ALBERT

Description: Anaueria Kosterm. in Chronica Botanica IV, 1 (1938), p. 14. Arbores brasilienses foliis sub-oppositis. Flores hermaphroditi ex-involucrati paniculati; tepalis sex tribus exterioribus minoribus. Stamina novem quorum sex exteriora fertilia filamentis in annulum ovarium cingentem connatis antheris liberis bilocellatis sub-introrsis; tria interiora sterilia staminodialia sub-aequilonga. Ovarium subglobosum tubo planiusculo insertum, stylo obtuso brevi stigmate inconspicuo. Staminodia seriei quartae nulla. Bacca magna ellipsoidea pedicello vix elongate cylindrico tepalis non incrassatis persistentibus insidens.

Description: ROXBURGH described in his Flora in the year 1820 a very curious annual grass and placed it in the genus Eleusine as E. verticillata ROXB.. This grass has spikelets which agree in many characters with those of the genus Eleusine, especially as to the rugose grain with a caducous pericarp, but differing from Eleusine in the up to 20-flowered spikelets and in the lemmas with a three-cuspidate summit. The many-flowered spikelets give the plant more the habit of an Eragrostis and under this genus a specimen was mentioned by WALLICH in his Catalogue. There are in the characters of the spikelets many other differences with the genus Eleusine and with Eragrostis. KUNTH and STEUDEL, indeed placed the plant under Leptochloa and there are still other opinions about this plant. An advancement in this matter was the opinion of LINDLEY, who published in the year 1836 a new genus Acrachne WIGHT et ARN., in the second edition of his ”Natural System of Botany“, p. 381, based upon ROXBURGH’s Eleusine verticillata, The name Acrachne was already given by WIGHT et ARNOTT as Acrachne eleusinoides, a nomen in WIGHT, Cat. no. 1760. This name was placed by STEUDEL in the year 1854 under E. verticillata ROXB., a name also accepted by NEES. The name Acrachne, although based upon a species which was validly published, was, however, not described by LINDLEY and the combination A. verticillata was not made by LINDLEY. At that time the genus Acrachne was therefore not valid.

Description: Referring to the identification of BRASS 5219 from Papua as a representative of the Verbenaceous Faradaya chrysoclada K. SCHUM. by E. BEER and H. J. LAM (Blumea 2, 1936, 225), Dr C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS, the monographer of the Malaysian Bignoniaceae drew our attention to the possibility that this identification might be incorrect. It was suggested that the specimen and also all specimens hitherto known as Faradaya chrysoclada might be Bignoniaceous and might belong to Deplanchea tetraphylla (R. BR.) V. STEENIS, as all other Faradayas known are lianas, whereas F. chrysoclada was reported to possess the tree habit, as the Deplancheas. We therefore asked on loan the materials of both species from the Herbarea at Berlin (B) and Kew (K), that from Berlin including the type specimen of Faradaya chrysoclada. Our thanks are due to the directors of the Herbaria of Berlin and Kew for kindly lending us the material desired.

Description: This is the first contribution to a series of papers dealing with the Convolvulaceae of Malaysia (Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Philippines and New Guinea). As far as possible the contributions will be published in accordance with the systematical arrangement of the genera. For a survey on this arrangement I refer to HAULIER'S fundamental work on this matter published in 1893 in the 16th volume of ENOLER'S Botanische Jahrbücher, entitled: ”Versuch einer natürlichen Gliederung der Convolvulaceen auf morphologischer und anatomischer Grundlage“. After all genera will have been published, a determination key will be added, based on the genera of the area under consideration, in which I hope to take especially account of the characters of the Malaysian species. Meanwhile the key published by HAULIER in the above mentioned paper can be provisionally used. On account of the structure of the pollen grains the Convolvulaceae as a whole can be subdivided, as has been proposed by HAULIER, into two groups, viz. the Psiloconiae with smooth pollen grains and the Echinoconiae with spinose ones. The former of these groups contains seven tribes, viz. 1. Cuscuteae, 2. Wilsonieae (not in Malaysia), 3. Dichondreae, 4. Dicranostyleae, 5. Poraneae, 6. Erycibeae and 7. Convolvuleae. Of the six genera worked out here, Cuscuta belongs to the Cuscuteae, Dichondra to the Dichondreae, Evolvulus, Bonamia and Neuropeltis to the Dicranostyleae and Porana to the Poraneae. For the limitation and description of the tribes see HALLIER l.c. and in ENGLER’S Botanische Jahrbücher, Vol. XVIII, 1894, p. 92, under Prevostea.

Description: Years ago I intensively studied the grasses of the tribe of the Maydeae. The results of my investigations were published in an article ”A contribution to the knowledge of the Indian Maydeae“, issued in the ”Mededeelingen van ’s Rijks Herbarium“ no. 67 (1931). In this paper the grasses of this tribe from the Old World were treated and especially the various genera were characterized according to their caryopses. The curious form and the place of the hilum of the caryopsis were accepted as characters of high importance to distinguish and to establish the various genera, and it was especially the genus Polytoca, which was more sharply defined by the place of the hilum, the lower margins of the grain enclosing a cavity at the bottom of which is found the hilum. In the genus Chionachne such a cavity is not present and the hilum is found at the back of the grain. I accepted 4 species of the genus Chionachne. One of them, viz. Ch. Koenigii (SPRENGEL) THWAITES, is rather widely distributed from British India and Ceylon to Tonkin and from Celebes to Queensland. Ch. biaurita HACKEL is endemic in the Philippines and Ch. semiteres (BENTH.) HENR. was only observed in the Deccan Peninsula and Burma. The fourth species was mentioned by me from Queensland as being Chionachne Sclerachne BAILEY. The type of BAILEY was not represented in the Kew Herbarium and I saw only a fragment from a plant collected by F. v. MUELLER, which I accepted as being BAILEY’s species. DOMIN mentioned from Queensland only Polytoca cyathopoda (F. v. M.) BAILEY and not having seen DOMIN’s plant I had only to accept that the identification was correct. Recently Mr. HUBBARD from the Kew Herbarium could examine DOMIN’s plant and found that it belonged to the genus Chionachne.

Description: The Charophyta of the Netherlands have been hitherto almost neglected. As far as I know only the following papers are dealing with the matter: VAN DEN BOSCH, R. B., in Ned. Kruidk. Archief 1, 1846, p. 100, p. 289. “II 1851 p. 225. both preliminary works to Prodromus Florae Batavae II, 2, 1853, p. 186—189. DE VRIES, H., Flora van Nederland, in Alg. Statist, v. Ned. I, 8, 1870, p. 39.

Description: In het voorjaar van 1937 werd mij vanwege het Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie te Leiden voorgesteld in aansluiting aan mijn, toen reeds beëindigd, geologisch onderzoek ten Oosten van de Serio, ook het gebied terzelfder hoogte ten Westen van de Serio, te gaan bewerken. Ten einde de hieraan verbonden onkosten voor reis en verblijf en een gedeelte der publieatiekosten te kunnen bestreden, deed ik een beroep op de Stichting „Molengraaff-fonds” te Delft. Dit beroep is niet tevergeefsch geweest.

Description: Van geen zijner geestesproducten heeft Goethe zoo weinig genoegen beleefd als van zijn „Versuch über die Metamorphose der Pflanzen”. Toen de verhandeling in 1790 na langdurige studie gereed was, weigerde de uitgever GÖSCHEN, met wien Goethe sinds vele jaren in relatie stond, haar te laten drukken, zoodat de schrijver naar een anderen uitgever moest gaan zoeken. In zijn verzameling van natuurwetenschappelijke studies, in 1817 uitgegeven met den titel „Zur Naturwissenschaften überhaupt, besonders zur Morphologie”, waarin de metamorphoseleer is herdrukt, beschrijft Goethe op de hem eigene olympische manier de lotgevallen van „Handschrift” en „Druckschrift” en beklaagt hij zich bitter over de koelheid van het publiek, maar nog meer over het gebrek aan inzicht en begrip van zijn wetenschappelijke tijdgenooten, die na 27 jaar nog geen van allen de draagwijdte van de metamorphosehypothese hebben begrepen. Van het publiek zegt hij „Das Publikum stutzte; denn nach seinem Wunsche sich gut und gleichförmig bedient zu sehen, verlangt es von jedem, dass er in seinem Fache bleibe”. De vrienden, aan wie Goethe indertijd presentexemplaren van zijn boekje had toegezonden, komen er slechter af: „Ueberdies waren die Aüszerungen meiner Freunde keineswegs von schonender Art, und es wiederholte sich dem vieljährigen Autor die Erfahrung dass man gerade von verschenkten Exemplaren, Unlust und Verdruss zu erleben hat. Kommt jemanden ein Buch durch Zufall, oder durch Empfehlung in die Hand, er liest es, kauft es auch wohl, überreicht ihm aber ein Freund, mit behaglicher Zuversicht, sein Werk, so scheint es als sey es darauf abgesehen ein Geistes-Uebergewicht aufzudringen. Da tritt nun das radicale Böse in seiner hässlichsten Gestalt hervor, als Neid und Widerwille gegen frohe, eine Herzensangelegenheit vertrauende Personen”. Deze uiting van Goethe kwam mij in de gedachte, toen ik overwoog, of ik het verbouwde en vergroote instituut met eenige plechtigheid en feestelijkheid in gebruik zou nemen, dan wel, of dit met stille trom zou moeten geschieden. Zonder bij iemand van de hier aanwezigen „Neid und Widerwille” te veronderstellen en in de overtuiging, dat een zoo onbelangrijke gebeurtenis niet in staat kan zijn het „Radicale Böse” bij u aan de oppervlakte te brengen, kan ik het niet van mij afzetten, dat er eenige overeenkomst is tusschen het met „behaglicher Zuversicht” overhandigen van een gedrukt geestesprodukt en het rondzenden van uitnoodigingen om aanwezig te zijn bij het in gebruik nemen van een niet zeer belangrijke verbouwing. Aanvankelijk kwam het mij voor, dat ik u met mijn „Herzensangelegenheit” niet moest lastig vallen.

Description: The present publication is intended to be a monograph on the family of Burmanniaceae. It is divided into three parts: General Part, Critical Part and Taxonomical Part. The first part, General Part, contains general remarks on the taxonomy, distribution and use of the family. The second part, Critical Part, contains general and geobotanical remarks on the genera of the family, whereas the third part, the Taxonomical Part, gives the determination keys to the tribes, subtribes, genera, sections, subsections and species, the description of these groups with literature, distribution and the indications of the types. New varieties, species and larger groups are described in the taxonomical part in foot-notes.

Description: Die erste Mitteilung über die Möglichkeit des Vorkommens fossiler Azolla im niederländischen Boden rührt von J. LORIé her, der im Jahre 1905 bei der Beschreibung von Bohrproben die Entdeckung von Makrosporangien von Azolla filiculoides Lam. in einer dünnen Torfschicht unter Vogelenzang erwähnte (Lit. 1). Da aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach zur Zeit dieser Bohrung im Jahre 1887 Azolla schon in grosser Menge in der Umgebung wuchs, hielt LORIé es nicht für ausgeschlossen, dass rezente Makrosporangien in den Torf geraten wären. Der diesbezügliche Teil der angeführten Arbeit lautet: „Van eenig belang is de laag hard en droog veen, XIV, tusschen 61.1 en 61.4 M.—A.P., waaruit bij het slibben eenige zeer kleine voorwerpjes werden afgescheiden, klaarblijkelijk van plantaardigen oorsprong. Prof. Went te Utrecht had de goedheid ze voor mij te onderzoeken en ze te bestemmen als „mikrosporen met massulae van Azolla filiculoides”. Overblijfselen van het geslacht Azolla waren tot nog toe alleen bekend uit tertiair en carbon en tot voor korten tijd behoorden de beide soorten „caroliniana" en „filiculoides” niet tot onze of de Europeesche flora. Zij zijn als zoodanig eerst, tusschen 1880 en 1890, in ons land opgetreden, na uit den Hortus Botanicus te Leiden te zijn ontsnapt. Het juiste jaar is niet meer met zekerheid uit te maken, daar het geval eerst werd bemerkt, toen de plantjes zich op groote schaal hadden vermenigvuldigd. Zeer waarschijnlijk is het verder, dat zij in 1887 reeds in groote hoeveelheid leefden in den omtrek van Vogelenzang, zoodat de mogelijkheid niet is uitgesloten, dat zij toevallig in het veenmonster zijn verdwaald. In October 1904 heb ik daaromtrent een onderzoek Ingesteld. De boring is verricht bij de tuinmanswoning, gelegen aan eenen kleinen straatweg, op den westrand der binnenduinen, waarop Casa Nova is gelegen. Vlak daarbij is eene gegraven put, welker water veel ijzer bevatte, wat aanleiding tot de boring heeft gegeven. Aan de andere zijde van den straatweg, op ± 25 M. afstand, is eene sloot. die meestal droog is, doch, tijdens het werk, wel water kan bevat hebben. Aan dezelfde zijde van den straatweg, naar het N. toe, op ongeveer 150 M., is eene breede sloot of vaart, waarin ik veel Azolla vond. Deze is gegraven voor het afzanden der binnenduinen en was in 1887 aldaar nog niet aanwezig. Volgens den tuinman is aanvankelijk bij het werk geen water gebruikt, later wel, doch heeft men daartoe eene korte nortonbuis in den grond geslagen. Het is dus niet mogelijk na te gaan op welke wijze de overblijfselen van Azolla in het monster veen zijn gekomen, toch blijft de zaak voorshands twijfelachtig. Ware de boring vóór het jaar 1880 verricht, dan zoude men met recht Azolla tot de NederlandsChe fossielen uit het (interglaciale?) Diluvium mogen rekenen.” Im Jahre 1919 beschrieb J. VAN BAREN einen Fund in der Nähe von Oosterbeek, der zu Zweifel weniger Veranlassung gab (Lit. 2). VAN BAREN berichtet darüber folgendes: „In Januari 1911 ontving ik van den directeur van Johanna-Hoeve, den Heer P. M. Burgers, een monster klei uit een boring, op dat landgoed verricht door de firma J. de Boer, toenmaals te Leeuwarden. Deze klei geleek in al haar eigenschappen op de uit Drente, Friesland en Groningen bekende potklei. Zij bestond voor 53.2% uit deeltjes, kleiner dan 0.01 mM.; voor 35.6% uit deeltjes van 0.01—0.05 mM.; voor 6.0% uit deeltjes van 0.05—0.1 mM. en voor 5.2% uit deeltjes van 0.1—2 mM. Het % zand bedroeg dus 11.2%. De klei was kalkloos en het grofste zand bestond uit kwarts, lydiet, zandsteen, kwartsiet, mikroklien en houtresten (veel eik). Daarnaast kwamen talrijke, met de loupe duidelijk herkenbare, op eikels gelijkende voorwerpjes voor, waaraan, doch slechts microscopisch herkenbare, op ankers gelijkende aanhangsels zaten. Mevrouw J. v. d. Sleenv. Bork, assistente van Prof. Nierstrasz te Utrecht, was zoo vriendelijk deze voorwerpjes aan een nader onderzoek te onderwerpen, waarbij zij ze herkende als „macrosporen met massulae en glochidiën” van het hierboven genoemde watervarentje. Op mijn verzoek maakte zij tevens de twee hierbijgevoegde afbeeldingen, welke hier gereproduceerd worden, opdat hare aanwezigheid in kleilagen later niet door andere onderzoekers over het hoofd gezien zal kunnen worden. Nu rees de palaeontologisch belangrijke vraag, of de Azolla in deze klei „toevallig” of fossiel voorkwam. Naar mijn meening bewijst het volgende, dat wij Azolla hier als een fossiel uit het Pleistoceen kunnen beschouwen. In de eerste plaats toch komt Azolla thans niet in de omgeving van Oosterbeek voor, zoodat verontreiniging van het boormateriaal uitgesloten is; in de tweede plaats vindt men hier de overblijfselen van Azolla in een circa 8 M. dikke, zwarte kleilaag, liggend onder 30 M. fluviatiel zand en rustend op 7 M. grof zand, waaronder dan weer een halve M. zwarte klei volgt, waarin Azolla wel niet zoo veelvuldig voorkomt als daarboven, maar toch niet geheel ontbreekt.”

Description: This publication is based on herbarium, materials which were kindly placed at the author’s disposal by the Directors of the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Garden (B), the Leiden National Herbarium (L), the Herbarium of the Utrecht University (U), and the Herbarium of the Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Museum (BD), for whose kind help the author wishes to render his best thanks.

Description: Herba pusilla, saprophytiea, 10—13 cm alta. Radices ignotae. Caulis simplex, erectus, teres, glaber, succulentus. Folia 3—8, squamas simulantia, lanceolata vel ovato-lanceolata, glabra, acuta vel acuminata, 2—6 mm longa, uninervia, nervo prominente. Folia basalia rosulata nulla. Bracteae plm. 5 mm longae, ovatae, acutae. Flores 5—9, albi-purpurascentes, 9— 12 mm longi, erecti, pedicellati, in cincinnos geminos conferti. Limbus succulentus, 6-lobatus, lobis exterioribus tribus, 1.5—2 mm longis, erectis, in alabastris et floribus junioribus margine involutis, triangularibus, obtusis; in floribus perfectis orbiculatis et margine evolutis; lobis interioribus erectis, crassis, glandulosis, ovatis vel obovatis vel orbiculatis, obtusis vel rotundatis vel retusis, quam exteriores brevioribus, 0.25—1 mm longis. Tubus perigonii trigono-cylindricus, 4—5 mm longus, 6-nervius. Alae perianthii subnullae, in costas angustas reductae. Antherae sessiles, lobis interioribus oppositae sed profundius insertae, connectivis triangularibus, apice bicristatis, cristis curvatis. Stylus crassus, trifurcatus, ramis apice stigmate praeditis, appendiculo membranaceo rotundato pendulo. Stylus cum stigmatibus 4—4.5 mm longus. Ovarium obovoideum vel ellipsoideum, 3—4 mm longum, triloculare. Ovula numerosa, ovoidea vel ellipsoidea. Type: Malay Archipelago, Enggano (Res. Benkoelen, Sumatra), forest near Boea-boea, 100 m alt., fl. Juno 8, 1936, leg. W. J. LÜTJEHARMS n. 4437. Cotype: id., fl. June 14, 1936, leg. W. J. LÜTJEHARMS n. 4736.

Description: The genus Sarcosperma was excluded from the Sapotaceae by the first-named writer in 1925, the group being considered as of family rank. In 1926 the same author published a concise and fragmentary revision of the monotypic order, in which two new Malaysian species were described. The continental species, however, were merely quoted from literature. To this a key was added. As since then more material has been collected, it seemed desirable to give a new revision of this small but interesting order. For this purpose materials have, at our request, kindly been sent on loan to the Rijksherbarium (L) ¹) from the following institutions: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew — K. Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Berlin — B. Musee d’Histoire Naturelle, Phanérogamie, Paris — P. Botanical Garden, New York — NY. U.S. National Museum, Division of Plants, Washington — W. Gray Herbarium and Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Cambridge (Mass.), U.S.A. — H. Botanical Institute, Coll. of Agriculture, Sun Yatsen University, Canton — Ca.

Description: In Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire the most common species of Agave is A. vivipara. Although the variability is rather great, this species is nearly always easily recognizable. In Aruba, however, in two localities agaves are found, namely A. Rutteniae and A. arubensis, which differ from A. vivipara in their generative parts only. The A. Cocui, which occasionally occurs in Curaçao and Bonaire, but which has probably been introduced from the coast of Venezuela, differs from these species, both in shape and size. A. Boldinghiana, which is found here and there on alle three islands, is in herbarium material not always easily distinguished from the above named species, in the field it is always easily recognizable. A. Karatto, which is frequently cultivated as a living hedge in Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire, has very little in common with the other agaves growing there; this species occurs also in St. Eustatius and the neighbouring islands and it seems probable that it was introduced from there in former times, when there was a more lively trade between these islands. On the Venezuelan Continent there probably is only one species of Agave, A. Cocui, which, however, shows a wide range of variability in the form of the terminal spine. In Trinidad and Chacachacare A. evadens occurs; possibly it may be found on the neighbouring part of the continent as well. On the Venezuelan Islands, A. vivipara is known from Blanquilla and Los Hermanos, A. Cocui from Los Frailes and Los Testigos. The common agave of Margarita, which I determined as A. vivipara, resembles a special form of A. Cocui growing on the continental coast opposite. Although it seems not possible to differentiate them clearly, yet, for the time being, it does not seem advisable to unite these two species.

Description: For the group of plants treated in the “Compendium” I have used the name Spermatophyta. WETTSTEIN in his “Handbuch” remarks that this name is incorrect because in botany the word “sperma” is used for spermatozoids, and from the name Spermatophyta it might be concluded that by it “plants with spermatozoids” were meant. WETTSTEIN’s objection is not to be taken seriously however. Nobody will ever think of translating the name Gymnospermae by “plants with naked spermatozoids”! I did not like to use the name Phanerogamae for the group since the corresponding name “Cryptogamae” has lost all meaning. “Anthophyta” cannot be used, because the Pteridospermae have no flowers and it would even be advisable to use the term “Flower” only with regard to Angiospermae. The classic division into Gymnospermae and Angiospermae has been given up. The Pteridospermae are fundamentally different from the Gymnospermae e.g. by the form of their leaves and by the absence of a strobilus. I consider them equal in rank to the subdivision Gymnospermae. The same may be said of the group which formerly under the name Gnetales or Gnetinae used to be considered as a subdivision of the Gymnospermae, but which, in my opinion, are even farther removed from the Gymnospermae than the Pteridospermae. They have obtained here the rank of a new subdivision under the name Chlamydospermae. I have distinguished therefore four subdivisions of the Spermatophyta namely Pteridospermae, Gymnospermae, Chlamydospermae and Angiospermae.

Description: L'exploration assidue des terrains cénozoïques de l'Insulinde a permis de recueillir, en ces dernières années, des restes de Crustacés Décapodes en assez grand nombre. Déposées dans diverses institutions scientifiques tant aux Pays-Bas qu'aux Indes Orientales Néerlandaises et aussi en Suisse, les collections me furent confiées pour étude par mes collègues et amis: Messieurs les Professeurs B. G. Escher et I. M. van der Vlerk, tous deux du Rijks Geologisch-Mineralogisch Museum, à Leyde, et J. H. P. Umbgrove, de la Technische Hoogeschool, à Delft; Monsieur le Dr. W. BERXouiJii, du Musée d'Histoire naturelle, à Bâle.

Description: During my stay in Spain a rock was found in the surroundings of Ronda, wherein Cycloclypeus was met with by the side of other foraminifera. The scarcity of our knowledge about the occurrence of this genus in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin, induced me to collect in different parts of Spain, more material wherein Cycloclypeus might occur, especially Oligocene and Miocene rocks. The inducement became even stronger, when a publication by Tan Sin Hok about the genus Cycloclypeus Carpenter, demonstrated the value this genus has for stratigraphy. The results obtained during the examination of the samples, induced me to deviate from my original intention, of giving a survey of the development of the foraminifera-containing Oligocene in some parts of Spain and to try and follow the way indicated by the provisional results. To do so it proved to be desirable to involve other material in this examination.

Description: In de zomers van de jaren 1935 en 1936 werd door mij een gebied, gelegen aan de linkerzijde van de Serio, geologisch bewerkt. Dit gebied omvat de meest westelijke toppen en kammen van de Presolanaberggroep. Het behoort vrijwel geheel tot het stroomgebied van de Serio. Terzelfder tijd werkte W.A. Visser in het oostelijk aangrenzend terrein. De resultaten van zijn onderzoek heeft hij alreeds gepubliceerd. J. Weeda bewerkte reeds vroeger het Boven-Serio-dal en het is op zijn verzoek geweest, dat ik mijn onderzoekingen in noordelijke richting heb uitgebreid tot in het Valle Sedornia. Om deze reden bedekken onze kaarten gedeeltelijk elkaar. Ofschoon vanuit de talrijke grootere dorpen, gelegen in het Valle Seriana en in het Valeggia, een groot deel van het onderzochte terrein kon worden bewerkt, moest toch vele weken gekampeerd worden om ook het oostelijk deel te kunnen onderzoeken. Degenen, die enkele van deze kampementen met mij hebben medegemaakt, dank ik nogmaals voor de vele prettige uren met hen aan het kampvuur doorgebracht.

Description: The investigation of geological structures due to folding led de Sitter to form an opinion on the mechanical problems involved (Bibl. 7). His principal contention is that in simple cases the relative movements of particles with respect to eachother during deformation leading to a fold, have been purely concentric. During such concentric deformation all layers maintain their original thickness and length over the whole profile. All differential movements of neighbouring particles are parallel and therefore concentric. Towards the core of the anticlines and deeper down in the crust the geometrical relations, as construction will show, necessitate a deviation from this principle and either thrusting or plastic thickening of the rocks must take place. The concentric habit for larger units will therefore be partly lost. The most satisfactory treatment of this problem would be a mathematical analysis of the principal normal stresses in a fold, applied to measured properties of the rocks involved. We are still far removed from this ideal solution. De Sitter therefore requested Kuenen to co-operate in an experimental investigation that was intended to elucidate some of the mechanical features of folding and to test the convictions won from the study of folds in nature. The actual experiments were carried out by Kuenen in his laboratory at Groningen. By frequent intercourse, however, de Sitter took an active part in guiding the research. This report embodies the more relevant results. Theoretical considerations have been reduced to a minimum in order to give, as far as possible, an unbiased exposition of the experimental data. Before entering on a description of the experiments some terms and conceptions that will find frequent use must first be discussed. By stress and strain are meant respectively: force per unit surface and deformation in terms of relative displacement.

Description: Dr. Kuiper and Dr. Nieuwenkamp collected remarkable, etched pieces of dark glass, strongly resembling tektites, in Patagonia. Dr. Ph. H. Kuenen director of the geological institute of the Rijksuniversiteit at Groningen kindly put them at our disposal for investigation. They are now in the Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie of Leiden. The chemical analysis and the optical examination showed that these objects are not tektites, but pebbles of volcanic glass. From Palembang pebbles of obsidian are known, which might be taken for tektites by a layman in these matters, but not by an expert. These pebbles were collected by Prof. Dr. B. G. Escher in 1917 in South-Palembang, Boorterrein Soengei Taham near Moeara Enim, on account of their interesting sculpture. They were analysed together with the well-known obsidian from Goenoeng Kiamis near Garoet (collected by Escher in 1929) and were found to bear much resemblance in chemical respect.

Description: In the spring of 1937 I started the identification of a very large collection of marine mollusca from the plio-pleistocene Kendeng beds West of Soerabaja (Java). Though the whole material had already been arranged systematically and the greater part of the species had been identified provisionally by Dr. R. IJzerman, who very kindly placed his useful Ms. notes at my disposal, the revision of the entire material will certainly take several years. I therefore resolved to publish the results successively, the more so, as I am not sure that I shall remain in the condition to carry on these investigations. The greater part of the present mollusca was collected by members of the staff of Geological Survey of the Netherland-Indies at Bandoeng (Java) during the exploration of the Kendeng region. This part was entrusted to me by professor Dr. L. M. R. Rutten of Utrecht after Dr. IJzerman had to give up his yet incomplete study of it. I am very much indebted to professor Rutten for his allowance to study this precious collection and for the constant interest he has shown in my work.

Description: LINDAU in his monograph of the family in the first edition of ENGLER & PRANTL distinguished four subfamilies: Nelsonioideae, Mendoncioideae, Thunbergioideae and Acanthoideae. The first three subfamilies afterwards were united by VAN TIEGHEM and separated from the Acanthaceae under the name Thunbergiaceae. WETTSTEIN agreed with VAN TIEGHEM in so far that he too accepted a nearer affinity between the first three subfamilies, but instead of regarding the whole as a family distinct from the true Acanthaceae he considered them as a subfamily Thunbergioideae, reducing the three subfamilies of LINDAU to tribes. In this way, however, he had, apparently unwittingly, returned to the standpoint taken in by NEES, whose Anechmatacantheae and Echmatacantheae correspond exactly with WETTSTEIN’s Thunbergioideae and Acanthoideae. The difference between the various systems lies therefore in the rank assigned to the groups for which LINDAU used the names Nelsonioideae, Mendoncioideae and Thunbergioideae. They agree with each other in considering these groups as fundamentally distinct from what we might call the typical Acanthaceae or, in LINDAU’s nomenclature, the Acanthoideae.

Description: La flora de cactos de las islas situadas entre Trinidad y la península de La Goajira comprende trece especies silvestres, aparte del género Melocactus: Pereskia Guamacho, Opuntia caribaea, O. curassavica, O. Wentiana, O. elatior, Rhipsalis cassutha, Hylocereus Lemairei, Acanthocereus pentagonus, Lemaireocereus griseus, Cephalocereus lanuginosus, Cereus repandus, C. margaritensis, C. margaritensis var. micracanthus y Mammillaria simplex. Doce especies son aborígenes de las islas venezolanas y ocho de las islas neerlandesas. Con exclusión de Tortuga, las islas venezolanas no poseen especies que no se encuentren en el continente. Margarita, con las islas situadas más hacia el star, Los Frailes, Los Testigos y Blanquilla, poseen cinco especies: Pereskia Guamacho, Opuntia caribaea, Cereus margaritensis y su var. micracanthus, Rhipsalis cassutha, Hylocereus Lemairei, que no se han encontrado en ninguna de las otras islas, aunque ciertamente se podía esperar encontrar las tres primeras especies tambien ahí, teniendo en cuenta que el medio ambiente es el mismo. Las islas holandesas, por el contrario, muestran cierta diferenciación: el Cereus repandus se presenta solo en Curasao, Aruba y Bonaire; Opuntia curassavica, fuera de esas localidades, no se encuentra sinó en Tortuga. La especie que más se acerca al Cereus repandus es Cereus margaritensis; como el pariente más próximo de Opuntia curassavica se puede considerar Opuntia repens, que se presenta en Puerto Rico y las Islas Vírgenes.

Description: Aiouea Aublet, Hist. Guian. I (1775), p. 310; III, t. 120; Scopoli, Introductio Hist. nat. (Pragae 1777), p. 107, n. 277; Lamarck, Encyclop. méthod. I (1783), p. 72 (Ajúvea); Poiret, Encycl., Suppl. I (1890), p. 274, III (1893), p. 317; Illustrat. Genr. II, p. 395 et 367, t. 360; Jussieu, Genera (1789), p. 80 (Ajovea) (ed. Usteri 1791, p. 90); Schreber, Genera I (1789), p. 259; St. Hilaire, Exposit. fam. nat. I (1805), p. 190 (Ajovea); Hedwig, Genera (1806), p. 226, n. 920 (Aiovea); Sprengel, Anleit. Kenntn. Gewächse II (1817), p. 339 (Aiovea); Steudel, Nomenclator ed. 1 (1821), p. 23 (Aiouea) et p. 467 (Auiouea); ed. 2, I (1841), p. 46 (Ajuvea et Aiovea); II, p. 16 (Ajouea) et p. 398 (Aiouvea); Presl, Rostlinar (1825), p. 30 et 63; Jussieu, Diction. 25 (1825), p. 349; Schultes, Systema VII, 1 (1829), p. XII (Aiuvea); Bartling, Ordines nat. (1830), p. 112 (Ajovea); Nees ab Esenbeck, Laur. Expos. (Vratislaviae 1833), p. 16; id., Systema Laurin. (1836), p. 362 (Ajouea); Endlicher, Genera (1837), p. 320, n. 2050; id., Enchir. (1841), p. 197 (Ajovea); Dietrich, Synops. Pl. 2 (1840), p. 1332, n. 1844; Spach, Hist. Véget. Phaner. X (1841), p. 472; Meissner, Genera I (1841), p. 326 (Aiouea), II, p. 238 (Ajouea); Lindley, Veget. Kingd. (1846), p. 537 (Ajovea); Lem. in Orbigny, Dict, univers. VII (1846), p. 259; Reichenbach, Nomencl. (1861), p. 70, n. 2660 (Ajovea); Meissner in D.C., Prodrom. XV, 1 (1864), p. 82; id. in Martius, Fl. Brasil. V, 2 (1866), p. 169; Gmelin, Systema (1867), p. 574; Baillon, Hist. Plant. II (1870), p. 471 (Aiouea); Pfeiffer, Nomencl. I (1873), p. 90 (Aiouea; Aiovea); Bentham in Benth. et Hook., Genera III (1880), p. 153; Durand, Index Gen. (1888), p. 348 (Ajouea); Pax in Engler-Prantl, Pfl. fam. III, 2 (1889), p. 121; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Garten Berlin V (1889), p. 28; dalla Torre et Harms, Genera (1900—07), p. 178, n. 2803; Post et Kuntze, Lexicon (1904), p. 15 (Aiouea; Aiovea; Ajuvea; Ajuea); Lemée, Diction. I (1929), p. 130; Benoist in Arch. Botan. V (1931), p. 62; Brooks in Kew Bulletin 1933, p. 211; Kostermans in Pulle, Fl. Surinam. II (1936), p. 311. – Apivea Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 1 (1821), p. 25; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 38; Lemée, Dict. I, l.c., p. 130. Ehrhardia Scopoli, Introductio Hist. nat. (Pragae 1777), p. 107, n. 277; Lindley, Veg. Kgd., l.c., p. 537 (Ehrhartia); Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 1, l.c., p. 293; ed. 2, l.c., p. 544; Meissner, Gen., l.c. II, p. 238; id. in D.C., Prodr., l.c., p. 82; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 169; Nees, Systema, l.c., p. 362; Pfeiffer, Nomencl. 2 (1874), p. 1173; Bentham in Benth. et Hook., l.c., p. 153 (Ehrardia); Durand, Index, l.c., p. 348; Pax in Engler-Prantl, Pfl. fam., l.c., p. 121 (Ehrardia); dalla Torre et Harms, Gen., l.c., p. 178 (Ehrhardia); Lemée, Dict. I, l.c., p. 130 (Ehrhardtia). — Colomandra Necker, Elem. botan. II (1790), p. 142, n. 831; Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 1, l.c., p. 212; ed. 2, p. 398; Nees, Systema, l.c., p. 362; Meissner, Gen. II, l.c., p. 238; id. in D.C., Prodr., l.c., p. 82; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 169; Pfeiffer, Nomencl. I (1873), p. 826; Durand, l.c., p. 348; Bentham, l.c., p. 153; Pax, l.c., p. 121; Mez in Jahrb., l.c., p. 28; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178; Lemée, Dict. I, l.c., p. 130; Post et Kuntze, Lexicon, l.c., p. 136. – Douglasia Schreber (nec aliis), Genera (1791), p. 809, n. 1761; Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 1, p. 284 (Douglassia); ed. 2, l.c., p. 526; Nees, Systema, l.c., p. 362 (Duglassia); Lindley, Veg. Kgd., l.c., p. 537 (Douglasia); Meissner, Gen. II, l.c., p. 238; id. in D.C., Prodr., l.c., p. 82 (Douglassia); id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 169 (Douglasia); Bentham in Benth. et Hook., Gen., l.c., p. 153 (Douglassia); Durand, l.c., p. 348 (Douglassia); Pax, l.c., p. 121; Mez in Jahrb., l.c., p. 28; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 185; Lemée, Dict. I, l.c., p. 130. Type species: Aiouea guianensis Aubl.

Description: Description of type specimen: Haplolobus celebicus, nov. spec. — Arbor altiuscula; ramuli subgraciles, circiter 0.4—0.7 diam., lenticellati, vetustiores (in sicc.) lenticellis plus minusve rugosi, alabastro terminali minuto pulverulento, ceterea glabri; medulla compacta aresinosa. Folia glabra estipulata, (1½—) 2½— 3½(—4½)-jugata; petioli teretes lenticellati, ima basi supra vix deplanati, basi nodisque rhachidis vix articulati, 6.5—9.5 cm longi, rhachidis partes interjugales 2.8—5.5 cm longae, medulla nonnullis fasciculis resiniferis magnis percursa; foliola chartacea, in sicc. viridiuscula, ovata vel ovato-oblonga ad oblongo-lanceolata, basi plus minusve inaequalia rotundata ad acuta, marginibus integra, apice breviter obtuse subabrupte acuminata, 9—15—21 cm longa, 4—6—8.5 cm lata, petioluli 1.3—2.7, terminales 3.5—6 cm longi, acumen 0.5—1.5 cm longum; nervi secundarii cum costa media subtus in sicc. paulo prominentes, supra paulo sulcati, utrinque (6—)8—11, angulo eirciter (50°—)70°—80° de costa adscendentes, praecipue margines folii versus curvati, margine 0.2—0.4 cm distante ea subparalleli, diminuentes, apice folii tantum arcuatim conjuncti; nervi tertiarii pertenues, transversi, sinuosi, pauci, prope costam ea perpendiculares, cum reticulatione laxa in sicc. utrinque conspicui. Inflorescentiae (♀ ignotae) ♂ axillares, multiflorae, glabrae, e ima basi late paniculato-ramosae, rami 10—22 cm longi, penultimi cymosi, cymulae ultimae 3-florae, interdum ramulorum apicibus alabastro vegetativo suffultis ¹); bracteae perminutae deltoideae. Flores (♀ ignoti) ♂ glabri, minuti, alabastris globosis, 0.1—0.15 cm diam., pedicelli pergraciles 0.05— 0.15 cm longi, apicum versus dilatati, ebracteolati. Calyx 3-fidus, circ. 0.1 cm altus, sepala brevia late deltoidea. Petala 3 oblongo-ovoidea, 0.15— 0.2 cm longa, tenuia, apice minute inflexo-incrassata, subimbricata. Stamina 6 monodynamia glabra; filamenta filiformia basi libera; antherae ovoideo-oblongae. Discus crassus 6-undulatus. Ovarii rudimentum stigmate 3-lobo brevi suffultum triloculare sterile haud vel vix e disco exsertum. The second specimen known possesses fruits, according to which the description may be augmented as follows: Leaves as in type specimen, rather broad, the acumen of the leaflets up to 2 cm long. Infrutescences branched from the very base, glabrous, about 10 cm long. Fruiting calyx hardly enlarged. Fruit ovoid or slightly oblique, glabrous, the apex subacute, 1.2—1.6 cm long, 0.7— 1.1 cm in diam.; pericarp thin, the pyrenes and the septa extremely thin; seed solitary (the two other cells being sterile), ovoid, the cotyledons thick, entire and plano-convex.

Description: BLUME published Viscum monilliforme first with a short diagnosis in his ’Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië“ 13 (1825) p. 667, and later he gave a figure of it in his ”Flora Javae“, plate 25 (1851?). In the ”Bijdragen“ we read: VISCUM MONILLIFORME, Bl. V: caule aphyllo inferne teretiusculo, ramulis artieulatis ancipitibus, articulis nudis, floribus verticillatis sessilibus (aff. V. opuntioidi). Crescit: in arboribus circa Buitenzorg vulgatissimum. Floret: omni tempore. Nomen: Mangando.

Description: The herbarium specimens upon which this publication is based were placed at the author’s disposal by the Directors of the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens (B) and the Leiden National Herbarium (L), to whom the author expresses his best thanks for their kind help.

Description: Among the grasses, preserved at the Rijksherbarium, one of the most valuable collections is certainly that of the well-known agrostologist and collector, B. BALANSA. It contains not only the types of the grasses, described by himself, but also very beautiful material, received by him from his contemporaries. All his European and Oriental grasses, those collected by him in New Caledonia, Tonkin and Java, besides a rich material from his travels in Paraguay and Argentina, are represented in this collection together with a beautiful set of ARECHAVALETA’s grasses form Uruguay. The material is in extraordinarily good condition and was very completely collected by him. I could already describe many novelties from this collection. One of these is particularly interesting on account of questions of geographical distribution. Various botanists have called attention to the fact that there is a rather striking concurrence in the floras of Argentina and some of the southern States of North America and it was STANDLEY who pointed this out, giving a list of analogous species from both countries. It is true that in some cases grasses of the southern States of North America occur in Argentina too. I have already had the opportunity to emphasize this, but generally speaking the coincidence of grasses of both parts of the earth mentioned here, is not so very large if we study the plants more intensively. What I mean is this: in many cases and at first sight, or studying the principal features, a resemblance is very striking, especially also as to the habit and the more prominent characters. But on comparing such plants from North America with the corresponding plants from Argentina, it appears in most of the cases that the two species are not identical. Argentina species of the so very difficult genus of Setaria certainly closely resemble some species from Mexico or the southern Unites States, but in my opinion, they do not belong to the same species. It was especially the genus Aristida which, after an exhaustive study, gave me a better idea of these so-called ”succedaneous“ species. As, however, such Argentina species of Aristida differed in a great many minor points from the North American representatives of this group, it was impossible to consider them as really identical and I was so convinced of their specific distinction that I did not hesitate to accept them as new species. It is not difficult to find in other genera of grasses similar convergencies which, in reality, do not exist. Resemblance is only relating to the general habit and the external or easily visible characters, but a great many minor, but very constant and not less striking characters are to be found, through which we are justified to consider them as different species.

Description: Ixora engganensis BREM., n. spec, ad sectionem Otobactrum et ad seriem Longitubarum pertinens, I. paludosae valde affinis, sed foliis acuminatis, basi obtusis, inflorescentia laxiore, corollae lobis longioribus et stylo longius exserto ab ea distinguenda. Arbuscula. Rami veteriores cortice griseo-brunneo opaco, hand distincte fisso vestiti. Folia ordinaria petiolo 8—12 mm longo munita; lamina oblonga 9.5—16 cm longa et 3.5—6 cm lata, apice acuminata et mucronata, basi obtusa, herbacea, utrimque subopaca, costa basin versus impressa, nervis utroque latere costae 8—10 tenuioribus, venulis tenuissimis. Stipulae triangulares in aristam vagina longiorem exeuntes, axilla pilosae. Folia suprema brevius petiolata an subsessilia, ovato-oblonga, basi rotundata an subcordata. Inflorescentia laxe corymbosa, puberula, e floribus eirc. 75 composita. Pedunculus 9—12 cm longus, puberulus, internodio usque ad 2.5 cm longo foliis brevissime petiolatis, oblongis, usque ad 3 cm longis et 1 cm latis munito praecessus. Ramuli infimi 2.2—4.4 cm longi. Flores laterales triadum pedicellis 3 mm longis instruct; flores centrales sessiles. Bracteae angustissime triangulares; infimae 2 mm longae; aliae peripheriam versus gradatim breviores. Bracteolae 0.5 mm longae. Ovarium glabrum. Calyx tubo subnullo, lobis late triangularibus 0.5 mm longis. Corolla alba tubo 2.3 cm longo, extus intusque glabro, lobis lineari-oblongis 8.5 mm longis et 2 mm latis, utrimque glabris, acutis, reflexis, margine revolutis. Filamenta 2 mm; antherae 4 mm longae, acutissime exeuntes. Styli pars exserta stigmatibus 1.2 mm longis comprehensis 5 mm longa.

Description: Taxonomy is static, its symbols are therefore two-dimensional, representing 1. differences or resemblances and 2. diversity (eventually are also area). Phylogeny is dynamic and its symbols are three-dimensional, representing 1. Time, 2. differences or resemblances and 3. diversity (eventually also migration). The term ”genorheithrum“ is proposed for a ”stream of potentialities“ as a phylogenetic unit in the Time. Taxonomic units are cross-sections through genorheithra, the boundaries of which are discontinuities of various kinds. A new discontinuity originates, as a rule, from a great number of potentialities (not from a single [pair of] parents). This implies the probability of polytopy as a common phenomenon, and also the supposition of a minimum of genetic property, below which a discontinuity is not viable. Natural extinction may be largely due to the loss of potentialities. — Corresponding reasonings may be applied to Biogeography, which may be static (floristics and faunistics) or dynamic (migrations). Taxonomic units are represented here by areas, the rate of extension of which may be a function of the number of potentialities. The forces, influencing the motion of any point of an area boundary are briefly summarized in a table, demonstrating tho embarrassing complexity of WILLIS’ statistical methods. In addition, the ”law of BEYERINCK“ is formulated anew on a broader basis. Disappearing of areas may be due to two causes: extinction of the units (loss of potentialities), or dissolution into new units (areas). The minimum of potentialities mentioned finds a geographic analogon in the law of the minimum area, established by PALMGREN.

Description: In 1928, when studying the genus Pellatispira 1), I found some sections of the foraminifer described below in a limestone from S.E. Borneo (no. 1446 B. 414). The foraminifer resembles Pellatispira in many respects, but the distal part of the test shows a different structure, consisting of a double arrangement of median chambers on either side of an equatorial system of pores. Because the material was insufficient I put it aside. Some time afterwards a more intense study was made possible, as another limestone from S.E. Borneo (no. 1408 B. 404) was crowded with the same interesting species. It was, however, not before now that I had the opportunity of finishing this study and to publish the results. I now describe this foraminifer as Biplanispira absurda. In the mean time I met with a foraminifer, which too possesses a single coil of median chambers in the central part of the test, but a double arrangement of median chambers on either side of an equatorial system of pores in the distal part of the test.

Description: In 1935 Dr. Ch. Harloff presented a number of metamorphic rocks from Loh-Oelo to the Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie of Leyden. One of the most remarkable rocks is a boulder that Harloff discovered in the bed of the Kali Trenggoeloen. The exceptional mineralogical composition rendered a chemical analysis of this rock of importance.

Description: Referring to the identification of BRASS 5219 from Papua as a representative of the Verbenaceous Faradaya chrysoclada K. SCHUM. by E. BEER and H. J. LAM (Blumea 2, 1936, 225), Dr C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS, the monographer of the Malaysian Bignoniaceae drew our attention to the possibility that this identification might be incorrect. It was suggested that the specimen and also all specimens hitherto known as Faradaya chrysoclada might be Bignoniaceous and might belong to Deplanchea tetraphylla (R. BR.) V. STEENIS, as all other Faradayas known are lianas, whereas F. chrysoclada was reported to possess the tree habit, as the Deplancheas.\nWe therefore asked on loan the materials of both species from the Herbarea at Berlin (B) and Kew (K), that from Berlin including the type specimen of Faradaya chrysoclada. Our thanks are due to the directors of the Herbaria of Berlin and Kew for kindly lending us the material desired.

Description: BLUME published Viscum monilliforme first with a short diagnosis in his \xe2\x80\x99Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indi\xc3\xab\xe2\x80\x9c 13 (1825) p. 667, and later he gave a figure of it in his \xe2\x80\x9dFlora Javae\xe2\x80\x9c, plate 25 (1851?).\nIn the \xe2\x80\x9dBijdragen\xe2\x80\x9c we read: VISCUM MONILLIFORME, Bl. V: caule aphyllo inferne teretiusculo, ramulis artieulatis ancipitibus, articulis nudis, floribus verticillatis sessilibus (aff. V. opuntioidi). Crescit: in arboribus circa Buitenzorg vulgatissimum. Floret: omni tempore. Nomen: Mangando.

Description: The Charophyta of the Netherlands have been hitherto almost neglected. As far as I know only the following papers are dealing with the matter: VAN DEN BOSCH, R. B., in Ned. Kruidk. Archief 1, 1846, p. 100, p. 289. \xe2\x80\x9cII 1851 p. 225. both preliminary works to Prodromus Florae Batavae II, 2, 1853, p. 186\xe2\x80\x94189.\nDE VRIES, H., Flora van Nederland, in Alg. Statist, v. Ned. I, 8, 1870, p. 39.

Description: The present publication is intended to be a monograph on the family of Burmanniaceae. It is divided into three parts: General Part, Critical Part and Taxonomical Part.\nThe first part, General Part, contains general remarks on the taxonomy, distribution and use of the family. The second part, Critical Part, contains general and geobotanical remarks on the genera of the family, whereas the third part, the Taxonomical Part, gives the determination keys to the tribes, subtribes, genera, sections, subsections and species, the description of these groups with literature, distribution and the indications of the types. New varieties, species and larger groups are described in the taxonomical part in foot-notes.

Description: Anaueria Kosterm. in Chronica Botanica IV, 1 (1938), p. 14.\nArbores brasilienses foliis sub-oppositis. Flores hermaphroditi ex-involucrati paniculati; tepalis sex tribus exterioribus minoribus. Stamina novem quorum sex exteriora fertilia filamentis in annulum ovarium cingentem connatis antheris liberis bilocellatis sub-introrsis; tria interiora sterilia staminodialia sub-aequilonga. Ovarium subglobosum tubo planiusculo insertum, stylo obtuso brevi stigmate inconspicuo. Staminodia seriei quartae nulla. Bacca magna ellipsoidea pedicello vix elongate cylindrico tepalis non incrassatis persistentibus insidens.

Description: The herbarium specimens upon which this publication is based were placed at the author\xe2\x80\x99s disposal by the Directors of the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens (B) and the Leiden National Herbarium (L), to whom the author expresses his best thanks for their kind help.

Description: Years ago I intensively studied the grasses of the tribe of the Maydeae. The results of my investigations were published in an article \xe2\x80\x9dA contribution to the knowledge of the Indian Maydeae\xe2\x80\x9c, issued in the \xe2\x80\x9dMededeelingen van \xe2\x80\x99s Rijks Herbarium\xe2\x80\x9c no. 67 (1931). In this paper the grasses of this tribe from the Old World were treated and especially the various genera were characterized according to their caryopses. The curious form and the place of the hilum of the caryopsis were accepted as characters of high importance to distinguish and to establish the various genera, and it was especially the genus Polytoca, which was more sharply defined by the place of the hilum, the lower margins of the grain enclosing a cavity at the bottom of which is found the hilum. In the genus Chionachne such a cavity is not present and the hilum is found at the back of the grain. I accepted 4 species of the genus Chionachne. One of them, viz. Ch. Koenigii (SPRENGEL) THWAITES, is rather widely distributed from British India and Ceylon to Tonkin and from Celebes to Queensland.\nCh. biaurita HACKEL is endemic in the Philippines and Ch. semiteres (BENTH.) HENR. was only observed in the Deccan Peninsula and Burma. The fourth species was mentioned by me from Queensland as being Chionachne Sclerachne BAILEY. The type of BAILEY was not represented in the Kew Herbarium and I saw only a fragment from a plant collected by F. v. MUELLER, which I accepted as being BAILEY\xe2\x80\x99s species. DOMIN mentioned from Queensland only Polytoca cyathopoda (F. v. M.) BAILEY and not having seen DOMIN\xe2\x80\x99s plant I had only to accept that the identification was correct. Recently Mr. HUBBARD from the Kew Herbarium could examine DOMIN\xe2\x80\x99s plant and found that it belonged to the genus Chionachne.

Description: Ixora engganensis BREM., n. spec, ad sectionem Otobactrum et ad seriem Longitubarum pertinens, I. paludosae valde affinis, sed foliis acuminatis, basi obtusis, inflorescentia laxiore, corollae lobis longioribus et stylo longius exserto ab ea distinguenda.\nArbuscula. Rami veteriores cortice griseo-brunneo opaco, hand distincte fisso vestiti. Folia ordinaria petiolo 8\xe2\x80\x9412 mm longo munita; lamina oblonga 9.5\xe2\x80\x9416 cm longa et 3.5\xe2\x80\x946 cm lata, apice acuminata et mucronata, basi obtusa, herbacea, utrimque subopaca, costa basin versus impressa, nervis utroque latere costae 8\xe2\x80\x9410 tenuioribus, venulis tenuissimis. Stipulae triangulares in aristam vagina longiorem exeuntes, axilla pilosae. Folia suprema brevius petiolata an subsessilia, ovato-oblonga, basi rotundata an subcordata. Inflorescentia laxe corymbosa, puberula, e floribus eirc. 75 composita. Pedunculus 9\xe2\x80\x9412 cm longus, puberulus, internodio usque ad 2.5 cm longo foliis brevissime petiolatis, oblongis, usque ad 3 cm longis et 1 cm latis munito praecessus. Ramuli infimi 2.2\xe2\x80\x944.4 cm longi. Flores laterales triadum pedicellis 3 mm longis instruct; flores centrales sessiles. Bracteae angustissime triangulares; infimae 2 mm longae; aliae peripheriam versus gradatim breviores. Bracteolae 0.5 mm longae. Ovarium glabrum. Calyx tubo subnullo, lobis late triangularibus 0.5 mm longis. Corolla alba tubo 2.3 cm longo, extus intusque glabro, lobis lineari-oblongis 8.5 mm longis et 2 mm latis, utrimque glabris, acutis, reflexis, margine revolutis. Filamenta 2 mm; antherae 4 mm longae, acutissime exeuntes. Styli pars exserta stigmatibus 1.2 mm longis comprehensis 5 mm longa.

Description: The genus Sarcosperma was excluded from the Sapotaceae by the first-named writer in 1925, the group being considered as of family rank. In 1926 the same author published a concise and fragmentary revision of the monotypic order, in which two new Malaysian species were described. The continental species, however, were merely quoted from literature. To this a key was added.\nAs since then more material has been collected, it seemed desirable to give a new revision of this small but interesting order. For this purpose materials have, at our request, kindly been sent on loan to the Rijksherbarium (L) \xc2\xb9) from the following institutions: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew \xe2\x80\x94 K. Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Berlin \xe2\x80\x94 B. Musee d\xe2\x80\x99Histoire Naturelle, Phan\xc3\xa9rogamie, Paris \xe2\x80\x94 P. Botanical Garden, New York \xe2\x80\x94 NY. U.S. National Museum, Division of Plants, Washington \xe2\x80\x94 W. Gray Herbarium and Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Cambridge (Mass.), U.S.A. \xe2\x80\x94 H. Botanical Institute, Coll. of Agriculture, Sun Yatsen University, Canton \xe2\x80\x94 Ca.

Description: ROXBURGH described in his Flora in the year 1820 a very curious annual grass and placed it in the genus Eleusine as E. verticillata ROXB.. This grass has spikelets which agree in many characters with those of the genus Eleusine, especially as to the rugose grain with a caducous pericarp, but differing from Eleusine in the up to 20-flowered spikelets and in the lemmas with a three-cuspidate summit. The many-flowered spikelets give the plant more the habit of an Eragrostis and under this genus a specimen was mentioned by WALLICH in his Catalogue. There are in the characters of the spikelets many other differences with the genus Eleusine and with Eragrostis. KUNTH and STEUDEL, indeed placed the plant under Leptochloa and there are still other opinions about this plant.\nAn advancement in this matter was the opinion of LINDLEY, who published in the year 1836 a new genus Acrachne WIGHT et ARN., in the second edition of his \xe2\x80\x9dNatural System of Botany\xe2\x80\x9c, p. 381, based upon ROXBURGH\xe2\x80\x99s Eleusine verticillata, The name Acrachne was already given by WIGHT et ARNOTT as Acrachne eleusinoides, a nomen in WIGHT, Cat. no. 1760. This name was placed by STEUDEL in the year 1854 under E. verticillata ROXB., a name also accepted by NEES. The name Acrachne, although based upon a species which was validly published, was, however, not described by LINDLEY and the combination A. verticillata was not made by LINDLEY. At that time the genus Acrachne was therefore not valid.

Description: This publication is based on herbarium, materials which were kindly placed at the author\xe2\x80\x99s disposal by the Directors of the Herbarium of the Buitenzorg Botanic Garden (B), the Leiden National Herbarium (L), the Herbarium of the Utrecht University (U), and the Herbarium of the Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Museum (BD), for whose kind help the author wishes to render his best thanks.

Description: During the year 1936 the first of us made a trip to the island of Enggano (W. coast of Sumatra, Residency of Benkoelen) for the special purpose of collecting Cryptogams. During this trip also a number of Phanerogams could he gathered. The collections made are preserved at the Rijksherbarium at Leiden, duplicates are to be found in the Herbarium at Buitenzorg. The Phanerogams were preliminary identified by Dr. D. F. VAN SLOOTEN Leguminosae, Flacourtiaceae, Combretaceae, Gramineae) and by Dr. C. G. G. J. VAN STEENIS). Afterwards some additional determinations were made by several specialists (BREMEKAMP, HENRARD, JONKER, Miss KOSTER, LAM, J.J. SMITH, UITTIEN) and by the authors. It resulted that a few species proved to be hitherto undescribed. Two of them will be published below, together with two others met with in the collections of the Rijksherbarium during our investigations. Some others will be published elsewhere in this periodical.

Description: Am 3. Februar dieses Jahres verschied Dr J. W. C. GOETHART, der von 1910 bis 1932 Direktor des Reichsherbariums und Lektor der systematischen Botanik an der Reichsuniversit\xc3\xa4t zu Leiden war.\nDr GOETHART wurde geboren am 21. Juli 1866 zu Semarang in Niederl\xc3\xa4ndisch-Indien. Er studierte in Wageningen an der Landwirtschaftlichen Hochschule und beendete seine biologischen Studien an der Universit\xc3\xa4t zu G\xc3\xb6ttingen unter Leitung bekannter Gelehrter wie Prof. H. GRAF ZU SOLMS\xe2\x80\x94LAUBACH, Prof. G. BERTHOLD, Prof. G. EHLERS u.a. Seine Untersuchungen \xc3\xbcber Malvaceenbl\xc3\xbcten wurden bearbeitet in einer Inaugural-Dissertation, und 1890 promovierte der junge GOETHART summa cum laude\xe2\x80\x9c mit seinen \xe2\x80\x9dBeitr\xc3\xa4gen zur Kenntnis des Malvaceen-Andr\xc3\xb6ceums\xe2\x80\x9c an der Georg-August-Universit\xc3\xa4t.

Description: Euphorbia Backeri PAX et K. HOFFM. n. sp. \xe2\x80\x94 Gaules 40\xe2\x80\x94150 cm alti, plerumque 60 cm superantes, basi ad 1 cm diametientes, solitarii, a basi erecti, apice saepe nutantes, basi saepe lignescentes, superne ramosi, ramis oblique erectis, simplicibus vel ramosis. Partes juveniles \xc2\xb1 dense pilis albis, ad 2 mm longis, horizontalibus vel adscendentibus hirti, \xc2\xb1 calvescentes. Stipulae \xc2\xb1 1\xc2\xbd mm longae, anguste triangulares, acutae, integrae vel in segmenta acuta divisae; petiolus 2\xe2\x80\x944 mm longus; limbus 10\xe2\x80\x9445 mm longus, 4\xe2\x80\x9420 mm latus, lanceolatus vel oblongus, basi semicordatus, apice obtusus vel acutus, argute serratus, rarius subinteger, utraque pagina pilis crispulis, longis, rarius brevioribus, adspersus. Cyathia in inflorescentiis laxis vel densioribus, saepe ramulos axillares, microphyllinos terminantibus aggregata; pedunculi 2\xe2\x80\x948 mm longi, hirti; cyathia \xc2\xb1 1 mm longa, satis dense pilis crispulis vestita, glandulae rubrobrunneae, appendices iis latiores, rotundatae, demum 3/4 \xe2\x80\x93 1 1/4 mm latae, albae, demum roseae, \xc2\xb1 inaequales. Capsulae 1 1/3 \xe2\x80\x94 2 1/4 mm longae, crispule albipilosae; semina oblonga, distincte transverse rugosa, 1 1/4 \xe2\x80\x94 1 1/2 mm longa.\nOST-JAVA, MADOERA, IVANGEAN-ARCHIPEL, locis siccis, apricis frequena. var. a genuina PAX et K. HOFFM. Pili caulis horizontaliter patentes.

Description: The investigation of geological structures due to folding led de Sitter to form an opinion on the mechanical problems involved (Bibl. 7). His principal contention is that in simple cases the relative movements of particles with respect to eachother during deformation leading to a fold, have been purely concentric. During such concentric deformation all layers maintain their original thickness and length over the whole profile. All differential movements of neighbouring particles are parallel and therefore concentric. Towards the core of the anticlines and deeper down in the crust the geometrical relations, as construction will show, necessitate a deviation from this principle and either thrusting or plastic thickening of the rocks must take place. The concentric habit for larger units will therefore be partly lost. The most satisfactory treatment of this problem would be a mathematical analysis of the principal normal stresses in a fold, applied to measured properties of the rocks involved. We are still far removed from this ideal solution. De Sitter therefore requested Kuenen to co-operate in an experimental investigation that was intended to elucidate some of the mechanical features of folding and to test the convictions won from the study of folds in nature. The actual experiments were carried out by Kuenen in his laboratory at Groningen. By frequent intercourse, however, de Sitter took an active part in guiding the research. This report embodies the more relevant results. Theoretical considerations have been reduced to a minimum in order to give, as far as possible, an unbiased exposition of the experimental data.\nBefore entering on a description of the experiments some terms and conceptions that will find frequent use must first be discussed. By stress and strain are meant respectively: force per unit surface and deformation in terms of relative displacement.

Description: In 1928, when studying the genus Pellatispira 1), I found some sections of the foraminifer described below in a limestone from S.E. Borneo (no. 1446 B. 414). The foraminifer resembles Pellatispira in many respects, but the distal part of the test shows a different structure, consisting of a double arrangement of median chambers on either side of an equatorial system of pores. Because the material was insufficient I put it aside. Some time afterwards a more intense study was made possible, as another limestone from S.E. Borneo (no. 1408 B. 404) was crowded with the same interesting species. It was, however, not before now that I had the opportunity of finishing this study and to publish the results. I now describe this foraminifer as Biplanispira absurda.\nIn the mean time I met with a foraminifer, which too possesses a single coil of median chambers in the central part of the test, but a double arrangement of median chambers on either side of an equatorial system of pores in the distal part of the test.

Description: Although an abundant literature exists on Artemia salina, there are still interesting facts in the first history of the discovery of this remarkable animal and in the first study of its habits, which seem to be now forgotten.\nIt is generally considered that Rackett (1812) was the first to give a drawing of Artemia salina, accompanying a short paper on the animal, and he himself states this to be the fact. It is, however, not true, as Schlosser\'s famous original description was illustrated in the french edition (1756). The drawing is an excellent one and much better than the one Rackett gave (fig. 1). As Gautier remarks in an additional note to Schlosser\'s letter, the first publication in 1755 was not accompanied by a picture.\nThe drawing, which dates from July 1756, is of particular interest as it unmistakably represents an extreme form of Artemia, either var. milhausenii, or even k\xc3\xb6ppeniana, which are both typical forms for high concentrations.\nEspecially the latter is very seldom found in nature, though it has been bred in the laboratory by several workers. The drawing is in other ways so accurate that we may surely trust this detail. As the text of the letter is very interesting we will give it here in full 1) : Extrait d\'une Lettre de M. le Docteur Schlosser, concernant un Insecte pen connu.\nA Limington en Hampscire le 7. Octobre 1755.\nMONSIEUR, Je visitois ce matin les salines, qui se trouvent ici le long du bord de la mer, & apr\xc3\xa9s avoir vu tout ce qui regarde la maniere de r\xc3\xa9duire l\'eau marine en une lessive extr\xc3\xa9mement acre & saline, je fus frapp\xc3\xa9 d\'y d\xc3\xa9couvrir des millions d\'Insectes les plus agiles du monde. Leur couleur rouge teignoit l\'eau d\'une vaste citerne, d\'o\xc3\xb9 on la tire pour la mettre dans des chaudrons 2). Je ne manquai pas de remplir une bouteille de

Description: In his "Catalogue of Snakes" Boulenger (1893\xe2\x80\x941896) followed Cope in considering the presence or absence of well developed hypapophyses under the posterior precaudal vertebrae as a character of great systematic importance. Thus Boulenger divided the genera of both the Colubrinae and Dipsadomorphinae (= Boiginae) into two groups; one of these groups is characterized by the presence of well developed hypapophyses under the posterior precaudal vertebrae, while in the genera of the other group these hypapophyses are lacking. Ros\xc3\xa9n (1905a) showed that this character was not so important as previous authors had believed it to be, for he found well developed hypapophyses1) in Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw) and Anisodon lilljeborgi Ros\xc3\xa9n (= Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Boie)), in which species they are lacking according to Boulenger. In Helicops leopardina (Schl.) and H. modesta (Gthr.) Ros\xc3\xa9n (1905a, p. 170, figs, 1a, 1b) did not find these hypapophyses, although Boulenger placed the genus Helicops Wagl. in the group possessing them. Boulenger (1905) criticized Ros\xc3\xa9n\'s paper, and stated that he did not find more than a low keel under the posterior precaudal vertebrae in all specimens of Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw) examined by him. To this criticism Ros\xc3\xa9n (1905b) replied that among the specimens of Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw), which he examined in this respect, well developed hypapophyses were present in some specimens, while they were lacking in others. Moreover he mentions the presence of hypapophyses in Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Boie).\nNot much attention has been paid to Ros\xc3\xa9n\'s researches, and so Meise & Hennig (1935, p. 140) again mention the absence of hypapophyses in Chrysopelea Boie. It seemed to me worth while to check this character in

Description: ACANTHOCEPHALINI\nAcanthocephala (A.) declivis Say. 1-4. Mexico, Klug.\nVar. panamensis Dist. 5-6. Chiriqui, Panama.\nAcanthocephala (A.) latipes Drury. 1-3. Brazil, Calkoen. \xe2\x80\x94 4. Brazil, van Eyndhoven. \xe2\x80\x94 5. Central Brazil, van Vollenhoven. \xe2\x80\x94 6. Brazil. \xe2\x80\x94 7. ?. \xe2\x80\x94 8. Post Groningen, Surinam, W. C. van Heurn. \xe2\x80\x94 9. Brazil.\nAcanthocephala (A.) mercur Mayr. 1. Espirito Santo. \xe2\x80\x94 2. Pachitea, Peru. (Both: Staudinger 1933).\nAcanthocephala (A.) scutellata Sign. 1-2. Pachitea, Peru, Staudinger 1932. \xe2\x80\x94 3-4. Puerto Inca, Rio Pachitea, Peru, Staudinger 1933.\nAcanthocephala (A.) sericeicollis Walk. 1-3. Chiriqui, Panama. \xe2\x80\x94 4. ?. (Altogether: Staudinger 1933).\nAcanthocephala (Spilopleura) parensis Dall. 1. Santa Cruz, Bolivia, Staudinger 1933. \xe2\x80\x94 2. Marcapata, Peru, Staudinger 1936. \xe2\x80\x94 3. Espirito Santo, Staudinger 1936.\nVar. tristis nov. var. This variety differs from the typical form by the darker colour of the upper parts, the less distinctly lighter coloured nervatures in the hemielytra, and the absence of any indication of a yellow annulation at the ultimate antennal joint. In the specimens I could examine the sharp-pointed teeth on the upper edge of the femora of the \xe2\x99\x80 are more distinctly developed than in the typical form. \xe2\x80\x94 4\xe2\x80\x947. Callanga, Peru, Staudinger 1935 (Holo- Allo- and Paratypes of the var.), and two \xe2\x99\x82 Paratypes from Peru in the collection of the "Deutschen Entomologischen Institut".\nAcanthocephala (Metapodius) angustipes Westw. 1. Brazil. \xe2\x80\x94 2. Amer-

Description: Recently a fairly large number of teeth of the sperm whale were acquired for the collections of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic These teeth were picked out from an extensive material of sperm whale teeth collected in the Antarctic region and preserved by the whalers for their commercial value. Together with Dr. A. B. van Deinse at Rotterdam the author spent two days in selecting from the available material those specimens which showed peculiarities of some kind so that they might prove interesting for further examination. I want to thank Dr. Van Deinse here for his kind help in saving so many peculiar specimens for scientific purposes.\nDouble teeth of the sperm whale are not unknown, but as far as I am aware only two instances have been described, and of one of these it is still doubtful whether it is a double tooth or not.\nThe doubtfully double tooth is the one described by Pouchet and Beauregard (1889, pl. 6 fig. 5) and commented upon by Neuville (1928, 1932).\nThis tooth is in the collection of the Nantucket Museum, where it was examined by Pouchet. The description and the figures in the cited papers are after a plaster cast of this tooth in the Paris Museum. The tooth has two roots which rather strongly diverge. According to Neuville (1932) no traces of grooves are found on the topmost part of the tooth. Probably therefore Pouchet\'s explanation is correct, assuming that the two roots have arisen on account of fusion of the lateral walls of the fang in the central part of the tooth. After this fusion each half of the fang then has grown out independently from the other half. This explanation in my opinion is preferable to the one given by Neuville (1932), who is inclined to regard this

Description: Herba pusilla, saprophytiea, 10\xe2\x80\x9413 cm alta. Radices ignotae. Caulis simplex, erectus, teres, glaber, succulentus. Folia 3\xe2\x80\x948, squamas simulantia, lanceolata vel ovato-lanceolata, glabra, acuta vel acuminata, 2\xe2\x80\x946 mm longa, uninervia, nervo prominente. Folia basalia rosulata nulla. Bracteae plm. 5 mm longae, ovatae, acutae. Flores 5\xe2\x80\x949, albi-purpurascentes, 9\xe2\x80\x94 12 mm longi, erecti, pedicellati, in cincinnos geminos conferti. Limbus succulentus, 6-lobatus, lobis exterioribus tribus, 1.5\xe2\x80\x942 mm longis, erectis, in alabastris et floribus junioribus margine involutis, triangularibus, obtusis; in floribus perfectis orbiculatis et margine evolutis; lobis interioribus erectis, crassis, glandulosis, ovatis vel obovatis vel orbiculatis, obtusis vel rotundatis vel retusis, quam exteriores brevioribus, 0.25\xe2\x80\x941 mm longis. Tubus perigonii trigono-cylindricus, 4\xe2\x80\x945 mm longus, 6-nervius. Alae perianthii subnullae, in costas angustas reductae. Antherae sessiles, lobis interioribus oppositae sed profundius insertae, connectivis triangularibus, apice bicristatis, cristis curvatis. Stylus crassus, trifurcatus, ramis apice stigmate praeditis, appendiculo membranaceo rotundato pendulo. Stylus cum stigmatibus 4\xe2\x80\x944.5 mm longus. Ovarium obovoideum vel ellipsoideum, 3\xe2\x80\x944 mm longum, triloculare. Ovula numerosa, ovoidea vel ellipsoidea.\nType: Malay Archipelago, Enggano (Res. Benkoelen, Sumatra), forest near Boea-boea, 100 m alt., fl. Juno 8, 1936, leg. W. J. L\xc3\x9cTJEHARMS n. 4437. Cotype: id., fl. June 14, 1936, leg. W. J. L\xc3\x9cTJEHARMS n. 4736.

Description: Dr. Kuiper and Dr. Nieuwenkamp collected remarkable, etched pieces of dark glass, strongly resembling tektites, in Patagonia. Dr. Ph. H. Kuenen director of the geological institute of the Rijksuniversiteit at Groningen kindly put them at our disposal for investigation. They are now in the Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie of Leiden. The chemical analysis and the optical examination showed that these objects are not tektites, but pebbles of volcanic glass.\nFrom Palembang pebbles of obsidian are known, which might be taken for tektites by a layman in these matters, but not by an expert. These pebbles were collected by Prof. Dr. B. G. Escher in 1917 in South-Palembang, Boorterrein Soengei Taham near Moeara Enim, on account of their interesting sculpture. They were analysed together with the well-known obsidian from Goenoeng Kiamis near Garoet (collected by Escher in 1929) and were found to bear much resemblance in chemical respect.

Description: In the first three months of 1937 some Gastrotricha and Kinorhyncha were collected by the author at the beach of Scheveningen. Up to the present no members of these classes were recorded from this part of the North Sea, and moreover, they are all new for the fauna of the Netherlands. Therefore I summarized the results of the examination in the present paper.\nDuring neap tide some sand of the beach was put into glassjars, which were beforehand partially filled with sea water. The sand was taken from the surface of the beach, as near to the water line as possible. As described by Remane (1936, pp. 234\xe2\x80\x94235) the glassjars were put in a quiet spot without aeration for 1\xe2\x80\x942 weeks. After this time every day a proof was taken with a pipette from the surface of the sand, and examined microscopically in Petri-dishes.\nThe collected specimens are inhabitants from the part of the beach that is wetted and dried up twice a day. Therefore the occurrence of these species is "medio-littoral" (Zaneveld, 1937, p. 477). This only incidentally studied habitat is characterized by extraordinary varying conditions, because the structure of the bottom and especially the size of the sand grains is dependent on the mechanical effect of the water movement, on the wind, and on the sunshine. On account of this we can expect a large number of species, recorded from different habitats. The Gastrotricha dealt with here occur in the following biotopics (Remane, 1936, p. 214).\nShell formation: Macrodasys cephalatus and Dactylopodalia typhle.\nCoarse gravel: Dactylopodalia typhle, Platydasys maximus and Aspidiophorus marinus.

Description: Die erste Mitteilung \xc3\xbcber die M\xc3\xb6glichkeit des Vorkommens fossiler Azolla im niederl\xc3\xa4ndischen Boden r\xc3\xbchrt von J. LORI\xc3\xa9 her, der im Jahre 1905 bei der Beschreibung von Bohrproben die Entdeckung von Makrosporangien von Azolla filiculoides Lam. in einer d\xc3\xbcnnen Torfschicht unter Vogelenzang erw\xc3\xa4hnte (Lit. 1). Da aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach zur Zeit dieser Bohrung im Jahre 1887 Azolla schon in grosser Menge in der Umgebung wuchs, hielt LORI\xc3\xa9 es nicht f\xc3\xbcr ausgeschlossen, dass rezente Makrosporangien in den Torf geraten w\xc3\xa4ren. Der diesbez\xc3\xbcgliche Teil der angef\xc3\xbchrten Arbeit lautet: \xe2\x80\x9eVan eenig belang is de laag hard en droog veen, XIV, tusschen 61.1 en 61.4 M.\xe2\x80\x94A.P., waaruit bij het slibben eenige zeer kleine voorwerpjes werden afgescheiden, klaarblijkelijk van plantaardigen oorsprong. Prof. Went te Utrecht had de goedheid ze voor mij te onderzoeken en ze te bestemmen als \xe2\x80\x9emikrosporen met massulae van Azolla filiculoides\xe2\x80\x9d. Overblijfselen van het geslacht Azolla waren tot nog toe alleen bekend uit tertiair en carbon en tot voor korten tijd behoorden de beide soorten \xe2\x80\x9ecaroliniana" en \xe2\x80\x9efiliculoides\xe2\x80\x9d niet tot onze of de Europeesche flora. Zij zijn als zoodanig eerst, tusschen 1880 en 1890, in ons land opgetreden, na uit den Hortus Botanicus te Leiden te zijn ontsnapt. Het juiste jaar is niet meer met zekerheid uit te maken, daar het geval eerst werd bemerkt, toen de plantjes zich op groote schaal hadden vermenigvuldigd. Zeer waarschijnlijk is het verder, dat zij in 1887 reeds in groote hoeveelheid leefden in den omtrek van Vogelenzang, zoodat de mogelijkheid niet is uitgesloten, dat zij toevallig in het veenmonster zijn verdwaald. In October 1904 heb ik daaromtrent een onderzoek Ingesteld. De boring is verricht bij de tuinmanswoning, gelegen aan eenen kleinen straatweg, op den westrand der binnenduinen, waarop Casa Nova is gelegen. Vlak daarbij is eene gegraven put, welker water veel ijzer bevatte, wat aanleiding tot de boring heeft gegeven. Aan de andere zijde van den straatweg, op \xc2\xb1 25 M. afstand, is eene sloot. die meestal droog is, doch, tijdens het werk, wel water kan bevat hebben. Aan dezelfde zijde van den straatweg, naar het N. toe, op ongeveer 150 M., is eene breede sloot of vaart, waarin ik veel Azolla vond. Deze is gegraven voor het afzanden der binnenduinen en was in 1887 aldaar nog niet aanwezig. Volgens den tuinman is aanvankelijk bij het werk geen water gebruikt, later wel, doch heeft men daartoe eene korte nortonbuis in den grond geslagen. Het is dus niet mogelijk na te gaan op welke wijze de overblijfselen van Azolla in het monster veen zijn gekomen, toch blijft de zaak voorshands twijfelachtig. Ware de boring v\xc3\xb3\xc3\xb3r het jaar 1880 verricht, dan zoude men met recht Azolla tot de NederlandsChe fossielen uit het (interglaciale?) Diluvium mogen rekenen.\xe2\x80\x9d Im Jahre 1919 beschrieb J. VAN BAREN einen Fund in der N\xc3\xa4he von Oosterbeek, der zu Zweifel weniger Veranlassung gab (Lit. 2). VAN BAREN berichtet dar\xc3\xbcber folgendes: \xe2\x80\x9eIn Januari 1911 ontving ik van den directeur van Johanna-Hoeve, den Heer P. M. Burgers, een monster klei uit een boring, op dat landgoed verricht door de firma J. de Boer, toenmaals te Leeuwarden. Deze klei geleek in al haar eigenschappen op de uit Drente, Friesland en Groningen bekende potklei. Zij bestond voor 53.2% uit deeltjes, kleiner dan 0.01 mM.; voor 35.6% uit deeltjes van 0.01\xe2\x80\x940.05 mM.; voor 6.0% uit deeltjes van 0.05\xe2\x80\x940.1 mM. en voor 5.2% uit deeltjes van 0.1\xe2\x80\x942 mM. Het % zand bedroeg dus 11.2%. De klei was kalkloos en het grofste zand bestond uit kwarts, lydiet, zandsteen, kwartsiet, mikroklien en houtresten (veel eik). Daarnaast kwamen talrijke, met de loupe duidelijk herkenbare, op eikels gelijkende voorwerpjes voor, waaraan, doch slechts microscopisch herkenbare, op ankers gelijkende aanhangsels zaten. Mevrouw J. v. d. Sleenv. Bork, assistente van Prof. Nierstrasz te Utrecht, was zoo vriendelijk deze voorwerpjes aan een nader onderzoek te onderwerpen, waarbij zij ze herkende als \xe2\x80\x9emacrosporen met massulae en glochidi\xc3\xabn\xe2\x80\x9d van het hierboven genoemde watervarentje. Op mijn verzoek maakte zij tevens de twee hierbijgevoegde afbeeldingen, welke hier gereproduceerd worden, opdat hare aanwezigheid in kleilagen later niet door andere onderzoekers over het hoofd gezien zal kunnen worden. Nu rees de palaeontologisch belangrijke vraag, of de Azolla in deze klei \xe2\x80\x9etoevallig\xe2\x80\x9d of fossiel voorkwam. Naar mijn meening bewijst het volgende, dat wij Azolla hier als een fossiel uit het Pleistoceen kunnen beschouwen. In de eerste plaats toch komt Azolla thans niet in de omgeving van Oosterbeek voor, zoodat verontreiniging van het boormateriaal uitgesloten is; in de tweede plaats vindt men hier de overblijfselen van Azolla in een circa 8 M. dikke, zwarte kleilaag, liggend onder 30 M. fluviatiel zand en rustend op 7 M. grof zand, waaronder dan weer een halve M. zwarte klei volgt, waarin Azolla wel niet zoo veelvuldig voorkomt als daarboven, maar toch niet geheel ontbreekt.\xe2\x80\x9d

Description: La flora de cactos de las islas situadas entre Trinidad y la pen\xc3\xadnsula de La Goajira comprende trece especies silvestres, aparte del g\xc3\xa9nero Melocactus: Pereskia Guamacho, Opuntia caribaea, O. curassavica, O. Wentiana, O. elatior, Rhipsalis cassutha, Hylocereus Lemairei, Acanthocereus pentagonus, Lemaireocereus griseus, Cephalocereus lanuginosus, Cereus repandus, C. margaritensis, C. margaritensis var. micracanthus y Mammillaria simplex. Doce especies son abor\xc3\xadgenes de las islas venezolanas y ocho de las islas neerlandesas.\nCon exclusi\xc3\xb3n de Tortuga, las islas venezolanas no poseen especies que no se encuentren en el continente. Margarita, con las islas situadas m\xc3\xa1s hacia el star, Los Frailes, Los Testigos y Blanquilla, poseen cinco especies: Pereskia Guamacho, Opuntia caribaea, Cereus margaritensis y su var. micracanthus, Rhipsalis cassutha, Hylocereus Lemairei, que no se han encontrado en ninguna de las otras islas, aunque ciertamente se pod\xc3\xada esperar encontrar las tres primeras especies tambien ah\xc3\xad, teniendo en cuenta que el medio ambiente es el mismo. Las islas holandesas, por el contrario, muestran cierta diferenciaci\xc3\xb3n: el Cereus repandus se presenta solo en Curasao, Aruba y Bonaire; Opuntia curassavica, fuera de esas localidades, no se encuentra sin\xc3\xb3 en Tortuga. La especie que m\xc3\xa1s se acerca al Cereus repandus es Cereus margaritensis; como el pariente m\xc3\xa1s pr\xc3\xb3ximo de Opuntia curassavica se puede considerar Opuntia repens, que se presenta en Puerto Rico y las Islas V\xc3\xadrgenes.

Description: In het voorjaar van 1937 werd mij vanwege het Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie te Leiden voorgesteld in aansluiting aan mijn, toen reeds be\xc3\xabindigd, geologisch onderzoek ten Oosten van de Serio, ook het gebied terzelfder hoogte ten Westen van de Serio, te gaan bewerken.\nTen einde de hieraan verbonden onkosten voor reis en verblijf en een gedeelte der publieatiekosten te kunnen bestreden, deed ik een beroep op de Stichting \xe2\x80\x9eMolengraaff-fonds\xe2\x80\x9d te Delft. Dit beroep is niet tevergeefsch geweest.

Description: In the spring of 1937 I started the identification of a very large collection of marine mollusca from the plio-pleistocene Kendeng beds West of Soerabaja (Java). Though the whole material had already been arranged systematically and the greater part of the species had been identified provisionally by Dr. R. IJzerman, who very kindly placed his useful Ms. notes at my disposal, the revision of the entire material will certainly take several years. I therefore resolved to publish the results successively, the more so, as I am not sure that I shall remain in the condition to carry on these investigations.\nThe greater part of the present mollusca was collected by members of the staff of Geological Survey of the Netherland-Indies at Bandoeng (Java) during the exploration of the Kendeng region. This part was entrusted to me by professor Dr. L. M. R. Rutten of Utrecht after Dr. IJzerman had to give up his yet incomplete study of it. I am very much indebted to professor Rutten for his allowance to study this precious collection and for the constant interest he has shown in my work.

Description: From Mr. Ph. van Hooven I received a Truncatellina, found by himself on October 22nd, 1934, near Katwijk aan Zee (South Holland), at the foot of the downs. Judging by the soft parts, still present in the shell, this little snail must either have been collected in the living state or shortly after its death, as it was in fresh and uninjured condition. Probably the specimen was living in the downs and washed down by the showers or blown by the winds to the shore.\nIt was already known that Truncatellina was an inhabitant of our downs, as a worn specimen of Tr. cylindrica (F\xc3\xa9r.) in the "Genist des Hochofen-Stichkanales bei IJmuiden" (North Holland) was found by Mr. H. Steusloff in 1926, though till now this little snail has never been found again.\nThe specimen collected at Katwijk (fig. 1) is of a cylindrical outline, with an obtuse apex and is slightly tapering towards the base. Whorls 6, including the 1 1/2 of the nepionic shell, which are smooth and sharply defined from the succeeding ones. The latter are convex and regularly rib-striate, the riblets numbering 3 to 0.1 mm on the last whorl. The aperture is ovate and the lip

Description: During my stay in Spain a rock was found in the surroundings of Ronda, wherein Cycloclypeus was met with by the side of other foraminifera. The scarcity of our knowledge about the occurrence of this genus in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin, induced me to collect in different parts of Spain, more material wherein Cycloclypeus might occur, especially Oligocene and Miocene rocks. The inducement became even stronger, when a publication by Tan Sin Hok about the genus Cycloclypeus Carpenter, demonstrated the value this genus has for stratigraphy.\nThe results obtained during the examination of the samples, induced me to deviate from my original intention, of giving a survey of the development of the foraminifera-containing Oligocene in some parts of Spain and to try and follow the way indicated by the provisional results. To do so it proved to be desirable to involve other material in this examination.

Description: In de zomers van de jaren 1935 en 1936 werd door mij een gebied, gelegen aan de linkerzijde van de Serio, geologisch bewerkt. Dit gebied omvat de meest westelijke toppen en kammen van de Presolanaberggroep. Het behoort vrijwel geheel tot het stroomgebied van de Serio. Terzelfder tijd werkte W.A. Visser in het oostelijk aangrenzend terrein. De resultaten van zijn onderzoek heeft hij alreeds gepubliceerd. J. Weeda bewerkte reeds vroeger het Boven-Serio-dal en het is op zijn verzoek geweest, dat ik mijn onderzoekingen in noordelijke richting heb uitgebreid tot in het Valle Sedornia. Om deze reden bedekken onze kaarten gedeeltelijk elkaar.\nOfschoon vanuit de talrijke grootere dorpen, gelegen in het Valle Seriana en in het Valeggia, een groot deel van het onderzochte terrein kon worden bewerkt, moest toch vele weken gekampeerd worden om ook het oostelijk deel te kunnen onderzoeken. Degenen, die enkele van deze kampementen met mij hebben medegemaakt, dank ik nogmaals voor de vele prettige uren met hen aan het kampvuur doorgebracht.

Description: L\'exploration assidue des terrains c\xc3\xa9nozo\xc3\xafques de l\'Insulinde a permis de recueillir, en ces derni\xc3\xa8res ann\xc3\xa9es, des restes de Crustac\xc3\xa9s D\xc3\xa9capodes en assez grand nombre. D\xc3\xa9pos\xc3\xa9es dans diverses institutions scientifiques tant aux Pays-Bas qu\'aux Indes Orientales N\xc3\xa9erlandaises et aussi en Suisse, les collections me furent confi\xc3\xa9es pour \xc3\xa9tude par mes coll\xc3\xa8gues et amis: Messieurs les Professeurs B. G. Escher et I. M. van der Vlerk, tous deux du Rijks Geologisch-Mineralogisch Museum, \xc3\xa0 Leyde, et J. H. P. Umbgrove, de la Technische Hoogeschool, \xc3\xa0 Delft; Monsieur le Dr. W. BERXouiJii, du Mus\xc3\xa9e d\'Histoire naturelle, \xc3\xa0 B\xc3\xa2le.

Description: In 1935 Dr. Ch. Harloff presented a number of metamorphic rocks from Loh-Oelo to the Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie of Leyden.\nOne of the most remarkable rocks is a boulder that Harloff discovered in the bed of the Kali Trenggoeloen. The exceptional mineralogical composition rendered a chemical analysis of this rock of importance.

Description: As a member of the Expedition on board H.M. \xe2\x80\x9eWillebrord Snellius" Dr. Ph. H. Kuenen had the opportunity to collect a suite of corals from a marine marl, deposited in an old valley now elevated above sea level, near Mahammanale, on the island Talaud, to the North of Celebes. He kindly entrusted to me the identification of the collection, which is now in the National Museum of Geology at Leiden.\nThe following list shows the 15 species, which could be identified, and their stratigraphical distribution. 1. Flabellum rubrum (Q. et G.), Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent. 2. Flabellum pavoninum Less. var. paripavoninum (Alcock), Recent. 3. Acanthocyathus grayi E.H., Miocene?, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent. 4. Caryophyllia spec. (probably the recent species C. clavus Sacchi). 5. Heterocyathus aequicostatus E.H., Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent. 6. Seriatopora hystrix (Dana), Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent. 7. Antillophyllia constricta (Br\xc3\xbcggem.), Miocene?, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent. 8. Fungia patelliformis Boschma, Neogene, Recent. 9. Fungia cyctolites Lam., Miocene?, Pliocene, Pleistocene Recent. 10. Fungia concinna Verrill, Plio-Plistocene, Recent. 11. Fungia spec. (probably a recent species). 12. Balanophyllia imperialis Sav. Kent, Recent. 13. Balanophyllia parallela (Semper), Recent. 14. Balanophyllia redivivus Moseley, Recent. 15. Goniopora stokesi E.H., Pliocene, Pleistocene, Recent.\nThe corals are excellently preserved (only nos. 4 and 11 are damaged and for that reason the species is not identified) and they all belong to still

Description: LINDAU in his monograph of the family in the first edition of ENGLER & PRANTL distinguished four subfamilies: Nelsonioideae, Mendoncioideae, Thunbergioideae and Acanthoideae. The first three subfamilies afterwards were united by VAN TIEGHEM and separated from the Acanthaceae under the name Thunbergiaceae. WETTSTEIN agreed with VAN TIEGHEM in so far that he too accepted a nearer affinity between the first three subfamilies, but instead of regarding the whole as a family distinct from the true Acanthaceae he considered them as a subfamily Thunbergioideae, reducing the three subfamilies of LINDAU to tribes. In this way, however, he had, apparently unwittingly, returned to the standpoint taken in by NEES, whose Anechmatacantheae and Echmatacantheae correspond exactly with WETTSTEIN\xe2\x80\x99s Thunbergioideae and Acanthoideae.\nThe difference between the various systems lies therefore in the rank assigned to the groups for which LINDAU used the names Nelsonioideae, Mendoncioideae and Thunbergioideae. They agree with each other in considering these groups as fundamentally distinct from what we might call the typical Acanthaceae or, in LINDAU\xe2\x80\x99s nomenclature, the Acanthoideae.

Description: This is the first contribution to a series of papers dealing with the Convolvulaceae of Malaysia (Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Philippines and New Guinea). As far as possible the contributions will be published in accordance with the systematical arrangement of the genera. For a survey on this arrangement I refer to HAULIER\'S fundamental work on this matter published in 1893 in the 16th volume of ENOLER\'S Botanische Jahrb\xc3\xbccher, entitled: \xe2\x80\x9dVersuch einer nat\xc3\xbcrlichen Gliederung der Convolvulaceen auf morphologischer und anatomischer Grundlage\xe2\x80\x9c. After all genera will have been published, a determination key will be added, based on the genera of the area under consideration, in which I hope to take especially account of the characters of the Malaysian species. Meanwhile the key published by HAULIER in the above mentioned paper can be provisionally used.\nOn account of the structure of the pollen grains the Convolvulaceae as a whole can be subdivided, as has been proposed by HAULIER, into two groups, viz. the Psiloconiae with smooth pollen grains and the Echinoconiae with spinose ones. The former of these groups contains seven tribes, viz. 1. Cuscuteae, 2. Wilsonieae (not in Malaysia), 3. Dichondreae, 4. Dicranostyleae, 5. Poraneae, 6. Erycibeae and 7. Convolvuleae. Of the six genera worked out here, Cuscuta belongs to the Cuscuteae, Dichondra to the Dichondreae, Evolvulus, Bonamia and Neuropeltis to the Dicranostyleae and Porana to the Poraneae. For the limitation and description of the tribes see HALLIER l.c. and in ENGLER\xe2\x80\x99S Botanische Jahrb\xc3\xbccher, Vol. XVIII, 1894, p. 92, under Prevostea.

Description: Taxonomy is static, its symbols are therefore two-dimensional, representing 1. differences or resemblances and 2. diversity (eventually are also area). Phylogeny is dynamic and its symbols are three-dimensional, representing 1. Time, 2. differences or resemblances and 3. diversity (eventually also migration). The term \xe2\x80\x9dgenorheithrum\xe2\x80\x9c is proposed for a \xe2\x80\x9dstream of potentialities\xe2\x80\x9c as a phylogenetic unit in the Time. Taxonomic units are cross-sections through genorheithra, the boundaries of which are discontinuities of various kinds. A new discontinuity originates, as a rule, from a great number of potentialities (not from a single [pair of] parents). This implies the probability of polytopy as a common phenomenon, and also the supposition of a minimum of genetic property, below which a discontinuity is not viable. Natural extinction may be largely due to the loss of potentialities. \xe2\x80\x94 Corresponding reasonings may be applied to Biogeography, which may be static (floristics and faunistics) or dynamic (migrations). Taxonomic units are represented here by areas, the rate of extension of which may be a function of the number of potentialities. The forces, influencing the motion of any point of an area boundary are briefly summarized in a table, demonstrating tho embarrassing complexity of WILLIS\xe2\x80\x99 statistical methods. In addition, the \xe2\x80\x9dlaw of BEYERINCK\xe2\x80\x9c is formulated anew on a broader basis. Disappearing of areas may be due to two causes: extinction of the units (loss of potentialities), or dissolution into new units (areas). The minimum of potentialities mentioned finds a geographic analogon in the law of the minimum area, established by PALMGREN.

Description: In Cura\xc3\xa7ao, Aruba and Bonaire the most common species of Agave is A. vivipara. Although the variability is rather great, this species is nearly always easily recognizable. In Aruba, however, in two localities agaves are found, namely A. Rutteniae and A. arubensis, which differ from A. vivipara in their generative parts only. The A. Cocui, which occasionally occurs in Cura\xc3\xa7ao and Bonaire, but which has probably been introduced from the coast of Venezuela, differs from these species, both in shape and size. A. Boldinghiana, which is found here and there on alle three islands, is in herbarium material not always easily distinguished from the above named species, in the field it is always easily recognizable. A. Karatto, which is frequently cultivated as a living hedge in Aruba, Cura\xc3\xa7ao and Bonaire, has very little in common with the other agaves growing there; this species occurs also in St. Eustatius and the neighbouring islands and it seems probable that it was introduced from there in former times, when there was a more lively trade between these islands.\nOn the Venezuelan Continent there probably is only one species of Agave, A. Cocui, which, however, shows a wide range of variability in the form of the terminal spine. In Trinidad and Chacachacare A. evadens occurs; possibly it may be found on the neighbouring part of the continent as well.\nOn the Venezuelan Islands, A. vivipara is known from Blanquilla and Los Hermanos, A. Cocui from Los Frailes and Los Testigos. The common agave of Margarita, which I determined as A. vivipara, resembles a special form of A. Cocui growing on the continental coast opposite. Although it seems not possible to differentiate them clearly, yet, for the time being, it does not seem advisable to unite these two species.

Description: Aiouea Aublet, Hist. Guian. I (1775), p. 310; III, t. 120; Scopoli, Introductio Hist. nat. (Pragae 1777), p. 107, n. 277; Lamarck, Encyclop. m\xc3\xa9thod. I (1783), p. 72 (Aj\xc3\xbavea); Poiret, Encycl., Suppl. I (1890), p. 274, III (1893), p. 317; Illustrat. Genr. II, p. 395 et 367, t. 360; Jussieu, Genera (1789), p. 80 (Ajovea) (ed. Usteri 1791, p. 90); Schreber, Genera I (1789), p. 259; St. Hilaire, Exposit. fam. nat. I (1805), p. 190 (Ajovea); Hedwig, Genera (1806), p. 226, n. 920 (Aiovea); Sprengel, Anleit. Kenntn. Gew\xc3\xa4chse II (1817), p. 339 (Aiovea); Steudel, Nomenclator ed. 1 (1821), p. 23 (Aiouea) et p. 467 (Auiouea); ed. 2, I (1841), p. 46 (Ajuvea et Aiovea); II, p. 16 (Ajouea) et p. 398 (Aiouvea); Presl, Rostlinar (1825), p. 30 et 63; Jussieu, Diction. 25 (1825), p. 349; Schultes, Systema VII, 1 (1829), p. XII (Aiuvea); Bartling, Ordines nat. (1830), p. 112 (Ajovea); Nees ab Esenbeck, Laur. Expos. (Vratislaviae 1833), p. 16; id., Systema Laurin. (1836), p. 362 (Ajouea); Endlicher, Genera (1837), p. 320, n. 2050; id., Enchir. (1841), p. 197 (Ajovea); Dietrich, Synops. Pl. 2 (1840), p. 1332, n. 1844; Spach, Hist. V\xc3\xa9get. Phaner. X (1841), p. 472; Meissner, Genera I (1841), p. 326 (Aiouea), II, p. 238 (Ajouea); Lindley, Veget. Kingd. (1846), p. 537 (Ajovea); Lem. in Orbigny, Dict, univers. VII (1846), p. 259; Reichenbach, Nomencl. (1861), p. 70, n. 2660 (Ajovea); Meissner in D.C., Prodrom. XV, 1 (1864), p. 82; id. in Martius, Fl. Brasil. V, 2 (1866), p. 169; Gmelin, Systema (1867), p. 574; Baillon, Hist. Plant. II (1870), p. 471 (Aiouea); Pfeiffer, Nomencl. I (1873), p. 90 (Aiouea; Aiovea); Bentham in Benth. et Hook., Genera III (1880), p. 153; Durand, Index Gen. (1888), p. 348 (Ajouea); Pax in Engler-Prantl, Pfl. fam. III, 2 (1889), p. 121; Mez in Jahrb. Bot. Garten Berlin V (1889), p. 28; dalla Torre et Harms, Genera (1900\xe2\x80\x9407), p. 178, n. 2803; Post et Kuntze, Lexicon (1904), p. 15 (Aiouea; Aiovea; Ajuvea; Ajuea); Lem\xc3\xa9e, Diction. I (1929), p. 130; Benoist in Arch. Botan. V (1931), p. 62; Brooks in Kew Bulletin 1933, p. 211; Kostermans in Pulle, Fl. Surinam. II (1936), p. 311. \xe2\x80\x93 Apivea Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 1 (1821), p. 25; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 38; Lem\xc3\xa9e, Dict. I, l.c., p. 130. Ehrhardia Scopoli, Introductio Hist. nat. (Pragae 1777), p. 107, n. 277; Lindley, Veg. Kgd., l.c., p. 537 (Ehrhartia); Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 1, l.c., p. 293; ed. 2, l.c., p. 544; Meissner, Gen., l.c. II, p. 238; id. in D.C., Prodr., l.c., p. 82; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 169; Nees, Systema, l.c., p. 362; Pfeiffer, Nomencl. 2 (1874), p. 1173; Bentham in Benth. et Hook., l.c., p. 153 (Ehrardia); Durand, Index, l.c., p. 348; Pax in Engler-Prantl, Pfl. fam., l.c., p. 121 (Ehrardia); dalla Torre et Harms, Gen., l.c., p. 178 (Ehrhardia); Lem\xc3\xa9e, Dict. I, l.c., p. 130 (Ehrhardtia). \xe2\x80\x94 Colomandra Necker, Elem. botan. II (1790), p. 142, n. 831; Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 1, l.c., p. 212; ed. 2, p. 398; Nees, Systema, l.c., p. 362; Meissner, Gen. II, l.c., p. 238; id. in D.C., Prodr., l.c., p. 82; id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 169; Pfeiffer, Nomencl. I (1873), p. 826; Durand, l.c., p. 348; Bentham, l.c., p. 153; Pax, l.c., p. 121; Mez in Jahrb., l.c., p. 28; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178; Lem\xc3\xa9e, Dict. I, l.c., p. 130; Post et Kuntze, Lexicon, l.c., p. 136. \xe2\x80\x93 Douglasia Schreber (nec aliis), Genera (1791), p. 809, n. 1761; Steudel, Nomencl. ed. 1, p. 284 (Douglassia); ed. 2, l.c., p. 526; Nees, Systema, l.c., p. 362 (Duglassia); Lindley, Veg. Kgd., l.c., p. 537 (Douglasia); Meissner, Gen. II, l.c., p. 238; id. in D.C., Prodr., l.c., p. 82 (Douglassia); id. in Fl. Bras., l.c., p. 169 (Douglasia); Bentham in Benth. et Hook., Gen., l.c., p. 153 (Douglassia); Durand, l.c., p. 348 (Douglassia); Pax, l.c., p. 121; Mez in Jahrb., l.c., p. 28; dalla Torre & Harms, l.c., p. 178; Post & Kuntze, l.c., p. 185; Lem\xc3\xa9e, Dict. I, l.c., p. 130.\nType species: Aiouea guianensis Aubl.

Description: For the group of plants treated in the \xe2\x80\x9cCompendium\xe2\x80\x9d I have used the name Spermatophyta. WETTSTEIN in his \xe2\x80\x9cHandbuch\xe2\x80\x9d remarks that this name is incorrect because in botany the word \xe2\x80\x9csperma\xe2\x80\x9d is used for spermatozoids, and from the name Spermatophyta it might be concluded that by it \xe2\x80\x9cplants with spermatozoids\xe2\x80\x9d were meant. WETTSTEIN\xe2\x80\x99s objection is not to be taken seriously however. Nobody will ever think of translating the name Gymnospermae by \xe2\x80\x9cplants with naked spermatozoids\xe2\x80\x9d! I did not like to use the name Phanerogamae for the group since the corresponding name \xe2\x80\x9cCryptogamae\xe2\x80\x9d has lost all meaning. \xe2\x80\x9cAnthophyta\xe2\x80\x9d cannot be used, because the Pteridospermae have no flowers and it would even be advisable to use the term \xe2\x80\x9cFlower\xe2\x80\x9d only with regard to Angiospermae.\nThe classic division into Gymnospermae and Angiospermae has been given up. The Pteridospermae are fundamentally different from the Gymnospermae e.g. by the form of their leaves and by the absence of a strobilus. I consider them equal in rank to the subdivision Gymnospermae. The same may be said of the group which formerly under the name Gnetales or Gnetinae used to be considered as a subdivision of the Gymnospermae, but which, in my opinion, are even farther removed from the Gymnospermae than the Pteridospermae. They have obtained here the rank of a new subdivision under the name Chlamydospermae. I have distinguished therefore four subdivisions of the Spermatophyta namely Pteridospermae, Gymnospermae, Chlamydospermae and Angiospermae.

Description: Van geen zijner geestesproducten heeft Goethe zoo weinig genoegen beleefd als van zijn \xe2\x80\x9eVersuch \xc3\xbcber die Metamorphose der Pflanzen\xe2\x80\x9d. Toen de verhandeling in 1790 na langdurige studie gereed was, weigerde de uitgever G\xc3\x96SCHEN, met wien Goethe sinds vele jaren in relatie stond, haar te laten drukken, zoodat de schrijver naar een anderen uitgever moest gaan zoeken. In zijn verzameling van natuurwetenschappelijke studies, in 1817 uitgegeven met den titel \xe2\x80\x9eZur Naturwissenschaften \xc3\xbcberhaupt, besonders zur Morphologie\xe2\x80\x9d, waarin de metamorphoseleer is herdrukt, beschrijft Goethe op de hem eigene olympische manier de lotgevallen van \xe2\x80\x9eHandschrift\xe2\x80\x9d en \xe2\x80\x9eDruckschrift\xe2\x80\x9d en beklaagt hij zich bitter over de koelheid van het publiek, maar nog meer over het gebrek aan inzicht en begrip van zijn wetenschappelijke tijdgenooten, die na 27 jaar nog geen van allen de draagwijdte van de metamorphosehypothese hebben begrepen. Van het publiek zegt hij \xe2\x80\x9eDas Publikum stutzte; denn nach seinem Wunsche sich gut und gleichf\xc3\xb6rmig bedient zu sehen, verlangt es von jedem, dass er in seinem Fache bleibe\xe2\x80\x9d. De vrienden, aan wie Goethe indertijd presentexemplaren van zijn boekje had toegezonden, komen er slechter af: \xe2\x80\x9eUeberdies waren die A\xc3\xbcszerungen meiner Freunde keineswegs von schonender Art, und es wiederholte sich dem vielj\xc3\xa4hrigen Autor die Erfahrung dass man gerade von verschenkten Exemplaren, Unlust und Verdruss zu erleben hat. Kommt jemanden ein Buch durch Zufall, oder durch Empfehlung in die Hand, er liest es, kauft es auch wohl, \xc3\xbcberreicht ihm aber ein Freund, mit behaglicher Zuversicht, sein Werk, so scheint es als sey es darauf abgesehen ein Geistes-Uebergewicht aufzudringen. Da tritt nun das radicale B\xc3\xb6se in seiner h\xc3\xa4sslichsten Gestalt hervor, als Neid und Widerwille gegen frohe, eine Herzensangelegenheit vertrauende Personen\xe2\x80\x9d.\nDeze uiting van Goethe kwam mij in de gedachte, toen ik overwoog, of ik het verbouwde en vergroote instituut met eenige plechtigheid en feestelijkheid in gebruik zou nemen, dan wel, of dit met stille trom zou moeten geschieden. Zonder bij iemand van de hier aanwezigen \xe2\x80\x9eNeid und Widerwille\xe2\x80\x9d te veronderstellen en in de overtuiging, dat een zoo onbelangrijke gebeurtenis niet in staat kan zijn het \xe2\x80\x9eRadicale B\xc3\xb6se\xe2\x80\x9d bij u aan de oppervlakte te brengen, kan ik het niet van mij afzetten, dat er eenige overeenkomst is tusschen het met \xe2\x80\x9ebehaglicher Zuversicht\xe2\x80\x9d overhandigen van een gedrukt geestesprodukt en het rondzenden van uitnoodigingen om aanwezig te zijn bij het in gebruik nemen van een niet zeer belangrijke verbouwing. Aanvankelijk kwam het mij voor, dat ik u met mijn \xe2\x80\x9eHerzensangelegenheit\xe2\x80\x9d niet moest lastig vallen.

Description: Among the grasses, preserved at the Rijksherbarium, one of the most valuable collections is certainly that of the well-known agrostologist and collector, B. BALANSA. It contains not only the types of the grasses, described by himself, but also very beautiful material, received by him from his contemporaries. All his European and Oriental grasses, those collected by him in New Caledonia, Tonkin and Java, besides a rich material from his travels in Paraguay and Argentina, are represented in this collection together with a beautiful set of ARECHAVALETA\xe2\x80\x99s grasses form Uruguay. The material is in extraordinarily good condition and was very completely collected by him. I could already describe many novelties from this collection. One of these is particularly interesting on account of questions of geographical distribution.\nVarious botanists have called attention to the fact that there is a rather striking concurrence in the floras of Argentina and some of the southern States of North America and it was STANDLEY who pointed this out, giving a list of analogous species from both countries. It is true that in some cases grasses of the southern States of North America occur in Argentina too. I have already had the opportunity to emphasize this, but generally speaking the coincidence of grasses of both parts of the earth mentioned here, is not so very large if we study the plants more intensively. What I mean is this: in many cases and at first sight, or studying the principal features, a resemblance is very striking, especially also as to the habit and the more prominent characters. But on comparing such plants from North America with the corresponding plants from Argentina, it appears in most of the cases that the two species are not identical. Argentina species of the so very difficult genus of Setaria certainly closely resemble some species from Mexico or the southern Unites States, but in my opinion, they do not belong to the same species. It was especially the genus Aristida which, after an exhaustive study, gave me a better idea of these so-called \xe2\x80\x9dsuccedaneous\xe2\x80\x9c species. As, however, such Argentina species of Aristida differed in a great many minor points from the North American representatives of this group, it was impossible to consider them as really identical and I was so convinced of their specific distinction that I did not hesitate to accept them as new species. It is not difficult to find in other genera of grasses similar convergencies which, in reality, do not exist. Resemblance is only relating to the general habit and the external or easily visible characters, but a great many minor, but very constant and not less striking characters are to be found, through which we are justified to consider them as different species.

Description: Die Kenntnis der Ciliatenfauna der Salzgew\xc3\xa4sser von h\xc3\xb6herer Konzentration als Meereswasser ist heute noch als sehr unvollst\xc3\xa4ndig zu betrachten.\nNur wenige Autoren haben sich eingehender mit der Biologie dieser W\xc3\xa4sser besch\xc3\xa4ftigt. Einerseits ist ein Bestreben wahrzunehmen eine m\xc3\xb6glichst vollst\xc3\xa4ndige Inventarisation zu geben (Butschinsky, Bujor), wobei aber vielfach ein Zweifel an der Richtigkeit der Bestimmungen nicht zu vermeiden ist; anderseits sind die Mitteilungen \xc3\xbcber dem Artenreichtum der untersuchten Gew\xc3\xa4sser weniger ausf\xc3\xbchrlich und die Autoren beschr\xc3\xa4nken sich auf eine Beschreibung einiger wenigen Arten (Entz, Florentin, Gajewskaia, Kirby), ein Verfahren, das jedoch f\xc3\xbcr das Studium abnormaler Milieus dem ersten vorzuziehen ist, weil eben durch das Medium ganz bestimmte Ab\xc3\xa4nderungen in Bewimperung, Gr\xc3\xb6sse u.s.w. auftreten. Sobald als ein bestimmtes Regelmass in diesen Ab\xc3\xa4nderungen sichergestellt worden ist, wird eine blosse Aufz\xc3\xa4hlung gen\xc3\xbcgen. Vollst\xc3\xa4ndigkeitshalber werden in dieser \xc3\x9cbersicht die gemeinsten, auch von mir beobachteten Formen, erw\xc3\xa4hnt werden.\nDas Material zu diesen Beobachtungen stammte aus einer Sammlung von Prof. Dr. L. G. M. Baas Becking. Die Proben, die teils aus hochkonzentrierten Solen, teils aus Rohsalz oder Salinenschlamm bestanden, wurden auf einer Reise nach Portugal, Vorder- und Ost-Indien und Sd.-Australien gesammelt. Bei direkter Durchmusterung, besser aber nach Kultur in Leitungswasser oder Van Nielscher N\xc3\xa4hrl\xc3\xb6sung, zu bestimmter Konzentration von NaCl abgestellt, ergaben sie nach k\xc3\xbcrzerer oder l\xc3\xa4ngerer Inkubationszeit eine reichliche Ausbeute von Protisten.\nAus diesen Beobachtungen geht hervor, dass der Formenreichtum nicht

Description: Description of type specimen: Haplolobus celebicus, nov. spec. \xe2\x80\x94 Arbor altiuscula; ramuli subgraciles, circiter 0.4\xe2\x80\x940.7 diam., lenticellati, vetustiores (in sicc.) lenticellis plus minusve rugosi, alabastro terminali minuto pulverulento, ceterea glabri; medulla compacta aresinosa. Folia glabra estipulata, (1\xc2\xbd\xe2\x80\x94) 2\xc2\xbd\xe2\x80\x94 3\xc2\xbd(\xe2\x80\x944\xc2\xbd)-jugata; petioli teretes lenticellati, ima basi supra vix deplanati, basi nodisque rhachidis vix articulati, 6.5\xe2\x80\x949.5 cm longi, rhachidis partes interjugales 2.8\xe2\x80\x945.5 cm longae, medulla nonnullis fasciculis resiniferis magnis percursa; foliola chartacea, in sicc. viridiuscula, ovata vel ovato-oblonga ad oblongo-lanceolata, basi plus minusve inaequalia rotundata ad acuta, marginibus integra, apice breviter obtuse subabrupte acuminata, 9\xe2\x80\x9415\xe2\x80\x9421 cm longa, 4\xe2\x80\x946\xe2\x80\x948.5 cm lata, petioluli 1.3\xe2\x80\x942.7, terminales 3.5\xe2\x80\x946 cm longi, acumen 0.5\xe2\x80\x941.5 cm longum; nervi secundarii cum costa media subtus in sicc. paulo prominentes, supra paulo sulcati, utrinque (6\xe2\x80\x94)8\xe2\x80\x9411, angulo eirciter (50\xc2\xb0\xe2\x80\x94)70\xc2\xb0\xe2\x80\x9480\xc2\xb0 de costa adscendentes, praecipue margines folii versus curvati, margine 0.2\xe2\x80\x940.4 cm distante ea subparalleli, diminuentes, apice folii tantum arcuatim conjuncti; nervi tertiarii pertenues, transversi, sinuosi, pauci, prope costam ea perpendiculares, cum reticulatione laxa in sicc. utrinque conspicui. Inflorescentiae (\xe2\x99\x80 ignotae) \xe2\x99\x82 axillares, multiflorae, glabrae, e ima basi late paniculato-ramosae, rami 10\xe2\x80\x9422 cm longi, penultimi cymosi, cymulae ultimae 3-florae, interdum ramulorum apicibus alabastro vegetativo suffultis \xc2\xb9); bracteae perminutae deltoideae. Flores (\xe2\x99\x80 ignoti) \xe2\x99\x82 glabri, minuti, alabastris globosis, 0.1\xe2\x80\x940.15 cm diam., pedicelli pergraciles 0.05\xe2\x80\x94 0.15 cm longi, apicum versus dilatati, ebracteolati. Calyx 3-fidus, circ. 0.1 cm altus, sepala brevia late deltoidea. Petala 3 oblongo-ovoidea, 0.15\xe2\x80\x94 0.2 cm longa, tenuia, apice minute inflexo-incrassata, subimbricata. Stamina 6 monodynamia glabra; filamenta filiformia basi libera; antherae ovoideo-oblongae. Discus crassus 6-undulatus. Ovarii rudimentum stigmate 3-lobo brevi suffultum triloculare sterile haud vel vix e disco exsertum.\nThe second specimen known possesses fruits, according to which the description may be augmented as follows: Leaves as in type specimen, rather broad, the acumen of the leaflets up to 2 cm long. Infrutescences branched from the very base, glabrous, about 10 cm long. Fruiting calyx hardly enlarged. Fruit ovoid or slightly oblique, glabrous, the apex subacute, 1.2\xe2\x80\x941.6 cm long, 0.7\xe2\x80\x94 1.1 cm in diam.; pericarp thin, the pyrenes and the septa extremely thin; seed solitary (the two other cells being sterile), ovoid, the cotyledons thick, entire and plano-convex.

Description: The Burseraceae comprise 3 tribes which show an increasing differentiation from West to East and have, accordingly, their points of gravity in America ( Protieae), Africa (Bursereae) and Asia to Australia-Polynesia (Canarieae) respectively. An eastward migration of the order is probable. The easternmost tribe comprises 5 genera, viz. Scutinanthe, Canarium, Santiria, Dacryodes and Haplolobus. These are tested regarding their fundamental characters, in order to calculate their \xe2\x80\x9dphase indices\xe2\x80\x9c. In these calculations 1 (of the series 1, 1\xc2\xbd, 2, 2\xc2\xbd, 3) means the most primitive, 3 the most advanced condition of a feature. From the figures thus obtained and from geographical data, it is concluded that Haplolobus (area: Borneo to New Guinea inclusive; map 1) is the youngest genus of the five, whilst the four others must have originated in East Asia more or less simultaneously from the \xe2\x80\x9dProcanarieae\xe2\x80\x9c which where at that time still closely related to the ancestors of Garuga (Protieae). It is further evidenced both by the characters and by area disjunction that Haplolobus must have originated bi- or polytopically from Santiria in Eastern Malaysia. Santiria shows a recent species explosion in the Sunda Land, Haplolobus in New Guinea (map 2). In \xe2\x80\x9dWallacea\xe2\x80\x9c the last-named genera are apparently either in regression (Santiria) or scantily developing (Haplolobus).\nThe paper proceeds with considerations on migration tracks in Malaysia and adjacent regions (map 3), checked by a short survey of the geological history since the early Tertiary. From the last-named survey it is concluded that three different areas are in the way of genorheithra, migrating either eastward or westward in Malaysia, viz. 1. the old and large continental Sunda Land which enabled rapid migrations and large \xe2\x80\x9dspecies explosions\xe2\x80\x9c; 2. \xe2\x80\x9dWallacea\xe2\x80\x9c which with its continuous insular character has always been a serious impediment to migrations and which consequently is to be considered as a sieve for potentialities; and 3. the Sahul Land which is also continental, but younger and smaller than the Sunda Land. These conditions (among others) are responsible for the fact that so much more Asiatic types have reached Australia and Polynesia than Australian types reached Asia. The paper closes with a tentative reconstruction of the tertiary and quaternary phylogeny of the Canarieae in the region under discussion (fig. 1).

Description: Till now it was assumed that the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Celebes are inhabited by the typical race of Chalcites malayanus. At Prof. Stresemann\'s request I compared the beautiful series collected by Heinrich in Celebes with the material in the Leiden Museum and it proved that the above mentioned region is inhabited by more than one race.\nEspecially in series these races are well recognizable. Material was kindly sent me on loan by the British Museum, the Buitenzorg Museum, and the Raffles Museum.\nChalcites malayanus malayanus (Raffles) Cuculus malayanus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc, vol. 13, 1821, p. 286 (Malay Peninsula).\nThe upperparts are greenish tinged, in some specimens with a more or less bronze gloss. The forehead with a varying amount of white. The underparts are barred, the breast with several thin bars, the abdomen with heavier and broader bands especially on the flanks. At the moment I consider the Sumatra birds as belonging to the typical race too. The upperand underparts correspond with those of Malayan birds, though in 2 of the 3 Sumatra birds the white on the forehead extends slightly further back than in the birds from the Malay Peninsula.\nSeven specimens from the Malay Peninsula Wing 93\xe2\x80\x9498, tail 60\xe2\x80\x9465, culmen 13\xe2\x80\x9415 mm.\nThree specimens from Sumatra. Wing 91 + x \xe2\x80\x94 97, tail 61\xe2\x80\x9464, culmen 13 mm.\nChalcites malayanus albifrons nov. subspec.\nUpperparts as in Malayan and Sumatra specimens, but the forehead

Description: In another paper (Thompson, 1938) attention is called to the fact that specimens of lice from any of the numerous species and subspecies of the widely distributed genus Rattus and its allies should prove interesting, and might possibly throw some light on the relationships of their hosts. The notes contained in this paper are primarily based on a collection of lice obtained by Dr. Felix Kopstein from various species of Rattus in Java. I should like to express my gratitude to Dr. Kopstein for the opportunity of examining this interesting collection. It is to be hoped that these notes may stimulate interest in the lice of rats. The Indo-Australian and Pacific regions have a particularly rich rat fauna and specimens of lice from any forms are needed for study. I am fully aware, however, that lice are not abundant on rats, in fact in my own experience the percentage louse infestation is normally very low. Dr. Kopstein collected 96 specimens of Rattus spp. and only approximately 20 % were parasitised by lice.\nThe two species of lice occurring on the Javanese rats are Polyplax spinulosa (Burm.) and Hoplopleura oenomydis Ferris. The former is unquestionably the normal parasite of the domestic rats: Rattus rattus (Linn.) 1) and R. norvegicus (Berkenhout) 2). With regard to H. oenomydis Ferris, which was originally described from specimens collected from the following hosts and localities: Oenomys bacchante Thomas and Grammomys surdaster polionops Osgood, British East Africa, R. calcis Hollister, and Limnomys mearnsi Hollister, Philippine Is., I feel that no statement could be better than that of Ferris (1932) which reads as follows: "It may be concluded, then, that in all probability H. oenomydis is one of those species which are capable of rather ready, even though erratic, transfer from one host species