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The authors previously reported work on the kinetics and mechanism of the uncatalyzed thermal oxidation of isotactic polypropylene. The data, obtained form infrared absorption spectra of the carbonyl region, was utilized in developing the theoretical expressions presented. This paper summarizes this work and presents further evidence which substantiates the derived expressions. The additional evidence is obtained from infrared absorption spectra involving the apparent hydroperoxy region and from measurements on the rate of formation of volatile products. Some recent pertinent literature is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050316
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    Thermal degradation of polytetrafluoroethylene in a closed system. Effect of the nature of the surface of the reaction vessel wall (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 200-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal degradation of polytetrafluoroethylene has been investigated in a closed system as a function of the nature of the surface of the reaction vessel wall. Reproducible results cannot be obtained in a stainless steel vessel as metal fluoride is continuously formed and a stable fluoride is not formed on the wall. Quartz spoon reaction vessels coated with calcium fluoride give a few reproducible runs, before the coating has to be renewed. If the dimerization of the monomer, which takes place very rapidly around 600°C, is considered, first order rates are obtained up to about 75% monomer formation. The kinetics is briefly discussed on the basis of random initiation followed by depropagation with a relatively short kinetic chain length and disproportionation as termination reaction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050320
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  • 99
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    Principles of polymer stability (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 204-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: There are essentially two ways to arrive at high softening polymers: crystallization and cross linking. The first approach leads to thermoplastic materials which have a more or less sharp and reversible melting point; the second produces three dimensional unmeltable networks which are thermosetting and can support very high temperatures without degradation. Factors which affect the mechanical behavior of a polymer exposed to high temperatures are degradation and cross linking. The first process is caused by scission of the chain molecules. The second process, cross linking, ties individual polymer chains into a rigid network, increases the molecular weight and leads to a very hard, brittle product which can neither be melted nor dissolved. The stability of a polymer against oxidation is always improved by the addition of an oxygen scavenger which reacts with oxygen in preference to the polymer and also by the addition of a UV absorber.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050321
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    Creep experiments and examples for viscoelastic material under combined stress with abrupt changes in state of stress (1965)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 5 (1965), S. 213-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Creep experiments under combined tension and torsion loading are reported for tubular specimens of polyvinyl chloride copolymer. Experiments include a sequence of several combinations of tension and torsion on each specimen with abrupt changes between combinations, including reversal of sense of torsion, recovery and reloading after recovery.Results show a strong path and time dependence for the strain and for the direction of the strain-rate vector at constant state of stress following a change in state of biaxial stress.The character of the results is described reasonably well by the Boltzmann superposition principle of linear viscoelasticity using a constitutive equation of the form: Examples are given of the use of this equation for common states of stress.Better agreement with the data is obtained from a similar but non-linear equation employing hyperbolic sine functions of stress.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760050402
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