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  • Articles  (38,355)
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  • 2000-2004  (38,355)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The disturbance of drilling mud on rock formation and a method for error elimination on acoustic log curves (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Errors in acoustic logs have a significant influence on the assessment of formations, the description of oil deposits and modelling using synthetic seismograms. The elimination of these errors is a problem that many researchers have been trying to solve for many years. We derive theoretical formulae for calculating the radial depth of investigation of acoustic logging, and analyse the relationship between the error in acoustic interval transit time and the altered zone thickness. We explain in detail how mud affects the acoustic interval transit time. We also describe the variation of altered zone thickness with time and a method for calculating the altered zone thickness. Finally, we present a set of new methods that can be directly applied to correct the disturbing influence on acoustic curves. Our results are obtained based on the fact that acoustic velocities in the altered zone show a small lateral variation. Examples are given of analysing the acoustic log data, which are collected from a BS well at three different times. This paper is significant both for selection of the acoustic logging device with proper transmitter-to-receiver distance (spacing) and improvement of the device.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/J.1365-2478.2003.00387.X
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    Seismic modelling study of a subglacial lake (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We characterize the seismic response of Lake Vostok, an Antarctic subglacial lake located at nearly 4 km depth below the ice sheet. This study is relevant for the determination of the location and morphology of subglacial lakes. The characterization requires the design of a methodology based on rock physics and numerical modelling of wave propagation. The methodology involves rock-physics models of the shallow layer (firn), the ice sheet and the lake sediments, numerical simulation of synthetic seismograms, ray tracing, τ–p transforms, and AVA analysis, based on the theoretical reflection coefficients. The modelled reflection seismograms show a set of straight events (refractions through the firn and top-ice layer) and the two reflection events associated with the top and bottom of the lake. Theoretical AVA analysis of these reflections indicates that, at near offsets, the PP-wave anomaly is negative for the ice/water interface and constant for the water/sediment interface. This behaviour is shown by AVA analysis of the synthetic data set. This study shows that subglacial lakes can be identified by using seismic methods. Moreover, the methodology provides a tool for designing suitable seismic surveys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00388.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Fracture characterization from walkaround VSPs (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A walkaround VSP is a novel acquisition geometry comprising multiple sources azimuthally distributed around a fixed multi-component receiver at approximately the same offset. Such a configuration allows the robust measurement of fracture-induced anisotropy by the analysis of certain seismic attributes with respect to azimuth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00391.x
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  • 4
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    Petrophysical inversion of AVA data (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We investigate the interactions between the elastic parameters, VP, VS and density, estimated by non-linear inversion of AVA data, and the petrophysical parameters, depth (pressure), porosity, clay content and fluid saturation, of an actual gas-bearing reservoir. In particular, we study how the ambiguous solutions derived from the non-uniqueness of the seismic inversion affect the estimates of relevant rock properties. It results that the physically admissible values of the rock properties greatly reduce the range of possible seismic solutions and this range contains the actual values given by the well. By means of a statistical inversion, we analyse how approximate a priori knowledge of the petrophysical properties and of their relationships with the seismic parameters can be of help in reducing the ambiguity of the inversion solutions and eventually in estimating the petrophysical properties of the specific target reservoir. This statistical inversion allows the determination of the most likely values of the sought rock properties along with their uncertainty ranges. The results show that the porosity is the best-resolved rock property, with its most likely value closely approaching the actual value found by the well, even when we insert somewhat erroneous a priori information. The hydrocarbon saturation is the second best-resolved parameter, but its most likely value does not match the well data. The depth of the target interface is the least-resolved parameter and its most likely value is strongly dependent on a priori information. Although no general conclusions can be drawn from the results of this exercise, we envisage that the proposed AVA–petrophysical inversion and its possible extensions may be of use in reservoir characterization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00389.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Joint AVO inversion, wavelet estimation and noise-level estimation using a spatially coupled hierarchical Bayesian model (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The main objective of the AVO inversion is to obtain posterior distributions for P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity and density from specified prior distributions, seismic data and well-log data. The inversion problem also involves estimation of a seismic wavelet and the seismic-noise level. The noise model is represented by a zero mean Gaussian distribution specified by a covariance matrix. A method for joint AVO inversion, wavelet estimation and estimation of the noise level is developed in a Bayesian framework. The stochastic model includes uncertainty of both the elastic parameters, the wavelet, and the seismic and well-log data. The posterior distribution is explored by Markov-chain Monte-Carlo simulation using the Gibbs' sampler algorithm. The inversion algorithm has been tested on a seismic line from the Heidrun Field with two wells located on the line. The use of a coloured seismic-noise model resulted in about 10% lower uncertainties for the P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity and density compared with a white-noise model. The uncertainty of the estimated wavelet is low. In the Heidrun example, the effect of including uncertainty of the wavelet and the noise level was marginal with respect to the AVO inversion results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00390.x
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  • 6
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    Velocity and attenuation in partially saturated rocks: poroelastic numerical experiments (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We use a poroelastic modelling algorithm to compute numerical experiments on wave propagation in a rock sample with partial saturation using realistic fluid distribution patterns from tomography scans. Frequencies are in the range 10 to 500 kHz. The rock is a homogeneous isotropic sandstone partially filled with gas and water, which are defined by their characteristic values of viscosity, compressibility and density. We assume no mixing and that the two different pore-fills occupy different macroscopic regions. The von Kármán self-similar correlation function is used, employing different fractal parameters to model uniform and patchy fluid distributions, respectively, where effective saturation is varied in steps from full gas to full water saturation.Without resorting to additional matrix–fluid interaction mechanisms, we are able to reproduce the main features of the variation in wave velocity and attenuation with effective saturation and frequency, as those of published laboratory experiments. Furthermore, the behaviour of the attenuation peaks versus water saturation and frequency is similar to that of White's model. The conversion of primary P-wave energy into dissipating slow waves at the heterogeneities is shown to be the main mechanism for attenuating the primary wavefield. Fluid/gas patches are shown to affect attenuation more than equivalent patches in the permeability or solid-grain properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00393.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    3D wavepath migration (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: 3D Kirchhoff migration (KM) smears a trace's time sample along a quasi-ellipsoid in the model space. This is a costly and sometimes noisy process as reflection energy is smeared far away from the actual reflector position, introducing far-field migration artefacts. As a reduced form of 3D KM, 3D wavepath migration (WM) smears a picked reflection arrival to a small Fresnel zone portion centred about the specular reflection point, leading to fewer migration artefacts and reduced computation time. Both the traveltime and the angle of incidence are required by WM for locating the specular reflection point. Our results with 3D prestack synthetic data show that WM generates fewer migration artefacts and can sometimes define complex structure better than KM. Our results with 3D prestack field data show that WM can mostly suppress migration artefacts and can sometimes resolve reflection interfaces better than KM. The CPU comparison shows that, for both the synthetic and field data examples, WM can be more than an order of magnitude faster than KM. The limitation with 3D WM is that the angle of incidence calculation is sensitive to the recording geometry and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, which can lead to blurred images.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00380.x
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  • 8
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    Computations of secondary potential for 3D DC resistivity modelling using an incomplete Choleski conjugate-gradient method (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An accurate and efficient 3D finite-difference (FD) forward algorithm for DC resistivity modelling is developed. In general, the most time-consuming part of FD calculation is to solve large sets of linear equations: Ax=b, where A is a large sparse band symmetric matrix. The direct method using complete Choleski decomposition is quite slow and requires much more computer storage. We have introduced a row-indexed sparse storage mode to store the coefficient matrix A and an incomplete Choleski conjugate-gradient (ICCG) method to solve the large linear systems. By taking advantage of the matrix symmetry and sparsity, the ICCG method converges much more quickly and requires much less computer storage. It takes approximately 15 s on a 533 MHz Pentium computer for a grid with 46 020 nodes, which is approximately 700 times faster than the direct method and 2.5 times faster than the symmetric successive over-relaxation (SSOR) conjugate-gradient method. Compared with 3D finite-element resistivity modelling with the improved ICCG solver, our algorithm is more efficient in terms of number of iterations and computer time. In addition, we solve for the secondary potential in 3D DC resistivity modelling by a simple manipulation of the FD equations. Two numerical examples of a two-layered model and a vertical contact show that the method can achieve much higher accuracy than solving for the total potential directly with the same grid nodes. In addition, a 3D cubic body is simulated, for which the dipole–dipole apparent resistivities agree well with the results obtained with the finite-element and integral-equation methods. In conclusion, the combination of several techniques provides a rapid and accurate 3D FD forward modelling method which is fundamental to 3D resistivity inversion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00392.x
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  • 9
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    Use of VFSA for resolution, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis in 1D DC resistivity and IP inversion (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We present results from the resolution and sensitivity analysis of 1D DC resistivity and IP sounding data using a non-linear inversion. The inversion scheme uses a theoretically correct Metropolis–Gibbs' sampling technique and an approximate method using numerous models sampled by a global optimization algorithm called very fast simulated annealing (VFSA). VFSA has recently been found to be computationally efficient in several geophysical parameter estimation problems. Unlike conventional simulated annealing (SA), in VFSA the perturbations are generated from the model parameters according to a Cauchy-like distribution whose shape changes with each iteration. This results in an algorithm that converges much faster than a standard SA. In the course of finding the optimal solution, VFSA samples several models from the search space. All these models can be used to obtain estimates of uncertainty in the derived solution. This method makes no assumptions about the shape of an a posteriori probability density function in the model space. Here, we carry out a VFSA-based sensitivity analysis with several synthetic and field sounding data sets for resistivity and IP. The resolution capability of the VFSA algorithm as seen from the sensitivity analysis is satisfactory. The interpretation of VES and IP sounding data by VFSA, incorporating resolution, sensitivity and uncertainty of layer parameters, would generally be more useful than the conventional best-fit techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00379.x
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  • 10
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    Using a non-integer moment of the impulse response to estimate the half-space conductivity (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The nth-order moments of the electromagnetic impulse response are useful for interpreting electromagnetic data. We have derived an analytic expression for the half-order moment of a conductive half-space. By inverting this expression, the measured half-order moment can be used to estimate an apparent conductivity of the ground. The first-order moment can also be used to estimate the half-space conductivity. A sensitivity analysis indicates that for an airborne EM configuration, the half-order moment will be most sensitive to material in the top 26–48 m, while the first-order moment will be sensitive to deeper material (down to depths between 66 and 127 m).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00383.x
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  • 11
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    The Wilson–Burg method of spectral factorization with application to helical filtering (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Spectral factorization is a computational procedure for constructing minimum-phase (stable inverse) filters required for recursive inverse filtering. We present a novel method of spectral factorization. The method iteratively constructs an approximation of the minimum-phase filter with the given autocorrelation by repeated forward and inverse filtering and rearranging of the terms. This procedure is especially efficient in the multidimensional case, where the inverse recursive filtering is enabled by the helix transform.To exemplify a practical application of the proposed method, we consider the problem of smooth two-dimensional data regularization. Splines in tension are smooth interpolation surfaces whose behaviour in unconstrained regions is controlled by the tension parameter. We show that such surfaces can be efficiently constructed with recursive filter preconditioning and we introduce a family of corresponding two-dimensional minimum-phase filters. The filters are created by spectral factorization on a helix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00382.x
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  • 12
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    Frequency-dependent anisotropy due to meso-scale fractures in the presence of equant porosity (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Fractured rock is often modelled under the assumption of perfect fluid pressure equalization between the fractures and equant porosity. This is consistent with laboratory estimates of the characteristic squirt-flow frequency. However, these laboratory measurements are carried out on rock samples which do not contain large fractures. We consider coupled fluid motion on two scales: the grain scale which controls behaviour in laboratory experiments and the fracture scale. Our approach reproduces generally accepted results in the low- and high-frequency limits. Even under the assumption of a high squirt-flow frequency, we find that frequency-dependent anisotropy can occur in the seismic frequency band when larger fractures are present. Shear-wave splitting becomes dependent on frequency, with the size of the fractures playing a controlling role in the relationship. Strong anisotropic attenuation can occur in the seismic frequency band. The magnitude of the frequency dependence is influenced strongly by the extent of equant porosity. With these results, it becomes possible in principle to distinguish between fracture- and microcrack-induced anisotropy, or more ambitiously to measure a characteristic fracture length from seismic data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00384.x
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  • 13
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    Reflection and transmission responses of layered transversely isotropic viscoelastic media (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We consider a layered heterogeneous viscoelastic transversely isotropic medium with a vertical symmetry axis (a viscoelastic TIV medium) and parameters that depend on depth only. This takes into account intrinsic attenuation, anisotropy and thin layering. The seismic wavefield is decomposed into up- and downgoing waves scaled by the vertical energy flux. This scaling gives important symmetry relationships for both reflection and transmission (R/T) responses. For a stack of homogeneous layers, the exact reflection response can be computed in a numerically stable way by a simple layer-recursive algorithm. We derive exact plane-wave R/T coefficients and several linear and quadratic approximations between two viscoelastic TIV media, as functions of the real-valued horizontal slowness. The approximations are valid for pre- and post-critical values of horizontal slowness provided that the proper complex square roots are used when computing the vertical slowness. Numerical examples demonstrate that the quadratic approximations can be used for large differences in medium parameters, while the linear approximations can be used for small differences. For weak anisotropy it is sufficient to use an isotropic background medium, while for strong anisotropy it is necessary to use a weak TIV or TIV background medium. We also extend the O'Doherty–Anstey formula to the P- and SV-wave transmission responses of a stack of viscoelastic TIV layers, taking into account intrinsic attenuation, anisotropy and thin layering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00381.x
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  • 14
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    Traveltime computation for 3D anisotropic media by a finite-difference perturbation method (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The first-order perturbation theory is used for fast 3D computation of quasi-compressional (qP)-wave traveltimes in arbitrarily anisotropic media. For efficiency we implement the perturbation approach using a finite-difference (FD) eikonal solver. Traveltimes in the unperturbed reference medium are computed with an FD eikonal solver, while perturbed traveltimes are obtained by adding a traveltime correction to the traveltimes of the reference medium. The traveltime correction must be computed along the raypath in the reference medium. Since the raypath is not determined in FD eikonal solvers, we approximate rays by linear segments corresponding to the direction of the phase normal of plane wavefronts in each cell. An isotropic medium as a reference medium works well for weak anisotropy. Using a medium with ellipsoidal anisotropy as a background medium in the perturbation approach allows us to consider stronger anisotropy without losing computational speed. The traveltime computation in media with ellipsoidal anisotropy using an FD eikonal solver is fast and accurate. The relative error is below 0.5% for the models investigated in this study. Numerical examples show that the reference model with ellipsoidal anisotropy allows us to compute the traveltime for models with strong anisotropy with an improved accuracy compared with the isotropic reference medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00385.x
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  • 15
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    Modelling frequency-dependent seismic anisotropy in fluid-saturated rock with aligned fractures: implication of fracture size estimation from anisotropic measurements (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of seismic anisotropy in fractured rock are used at present to deduce information about the fracture orientation and the spatial distribution of fracture intensity. Analysis of the data is based upon equivalent-medium theories that describe the elastic response of a rock containing cracks or fractures in the long-wavelength limit. Conventional models assume frequency independence and cannot distinguish between microcracks and macrofractures. The latter, however, control the fluid flow in many subsurface reservoirs. Therefore, the fracture size is essential information for reservoir engineers. In this study we apply a new equivalent-medium theory that models frequency-dependent anisotropy and is sensitive to the length scale of fractures. The model considers velocity dispersion and attenuation due to a squirt-flow mechanism at two different scales: the grain scale (microcracks and equant matrix porosity) and formation-scale fractures. The theory is first tested and calibrated against published laboratory data. Then we present the analysis and modelling of frequency-dependent shear-wave splitting in multicomponent VSP data from a tight gas reservoir. We invert for fracture density and fracture size from the frequency dependence of the time delay between split shear waves. The derived fracture length matches independent observations from borehole data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00386.x
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  • 16
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    Are Hispanic Immigrants in English-Only States at a Homeownership Disadvantage? Evidence from the 1980 and 1990 U.S. Censuses (2003)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Utilizing data from the 1980 and 1990 U.S. census, this study investigates whether the passage of official-English legislation at the state level during the 1980s affected the housing acquisition of foreign-born Hispanics. The results suggest that both limited-English-proficient (LEP) and English-fluent Hispanic immigrants who resided in states that passed English-only legislation were less likely to acquire a home during the 1980s compared to their counterparts in other areas. Consistent with economic theory, however, the group that seemed to be most affected included older LEP residents. One explanation for these findings is that the official-English legislation mirrored growing xenophobia against foreign-born Hispanics, resulting in additional social stratification on the basis of ethnicity in housing markets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00198
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  • 17
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    The Call of the Wild: Call Centers and Economic Development in Rural Areas (2003)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper attempts to reflect critically on the role which telephone call centers might play in the economic development of rural places in the ‘information age’, drawing mainly on a case study of the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. It argues that although call center employment tends mainly to be urban-based, the growth of this form of work does present opportunities for some rural areas. The paper considers the locational factors rural areas would have to possess or develop in order to attract such work. It suggests call centers can make a valuable, though limited, contribution towards rural economic development, principally through the creation of additional employment opportunities and the stimulation of new skills and competencies. It also suggests that call centers do not represent a panacea for rural areas and that, indeed, it would be dangerous for rural areas to become over-reliant on employment in this sector.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00200
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  • 18
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    Errata (2003)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00202
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  • 19
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    Telecommunications Infrastructure in the Southeastern United States: Urban and Rural Variation (2003)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The capabilities of central office (CO) telephone switches in four southeastern states (Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Tennessee) provide detail on spatial variation in telecommunications technologies. A proposed six-level hierarchy of switch capability was used. Switches with digital capability are concentrated disproportionately in metropolitan areas, largely in response to larger numbers of business establishments. The overall picture in the Southeast is one of tremendous variation—variation across states and variation within the four states being studied. Rural (nonmetro) counties generally, but not always, have both fewer switches overall and fewer switches with digital capability. North Carolina and Tennessee, the two most urban of the four states, also have seen the greatest entry by new telecommunications competitors. These two states have the largest percentages of advanced (digital) switches in both metro and rural counties. At the county level, the number of switches is primarily a function of a county's population but, even more significantly in three states, of the number of business establishments in the county. On the whole, it is residents of metropolitan—not rural—areas who are most likely to be served by newer forms of digital telecommunications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00201
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    Globalization, E-economy, and Transport (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0017-4815.2003.00226.x
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    The E-economy and the Rise of Technocapitalism: Networks, Firms, and Transportation (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The e-economy is part of a larger phenomenon, technocapitalism, that is transforming business organizations and the ways in which they transact, produce, and ship their goods. Technocapitalism is an evolution of market capitalism that is rooted in technological innovation and supported by such intangibles as creativity and knowledge. This paper considers first the main characteristics of networks that support the e-economy and its source phenomenon, the emergence of technocapitalism. Networks are thought to be the main vehicle through which the e-economy spreads, and they have major effects on the organization of business firms. The culture of technocapitalism, with its emphasis on continuous innovation and rapid adjustment, is largely behind the rising importance of networks. A second section then considers the deconstruction of business firms and its relation to networks, the e-economy, and the rise of technocapitalism. A historical perspective is provided to show the contrast with previous eras. The deconstruction of business organizations involves a major transformation of the norms and ways in which firms are run and structured. Finally, the likely implications for transportation and shipping of the rise of the e-economy, its networks, and the deconstruction of firms are discussed. The logistics, pricing, and infrastructure of shipping are likely to be substantially affected by the spread of the e-economy, its networks, and the deconstruction of firms.
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    Index to Volume 34 (2003)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    The Agglomeration Dilemma: “Should I Stay or Should I Go?” (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Notes: This paper presents a critical survey of some recent developments in the theory of international trade. Particular emphasis is given to the role of increasing returns to scale and labor mobility in shaping the pattern of industrial location across integrating countries. The goal is to review and discuss the novel insights and predictions of the so-called “new” theories in order to pose and stimulate avenues for future research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00218
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    Jobs, Houses, and Trees: Changing Regional Structure, Local Land-Use Patterns, and Forest Cover in Southern Indiana (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Land-use and -cover change is a topic of increasing concern as interest in forest and agricultural land preservation grows. Urban and residential land use is quickly replacing extractive land use in southern Indiana. The interaction between land quality and urban growth pressures is also causing secondary forest growth and forest clearing to occur jointly in a complex spatial pattern. It is argued that similar processes fuel the abandonment of agricultural land leading to private forest regrowth, changes in topography and land quality, and declining real farm product prices. However, the impact of urban growth and development on forests depends more strongly on changes in both the residential housing and labor markets. Using location quotient analysis of aggregate employment patterns, and the relationship between regional labor market changes, the extent of private forest cover was examined from 1967 to 1998. Then an econometric model of land-use shares in forty southern Indiana counties was developed based on the net benefits to agriculture, forestland, and urban uses. To test the need to control explicitly for changes in residential demand and regional economic structure, a series of nested models was estimated. Some evidence was found that changing agricultural profitability is leading to private forest regrowth. It was also uncovered that the ratio of urban to forest land uses is better explained by incorporating measures of residential land value and industrial concentration than simply considering population density alone.
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    Transitions at Growth and Change (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Alliances, Networks and Competitive Strategy: Rethinking Clusters of Innovation (2003)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Networks of interaction have assumed particular significance in recent years because of their presumed importance for learning and innovation. Alliances between related firms are thought to encourage interactive learning between participating organizations through the sharing of knowledge and information, which is itself facilitated through trust, shared values and ways of working. The vast body of literature that has emerged is, however, incredibly fragmented, encompassing an array of theoretical positions and perspectives. This paper focuses upon two issues which are believed to be of particular significance and which need clarification in order to move to a clearer understanding of the ways in which networks of interaction evolve, and of their capabilities and limitations in relation to economic performance and competitiveness: (1) the importance of network structure, arguing that innovative activity requires flexibility with regard to network formation. (2) The role of geography in relation to the construction and functioning of alliances. It is the contention here that networks are likely to be increasingly international in scope.
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    Book Review (2003)
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    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Notes: Constantinos I. Chlomoudis and Athanasios A. Pallis, European Union Port Policy: The Movement Towards A Long Term Strategy
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    E-commerce, Transportation, and Economic Geography (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper explores possible ways in which growth in Internet retailing (e-retailing) may affect the spatial distribution of economic activities. After a brief overview of e-retailing, a categorization of possible spatial impacts is introduced. These include impacts on the retail industry, such as substitution of e-retail for brick-and-mortar retail, impacts on transportation, such as substitution of freight transportation for personal transportation in goods delivery, and pervasive impacts that affect the whole economy. The latter category includes uniform delivered pricing, spatial leveling of accessibility, and marketing strategies that target individuals rather than regions. The question of whether e-retailing and brick-and-mortar retailing are truly substitutes is taken up in the next section, along with potential implications of multi-channel retailing. The final section of the paper defines some critical research directions.
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    Emerging Global Logistics Networks: Implications for Transport Systems and Policies (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Logistics chains are constantly changing to facilitate increasingly global movements. In qualitative terms, long term trends in logistics services indicate a growing degree of product customization and an increased responsiveness in order delivery. These trends impact on the development of technology and the growth of welfare in different world regions in different ways. This paper drafts a research agenda which will help to improve understanding of the interrelationships between trade, logistics, transport, and regional development at a global scale. Rather than being an exhaustive or detailed inventory of trends, the paper provides a focus on “supply chain by thinking.” The key starting point is the need for more and more efficient transportation and sophisticated logistics processes. Three subjects are treated: First, the strategic implications of borderless supply chain management on the choice of alternative logistics structures in supply chains are considered; second, the possible impacts of the expected changes in supply chain processes upon regional economic activities are examined; third, the impacts of changes in global logistic processes on the transportation system and, in turn, on the environment are explored. This discussion leads to the identification of some new research challenges in the field of transportation and logistics.
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    ICT and Sustainable Mobility: From Impacts to Policy (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The question “Will using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) systems enable a more sustainable mobility?” is answered through analyzing current ICT policy in the EU and the United States of America (USA), through developing a conceptual model to structure the expected direct and indirect effects of ICT systems on mobility, and through building models for three selected ICT systems to estimate their quantitative effects on mobility. Based on the models, ICT systems seem to have limited mobility reduction potential (in terms of CO2 emissions and kilometer savings). On the short term, because of efficiency gains, ICT systems have a positive impact. In the long term, better quality of mobility will attract new demand and this will again result in an increase of travel. For policymakers this implies that ICT systems in the short run can make mobility more efficient. In the long run, to prevent the more efficient mobility from attracting new traffic, the implementation of any ICT system should be accompanied by a stronger pricing policy.
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    The Onset of Health Problems and the Propensity of Workers to Change Employers and Occupations (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Although many studies have investigated how poor health affects hours of work and labor force participation, few have examined the extent to which individuals adapt in order to remain in the labor market. Individuals experiencing health problems may move to different types of work in order to remain in the labor force or to reduce the negative labor market consequences of illness. This paper investigates the movement between employers, and among occupation categories when changing employers, using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). One advantage of the HRS is that its questions on life-cycle employment and health patterns permit a long-term perspective on job mobility that is unavailable in most other datasets. Workers with health problems are more likely than healthy workers to remain with their current employer than to switch employers. But among those who switch employers, those with health problems are more likely to change broad occupational categories than are healthy workers. While many individuals remain with the same employer after the onset of health problems, many do switch employers and occupations, even in the presence of ADA legislation.
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    Property Values in a Low Populated Area when Dual Noxious Facilities are Present (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper examines how the presence of dual, disparate environmental disamenities located near each other impact property values in a semi-rural area. A heavy metals manufacturing facility and a rubber-compounding factory operate two and one half miles apart in a small community. The heavy metals manufacturing facility uses low-level depleted uranium in its production. The level of production is small and the production process does not emit visible air pollution or odors that can be easily identified. Thus, if the surrounding community negatively perceives a potential risk, it is not through the channels of sight or smell. The rubber-compounding factory emits foul odors and some visible air pollution. Thus, its negative externalities and potential risks are easily perceptible. Using the hedonic price technique, this paper examines the impact of the use of a non-perceptible hazardous material in the production of a good on housing prices in a community when another more visible, noxious facility is present. The results show that noticeable disamenities are capitalized into housing values, while non-visible ones are not.
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    Some Micro-Evidence on the “Porter Hypothesis” from Austrian VOC Emission Standards (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents some micro-evidence relevant to the “Porter Hypothesis” on the techno-economic consequences of Austrian Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emission standards, the most restrictive of their kind in the world. Using firm-level survey data and complementing it with highly disaggregated foreign trade data, the paper explores whether the standards had a palpable impact on the competitiveness of Austrian manufacturers of paints, coatings, printing inks, and adhesives, whether compliance stimulated innovation in this industry, whether the standards crowded out other, more productive Research and Development (R&D), and whether compliance efforts gave rise to unexpected benefits of compliance. It finds no unequivocal aggregate impact on the competitiveness of regulated firms, yet does find some interesting variation with firm size. Moreover, the standards appear to have dampened import competition. The standards gave rise to considerable changes in firms’ product range and appear to have accelerated the rate of product innovation in the regulated industry. R&D spending to develop compliant products is found to be very unevenly distributed, mainly due to technological and, to a lesser extent, organizational factors. There is evidence that compliance efforts displaced or postponed existing R&D projects. However, there is also evidence that search for compliant products yielded unexpected and beneficial ideas, knowledge, and competencies.
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    Impacts of IT Advances and E-commerce on Transportation in Producer Services (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Producer services have been among the most rapidly growing industries, as measured by employment, in the United States and in Europe in recent decades. The production and delivery of these specialized forms of service industry work require the use of transportation and communications systems in a variety of ways, including the physical movement of people working in these industries, as well as the movement of the information related to the production and distribution of their work. Some of this work is performed in localized markets, requiring travel between clients and suppliers in local transportation modes, such as auto, bus, or other types of transportation. Other work is done by specialists who travel interregionally and globally to do their work, primarily traveling to their clients. There is little knowledge of how these production relationships have changed with the advent of the Internet and the widespread use of e-mail in the business production process. Within the framework of this STELLA initiative, this paper outlines research needs in this area, and frames an approach that would produce badly needed knowledge about impacts on the producer services of the Internet and related e-commerce initiatives on physical transportation systems at a local to interregional scale.
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    Thanks to Manuscript Reviewers (2003)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Logistics Strategy and Transport Service Choices: An Adaptive Stated Preference Experiment (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-2257
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents the results of a microanalysis of freight transport demand in a logistics context. Current research concentrates, with few exceptions, on shippers’ choice of a transport mode. However, in a global context, shippers’ behavior has to be conceived as a complex decision, which considers transport mode choice as only a part of a firm's logistics strategy. Since no data exist to directly estimate the marginal values for different qualities of transport and logistics services, a stated preference approach is applied. Adaptive stated preference experiments were performed for twenty-two firms in Italy and in Switzerland. The experimental results—forty hypothetical binary choices per firm—were completed by background information on the firms’ long-term logistics strategies. The results confirm the relevance of the logistics context (e.g., JIT strategies on the supplier's or customer's side) for transport demand. The calculated marginal values of time and characteristics (reliability, frequency, etc.) provide important insights and permit generalized costs in freight transport models to be recalibrated.
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    Mergers and Acquisitions in the Telecommunications Industry (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The 1990s witnessed an enormous wave of mergers and acquisitions dramatically reconfigure the market structure of global telecommunications. In Europe and the U.S., telecommunications firms have steadily consolidated into a shrinking pool of providers, rapidly oligopolizing the industry. This paper reviews the number and size of mergers and acquisitions globally in the 1990s and charts the national patterns of purchasers and target firms, noting the overwhelming hegemony of American corporations. The reasons behind this process include globalization, deregulation, the convergence of digital technologies, the search for economies of scale and scope, and U.S. corporate tax laws. It also points to the impacts of this oligopolization on consumer prices, labor, equity of access to telecommunications services, and the political and cultural repercussions of increasingly concentrated ownership.
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    Mark C. Berger (1955-2003) (2003)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Local Industry Agglomeration and New Business Activity (2003)
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    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: New businesses are highly involved in innovative activity, which enhances worker productivity and leads to increased economic output. This paper investigates the effects of industry concentration on the incidence of new business openings in the 5,504 Maine county-industries. Empirical findings indicate that new business activity increases with the number of incumbent establishments in a county-industry and its concentration level relative to the U.S. economy. Model simulations show that raising county-industries, with no initial industry presence, to concentration levels similar to that of the industry in the U.S. economy results in a 1.7 to 8.9 percent increase in the expected number of business openings over a three-year period. Empirical results also suggest that industry clusters comprised of young and small establishments are more conducive to new business formation than clusters made up of mature and large companies.
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    Does Public Lands Policy Affect Local Wage Growth? (2003)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Growth and change 34 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: The effects on wage growth of management practices applied on public lands in the Northern Forest region of the United States are quantified. A central objective is to determine if the management of public lands for preservationist uses results in lower average wages. This is a frequent claim made by critics of land preservation who argue that preservationist management, by prohibiting resource extraction, causes the composition of employment to shift from high-wage jobs in resource-based manufacturing to low-wage jobs in the service sector. A model of simultaneous employment and net migration growth is estimated with data on non-metropolitan counties over the period 1990 to 1999 and applied in a recursive relationship to wage growth. In earlier studies, models of this type have typically been specified in levels. Time-series evidence that supports a preference for growth rates is provided as the form for such models. Exogenous variables in this model include the 1990 shares of the county land base that are publicly owned and managed for preservationist (non-extractive) uses and multiple (including extractive) uses. It was found that wage growth rates are not significantly affected by the shares of land under either management regime. As well, recent declines in national forest timber sales are found to have no effect on wage growth.
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    Knowledge acquisition in incomplete fuzzy information systems via the rough set approach (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 20 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Machine learning can extract desired knowledge from training examples and ease the development bottleneck in building expert systems. Most learning approaches derive rules from complete and incomplete data sets. If attribute values are known as possibility distributions on the domain of the attributes, the system is called an incomplete fuzzy information system. Learning from incomplete fuzzy data sets is usually more difficult than learning from complete data sets and incomplete data sets. In this paper, we deal with the problem of producing a set of certain and possible rules from incomplete fuzzy data sets based on rough sets. The notions of lower and upper generalized fuzzy rough approximations are introduced. By using the fuzzy rough upper approximation operator, we transform each fuzzy subset of the domain of every attribute in an incomplete fuzzy information system into a fuzzy subset of the universe, from which fuzzy similarity neighbourhoods of objects in the system are derived. The fuzzy lower and upper approximations for any subset of the universe are then calculated and the knowledge hidden in the information system is unravelled and expressed in the form of decision rules.
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    Probabilistic approaches to rough sets (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 20 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Probabilistic approaches to rough sets in granulation, approximation and rule induction are reviewed. The Shannon entropy function is used to quantitatively characterize partitions of a universe. Both algebraic and probabilistic rough set approximations are studied. The probabilistic approximations are defined in a decision-theoretic framework. The problem of rule induction, a major application of rough set theory, is studied in probabilistic and information-theoretic terms. Two types of rules are analyzed: the local, low order rules, and the global, high order rules.
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    A rough set approach to knowledge reduction based on inclusion degree and evidence reasoning theory (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 20 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The theory of rough sets is an extension of set theory for studying intelligent systems characterized by insufficient and incomplete information. We discuss the basic concept and properties of knowledge reduction based on inclusion degree and evidence reasoning theory, and propose a knowledge discovery approach based on inclusion degree and evidence reasoning theory.
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    Acquisition of hierarchy-structured probabilistic decision tables and rules from data (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 20 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: The paper is concerned with the creation of predictive models from data within the framework of the variable precision rough set model. It is focused on two aspects of the model derivation: computation of uncertain, in general, rules from information contained in probabilistic decision tables and forming hierarchies of decision tables with the objective of reduction or elimination of decision boundaries in the resulting classifiers. A new technique of creation of a linearly structured hierarchy of decision tables is introduced and compared to tree-structured hierarchy. It is argued that the linearly structured hierarchy has significant advantages over tree-structured hierarchy.
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    News (2003)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00256
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    Diary (2003)
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    On a responsive replenishment system: a fuzzy logic approach (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 20 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In today's competitive business environment, it is important that customers are able to obtain their preferred items in the shops they visit, particularly for convenience store chains such as 7–Eleven where popular items are expected to be readily available on the shelves of the stores for buyers. To minimize the cost of running such store chains, it is essential that stocks be kept to a minimum and at the same time large varieties of popular items are available for customers. In this respect, the replenishment system needs to be able to cope with the taxing demands of minimal inventory but at the same time keeping large varieties of needed items. This paper proposes a replenishment system which is able to respond to the fluctuating demands of customers and provide a timely supply of needed items in a cost–effective way. The proposed system embraces the principle of fuzzy logic which is able to deal with uncertainties by virtue of its fuzzy rules reasoning mechanism, thereby leveraging the responsiveness of the entire replenishment system for the chain stores. To validate the feasibility of the approach, a case study has been conducted in an emulated environment with promising results.
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    Providing Websites with capabilities of one–to–one marketing (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 20 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A formidable synergy can be obtained by putting expert system technology into the Internet. The modern trend of embedding expert systems into Websites turns out to be very promising, in particular for the field of marketing via the Web. The last two years have seen a growing interest in providing Websites with suitable embedded expert systems for one–to–one marketing. One–to– one marketing means marketing in a personalized way, i.e. marketing in a way that is adaptive to the personal needs of the user. A basic feature of this marketing framework consists in personalized prioritizing of news, i.e. presenting information in an order that is relevant to the specific needs of the current user. If the personalized prioritizing of news is a very useful feature in wired Web, it becomes essential in wireless Web, the promising next generation of the Web.The paper presents a general methodology for personalized prioritizing of news. The methodology integrates decision theory with a deep–knowledge–based user model (i.e. causal knowledge linking user preferences to user goals). The deep–knowledge model of the user is a source of power of the methodology because it allows the system to know (and possibly explain) why the user acts the way he/she acts. Another relevant aspect of the methodology is that the burden of personalization is not placed on the user, and in fact the user does not have to declare his/her needs or interests or goals: they are automatically inferred from his/her profile data. In order to investigate the ideas underlying the proposal, a methodology example has been implemented in a prototype and then tested on real cases in the context of a supercomputing portal.
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    Diary (2003)
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00224
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    News (2003)
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
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    Fieldwork and Tropicality in French Indochina: Reflections on Pierre Gourou's Les Paysans Du Delta Tonkinois, 1936 (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 24 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper examines the fieldwork undertaken by the distinguished French geographer Pierre Gourou (1900–99) in the Tonkin Delta (Red River Delta) of northern Vietnam in the 1920s and 1930s, and his wider configuration of “the tropical world” as a distinct space of knowledge and radical otherness. Gourou's fieldwork endeavours in French Indochina are interpreted in the light of recent work on “tropicality”: the idea that “the tropics” need to be understood as a western cultural construction and colonising discourse that essentialised the hot, wet regions of the world, and exalted the temperate world over its tropical counterpart. The paper focuses on Gourou's monumental 1936 study Les paysans du delta tonkinois, étude de géographie humaine. It is argued that in this study, and his later comparative work on the tropics, Gourou elaborated a distinct geographical variant of tropicality, but one that, ultimately, reinforced the essentialist logic and momentum of this discourse. Particular attention is paid to the geographical ideas, fieldwork techniques and discursive strategies that Gourou used in his 1936 study, and the French colonial context in which he worked. The article shows how Gourou appealed to western reason and science as tools of study, identified overpopulation as the key problem facing the Tonkin Delta, and suggested that colonial practices of modernisation had a limited place and ineffectual role in the rice plains of the region.
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    Under the Microscope: Fieldwork Practice and Cuba's Biotechnology Industry: A Reflexive Affair? (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 24 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Through a re-reading of my Ph.D. fieldwork on Cuba's biotechnology industry, I empirically pull apart the relationship between fieldwork practice and knowledge production as experienced in my research. I argue that reflexivity is an insufficiently critiqued concept and, as a result, that its widespread influence in contemporary fieldwork practice works to obscure the influence of “others”, not just on the “doing” of research but on the conceptual development of the methodology itself. I make this argument by focusing on the various strategies I employed to actualise my research methodology, the problems I met with and the subsequent pull of my research in new directions. I cover such issues as gaining access, working in multiple locales across antagonistic polities, what happens when fieldwork goes wrong and the notion of “empirical drift”. I use these issues to examine how I was actively constructing both my field and my research methodology at the same time and through others. I try to show how the fact that fieldwork can be simultaneously a lived experience, a socially constructed performance and an episteme accounts for much of its distinctive qualities as a milieu in which existing knowledge is put to the test, or added to. I argue that these same qualities allow it to be a deeply intertextual process, or a joint work between the researcher and the field. This, I suggest, warrants greater recognition.
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    Negotiating Expectations in the Field: Gatekeepers, Research Fatigue and Cultural Biases (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 24 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper considers disjunctures between my expectations and experience of doing dissertation fieldwork, which I conducted in Benin between the autumns of 1997 and 1998. The research examined the nature of women's livelihood strategies and their associated outcomes in terms of material well-being. I now believe that my feminist worldview, and my growing exhaustion as the project progressed, resulted in my minimising the importance of key aspects of fieldwork in an African context. Specifically, I downplayed the importance of negotiating with male “gatekeepers” in gaining access to the women with whom I wanted to work. While most of the time I was able to manage this well enough, one day, in particular, stands out as a time when I handled these negotiations very poorly. This paper compares the experiences of that day with another much more productive and fruitful one to examine how and why expectations and experience can diverge. A consideration of some of the issues that resulted in the “lost day” might prove instructive for other researchers.
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    Brainstorming, Modified Logframes and the Conversion of Research Hypotheses into Field Questions: Reflections from Team-based Fieldwork in Eastern India (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 24 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: This paper considers some practical problems associated with organising large-scale comparative field research in eastern India. The focus of the paper is on the use of brainstorming and “modified logframes” as two means by which hypotheses about the working of the local state from the point of view of the rural poor could be turned into concrete field questions. The paper is less concerned with ethical and positional issues relating to team-based research in “the tropics” (on this, see Williams et al., 2003a) than with the equally important if apparently more prosaic issues relating to the flawed but necessary search for objectivity and rigour in comparative field studies.
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    Development and Governmentality (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 24 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: The subjectivity of individuals, the so-called speakers and hearers of political discourse, who actually, or even ideally, populate a state, needs to be understood in terms of enunciative modalities - the statuses, sites, and positions - of their existence as political subjects. Enunciative modalities refer to the ways a discursive practice is attached to bodies in space (Clifford, 2001:56).Governmental thought territorializes itself in different ways… We can analyze the ways in which the idea of a territorially bounded, politically governed nation state under sovereign authority took shape… One can trace anomalous governmental histories of smaller-scale territories… and one can also think of these [as] spaces of enclosure that governmental thought has imagined and penetrated… how [does it] happen that social thought territorializes itself on the problem of [for example] the slum in the nineteenth century (Rose, 1999:34–36)?
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    Book Reviews (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Singapore journal of tropical geography 24 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9493
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Books reviewed:Nancy Leys Stepan, Picturing Tropical NatureAnne-Marie Hilsdon, Martha Macintyre, Vera Mackie and Maila Stivens (eds.), Human Rights and Gender Politics: Asia-Pacific PerspectivesElisabeth Croll, Endangered Daughters: Discrimination and Development in AsiaTai Yong Tan and Gyanesh Kudaisya, The Aftermath of Partition in South AsiaHal Hill and Joaõ M. Saldanha (eds.), East Timor: Development Challenges for the World's Newest NationRobert E. Rhoades (ed.), Bridging Human and Ecological Landscapes: Participatory Research and Sustainable Development in an Andean Frontier
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    Intuitionistic fuzzy rough sets: at the crossroads of imperfect knowledge (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Expert systems 20 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract: Just like rough set theory, fuzzy set theory addresses the topic of dealing with imperfect knowledge. Recent investigations have shown how both theories can be combined into a more flexible, more expressive framework for modelling and processing incomplete information in information systems. At the same time, intuitionistic fuzzy sets have been proposed as an attractive extension of fuzzy sets, enriching the latter with extra features to represent uncertainty (on top of vagueness). Unfortunately, the various tentative definitions of the concept of an ‘intuitionistic fuzzy rough set’ that were raised in their wake are a far cry from the original objectives of rough set theory. We intend to fill an obvious gap by introducing a new definition of intuitionistic fuzzy rough sets, as the most natural generalization of Pawlak's original concept of rough sets.
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    Book Review: (2003)
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewed:Adrian A. Hopgood, Intelligent Systems for Engineers and Scientists
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    Marine birds breeding in Penny Strait and Queens Channel, Nunavut, Canada (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 22 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Surveys of breeding birds on small islands in Penny Strait and Queens Channel, Nunavut Territory, Canada, were conducted in July 2002 and 2003. Approximately 3600 marine birds were observed, with the most common species being Arctic terns (Sterna paradisaea, N=2400) and common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis, N=620). We observed no Ross's gulls (Rhodostethia rosed) in either year, and we found ivory gulls (Pagophila eburned) only in 2003, even though these species commonly bred here in the 1970s. This previously unsurveyed region supports numerous breeding marine birds, but reproductive success on these small islands may be dependent on annual ice conditions and consequent movements of Arctic foxes (Alopex lagopus).
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    Decadal decrease of Antarctic sea ice extent inferred from whaling records revisited on the basis of historical and modern sea ice records (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 22 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: In previous work, whaling catch positions were used as a proxy record for the position of the Antarctic sea ice edge and mean sea ice extent greater than the present one spanning 2.8° latitude was postulated to have occurred in the pre-1950s period, compared to extents observed since 1973 from microwave satellite imagery. The previous conclusion of an extended northern latitude for ice extent in the earlier epoch applied only to the January (mid-summer) period. For this summer period, however, there are also possible differences between ship and satellite-derived measurements. Our work showed a consistent summer offset (November-December), with the ship-observed ice edge 1 - 1.5° north of the satellite-derived ice edge. We further reexamine the use of whale catch as an ice edge proxy where agreement was claimed between the satellite ice edge (1973-1987) and the ship whale catch positions. This examination shows that, while there may be a linear correlation between ice edge position and whale catch data, the slope of the line deviates from unity and the ice edge is also further north in the whale catch data than in the satellite data for most latitudes. We compare the historical (direct) record and modern satellite maps of ice edge position accounting for these differences in ship and satellite observations. This comparison shows that only regional perturbations took place earlier, without significant deviations in the mean ice extents, from the pre-1950s to the post-1970s. This conclusion contradicts that previously stated from the analysis of whale catch data that indicated Antarctic sea ice extent changes were circumpolar rather than regional in nature between the two periods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2003.tb00091.x
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    Interannual variability of dense shelf water salinities in the north-western Barents Sea (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 22 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The maximum dense shelf water salinity formed during winter in the Svalbard Bank area of the north-western Barents Sea is reconstructed for the period 1952–2000 by analysing the transformation of summer remnants. The variability of 34.7 - 35.4, waters being at the freezing point, is mainly generated by interannual variations in the near surface salinity. On interannual time scales the latter is strongly linked to the sea ice import. In contrast, no correlation of the salinity of the Atlantic Water (AW) throughflow to the Arctic Ocean with the ice import is found. Salinities of both the dense shelf water site in the north-west Barents Sea and the north-eastward AW throughflow show a long term decrease, which can partly be explained by a less saline inflow of AW from the Norwegian Sea. The unusually low dense water salinities in the north-west Barents Sea during the 1990s appear to have a different origin, consistent with a response to oceanic heat advection and decreasing sea ice extent.
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    Sea ice extent and the global climate system (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 22 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2003.tb00088.x
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    Variability and climate sensitivity of fast ice extent in the north-eastern Kara Sea (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 22 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: This work investigates the temporal and spatial variation of shore-fast ice extent in the north-eastern part of the Kara Sea during 1953-1990 and its sensitivity to interannual variability of the regional climate. The area of fast ice in spring months shows a bimodal distribution. This indicates the existence of two different regimes of fast ice formation driven by the system of prevailing winds. The westward wind transport during the cold season gives larger fast ice extent while the eastward wind transport suppresses the expansion of fast ice. There is a significant correlation (ca. −0.55) between the average winter temperature and the area of fast ice. Linear trends for time records of shore-fast ice area in spring show a decrease during 1953-1990. This decrease is most pronounced in April: the mean fast ice area in April is 12% lower in 1988-1990 compared to 1953-55. A comparison of fast ice regimes for two particular years–1979 and 1985–revealed a significant influence of cyclone activity on fast ice development over the course of the cold season. It is shown that partial break-ups of fast ice in spring 1985 are associated with the passage of cyclones across the area of fast ice.
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    High resolution simulations of Arctic sea ice, 1979–1993 (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 22 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: To evaluate improvements in modelling Arctic sea ice, we compare results from two regional models at 1/12° horizontal resolution. The first is a coupled ice-ocean model of the Arctic Ocean, consisting of an ocean model (adapted from the Parallel Ocean Program, Los Alamos National Laboratory [LANL]) and the “old” sea ice model. The second model uses the same grid but consists of an improved “new” sea ice model (LANL/CICE) with a simple ocean mixed layer. Both models are forced with European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts reanalysis data for 1979–1993. A comparison of the two sea ice models focuses on the winter of 1987 to emphasize the internal ice stress and to minimize biases towards a particular Arctic climate regime. The “new” sea ice model gives improved ice deformation and drift fields. These improvements are associated at least in part with the multi-category representation of the ice thickness distribution and more realistic parameterization of the ice strength. Long, narrow features in ice divergence and shear fields resemble those observed in SAR imagery, except that their average width is overestimated, possibly due to insufficient horizontal resolution. We also compare the mean sea ice drift and its decadal variability in two “old” sea ice models at different horizontal resolutions: 18-km and 9-km. We find no significant change in ice drift between the two models, except in areas of significant ice-ocean interactions due to more realistic ocean currents and water mass properties in the 9-km model.
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    Variability of the ice export through Fram Strait in 1993–98: the winter 1994/95 anomaly (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 22 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: The origin of the large positive anomaly of the Fram Strait sea ice export which occurred in winter 1994/95 is analysed on the basis of a model simulation of the Arctic sea ice cover over the period 1993-98. The overall intra-annual and interannual variability in the model is in good agreement with observational estimates and the 1994/95 anomaly is well reproduced with an amplitude amounting to half of the mean winter value. Model results suggest that, concomitant to anomalous export velocities, larger than usual ice thickness in the strait contributes to the outstanding amplitude of the anomaly. Analysis on the ice thickness evolution in the strait indicates that the thick ice advected in Fram Strait at the end of the fall of 1994 originates in the anomalous cyclonic wind stress which prevailed during the preceding summer. This anomalous wind stress resulted in persistent convergence of the ice flow against the northern coasts of Canada and Greenland and in the formation of a large thickness anomaly north of Greenland. The anomaly then feeds the Fram Strait ice flow during those following winter months when the local wind forcing in the strait favours ice drift from the north-west. Our results suggest that short-term wind stress variations resulting in local thickness changes to the north of Fram Strait can lead to substantial variability of the Fram Strait ice export.
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    April sea ice extent in the Barents Sea, 1850–2001 (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Polar research 22 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1751-8369
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Three observational data sets are used to construct a continuous record (1850-2001) of April ice edge position in the Barents Sea: two sets of Norwegian ice charts (one from 1850 to 1949 and the other from 1966 to 2001) and Soviet aircraft reconnaissance ice extent charts from 1950 to 1966. The 152-year April ice extent series is subdivided into three sub-periods: 1850-1899, 1900-1949 and 1950-2001. For each of these study sub-periods, a mean April ice edge and a set of anomalies (differences in position between a given April and the mean April ice edge) are computed. The calculations show the mean ice edge position retreated north-eastward over the 152-year period, with the greater retreat seen in the changes from the 1850-1899 sub-period to the 1900-1949 sub-period. The distribution of the standard deviation of the ice edge anomaly over the linear distance along the mean ice edge shows no substantial difference between any of the three periods of the study. Within each study period, the maximum variation is observed in the sector bounded by the 25°E and 49° E meridians, which covers the main pathway of the warmer water flow from the Norwegian Sea.
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    OPTIMIZATION PROCEDURE FOR COST EFFECTIVE BMP PLACEMENT AT A WATERSHED SCALE (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A combinatorial optimization procedure for best management practice (BMP) placement at the watershed level facilitates selection of cost effective BMP scenarios to control non point source (NFS) pollution. A genetic algorithm (GA) was selected from among several optimization heuristics. The GA combines an optimization component written in the C++ language with spatially variable NFS pollution prediction and economic analysis components written within the Arc View geographic information system. The procedure is modular in design, allowing for component modifications while maintaining the basic conceptual framework. An objective function was developed to lexicographically optimize pollution reduction followed by cost increase. Scenario cost effectiveness is then calculated for scenario comparisons. The NPS pollutant fitness score allows for evaluation of multiple pollutants, based on prioritization of each pollutant. The economic component considers farm level public and private costs, cost distribution, and land area requirements. Development of a sediment transport function, used with the Universal Soil Loss Equation, allows the optimization procedure to run within a reasonable timeframe. The procedure identifies multiple near optimal solutions, providing an indication of which fields have a more critical impact on overall cost effectiveness and flexibility in the final solution selected for implementation. The procedure was demonstrated for a 1,014-ha watershed in the Ridge and Valley physiographic region of Virginia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04421.x
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    MARSH DEVELOPMENT AT RESTORATION SITES ON THE WHITE MOUNTAIN APACHE RESERVATION, ARIZONA (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : To prioritize sites for riparian restoration, resource managers need to understand how recovery processes vary within landscapes. Complex relationships between watershed conditions and riparian development make it difficult to predict the outcomes of restoration treatments in the semiarid Southwest. Large floods in 1993 scoured riparian areas in the Carrizo watershed on the White Mountain Apache Reservation in east-central Arizona. We evaluated recovery at three of these sites using repeated photographs and measurements of channel cross sections and stream-side vegetation along permanent transects. The sites were mapped as lying on the same soil type, had similar streamside vegetative communities, and were similarly treated through livestock exclusion and supplemental seeding. However, the sites and individual reaches within the sites followed strikingly different development paths. Dramatic recovery occurred at a perennial reach where cover of emergent wetland plants increased from 4.7 percent (standard error = 0.8 percent) in October 1995 to 55.5 percent (standard error = 2.7 percent) in September 2001. At several other reaches, geologic and hydro geomorphic characteristics of the sites limited inputs of fine sediment or surface water, resulting in modest or negligible increases in emergent cover. Recovery efforts for highly valued marshlands in this region should prioritize perennial reaches in low gradient valleys where salty sediments are abundant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04422.x
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    USE OF ACOUSTIC DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILERS TO DESCRIBE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS AT THE REACH SCALE (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Research has demonstrated the utility of metrics based on spatial velocity gradients to characterize and describe stream habitat, with higher mean spatial gradients indicative of higher levels of physical heterogeneity and thus habitat quality. However, detailed description of the velocity field that is needed to compute these metrics is difficult to obtain. Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) may be used to rapidly collect detailed representations of river depth and velocity fields in rivers deeper than 1 m. Such data were collected in March 2000 from cross sections of the Little Tallahatchie River, Mississippi, representing three distinct habitat types (naturally sinuous, channelized, and abandoned channel). These datasets were used to compute component velocities, vorticity, and area weighted mean vorticity (circulation). Velocities and circulation were highest in the meander, lowest in the abandoned channel, and intermediate in the channelized reach. Secondary flow, expressed as the average magnitude of the lateral (transverse) velocity divided by the total velocity, was significantly higher in the meander. The sinuous natural channel and abandoned channel displayed distinctive spatial patterns, with regions of depressed velocity consistently occurring near banks. ADCPs hold great potential as tools for the study of riverine ecosystems, but data reduction is difficult using existing software.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04426.x
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    MASS LOAD ESTIMATION ERRORS UTILIZING GRAB SAMPLING STRATEGIES IN A KARST WATERSHED (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Developing a mass load estimation method appropriate for a given stream and constituent is difficult due to inconsistencies in hydrologic and constituent characteristics. The difficulty may be increased in flashy flow conditions such as karst. Many projects undertaken are constrained by budget and manpower and do not have the luxury of sophisticated sampling strategies. The objectives of this study were to: (1) examine two grab sampling strategies with varying sampling intervals and determine the error in mass load estimates, and (2) determine the error that can be expected when a grab sample is collected at a time of day when the diurnal variation is most divergent from the daily mean. Results show grab sampling with continuous flow to be a viable data collection method for estimating mass load in the study watershed. Comparing weekly, biweekly, and monthly grab sampling, monthly sampling produces the best results with this method. However, the time of day the sample is collected is important. Failure to account for diurnal variability when collecting a grab sample may produce unacceptable error in mass load estimates. The best time to collect a sample is when the diurnal cycle is nearest the daily mean.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04423.x
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    HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF FLOODING DAMAGE ON A USA/QUEBEC RIVER BASIN (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : There is a general belief in the public eye that extreme events such as floods are becoming more and more common. This paper explores this hypothesis by examining the historical evolution of annual expected flooding damage on the Chateauguay River Basin, located at the border between the United States and the province of Quebec, Canada. A database of basin land use was constructed for the years 1930 and 1995 to assess anthropogenic changes and their impact on the basin's hydrology. The progressive modification of the likelihood of a flooding event over the same period was then investigated using homogeneity and statistical tests on available hydrometric data. The evolution of the annual expected flooding damage was then evaluated using a coupled hydrologic/hydraulic simulator linked to a damage analysis model. The simulator and model were used to estimate flooding damage over a wide range of flooding return periods, for conditions prevailing in 1963 and 1995. Results of the analysis reveal the absence of any increasing or decreasing trend in the historical occurrence of flooding events. However, a general increase in the annual expected flooding damage was observed for all studied river sections. This increase is linked to an historical increase in damages for a given flooding event, and is the result of unbridled construction and development within the flood zone. To assess for future trends, this study also examined the potential impacts linked to the anticipated global warming. Results indicate that a significant increase in seasonal flooding events and annual expected flooding damage is possible over the next century. In fact, what is now considered a 100-year flooding event for the summer/fall season could become a ten-year event by the end of this century. This shows that potential future impacts linked to climate change should be considered now by engineers, land planners, and decision makers. This is especially critical if a design return period is part of the decision making process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04425.x
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    IMPACTS OF CALIFORNIA'S CLIMATIC REGIMES AND COASTAL LAND USE CHANGE ON STREAMFLOW CHARACTERISTICS (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : To investigate the impacts of urbanization and climatic fluctuations on stream flow magnitude and variability in a Mediterranean climate, the HEC-HMS rainfall/runoff model is used to simulate stream flow for a 14-year period (October 1, 1988, to September 30, 2002) in the Atascadero Creek watershed located along the southern coast of California for 1929, 1998, and 2050 (estimated) land use conditions (8, 38 and 52 percent urban, respectively). The 14-year period experienced a range of climatic conditions caused mainly by El Nino-Southern Oscillation variations. A geographic information system is used to delineate the watershed and parameterize the model, which is calibrated using data from two stream flow and eight rainfall gauges. Urbanization is shown to increase peak discharges and runoff volume while decreasing stream flow variability. In all cases, the annual and 14-year distributions of stream flow are shown to be highly skewed, with the annual maximum 24 hours of discharge accounting for 22 to 52 percent of the annual runoff and the maximum ten days of discharge from an average El Nino year producing 10 to 15 percent of the total 14-year discharge. For the entire period of urbanization (1929 to 2050), the average increase in annual maximum discharges and runoff was 45 m3/s (300 percent) and 15 cm (350 percent), respectively. Additionally, the projected increase in urbanization from 1998 to 2050 is half the increase from 1929 to 1998; however, increases in runoff (22 m3/s and 7 cm) are similar for both scenarios because of the region's spatial development pattern.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04428.x
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    REPLY TO DISCUSSION by Carl W. Chen (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04440.x
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    ERRATA (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04442.x
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    SETTING AN EFFECTIVE TMDL: SEDIMENT LOADING AND EFFECTS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT ON FISR (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The Agricultural Drainage and Pesticide Transport model was used to examine the relationship between fish and suspended sediment in the context of a proposed total maximum daily load (TMDL) in two agricultural watersheds in Minnesota. During a 50-year simulation, Wells Creek, a third-order cold water stream, had an estimated 1,164 events (i.e., one or more consecutive days of estimated sediment loading) and the Chippewa River, a fourth-order warm water stream, had 906 events of measurable suspended sediment. Sublethal thresholds were exceeded for 970 events and lethal levels for 194 events for brown trout in Wells Creek, whereas adult nonsalmonids would have experienced sublethal levels for 923 events and lethal levels for 241 events. Sublethal levels were exceeded for 756 events and lethal thresholds were exceeded for 150 events in the Chippewa River. Nonsalmonids would have experienced 15 events of mortality between 0 and 20 percent in Wells Creek. In the Chippewa River, there were 35 events of mortality between 0 and 20 percent and one event in which mortality could have exceeded 20 percent. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency has proposed listing stream reaches as being impaired for turbidity at 25 NTU, which is approximately 46 mg suspended sediment/1. We estimated that 46 mg/1 would be exceeded approximately 30 days in a year (d/yr) in both systems. A TMDL of 46 mg SS/1 may be too high to ensure that stream fishes are not negatively affected by suspended sediment. We recommend that an indicator incorporating the duration of exposure be applied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03688.x
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    IDENTIFYING DISCHARGE ZONES OF ARSENIC IN THE GOOSE RIVER BASIN, MAINE (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Water balance modeling and the analysis of stable water isotopes in ground water were conducted to aid the location of ground water discharge areas within the Goose River basin, in mid-coastal Maine. Previous investigations of drinking water from wells in the fractured crystalline bedrock encountered persistent elevated total arsenic. Such contamination may be related to discharging ground water from fractured zones in the basin. Modeled discharge rates greater than +10 cm/yr and 18O values lighter than-9.5 per mil VSMOW may indicate recent recharge is mixing with deeper ground water and is focused along some fractured zones in arsenic bearing crystalline rocks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03693.x
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    EDWARDS AQUIFER EVALUATION: KINNEY COUNTY, TEXAS (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The Edwards Aquifer is one of the most studied and most prolific aquifers in the United States. The aquifer is a heavily fractured and faulted carbonate aquifer with transmissivities in excess of 100 ft2/s. The City of San Antonio relies upon the Edwards Aquifer as its sole source for water. Much work has been done on quantifying recharge to the aquifer and discharge from wells and acquiring aquifer characteristics from pumping tests, specific capacity tests, and geophysical logs. Although the aquifer has been well studied in Bexar County, much less is known about the Edwards Aquifer in Kinney County. This is partly due to the lower population within the county (approximately 3,500 people) relative to the eastern counties (Uvalde, Medina, Bexar, Comal, and Hays) and the great distance of Kinney County from high profile discharge areas such as the City of San Antonio and Comal and San Marcos Springs. Three key products resulted from this study: (1) exploratory well drilling and the largest aquifer test in the county that were conducted to evaluate the well yields within a 10,000 acre study area in which a drawdown of 2.5 ft approximately 1.2 miles away was observed while pumping at approximately 4,600 gpm; (2) a recharge estimate for the Edwards Aquifer within Kinney County of approximately 71,382 ac-ft/yr; and (3) locating the Brackettville Groundwater Divide from an evaluation of ground water flow direction and hydrograph analysis. These results help evaluate the complex hydraulics occurring within Kinney County and aid in development of ground water modeling that will be used in managing the Edwards Aquifer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03695.x
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    A SUCCESSFUL WATER CONSERVATION PROGRAM IN A SEMIARID REGION OF NEBRASKA (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Ground water irrigation pumpage of the High Plains Aquifer is controlled at the state level in Texas and Oklahoma but at the regional level in Kansas and Nebraska. Critical declines in the aquifer that threatened the reliability of local public water supply wells prompted Nebraska's Upper Republican Natural Resources District (URNRD) to mandate water restrictions in 1978. Under current regulations, irrigators may not extract more than 1,842 millimeters of water per certified hectare (ha) in any five-year period. Meter monitoring ensures that irrigators comply with restrictions. Farmers now incorporate irrigation scheduling into their cropping practices in order to meet URNRD controls. This study examines whether irrigators are using ground water efficiently while complying with pumpage limits. Crop irrigation requirements (CIR) from 1986 to 1999 were derived from a water balance approach incorporating Penman-Monteith evapotranspira-tion (ET) calculations from weather data supplied by the High Plains Climate Center automated weather station network. A ratio of average water pumped per well to the CIR was developed to verify irrigation efficiency. Results indicate that irrigation applications were less than CIR during most irrigation seasons. Irrigation efficiency increases can be attributed to crop rotations, favorable growing season precipitation, use of ET estimates to schedule irrigation, and water allocations limited to less than all certified hectares.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03694.x
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    CONFLICT AND COOPERATION OVER INTERNATIONAL FRESHWATER RESOURCES: INDICATORS OF BASINS AT RISR (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : In this paper we seek to identify historical indicators of international freshwater conflict and cooperation and to create a framework to identify and evaluate international river basins at potential risk for future conflict. We derived biophysical, socioeco-nomic, and geopolitical variables at multiple spatial and temporal scales from GIS datasets of international basins and associated countries, and we tested these variables against a database of historical incidents of international water related cooperation and conflict from 1948 to 1999. International relations over freshwater resources were overwhelmingly cooperative and covered a wide range of issues, including water quantity, water quality, joint management, and hydropower. Conflictive relations tended to center on quantity and infrastructure. No single indicator—including climate, water stress, government type, and dependence on water for agriculture or energy—explained conflict/cooperation over water. Even indicators showing a significant correlation with water conflict, such as high population density, low per capita GDP, and overall unfriendly international relations, explained only a small percentage of data variability. The most promising sets of indicators for water conflict were those associated with rapid or extreme physical or institutional change within a basin (e.g., large dams or internationalization of a basin) and the key role of institutional mechanisms, such as freshwater treaties, in mitigating such conflict.
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    THE USE OF BINARY OPTIMIZATION AND HYDROLOGIC MODELS TO FORM RIPARIAN BUFFERS (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Riparian buffers are considered important management options for protecting water quality. Land costs and buffer performance, which are functions of local environmental characteristics, are likely to be key attributes in the selection process, especially when budgets are limited. In this article we demonstrate how a framework involving hydrologic models and binary optimization can be used to find the optimal buffer subject to a budget constraint. Two hydrologic models, SWAT and REMM, were used to predict the loads from different source areas with and without riparian buffers. These loads provided inputs for a binary optimization model to select the most cost efficient parcels to form a riparian buffer. This methodology was applied in a watershed in Delaware County, New York. The models were parameterized using readily available digital databases and were later compared against observed flow and water quality data available for the site. As a result of the application of this method, the marginal utility of incremental increases in buffer widths along the stream channel and the set of parcels to form the best affordable riparian buffer were obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03700.x
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    INCREASING WATER SUPPLY BY MIXING OF FRESH AND SALINE GROUND WATERS (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The quality of ground water in any aquifer takes its final form due to natural mixture of waters, which may originate from different sources. Water quality varies from one aquifer to another and even within the same aquifer itself. Different ground water quality is obtained from wells and is mixed in a common reservoir prior to any consumption. This artificial mixing enables an increase in available ground water of a desired quality for agricultural or residential purposes. The question remains as to what proportions of water from different wells should be mixed together to achieve a desired water quality for this artificial mixture. Two sets of laboratory experiments were carried out, namely, the addition of saline water to a fixed volume of fresh water. After each addition, the mixture volume and the electric conductivity value of the artificially mixed water were recorded. The experiments were carried out under the same laboratory temperature of 20°C. A standard curve was developed first experimentally and then confirmed theoretically. This curve is useful in determining either the volume or discharge ratio from two wells to achieve a predetermined electrical conductivity value of the artificial mixture. The application of the curve is given for two wells within the Quaternary deposits in the western part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03703.x
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    HISTORICAL AND ESTIMATED GROUND WATER LEVELS NEAR WINNIPEG, CANADA, AND THEIR SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATIC VARIABILITY (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Long term well hydrographs and estimated ground water levels derived from hydroclimatic and biological data were used to evaluate trends within the Upper Carbonate Aquifer (UCA) near Winnipeg, Canada, during the 20th Century. Ground water records from instruments have been kept since the early 1960s and are derived from piezometers in the overlying sediments and in open boreholes in the UCA. Some boreholes extend into an underlying Paleozoic carbonate sequence. Shallow well hydrographs show no obvious long term trends but do exhibit variations on the order of three to four years that are correlated with changes in annual temperature and precipitation at lags up to 24 months. Trends observed in deeper wells appear to be largely related to ground water usage patterns and show little correlation with climate over the past 35 years. Stepwise multiple regression modeled average annual hydraulic head in the shallow wells as a function of regional temperature, precipitation, and tree ring variables. Estimated hydraulic heads had a slightly greater range prior to the 1960s, most prominently during an interval of lowered ground water levels between 1930 and 1942. Regression results demonstrate that moisture sensitive tree ring data are viable predictors of past ground water levels and may be useful for studies of aquifers in regions that lack long, high quality precipitation records.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03706.x
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    REPLY TO DISCUSSION by Jeffrey A. Thornton (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03711.x
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    A THEORETICAL TRAVEL TIME BASED ON WATERSHED HYPSOMETRY (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The time to hydrograph peak of a watershed basin has been found to correlate with various statistical attributes (e.g., skewness and kurtosis) of its hypsometric curve (treated as probability distribution). This paper presents a theoretical travel time that is conceptually analogous to the time to hydrograph peak and can be calculated directly from the hypsometric curve of a watershed basin based on gravity and acceleration. The theoretical travel times for 23 selected watersheds in the United States are found to correlate significantly with their corresponding hypsometric attributes. In addition, the theoretical travel times are consistent with the times of concentration estimated from the Federal Aviation Administration method. Thus, this paper offers a simple theoretical explanation to the empirically identified linkage between time to hydrograph peak and hypsometric attributes. This theoretical travel time can provide an alternative way of characterizing the effects of basin morphometry on hydrologic response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04405.x
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    IMPACT OF COAL SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION ON SURFACE WATER CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS AND LOAD RATES IN THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Information is lacking on the watershed scale effects of mining and reclaiming originally undisturbed watersheds for coal on surface water chemical concentrations and load rates for a variety of constituents. These effects were evaluated on three small, geologically dissimilar watersheds subjected to surface mining in Ohio. Comparisons were made between phases of land disturbances using ratios of average concentrations and load rates: Phase 1 (natural), subphases of Phase 2 (mining and reclamation), and subphases of Phase 3 (partial reclamation and final condition) using 4,485 laboratory analyses of 34 constituents. Average concentration and load rate ratios were categorized into three classes—minor, moderate, and substantial. Mining and reclamation (M/R) affected flow duration curves in different ways-baseflow changes were variable, but high flows generally increased. The average concentration ratios for all sites were classified as 15 percent “minor,” 36 percent “moderate,” and 49 percent “substantial” (average ratio of 2.4.) Generally load rate ratios increased due to mining and reclamation activities (average ratio of 3.3). Minor, moderate, and substantial impacts were found on average for 7 percent, 23 percent, and 70 percent, respectively, of load rate ratios. The impact of M/R on average load rates was not necessarily the same as on average concentrations due to changed hydrology and can be opposite in effect. The evaluation of the impacts of M/R requires knowledge of changing hydrologic conditions and changing supplies and rates of release of chemicals into streams. Median sediment concentration ratio is an indicator of average constituent load rate ratio of a wide variety of chemical constituents and is useful for development of best management practices to reduce chemical loads. The site at which diversion ditches were not removed during final reclamation sustained large chemical load rates, and removal of diversions at the other mined site reduced load rates. Revegetation of poorly reclaimed areas decreased chemical load rates. Chemical load rates were sensitive to geology, mining, and reclamation methods, diversions, and changing hydrology, concentration flow rate regressions, and watershed areas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04406.x
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    BANKFULL HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY RELATIONSHIPS AND RECURRENCE INTERVALS FOR NORTH CAROLINA'S COASTAL PLAIN (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Bank full hydraulic geometry relationships relate stream channel geometry to watershed size for specific physiographic regions. This paper presents bank full hydraulic geometry relationships and recurrence intervals for the Southeastern Plain coercion and the flat woods subtype of the Middle Atlantic Coastal Plain ecoregion found within North Carolina's Coastal Plain physiographic province. Cross-sectional and longitudinal survey data from gated and unpaged streams were used to compute channel dimension and profile information. Power functions were developed, relating drainage area to bank full discharge, cross-sectional area, width, and mean depth. Recurrence intervals of bank full events were estimated from gagged streams using both a Log-Pearson Type III distribution of peak annual discharge and a partial-duration series of average daily discharge. Results from both methods indicate that average bank full recurrence intervals for the study area are below one year. Determinations of recurrence intervals by the Log-Pearson Type III distribution were for the most part inconclusive (less than one year), while a partial duration series estimated a 0.19 year average, ranging from 0.11 to 0.31 years.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04411.x
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    BANK STABILITY ANALYSIS FOR PREDICTING REACH SCALE LAND LOSS AND SEDIMENT YIELD (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : When extensive lengths of river become stabilized (e.g., by channel incision), riverbank erosion can result in considerable riparian land loss and the delivery of large volumes of sediment downstream. The ability to predict the stability and failure geometry of eroding riverbanks is therefore an important prerequisite in estimating the rate of bank erosion and sediment yield associated with bank erosion. In this paper, a new stability analysis for layered river banks is introduced. The new analysis differs from many previous analyses in that it takes into consideration the effects of positive pore water pressure in the saturated portion, and negative pore water pressure in the unsaturated portion, of the bank as well as the influence of hydrostatic confining pressure due to the water level in the river. In addition, the failure plane is not constrained to pass through the toe of the bank and the bank profile geometry is not restricted to an idealized special case. The predictive ability of the new bank stability analysis is assessed using data from two field sites. Subsequently, a methodology for applying the bank stability analysis at the scale of the river reach (0.1 to 10 km) is discussed. This method involves the use of empirical models of bed level adjustment to estimate the magnitude of incision at specific locations along the reach, with these estimates used to drive the stability analysis. Application of the new method is demonstrated with an example.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04414.x
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    ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT OF LARGE RIVERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE MISSOURI RIVER (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The technocratic approach for managing the Missouri River and other large rivers is not effective in resolving conflicts among competing uses of water and dealing with uncertainty about how river ecosystems respond to alternative management actions. Adaptive management offers an alternative way to address these and other issues. It has the potential to alleviate management gridlock and provide lasting solutions to management of the Missouri River and other large river ecosystems. In passive adaptive management, simulation models and expert judgment are combined to select a preferred management action. While passive adaptive management is relatively simple and inexpensive to use, it does not necessarily provide reliable information for making management decisions. Active adaptive management uses statistically designed experiments to test assumptions or hypotheses about ecosystem responses to management actions. It is best carried out by a collaborative working group. Active adaptive management has several advantages, but the inability to satisfy certain prerequisites for successful application makes it more difficult to implement in large river ecosystems. A second-best approach is proposed here to select, implement, monitor, and evaluate a preferred management action and retain that action provided ecological conditions improve and socioeconomic indicators do not fall below established acceptability limits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04417.x
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    WATER QUALITY MODEL OUTPUT UNCERTAINTY AS AFFECTED BY SPATIAL RESOLUTION OF INPUT DATA (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Resolution of the input GIS data used to parameterize distributed-parameter hydrologic/water quality models may affect uncertainty in model outputs and impact the subsequent application of model results in watershed management. In this study we evaluated the impact of varying spatial resolutions of DEM, land use, and soil data (30 × 30 m, 100 × 100 m, 150 × 150 m, 200 × 200 m, 300 × 300 m, 500 × 500 m, and 1,000 × 1,000 m) on the uncertainty of SWAT predicted flow, sediment, NO3-N, and TP transport. Inputs included measured hydrologic, meteorological, and watershed characteristics as well as water quality data from the Moores Creek watershed in Washington County, Arkansas. The SWAT model output was most affected by input DEM data resolution. A coarser DEM data resolution resulted in decreased representation of watershed area and slope and increased slope length. Distribution of pasture, forest, and urban areas within the watershed was significantly affected at coarser resolution of land use and resulted in significant uncertainty in predicted sediment, NO3-N, and TP output. Soils data resolution had no significant effect on flow and NO3-N predictions; however, sediment was overpredicted by 26 percent, and TP was underpredicted by 26 percent at 1,000 m resolution. This may be due to change in relative distribution of various hydrologic soils groups (HSGs) in the watershed. Minimum resolution for input GIS data to achieve less than 10 percent model output error depended upon the output variable of interest. For flow, sediment, NO3-N, and TP predictions, minimum DEM data resolution should range from 30 to 300 m, whereas minimum land use and soils data resolution should range from 300 to 500 m.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04420.x
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  • 90
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    GIS BASED LONG TERM HYDROLOGIC IMPACT EVALUATION FOR WATERSHED URBANIZATION (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : To adequately manage impacts of ongoing or future land use changes in a watershed, the magnitude of their hydrologic impacts needs to be assessed. A grid based daily streamflow model was calibrated with two years of observed streamflow data, using time periods when land use data are available and verified by comparison of model predictions with observed streamflow data. Streamflow data were separated into direct runoff and baseflow to estimate the impacts of urbanization on each hydrologic component. Analysis of the ratio between direct runoff and total runoff from 30 years of simulation results and the change in these ratios with urbanization shows that estimated annual direct runoff increased from 49.2 percent (1973) to 63.1 percent (1984) and 65.0 percent (1991), indicating the effects of urbanization are greater on direct runoff than on total runoff. The direct runoff ratio also varies with annual rainfall, with dry year ratios larger than those for wet years. This suggests that the impact of urbanization on areas that are sensitive to runoff ratios, such as stream ecosystems, might be more serious during drier years than in wetter years in terms of water quality and water yield. This indicates that sustainable base-flow is important to maintaining sound stream ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03680.x
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    APPLICATION OF THE GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMIZING OPERATION RULES OF THE LiYuTan RESERVOIR IN TAIWAN (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A procedure to apply genetic algorithm to optimize operation rules is proposed and applied to the LiYuTan Reservoir in Taiwan. The designed operation rules are operation zones with discount rates of water supply. The first step of the procedure is to predefine the shape of boundary curves of operation zones according to reservoir storage routing. Then, relatively fewer variables are used to describe the curves, and a last genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to optimize the curves. The procedure is applied to the newly built LiYuTan Reservoir for increasing domestic water demands. Shortage index is used to evaluate the performance of operation zones. A year is divided into 36 operational periods, with each month containing three operational periods. The shortage indexes calculated in operational periods are 9.81, 8.27, and 7.13, respectively, for the reservoir without operation rules, applying operation zones optimized by GA with encoding 36 storage levels for each curve, and adopting operation zones optimized by GA with encoding the curves with predefined shape. The average deficits for the three cases are 77.2, 43.6, and 33.3 (104 m3/day), respectively. The results indicate that operation zones optimized by the proposed procedure have smaller shortage indexes and lower average deficits. In addition, the optimized operation zones have less variation and thus are more practical for operation. Conclusively, the proposed procedure utilizing GA to optimize operation zones with predefined shape can provide better and realistic outcomes through limited iterations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03682.x
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    HYDROLOGIC STAGE PERIODICITY OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER BEFORE AND AFTER SYSTEMATIC CHANNEL MODIFICATIONS (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Periodic flood disturbance is a well known controlling factor of in channel and floodplain ecosystem function. However, channel manipulations during the last century have potentially altered hydrologic fluctuations, and thus ecosystem function. We examined temporal river stage hydrology, through autocorrelation analysis, at seven gauges along the Mississippi River to quantify flow periodicity and effects of systematic channel modifications on flow periodicity. Intraannual variation follows a strong one-year cycle of six months higher flow and six months lower flow for the entire Mississippi River drainage, with precipitation as a driving force. Interannual hydrologic variation differs between the upper and lower river segments. A clear quasi-biennial oscillation pattern was evident throughout the lower river section. The effect of channel alterations was a decreased magnitude of differences between lower and higher flows. The upper section, however, suggests a 12-to 14-year periodicity prior to alterations and a decreased duration of lower flow years following systematic modifications. Interannual variograms clearly depict very different temporal hydrology between the upper Mississippi River and the lower Mississippi River, suggesting the simple transfer of knowledge from one segment to the other oversimplifies the complexity of a large river system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03681.x
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    WATER QUALITY MODELING FOR THE FEITSUI RESERVOIR IN NORTHERN TAIWAN (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Field data collected from the Feitsui Reservoir in Taiwan indicate that the water is at a stage between mesotrophic and eutrophic. Recent measurements such as total phosphorus, chlorophyll a and Secchi depth levels suggest that the water quality has been declining. A two-dimensional, laterally averaged, finite difference hydrodynamic and water quality model was used to simulate the water quality in the Feitsui Reservoir in an effort to determine sound water quality management strategies. The model was calibrated and verified using data collected in 1996 and 1997. The calibrated model was used to simulate algal biomass (in terms of chlorophyll a) levels under various wasteload reduction scenarios. Model results show that 50 percent reduction of the total phosphorus load will improve the existing water quality, shifting the trophic status from eutrophic/mesotrophic to oligotrophic. The modeling effort has yielded valuable information that can be used by decision makers for the evaluation of different management strategies of reducing watershed nutrient loads.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03684.x
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    ANALYZING CORRELATIONS BETWEEN STREAM AND WATERSHED ATTRIBUTES (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Bivariate correlation analysis has been widely used to explore relationships between stream and watershed attributes that have all been measured on the same set of watersheds or sampling locations. Researchers routinely test H0: ρ= 0 for each correlation in a large table and then go on to discuss only those that are declared “significant.” Such test results are inaccurate because no allowance is made for multiple testing, and also because the tests are not mutually independent. This paper reviews the Bonferroni approach to controlling the overall error rate in multiple testing and shows how the approach becomes impractical for large correlation tables. The Hotelling/Williams test is introduced for comparing two dependent correlations that share a variable, and numerical constraints for two such correlations are illustrated. References are also given for testing other hypothesized patterns among dependent correlations, and links to dependent correlation software are provided. The methods are illustrated for watershed and stream variables sampled in 23 small agricultural watersheds of the Willamette Valley, Oregon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03687.x
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    MOBILITY AND AQUATIC TOXICITY OF COPPER IN AN URBAN WATERSHED (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Abundant use of copper based products has resulted in increased violation of copper water quality criteria in runoff from urban storm water systems. The objectives of this work were to understand the mobility and toxicity of copper in an urban watershed and to apportion the amount of copper entering the freshwater receiving stream from different urban land covers using a mass balance approach. Sixteen rainfall events collected from the University of Connecticut study watershed between August 1998 and September 2000 were analyzed to assess copper flux in an urban storm water system. Mean flow weighted dissolved copper concentrations observed in the study for copper based architectural material runoff, pervious area runoff, impervious area runoff, and in the receiving stream were 1210 ± 840, 9 ± 3, 8 ± 2, and 14 ± 7 μg/L, respectively. Mean dissolved copper concentrations in the receiving stream exceeded Connecticut's water quality criteria. Despite exceeding the dissolved concentration based criteria, cupric ion concentrations at the system outlet remained below 0.05 μg/L for all storms analyzed, and no acute toxicity (using Daphnia pulex as the test organism) was measured in samples collected from the stream.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04387.x
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    IMPROVED RAINFALL/RUNOFF ESTIMATES USING REMOTELY SENSED SOIL MOISTURE (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Remotely sensed soil moisture data measured during the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) experiment in Oklahoma were used to characterize antecedent soil moisture conditions for the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number method. The precipitation-adjusted curve number and the soil moisture were strongly related (r2= 0.70). Remotely sensed soil moisture fields were used to adjust the curve numbers and the runoff estimates for five watersheds, in the Little Washita watershed; the results ranged from 2.8 km2 to 601.6 km2. The soil moisture data were applied at two spatial scales, a finer one (800 m) measuring spatial resolution and a coarser one (28 km). The root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute error (MAE) of the runoff estimated by the standard SCS method was reduced by nearly 50 percent when the 800 m soil moisture data were used to adjust the curve number. The coarser scale soil moisture data also significantly reduced the error in the runoff predictions with 41 percent and 28 percent reductions in MAE and RMSE, respectively. The results suggest that remote sensing of soil moisture, when combined with the SCS method, can improve rainfall runoff predictions at a range of spatial scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04386.x
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    GROUND WATER NITRATE REDUCTION IN GIANT CANE AND FOREST RIPARIAN BUFFER ZONES (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Ground water contamination by excess nitrate leaching in row-crop fields is an important issue in intensive agricultural areas of the United States and abroad. Giant cane and forest riparian buffer zones were monitored to determine each cover type's ability to reduce ground water nitrate concentrations. Ground water was sampled at varying distances from the field edge to determine an effective width for maximum nitrate attenuation. Ground water samples were analyzed for nitrate concentrations as well as chloride concentrations, which were used as a conservative ion to assess dilution or concentration effects within the riparian zone. Significant nitrate reductions occurred in both the cane and the forest riparian buffer zones within the first 3.3 m, a relatively narrow width. In this first 3.3 m, the cane and forest buffer reduced ground water nitrate levels by 90 percent and 61 percent, respectively. Approximately 40 percent of the observed 99 percent nitrate reduction over the 10 m cane buffer could be attributed to dilution by upwelling ground water. Neither ground water dilution nor concentration was observed in the forest buffer. The ground water nitrate attenuation capabilities of the cane and forest riparian zones were not statistically different. During the spring, both plant assimilation and denitrification were probably important nitrate loss mechanisms, while in the summer nitrate was more likely lost via denitrification since the water table dropped below the rooting zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb04389.x
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    STOCHASTIC FLOW DURATION CURVES FOR EVALUATION OF FLOW REGIMES IN RIVERS (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A stochastic estimation of low flow in the upper reaches of streams is needed for the planning, development, and management of water resources and/or water use systems. In this paper, the definition and development procedure for the stochastic flow duration curve is presented and applied to five catchments located in eastern Japan and to two catchments in western Thailand. The probability distribution of N-year daily discharge data is extracted at various percentages of time for which specified discharges are equaled or exceeded in a water year. Such a distribution is usually represented with a straight line on log-normal probability paper. However, some of the probability plots for the annual minimum daily discharge are best represented with a straight line on Weibull probability paper. The effectiveness of the stochastic flow duration curve defined for the evaluation of flow regime is illustrated through its application. The ten year probability for the discharge exceeded 97 percent of the time may be recognized as an index of low flow. The recession shape of the lower part of the flow duration curve is dependent on the strength of low flow persistence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb01560.x
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    COMPARATIVE STUDY OF OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR IRRIGATION PROJECT PLANNING (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This study presents three optimization techniques for on-farm irrigation scheduling in irrigation project planning: namely the genetic algorithm, simulated annealing and iterative improvement methods. The three techniques are applied to planning a 394.6 ha irrigation project in the town of Delta, Utah, for optimizing economic profits, simulating water demand, and estimating the crop area percentages with specific water supply and planted area constraints. The comparative optimization results for the 394.6 ha irrigated project from the genetic algorithm, simulated annealing, and iterative improvement methods are as follows: (1) the seasonal maximum net benefits are $113,826, $111,494, and $105,444 per season, respectively; and (2) the seasonal water demands are 3.03*103 m3, 3.0*103 m3, and 2.92*103 m3 per season, respectively. This study also determined the most suitable four parameters of the genetic algorithm method for the Delta irrigated project to be: (1) the number of generations equals 800, (2) population size equals 50, (3) probability of crossover equals 0.6, and (4) probability of mutation equals 0.02. Meanwhile, the most suitable three parameters of simulated annealing method for the Delta irrigated project are: (1) initial temperature equals 1,000, (2) number of moves equal 90, and (3) cooling rate equals 0.95.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb01561.x
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    SEPTAGE QUALITY AND ITS EFFECT ON FIELD LIFE FOR LAND APPLICATIONS (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Maintenance of the more than 24 million septic tanks in the U.S. requires removal and disposal of septage. Disposal options include application to agricultural lands where the nutrients and organic matter can provide soil benefits. However, pathogens and contaminants are also contained in septage. An extensive search turned up very few data on septage quality, and those reveal high variability. The data used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in developing regulations had the lowest metal concentrations among the nine data sets that could be compared. Based on these data, EPA assumed that septage could be applied to agricultural land for more than 100 applications before reaching unacceptable cumulative loading of metals. They thus did not establish federal standards for metals in septage, and no monitoring is required under federal rules governing septage disposal. Analysis of the nine data sets we found showed that field site life would be reached in less than 100 applications for most septage and cumulative loading limits established by EPA for sewage sludges will be exceeded in 16 applications for some septage as opposed to the 100 application estimate used by EPA. Determination of acceptable cumulative loading depends on numerous technical and policy considerations. All septage sources reached the more restrictive loading limits such as those established by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) and the recommendations in Cornell publications in less than 100 applications. In one case the cumulative limit for copper was exceeded in a single application. These findings suggest additional data are needed on septage quality and that the federal and state agencies responsible for regulating application of septage to agricultural land should reassess their standards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb01563.x
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