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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessing Watershed-Scale, Long-Term Hydrologic Impacts of Land-Use Change Using a GIS-NPS Model (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental management 26 (2000), S. 643-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: KEY WORDS: Hydrology; Geographic information system; Nonpoint source pollution; Modeling; Water resources; Watershed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Land-use change, dominated by an increase in urban/impervious areas, has a significant impact on water resources. This includes impacts on nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, which is the leading cause of degraded water quality in the United States. Traditional hydrologic models focus on estimating peak discharges and NPS pollution from high-magnitude, episodic storms and successfully address short-term, local-scale surface water management issues. However, runoff from small, low-frequency storms dominates long-term hydrologic impacts, and existing hydrologic models are usually of limited use in assessing the long-term impacts of land-use change. A long-term hydrologic impact assessment (L-THIA) model has been developed using the curve number (CN) method. Long-term climatic records are used in combination with soils and land-use information to calculate average annual runoff and NPS pollution at a watershed scale. The model is linked to a geographic information system (GIS) for convenient generation and management of model input and output data, and advanced visualization of model results. The L-THIA/NPS GIS model was applied to the Little Eagle Creek (LEC) watershed near Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. Historical land-use scenarios for 1973, 1984, and 1991 were analyzed to track land-use change in the watershed and to assess impacts on annual average runoff and NPS pollution from the watershed and its five subbasins. For the entire watershed between 1973 and 1991, an 18% increase in urban or impervious areas resulted in an estimated 80% increase in annual average runoff volume and estimated increases of more than 50% in annual average loads for lead, copper, and zinc. Estimated nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) loads decreased by 15% mainly because of loss of agricultural areas. The L-THIA/NPS GIS model is a powerful tool for identifying environmentally sensitive areas in terms of NPS pollution potential and for evaluating alternative land use scenarios for NPS pollution management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002670010122
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REPLY TO DISCUSSION by Jeffrey A. Thornton (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03711.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GIS BASED LONG TERM HYDROLOGIC IMPACT EVALUATION FOR WATERSHED URBANIZATION (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 39 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : To adequately manage impacts of ongoing or future land use changes in a watershed, the magnitude of their hydrologic impacts needs to be assessed. A grid based daily streamflow model was calibrated with two years of observed streamflow data, using time periods when land use data are available and verified by comparison of model predictions with observed streamflow data. Streamflow data were separated into direct runoff and baseflow to estimate the impacts of urbanization on each hydrologic component. Analysis of the ratio between direct runoff and total runoff from 30 years of simulation results and the change in these ratios with urbanization shows that estimated annual direct runoff increased from 49.2 percent (1973) to 63.1 percent (1984) and 65.0 percent (1991), indicating the effects of urbanization are greater on direct runoff than on total runoff. The direct runoff ratio also varies with annual rainfall, with dry year ratios larger than those for wet years. This suggests that the impact of urbanization on areas that are sensitive to runoff ratios, such as stream ecosystems, might be more serious during drier years than in wetter years in terms of water quality and water yield. This indicates that sustainable base-flow is important to maintaining sound stream ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2003.tb03680.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMPOSITE VS. DISTRIBUTED CURVE NUMBERS: EFFECTS ON ESTIMATES OF STORM RUNOFF DEPTHS (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The U.S. Department of Agriculture Curve Number (CN) method is one of the most common and widely used techniques for estimating surface runoff and has been incorporated into a number of popular hydrologic models. The CN method has traditionally been applied using compositing techniques in which the area weighted average of all curve numbers is calculated for a watershed or a small number of sub-watersheds. CN compositing was originally developed as a time saving procedure, reducing the number of runoff calculations required. However, with the proliferation of high speed computers and geographic information systems, it is now feasible to use distributed CNs when applying the CN method. To determine the effect of using composited versus distributed CNs on runoff estimates, two simulations of idealized watersheds were developed to compare runoff depths using composite and distributed CNs. The results of these simulations were compared to the results of similar analyses performed on an urbanizing watershed located in central Indiana and show that runoff depth estimates using distributed CNs are as much as 100 percent higher than when composited CNs are used. Underestimation of runoff due to CN compositing is a result of the curvilinear relationship between CN and runoff depth and is most severe for wide CN ranges, low CN values, and low precipitation depths. For larger design storms, however, the difference in runoff computed using composite and distributed CNs is minimal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04150.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DISCUSSION (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05720.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MINIMIZING THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON LONG TERM RUNOFF (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Increasing concern about the problems caused by urban sprawl has encouraged development and implementation of smart growth approaches to land use management. One of the goals of smart growth is water resources protection, in particular minimizing the runoff impact of urbanization. To investigate the magnitude of the potential benefits of land use planning for water resources protection, possible runoff impacts of historical and projected urbanization were estimated for two watersheds in Indiana and Michigan using a long term hydrological impact analysis model. An optimization component allowed selection of land use change placements that minimize runoff increase. Optimizing land use change placement would have reduced runoff increase by as much as 4.9 percent from 1973 to 1997 in the Indiana study watershed. For nonsprawl and sprawl scenarios in the Michigan watershed for 1978 to 2040, optimizing land use change placement would have reduced runoff increase by 12.3 percent and 20.5 percent, respectively. The work presented here illustrates both an approach to assessing the magnitude of the impact of smart growth and the significant potential scale of smart growth in moderating runoff changes that result from urbanization. The results of this study have significant implications for urban planning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2005.tb03804.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GEOMORPHIC ANALOGIES FOR ASSESSING PROBABLE CHANNEL RESPONSE TO DAM REMOVAL (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : There is a pressing need for tools to predict the rates, magnitudes, and mechanisms by which sediment is removed from a reservoir following dam removal, as well as for tools to predict where this sediment will be deposited downstream and how it will impact downstream channel morphology. In the absence of adequate empirical data, a good initial approach is to examine the impacts of dam removal within the context of the geomorphic analogies of channel evolution models and sediment waves. Channel changes at two dam breaching sites in Wisconsin involved a succession of channel forms and processes consistent with an existing channel evolution model. Sediment transported downstream after removal of other dams suggests that reservoir sediment may be translated downstream either as a distinct wave or gradually eroded away. More extensive data collection on existing dam removals is warranted before undertaking the removal of a large number of dams. However, if removal is to proceed based on current knowledge, then geomorphic analogies can be used as the foundation for sediment management and stabilization schemes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb04365.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glaciation and denudation rates (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 356 (1992), S. 751-751 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - Summerfield and Kirkbride1 question the general assumption that glaciation leads to an increase in denudation rates - an assumption that they attribute to Molnar and England2' , although this slightly overstates these authors' argument. We believe that Summerfield and Kirkbride's use of the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/356751a0
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  • 9
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    Reconstructing the erosion history of glaciated passive margins: applications of in situ produced cosmogenic nuclide techniques (2002)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 196: 153-168.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-01
    Description: Offshore sediment accumulations provide an intriguing record of the net sediment output resulting from geomorphological evolution of the circum-Atlantic continental margin since the commencement of Neogene glaciation. However, the onshore record of the timing, pattern and amount of bedrock erosion that produced these sediments is comparatively poorly constrained and understood, although there are good general models of glaciation history. The geomorphology of circum-Atlantic continental margin mountains, as assessed from remote sensing data and field observations, includes palimpsest landforms and landscapes that reflect a complex pattern of spatial and temporal variations in the impact of glacial, fluvial and periglacial processes. Perhaps most surprising is that, despite having been repeatedly overridden by large ice sheets, parts of the landscape appear to be relict, with nonglacial morphology. This has important implications both for glaciological conditions under ice sheets, and for sediment source areas and erosion rates. Conventional dating and analysis have provided an excellent way to begin unravelling the timing and pattern of erosion, landform development, and possible landform preservation under ice. However, testing hypotheses developed from current models, and addressing critical unresolved questions, requires additional approaches. The use of in situ cosmogenic nuclide production in bedrock is a new approach for investigating landscape evolution in mountainous areas. With careful interpretation of geomorphological settings, cosmogenic nuclides can be used to determine apparent surface exposure age and landscape preservation, and constrain erosion depths and duration of burial by ice. Here we provide a framework for the interpretation of cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in bedrock surfaces of landscapes affected by glacial, fluvial and periglacial processes, illustrated with examples from the northern Swedish mountains. This demonstrates potential uses of cosmogenic nuclide techniques, and provides a foundation for attempts to improve geomorphologically based reconstructions of relict landscapes, to reconstruct and analyse the dynamics of landscape change in glacial times, and to define the consequences of different process regimes in terms of erosion patterns, sediment transport, and the supply of sediments that are deposited offshore.
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  • 10
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    Relative Rates of Glacial and Nonglacial Erosion in Alpine Environments (1993)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0004-0851
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Taylor & Francis
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