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  • United States  (161)
  • Mutation  (125)
  • Physics
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (287)
  • London : Springer
  • 2000-2004  (287)
  • 2000  (287)
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  • 2000-2004  (287)
Year
  • 101
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    Genome sequencing. Claim and counterclaim on the human genome (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 14;288(5464):242-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10777397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biotechnology ; Computational Biology ; *Genome, Human ; *Human Genome Project ; Humans ; Mice/genetics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 102
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    Lunch selections expanding (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bloom, F E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 4;287(5454):801.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691550" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Europe ; *Internet ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Peer Review, Research ; *Periodicals as Topic ; *Publishing ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 103
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    National academy. New report triggers changes in the NRC (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-19
    Description: A panel of eminent science and engineering administrators has delivered some stern advice to the National Research Council, the operating arm of the National Academy of Sciences, in a report on how the council does its business. The review concludes that the council takes too long to produce many of its reports, is not responsive enough to its sponsors, lacks clear lines of authority, and its staff is too often frustrated and stressed. To fix these problems, the panel urges the academy "to reduce unnecessary layers of approval," delegate more authority, appoint a chief management officer, and create "a service-oriented culture."〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1443-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10991723" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)/*organization & administration ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 104
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    Astrobiology. Ames's proposal for lab triggers battle at NASA (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10928920" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Exobiology ; *Laboratories/economics ; United States ; *United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/economics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 105
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    A Drosophila mechanosensory transduction channel (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-01
    Description: Mechanosensory transduction underlies a wide range of senses, including proprioception, touch, balance, and hearing. The pivotal element of these senses is a mechanically gated ion channel that transduces sound, pressure, or movement into changes in excitability of specialized sensory cells. Despite the prevalence of mechanosensory systems, little is known about the molecular nature of the transduction channels. To identify such a channel, we analyzed Drosophila melanogaster mechanoreceptive mutants for defects in mechanosensory physiology. Loss-of-function mutations in the no mechanoreceptor potential C (nompC) gene virtually abolished mechanosensory signaling. nompC encodes a new ion channel that is essential for mechanosensory transduction. As expected for a transduction channel, D. melanogaster NOMPC and a Caenorhabditis elegans homolog were selectively expressed in mechanosensory organs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walker, R G -- Willingham, A T -- Zuker, C S -- 5T32GM08107/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2229-34.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego,CA 92093-0649, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10744543" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/physiology ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cloning, Molecular ; Dendrites/physiology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*physiology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Insect ; Hair Cells, Auditory/physiology ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Ion Channels/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Mechanoreceptors/*physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Physical Stimulation ; Proprioception ; Sensation/physiology ; Sense Organs/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Touch ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 106
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    Women's health. Reports see progress, problems, in trials (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 2;288(5471):1562-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Clinical Trials as Topic ; Female ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; Male ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Publishing ; *Research Subjects ; Research Support as Topic ; *Sex Characteristics ; United States ; *Women's Health
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 107
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    Violence: a new frontier for scientific research (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blumstein, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):545.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939963" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Behavior ; Government Agencies ; Humans ; Public Policy ; *Research ; Social Environment ; United States ; *Violence/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 108
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    National academies. Task force tinkers with research council (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 28;288(5466):587-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)/*organization & administration ; Public Policy ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 109
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    Requirement of the spindle checkpoint for proper chromosome segregation in budding yeast meiosis (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: The spindle checkpoint was characterized in meiosis of budding yeast. In the absence of the checkpoint, the frequency of meiosis I missegregation increased with increasing chromosome length, reaching 19% for the longest chromosome. Meiosis I nondisjunction in spindle checkpoint mutants could be prevented by delaying the onset of anaphase. In a recombination-defective mutant (spo11Delta), the checkpoint delays the biochemical events of anaphase I, suggesting that chromosomes that are attached to microtubules but are not under tension can activate the spindle checkpoint. Spindle checkpoint mutants reduce the accuracy of chromosome segregation in meiosis I much more than that in meiosis II, suggesting that checkpoint defects may contribute to Down syndrome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shonn, M A -- McCarroll, R -- Murray, A W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):300-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0444, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10894778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomechanical Phenomena ; Chromosome Segregation/*physiology ; Chromosomes, Fungal ; Down Syndrome/genetics ; Endodeoxyribonucleases ; Esterases/genetics ; Kinetochores/physiology ; Meiosis/genetics/*physiology ; Mutation ; Nondisjunction, Genetic ; Recombination, Genetic ; Saccharomycetales/genetics/*physiology ; Spindle Apparatus/*physiology ; Spores, Fungal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 110
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    Ecology. New corn plant draws fire from GM food opponents (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferber, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1390.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10722381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; *Bacterial Toxins ; Biotechnology ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; Endotoxins/genetics ; *Genetic Engineering ; Hemolysin Proteins ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency ; Zea mays/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 111
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    Fas preassociation required for apoptosis signaling and dominant inhibition by pathogenic mutations (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: Heterozygous mutations encoding abnormal forms of the death receptor Fas dominantly interfere with Fas-induced lymphocyte apoptosis in human autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome. This effect, rather than depending on ligand-induced receptor oligomerization, was found to stem from ligand- independent interaction of wild-type and mutant Fas receptors through a specific region in the extracellular domain. Preassociated Fas complexes were found in living cells by means of fluorescence resonance energy transfer between variants of green fluorescent protein. These results show that formation of preassociated receptor complexes is necessary for Fas signaling and dominant interference in human disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Siegel, R M -- Frederiksen, J K -- Zacharias, D A -- Chan, F K -- Johnson, M -- Lynch, D -- Tsien, R Y -- Lenardo, M J -- NS27177/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2354-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10875918" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD95/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Apoptosis ; Autoimmune Diseases/physiopathology ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; Fas Ligand Protein ; Humans ; Ligands ; Lymphocytes/cytology ; Lymphoproliferative Disorders/physiopathology ; Macromolecular Substances ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mutation ; Point Mutation ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Succinimides ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 112
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    Direct coupling between meiotic DNA replication and recombination initiation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-29
    Description: During meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, DNA replication occurs 1. 5 to 2 hours before recombination initiates by DNA double-strand break formation. We show that replication and recombination initiation are directly linked. Blocking meiotic replication prevented double-strand break formation in a replication-checkpoint-independent manner, and delaying replication of a chromosome segment specifically delayed break formation in that segment. Consequently, the time between replication and break formation was held constant in all regions. We suggest that double-strand break formation occurs as part of a process initiated by DNA replication, which thus determines when meiotic recombination initiates on a regional rather than a cell-wide basis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Borde, V -- Goldman, A S -- Lichten, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):806-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Biochemistry, Division of Basic Science, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11052944" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromosomes, Fungal/genetics/metabolism ; DNA Repair ; *DNA Replication ; DNA, Fungal/*metabolism ; Genes, Fungal ; *Meiosis ; Mutation ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 113
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    Microbiology. When being hyper keeps you fit (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rainey, B P -- Moxon, E R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1186-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK. prainey@molbiol.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10841739" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological/*genetics ; Cystic Fibrosis/drug therapy/microbiology ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Humans ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects/*genetics/pathogenicity/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 114
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    Genomics. University company to exploit heart data (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: This month, Boston University, which directs the Framingham Heart Study, a massive government effort begun in 1948 to monitor the cardiovascular health of more than 10,000 residents of this suburb of Boston, announced plans to form a bioinformatics company that will mine the data. The university will own 20% of Framingham Genomic Medicine Inc., which hopes to raise $21 million to begin modernizing the immense database and packaging it in a format that will be valuable to the pharmaceutical industry. The plan raises a host of difficult ethical issues, including patient privacy, academic conflicts of interest, and reciprocal value to the Framingham residents whose medical data will form the basis for the new enterprise.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2301-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917821" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioethics ; *Cardiovascular Diseases ; *Computational Biology/economics ; Conflict of Interest ; *Databases, Factual ; Drug Industry ; Humans ; Investments ; Massachusetts ; Medical Records Systems, Computerized ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; United States ; *Universities/economics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 115
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    Presidential appointments. Panel cites barriers to government service (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 29;289(5488):2256.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11041784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Career Choice ; Conflict of Interest ; Employment ; *Government ; *Industry ; Public Policy ; *Science ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 116
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    Biomedicine. 'Glue grant' boosts cell signaling consortium (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fisher, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 15;289(5486):1854.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11012347" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cooperative Behavior ; Financing, Organized ; *Research/economics/organization & administration ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Signal Transduction ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 117
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    2001 budget. NIH headed for big boost, others struggle (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1155.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10841729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets/legislation & jurisprudence ; Financing, Government/legislation & jurisprudence ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 118
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    2001 budget. Clinton seeks 'major lift' in U.S. research programs (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 28;287(5453):558-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691526" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; Financing, Government ; Government Agencies/economics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 119
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    Astrobiology science conference. The science of astrobiology takes shape (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Irion, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 28;288(5466):603-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798994" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/chemistry ; Cosmic Dust ; *Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hot Temperature ; Ice ; Jupiter ; Meteoroids ; Pressure ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ; Water Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 120
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    Gene therapy on trial (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, H I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 28;287(5453):591-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Clinical Protocols/standards ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*standards ; *Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase Deficiency Disease/therapy ; Patient Selection ; United States ; *United States Food and Drug Administration
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    Risk management. Science and the precautionary principle (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Foster, K R -- Vecchia, P -- Repacholi, M H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 12;288(5468):979-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA. kfoster@seas.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10841718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Electromagnetic Fields/adverse effects ; *Environmental Exposure/legislation & jurisprudence ; European Union ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Public Policy ; Radiation Dosage ; *Radio Waves/adverse effects ; *Risk Management/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Regulation of STAT3 by direct binding to the Rac1 GTPase (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-06
    Description: The signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) transcription factors become phosphorylated on tyrosine and translocate to the nucleus after stimulation of cells with growth factors or cytokines. We show that the Rac1 guanosine triphosphatase can bind to and regulate STAT3 activity. Dominant negative Rac1 inhibited STAT3 activation by growth factors, whereas activated Rac1 stimulated STAT3 phosphorylation on both tyrosine and serine residues. Moreover, activated Rac1 formed a complex with STAT3 in mammalian cells. Yeast two-hybrid analysis indicated that STAT3 binds directly to active but not inactive Rac1 and that the interaction occurs via the effector domain. Rac1 may serve as an alternate mechanism for targeting STAT3 to tyrosine kinase signaling complexes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simon, A R -- Vikis, H G -- Stewart, S -- Fanburg, B L -- Cochran, B H -- Guan, K L -- GM-54304/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- K08-HL-03547/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P30-DK34928/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 6;290(5489):144-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Tupper Research Institute, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11021801" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; COS Cells ; Cell Line ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Epidermal Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter ; Genetic Vectors ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Janus Kinase 2 ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Rats ; STAT3 Transcription Factor ; Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques ; rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/genetics/*metabolism
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    Human genome. DOE team sequences three chromosomes (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 21;288(5465):417-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798972" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16 ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19 ; *Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 ; Government Agencies ; *Human Genome Project ; Humans ; Plasmids ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States
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    Rescue of photoreceptor degeneration in rhodopsin-null Drosophila mutants by activated Rac1 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-12-09
    Description: Rhodopsin is essential for photoreceptor morphogenesis; photoreceptors lacking rhodopsin degenerate in humans, mice, and Drosophila. Here we report that transgenic expression of a dominant-active Drosophila Rho guanosine triphosphatase, Drac1, rescued photoreceptor morphogenesis in rhodopsin-null mutants; expression of dominant-negative Drac1 resulted in a phenotype similar to that seen in rhodopsin-null mutants. Drac1 was localized in a specialization of the photoreceptor cortical actin cytoskeleton, which was lost in rhodopsin-null mutants. Thus, rhodopsin appears to organize the actin cytoskeleton through Drac1, contributing a structural support essential for photoreceptor morphogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chang, H Y -- Ready, D F -- EY10306/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 8;290(5498):1978-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11110667" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Drosophila/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microvilli/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/*growth & development/ultrastructure ; Rhodopsin/genetics/*metabolism ; rac GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism
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    In search of stem cell policy (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frankel, M S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1397.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10722382" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioethics ; Biomedical Research ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Ethical Review ; Humans ; *Public Policy ; *Research ; Social Responsibility ; Social Values ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    Controversial cancer therapy finds political support (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2139-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10744531" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antineoplastic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Brain Neoplasms/*drug therapy ; Child, Preschool ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Government ; Humans ; Male ; Medulloblastoma/drug therapy ; Patient Advocacy ; Patient Participation ; Peptides/*therapeutic use ; Politics ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration/*legislation & jurisprudence
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    Managing the Rhesus supply (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, J A -- Smith, D G -- Hendrickx, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 3;287(5458):1591.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10733423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Breeding ; China ; India ; *Macaca mulatta/genetics ; *Research ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; United States
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    Translocation of C. elegans CED-4 to nuclear membranes during programmed cell death (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: The Caenorhabditis elegans Bcl-2-like protein CED-9 prevents programmed cell death by antagonizing the Apaf-1-like cell-death activator CED-4. Endogenous CED-9 and CED-4 proteins localized to mitochondria in wild-type embryos, in which most cells survive. By contrast, in embryos in which cells had been induced to die, CED-4 assumed a perinuclear localization. CED-4 translocation induced by the cell-death activator EGL-1 was blocked by a gain-of-function mutation in ced-9 but was not dependent on ced-3 function, suggesting that CED-4 translocation precedes caspase activation and the execution phase of programmed cell death. Thus, a change in the subcellular localization of CED-4 may drive programmed cell death.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, F -- Hersh, B M -- Conradt, B -- Zhou, Z -- Riemer, D -- Gruenbaum, Y -- Horvitz, H R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1485-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, 68-425, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688797" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Apoptosis ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*cytology/embryology/genetics/*metabolism ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Caspases ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/genetics/metabolism ; Genes, Helminth ; Helminth Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nuclear Envelope/*metabolism ; Phenotype ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Chaperone selection during glycoprotein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-15
    Description: A variety of molecular chaperones and folding enzymes assist the folding of newly synthesized proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Here we investigated why some glycoproteins interact with the molecular chaperone BiP, and others with the calnexin/calreticulin pathway. The folding of Semliki forest virus glycoproteins and influenza hemagglutinin was studied in living cells. The initial choice of chaperone depended on the location of N-linked glycans in the growing nascent chain. Direct interaction with calnexin and calreticulin without prior interaction with BiP occurred if glycans were present within about 50 residues of the protein's NH2-terminus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Molinari, M -- Helenius, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 14;288(5464):331-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Universitatstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10764645" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Binding Sites ; CHO Cells ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Calnexin ; Calreticulin ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Chemical Precipitation ; Cricetinae ; Dithiothreitol/pharmacology ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Glycoproteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Glycosylation ; *Heat-Shock Proteins ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Chaperones/*metabolism ; Molecular Weight ; Mutation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Polysaccharides/chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; *Protein Folding ; Ribonucleoproteins/metabolism ; Semliki forest virus ; Viral Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism
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    Multigenerational cortical inheritance of the Rax2 protein in orienting polarity and division in yeast (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-12-09
    Description: Diploid yeast cells repeatedly polarize and bud from their poles, probably because of highly stable marks of unknown composition. Here, Rax2, a membrane protein, was shown to behave as such a mark. The Rax2 protein itself was inherited immutably at the cell cortex for multiple generations, and Rax2 was shown to have a half-life exceeding several generations. The persistent inheritance of cortical protein markers would provide a means to couple a cell's history to the future development of a precise morphogenetic form.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, T -- Hiroko, T -- Chaudhuri, A -- Inose, F -- Lord, M -- Tanaka, S -- Chant, J -- Fujita, A -- GM49782/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 8;290(5498):1975-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11110666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cell Division ; *Cell Polarity ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Yeasts/*cytology/genetics/growth & development/metabolism
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    RNA structure. Ribozyme evolution at the crossroads (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: Molecules that have similar sequences usually adopt the same structures and have the same functions. In his Perspective, Joyce explains that this is not always the case. In a remarkable study (Schultes and Bartel), an RNA sequence has been designed that can adopt two different structures, each with a different catalytic function. Joyce details how this study sheds light on the evolution of enzymes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Joyce, G F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):401-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. gjoyce@scripps.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Pairing ; Base Sequence ; Catalysis ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Hepatitis Delta Virus/enzymology/genetics ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; RNA, Catalytic/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    A time for restraint (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: The debate on the use of human embryos for research will be one of the more important issues of the 21st century. Unlike recombinant DNA technology, embryonic stem cell research most probably will result in the destruction of living embryos. Many people consider this research immoral, illegal, and unnecessary. Therefore, it is imperative to proceed cautiously. Federal funding of research using human embryos or pluripotent cells derived from them would be inappropriate until further resolution of the ethical issues has been achieved.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Young, F E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1424.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Reformed Theological Seminary, Fourth Presbyterian Church, 5500 River Road, Bethesda, MD 20816-3399, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioethics ; Biomedical Research ; Cells, Cultured ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Government Regulation ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Public Policy ; *Research Support as Topic ; Risk Assessment ; *Stem Cells ; United States ; Value of Life
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    Ecology. Biological control of invading species--risk and reform (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: Conservation relies increasingly on biological control (BC) of organisms that invade in natural and agricultural areas throughout the world. However, some BC organisms have harmed native species. In the United States, regulations are based on old laws meant to bar agricultural pests, and these are particularly ineffective in protecting native invertebrate animals. Improved ecological safety of BC depends on recognizing that BC is not appropriate for every pest, factoring ecological safety into the selection of BC agents, and limiting the importation and dissemination of agents that can harm either native animals or plants. Reasonable reform of BC will insure the viability of this valuable tool for both agriculture and conservation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strong, D R -- Pemberton, R W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 16;288(5473):1969-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA. drstrong@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877714" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Government Agencies ; Invertebrates ; *Pest Control, Biological/legislation & jurisprudence ; Plants ; Public Policy ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture
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    Alteration of stimulus-specific guard cell calcium oscillations and stomatal closing in Arabidopsis det3 mutant (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-29
    Description: Cytosolic calcium oscillations control signaling in animal cells, whereas in plants their importance remains largely unknown. In wild-type Arabidopsis guard cells abscisic acid, oxidative stress, cold, and external calcium elicited cytosolic calcium oscillations of differing amplitudes and frequencies and induced stomatal closure. In guard cells of the V-ATPase mutant det3, external calcium and oxidative stress elicited prolonged calcium increases, which did not oscillate, and stomatal closure was abolished. Conversely, cold and abscisic acid elicited calcium oscillations in det3, and stomatal closure occurred normally. Moreover, in det3 guard cells, experimentally imposing external calcium-induced oscillations rescued stomatal closure. These data provide genetic evidence that stimulus-specific calcium oscillations are necessary for stomatal closure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allen, G J -- Chu, S P -- Schumacher, K -- Shimazaki, C T -- Vafeados, D -- Kemper, A -- Hawke, S D -- Tallman, G -- Tsien, R Y -- Harper, J F -- Chory, J -- Schroeder, J I -- R01 GM60396-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 29;289(5488):2338-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biology and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA. gallen@biomail.ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11009417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abscisic Acid/pharmacology ; Arabidopsis/cytology/genetics/*physiology ; Calcium/metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cold Temperature ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Genes, Plant ; Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology ; Membrane Potentials ; Mutation ; Oxidative Stress ; Plant Leaves/cytology/*physiology ; Potassium/metabolism ; Proton-Translocating ATPases/genetics/metabolism ; *Vacuolar Proton-Translocating ATPases ; Vacuoles/metabolism
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    Development. PARallels in axis formation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: There is an intricate network of molecules called cell fate determinants that instruct the cells of the embryo to take on either an anterior or posterior fate. In a lively Perspective, Lehmann and her colleagues discuss new findings in the fruit fly that identify a key protein, PAR-1, which ensures that the cell fate determinants are themselves located in the correct region of the oocyte. In this way, the anterior-posterior axis is set up in the fruit fly egg before fertilization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morris, J -- Lehmann, R -- Navarro, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1759-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Genetics Program, Skirball Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877696" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/physiology ; Animals ; *Body Patterning ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*embryology/genetics/physiology ; Cell Polarity ; Centrosome/physiology ; Drosophila/*embryology/genetics/physiology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Microtubules/physiology ; Mutation ; Oocytes/physiology ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics/*physiology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Clinical research (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sugar, A M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 3;287(5458):1593.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10733426" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Clinical Trials as Topic/*standards ; Conflict of Interest ; Ethics, Medical ; Human Experimentation ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; Professional Staff Committees ; Research/*standards ; United States
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    Distinct classes of yeast promoters revealed by differential TAF recruitment (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-20
    Description: The transcription factor TFIID contains the TATA box binding protein (TBP) and multiple TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Here, the association of TFIID components with promoters that either are dependent on multiple TAFs (TAFdep) or have no apparent TAF requirement (TAFind) is analyzed in yeast. At TAFdep promoters, TAFs are present at levels comparable to that of TBP, whereas at TAFind promoters, TAFs are present at levels that approximate background. After inactivation of several general transcription factors, including TBP, TAFs are still recruited by activators to TAFdep promoters. The results reveal two classes of promoters: at TAFind promoters, TBP is recruited in the apparent absence of TAFs, whereas at TAFdep promoters, TAFs are co-recruited with TBP in a manner consistent with direct activator-TAF interactions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, X Y -- Bhaumik, S R -- Green, M R -- GM33977/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1242-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10817999" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cross-Linking Reagents ; DNA/chemistry ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Formaldehyde ; Mutation ; Precipitin Tests ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*genetics ; TATA Box ; TATA-Box Binding Protein ; Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factors, TFII/*genetics/*metabolism
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  • 138
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    Requirement of NAD and SIR2 for life-span extension by calorie restriction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-23
    Description: Calorie restriction extends life-span in a wide variety of organisms. Although it has been suggested that calorie restriction may work by reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species produced during respiration, the mechanism by which this regimen slows aging is uncertain. Here, we mimicked calorie restriction in yeast by physiological or genetic means and showed a substantial extension in life-span. This extension was not observed in strains mutant for SIR2 (which encodes the silencing protein Sir2p) or NPT1 (a gene in a pathway in the synthesis of NAD, the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). These findings suggest that the increased longevity induced by calorie restriction requires the activation of Sir2p by NAD.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, S J -- Defossez, P A -- Guarente, L -- 5-F32-AG05857-02/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2126-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11000115" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; DNA, Circular/genetics/metabolism ; DNA, Fungal/genetics/metabolism ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics/metabolism ; *Energy Intake ; Enzyme Activation ; *Gene Silencing ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Histone Deacetylases/genetics/*metabolism ; *Longevity ; Mutation ; NAD/*metabolism ; Pentosyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; Recombination, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; *Silent Information Regulator Proteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sirtuin 2 ; Sirtuins ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*metabolism
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    Cell cycle. Replication meets cohesion (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-19
    Description: When a cell replicates its DNA during S phase of the cell cycle, the sister chromatid pairs must stick together like glue until they are separated to opposite ends of the cell (and hence into separate daughter cells) at anaphase. How the cell achieves this is still unclear but, as Takahashi and Yanagida explain in their Perspective, new findings in yeast have identified one molecule, Trf4p, that may be involved both in DNA replication and sister chromatid cohesion (Wang et al.).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takahashi, K -- Yanagida, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 4;289(5480):735-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Gene Mechanisms, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10950718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromatids/*metabolism ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics/*metabolism ; *DNA Replication ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/genetics/*metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism ; Genes, Fungal ; Mutation ; *Nuclear Proteins ; *S Phase ; Saccharomycetales/*metabolism
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    Plasma membrane compartmentalization in yeast by messenger RNA transport and a septin diffusion barrier (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-13
    Description: Asymmetric localization of proteins plays a key role in many cellular processes, including cell polarity and cell fate determination. Using DNA microarray analysis, we identified a plasma membrane protein-encoding mRNA (IST2) that is transported to the bud tip by an actomyosin-based process. mRNA localization created a higher concentration of IST2 protein in the bud compared with that of the mother cell, and this asymmetry was maintained by a septin-mediated membrane diffusion barrier at the mother-bud neck. These results indicate that yeast creates distinct plasma membrane compartments, as has been described in neurons and epithelial cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takizawa, P A -- DeRisi, J L -- Wilhelm, J E -- Vale, R D -- 38496/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):341-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11030653" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actomyosin/metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Cell Compartmentation ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; *Cytoskeletal Proteins ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Diffusion ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; *Myosin Heavy Chains ; *Myosin Type V ; Myosins/metabolism ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; RNA, Fungal/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Repressor Proteins ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Temperature ; Transcription Factors/genetics
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    Biotechnology. USDA to commercialize 'terminator' technology (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 4;289(5480):709-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10950709" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biotechnology ; *Genetic Engineering ; Patents as Topic ; Plant Development ; Plants/*genetics ; *Seeds ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture
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  • 142
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    Inequities in liver transplant allocation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, R D -- Duan, N -- Meltzer, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):549-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939964" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Health Policy ; Humans ; Institute of Medicine (U.S.) ; *Liver Transplantation ; *Tissue and Organ Procurement/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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    Mitotic misregulation and human aging (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-31
    Description: Messenger RNA levels were measured in actively dividing fibroblasts isolated from young, middle-age, and old-age humans and humans with progeria, a rare genetic disorder characterized by accelerated aging. Genes whose expression is associated with age-related phenotypes and diseases were identified. The data also suggest that an underlying mechanism of the aging process involves increasing errors in the mitotic machinery of dividing cells in the postreproductive stage of life. We propose that this dysfunction leads to chromosomal pathologies that result in misregulation of genes involved in the aging process.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ly, D H -- Lockhart, D J -- Lerner, R A -- Schultz, P G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 31;287(5462):2486-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10741968" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/*genetics/pathology ; Biochemical Phenomena ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure ; Child ; Chromosome Segregation/genetics ; Disease/etiology ; Extracellular Matrix/metabolism ; Female ; Fibroblasts/cytology/*metabolism ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Mitosis/genetics ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Phenotype ; Progeria/*genetics/pathology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Spindle Apparatus/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics
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    Intellectual property. HHS probes genesis of gene sequencer (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1374-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10722374" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: California ; Financing, Government ; Human Genome Project/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Patents as Topic ; *Research Support as Topic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*instrumentation ; United States ; *United States Dept. of Health and Human Services ; Universities
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    Contributions to the U.S. space program (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldin, D S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 23;288(5474):2131.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10896580" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Science Disciplines/organization & administration ; *Exobiology/organization & administration ; Peer Review, Research ; *Research ; United States ; *United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/organization & ; administration ; *Weightlessness
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  • 146
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    Ecologists on a mission to save the world (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 18;287(5456):1188-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10712146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Policy Making ; Politics ; *Public Policy ; United States
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  • 147
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    Early mouse models of human diseases (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kasten, F H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):56.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10928928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Mice ; *Mice, Mutant Strains ; Mutation
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  • 148
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    A metalloprotease disintegrin that controls cell migration in Caenorhabditis elegans (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-24
    Description: In Caenorhabditis elegans, the gonad acquires two U-shaped arms by the directed migration of its distal tip cells (DTCs) along the body wall basement membranes. Correct migration of DTCs requires the mig-17 gene, which encodes a member of the metalloprotease-disintegrin protein family. The MIG-17 protein is secreted from muscle cells of the body wall and localizes in the basement membranes of gonad. This localization is dependent on the disintegrin-like domain of MIG-17 and its catalytic activity. These results suggest that the MIG-17 metalloprotease directs migration of DTCs by remodeling the basement membrane.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nishiwaki, K -- Hisamoto, N -- Matsumoto, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 23;288(5474):2205-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation and Fundamental Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba 305-8501, Japan.nishiwak@frl.cl.nec.co.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10864868" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Basement Membrane/enzymology ; Caenorhabditis elegans/cytology/*enzymology/genetics/growth & development ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Cell Movement ; Cloning, Molecular ; Disintegrins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Extracellular Matrix/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Helminth ; Glycosylation ; Gonads/cytology/enzymology/growth & development ; Metalloendopeptidases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscles/cytology/enzymology ; Mutation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Transgenes
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    Alternative medicine. Herbal product linked to cancer (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Greensfelder, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 16;288(5473):1946.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877707" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Obesity Agents/adverse effects ; Belgium ; Dietary Supplements/*adverse effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/*adverse effects ; Humans ; Public Policy ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; Urologic Neoplasms/*chemically induced
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    In the crossfire: Collins on genomes, patents, and 'rivalry'. Interview by Eliot Marshall, Elizabeth Pennisi, and Leslie Roberts (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collins, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 31;287(5462):2396-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10766612" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biotechnology ; Computational Biology ; Contracts ; Databases, Factual ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Ethics ; Federal Government ; Genetic Therapy ; *Genome ; Genome, Human ; *Human Genome Project ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Patents as Topic ; Private Sector ; Public Sector ; Publishing ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States
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    Function of GATA transcription factors in preadipocyte-adipocyte transition (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-06
    Description: Genes that control the early stages of adipogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we show that murine GATA-2 and GATA-3 are specifically expressed in white adipocyte precursors and that their down-regulation sets the stage for terminal differentiation. Constitutive GATA-2 and GATA-3 expression suppressed adipocyte differentiation and trapped cells at the preadipocyte stage. This effect is mediated, at least in part, through the direct suppression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. GATA-3-deficient embryonic stem cells exhibit an enhanced capacity to differentiate into adipocytes, and defective GATA-2 and GATA-3 expression is associated with obesity. Thus, GATA-2 and GATA-3 regulate adipocyte differentiation through molecular control of the preadipocyte-adipocyte transition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tong, Q -- Dalgin, G -- Xu, H -- Ting, C N -- Leiden, J M -- Hotamisligil, G S -- DK56894/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- F32DK09940/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37AI29673/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 6;290(5489):134-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11021798" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Adipocytes/*cytology/*metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/cytology/metabolism ; Adipose Tissue, Brown/cytology/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; GATA2 Transcription Factor ; GATA3 Transcription Factor ; Gene Expression ; Mice ; Mutation ; Obesity/genetics/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics/metabolism ; Stem Cells/cytology ; Trans-Activators/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Zinc Fingers
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Contribution of increasing CO2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosystems in the United States (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-17
    Description: The effects of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) and climate on net carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems of the conterminous United States for the period 1895-1993 were modeled with new, detailed historical climate information. For the period 1980-1993, results from an ensemble of three models agree within 25%, simulating a land carbon sink from CO2 and climate effects of 0.08 gigaton of carbon per year. The best estimates of the total sink from inventory data are about three times larger, suggesting that processes such as regrowth on abandoned agricultural land or in forests harvested before 1980 have effects as large as or larger than the direct effects of CO2 and climate. The modeled sink varies by about 100% from year to year as a result of climate variability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schimel, D -- Melillo, J -- Tian, H -- McGuire, A D -- Kicklighter, D -- Kittel, T -- Rosenbloom, N -- Running, S -- Thornton, P -- Ojima, D -- Parton, W -- Kelly, R -- Sykes, M -- Neilson, R -- Rizzo, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 17;287(5460):2004-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Postfach 10 01 64, D-07701 Jena, Germany. dschimel@bgc-jena.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Atmosphere ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/*metabolism ; *Climate ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Trees ; United States
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    Education for a biocomplex future (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gross, L J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 5;288(5467):807.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10809649" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Science Disciplines/*education ; Computational Biology/*education ; Curriculum ; Education ; Education, Graduate ; *Mathematics ; United States
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    Deleterious mutations and the evolution of sex (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-13
    Description: It has been suggested that sexual reproduction is maintained because it reduces the load imposed by recurrent deleterious mutations. If rates of deleterious mutation per diploid genome per generation (U) exceed 1, and mutations interact synergistically, then sexuals can overcome their inherent twofold disadvantage. We have tested this hypothesis by estimating genomic point mutation rates for protein-coding genes in a range of animal taxa. We find a positive linear relationship between U and generation time. In species with short generation times, U is predicted to be far below 1, suggesting that sex is not maintained by its capacity to purge the genome of deleterious mutations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keightley, P D -- Eyre-Walker, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):331-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. p.keightley@ed.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11030650" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/genetics/physiology ; Cats/genetics/physiology ; Cattle/genetics/physiology ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Dogs/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila/genetics/physiology ; Female ; Haplorhini/genetics/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; *Point Mutation ; Proteins/genetics ; Rodentia/genetics/physiology ; *Sex ; Sheep/genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Genetic requirements for inheritance of RNAi in C. elegans (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-31
    Description: In Caenorhabditis elegans, the introduction of double-stranded RNA triggers sequence-specific genetic interference (RNAi) that is transmitted to offspring. The inheritance properties associated with this phenomenon were examined. Transmission of the interference effect occurred through a dominant extragenic agent. The wild-type activities of the RNAi pathway genes rde-1 and rde-4 were required for the formation of this interfering agent but were not needed for interference thereafter. In contrast, the rde-2 and mut-7 genes were required downstream for interference. These findings provide evidence for germ line transmission of an extragenic sequence-specific silencing factor and implicate rde-1 and rde-4 in the formation of the inherited agent.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grishok, A -- Tabara, H -- Mello, C C -- GM58800/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 31;287(5462):2494-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Cancer Center, Two Biotech Suite 213, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10741970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*genetics/physiology ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Disorders of Sex Development ; Female ; *Gene Silencing ; *Genes, Helminth ; Helminth Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Male ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; RNA, Double-Stranded/*genetics ; RNA, Helminth/*genetics
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    Opportunity for agricultural biotechnology (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mahoney, R J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 28;288(5466):615.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798995" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; *Biotechnology ; Crops, Agricultural/genetics ; Food Labeling ; International Cooperation ; United States
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  • 157
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    Malaria parasite development in a Drosophila model (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: Malaria is a devastating public health menace, killing over one million people every year and infecting about half a billion. Here it is shown that the protozoan Plasmodium gallinaceum, a close relative of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, can develop in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Plasmodium gallinaceum ookinetes injected into the fly developed into sporozoites infectious to the vertebrate host with similar kinetics as seen in the mosquito host Aedes aegypti. In the fly, a component of the insect's innate immune system, the macrophage, can destroy Plasmodia. These experiments suggest that Drosophila can be used as a surrogate mosquito for defining the genetic pathways involved in both vector competence and part of the parasite sexual cycle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schneider, D -- Shahabuddin, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2376-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. dschneider@wi.mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10875925" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aedes/parasitology ; Animals ; Blood ; Chickens ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/immunology/*parasitology ; Genes, Insect ; Immunity, Cellular ; Insect Vectors/immunology/parasitology ; Macrophages/immunology ; Malaria, Avian/parasitology/transmission ; Mutation ; Phagocytosis ; Plasmodium gallinaceum/*growth & development/immunology ; RNA, Protozoan/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism ; Up-Regulation
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    Structure of the cytoplasmic beta subunit-T1 assembly of voltage-dependent K+ channels (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-07
    Description: The structure of the cytoplasmic assembly of voltage-dependent K+ channels was solved by x-ray crystallography at 2.1 angstrom resolution. The assembly includes the cytoplasmic (T1) domain of the integral membrane alpha subunit together with the oxidoreductase beta subunit in a fourfold symmetric T1(4)beta4 complex. An electrophysiological assay showed that this complex is oriented with four T1 domains facing the transmembrane pore and four beta subunits facing the cytoplasm. The transmembrane pore communicates with the cytoplasm through lateral, negatively charged openings above the T1(4)beta4 complex. The inactivation peptides of voltage-dependent K(+) channels reach their site of action by entering these openings.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gulbis, J M -- Zhou, M -- Mann, S -- MacKinnon, R -- GM47400/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):123-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10884227" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytoplasm/chemistry ; Kv1.1 Potassium Channel ; Kv1.4 Potassium Channel ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Oocytes ; Oxidoreductases/chemistry/metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Peptides/metabolism ; Potassium Channels/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Xenopus
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    Cell biology. Sowing the protein seeds of prion propagation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: Ever since Prusiner first proposed his radical "protein-only" hypothesis to explain how certain infectious proteins (prions) are transmitted from one mammal to another in the absence of DNA or RNA, scientists have been trying to prove him right (or wrong). The study of mammalian prions, such as those causing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, scrapie in sheep and mad cow disease in cattle, has been slow to yield answers. However, as Tuite discusses in his Perspective, the Sup35p and Ure2p proteins of yeast that exist in both normal and infectious forms are providing evidence that the "protein-only" hypothesis may be right (Sparrer et al.).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tuite, M F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):556-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939965" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biopolymers ; Fungal Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; Liposomes ; Molecular Weight ; Mutation ; Peptide Termination Factors ; Phenotype ; Prions/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
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    Clinical research. Flawed cancer study leads to shake-up at University of Oklahoma (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-19
    Description: Allegations of lax safety procedures and flawed management in a clinical cancer trial have cost four researchers and administrators their jobs at the University of Oklahoma. They have also led to a temporary shutdown of 75 clinical trials at the university's Health Science Center in Tulsa and a sweeping overhaul of the school's process for approving human experiments. University officials emphasize that none of the roughly 100 patients involved in the 3-year-old study of an experimental cancer vaccine was known to have been harmed, and that most trials will soon be restarted.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 4;289(5480):706-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10950707" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cancer Vaccines/*therapeutic use ; Clinical Protocols/standards ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*standards ; Human Experimentation ; Humans ; Melanoma/*drug therapy ; Oklahoma ; Professional Staff Committees ; United States ; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services ; Universities
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    Translocation of Helicobacter pylori CagA into gastric epithelial cells by type IV secretion (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: The Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is a causative agent of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease in humans. Strains producing the CagA antigen (cagA(+)) induce strong gastric inflammation and are strongly associated with gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma. We show here that such strains translocate the bacterial protein CagA into gastric epithelial cells by a type IV secretion system, encoded by the cag pathogenicity island. CagA is tyrosine-phosphorylated and induces changes in the tyrosine phosphorylation state of distinct cellular proteins. Modulation of host cells by bacterial protein translocation adds a new dimension to the chronic Helicobacter infection with yet unknown consequences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Odenbreit, S -- Puls, J -- Sedlmaier, B -- Gerland, E -- Fischer, W -- Haas, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1497-500.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max von Pettenkofer Institute for Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688800" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; *Antigens, Bacterial ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism/microbiology ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Gastric Mucosa/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Genistein/pharmacology ; Helicobacter pylori/genetics/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; Humans ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Staurosporine/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Virulence
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    Economics. Does science drive the productivity train? (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-09
    Description: From the president on down, many are hailing science as the fuel for today's booming economy, and bigger research budgets are seen as essential to continued prosperity. But skeptics say the information technology revolution is overrated as a contributor to economic growth when compared to the truly society-shaking innovations of the past, such as electricity or the telephone. Even some science lobbyists worry that hitching basic research's star too closely to economic arguments could backfire, prompting legislators to take a firmer hand in guiding cash toward less risky projects that they believe will pay off big.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1274-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10979847" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computers ; *Economics/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; *Health ; Humans ; Male ; Politics ; *Quality of Life ; Research/*economics/statistics & numerical data ; Research Support as Topic ; Science/*economics/statistics & numerical data ; United States
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    Firearms the target (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oefelein, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1399-400.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10722385" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Consumer Product Safety ; Firearms/legislation & jurisprudence/*standards ; Humans ; Public Opinion ; Safety ; United States
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    Public health. Aluminum is put on trial as a vaccine booster (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 26;288(5470):1323-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10847840" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adjuvants, Immunologic/*adverse effects/analysis ; Aluminum/*adverse effects/analysis ; Animals ; Biopsy ; Fasciitis/*etiology/metabolism/pathology ; France ; Humans ; *Macrophages/chemistry/pathology ; Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry/pathology ; Myositis/*etiology/metabolism/pathology ; United States ; Vaccines/*adverse effects
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    Neurobiology. Of flies and mice (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dawson, V L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 28;288(5466):631-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street/Carnegie 214, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. vdawson@jhmi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10799001" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Dopamine/physiology ; *Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Lewy Bodies/ultrastructure ; *Mice/genetics ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Nerve Degeneration ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics ; Neurons/ultrastructure ; *Parkinson Disease/genetics/pathology ; Synucleins
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  • 166
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    Balancing the science budget (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 11;287(5455):952-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691566" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; Government Agencies/economics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; Politics ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Science/economics ; United States
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    Arthritis. A gene for smooth-running joints (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: A new study on page 265 of this issue suggests that a genetic defect in mice causes the joint's cartilage cells to pump insufficient amounts of pyrophosphate--a natural water softener--into the joint cleft, and this in turn leads to the formation of bony spurs that eventually stiffen the joints completely. Because humans have an almost identical gene, and disorders such as osteoarthritis also feature an abnormal outgrowth of bones, some arthritis researchers are hopeful that these new findings may point the way toward a new class of pyrophosphate-based drugs similar to the antiscaling chemicals in washing powders and toothpaste. But, as many of the researchers point out, the numerous roads that lead to human joint degradation make a single cure-all unlikely.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagmann, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):225-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917836" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthritis/drug therapy/*genetics/metabolism ; Cartilage/metabolism ; Diphosphates/*metabolism/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Joints/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Mutation ; Osteoarthritis/genetics ; Phosphate Transport Proteins
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    Regulated cleavage of a contact-mediated axon repellent (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-26
    Description: Contact-mediated axon repulsion by ephrins raises an unresolved question: these cell surface ligands form a high-affinity multivalent complex with their receptors present on axons, yet rather than being bound, axons can be rapidly repelled. We show here that ephrin-A2 forms a stable complex with the metalloprotease Kuzbanian, involving interactions outside the cleavage region and the protease domain. Eph receptor binding triggered ephrin-A2 cleavage in a localized reaction specific to the cognate ligand. A cleavage-inhibiting mutation in ephrin-A2 delayed axon withdrawal. These studies reveal mechanisms for protease recognition and control of cell surface proteins, and, for ephrin-A2, they may provide a means for efficient axon detachment and termination of signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hattori, M -- Osterfield, M -- Flanagan, J G -- EY11559/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- HD29417/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1360-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10958785" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Communication ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Disintegrins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Ephrin-A2 ; Gene Expression ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/metabolism ; Growth Cones/physiology ; Humans ; Ligands ; Metalloendopeptidases/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nervous System/embryology/enzymology ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Receptor, EphA3 ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    NIH guidelines. Researchers get green light for work on stem cells (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-19
    Description: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) issued final guidelines last week allowing NIH-funded researchers to derive human pluripotent stem cells from fetal tissue, but not from embryos. Scientists may also work with embryonic stem cells, but may obtain them only from private sources and must ensure that derivation meets certain ethical conditions. The NIH spent nearly a year finalizing the guidelines, which researchers hope will allow work leading to the improved treatment of diabetes, Parkinson's, and other diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1442-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10991722" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; *Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Research/legislation & jurisprudence ; Research Support as Topic ; *Stem Cells ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 170
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    Viral escape and the failure of cellular immune responses (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klenerman, P -- Lechner, F -- Kantzanou, M -- Ciurea, A -- Hengartner, H -- Zinkernagel, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2003.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. klener@molbiol.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11032545" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acute Disease ; Animals ; Genetic Variation ; Hepacivirus/*genetics/immunology ; Hepatitis C/*immunology/virology ; Hepatitis C Antibodies/*immunology ; Humans ; Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology/virology ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/genetics/immunology ; Mice ; Mutation ; Neutralization Tests ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology ; Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics/immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 171
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    Questioning evidence for recombination in human mitochondrial DNA (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parsons, T J -- Irwin, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 16;288(5473):1931.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 1413 Research Blvd., Rockville, MD 20886, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877702" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Databases, Factual ; Ethnic Groups/genetics ; Humans ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Mutation ; *Recombination, Genetic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 172
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    New NIH rules promote greater sharing of tools and materials (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2430-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636793" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biotechnology ; Drug Industry ; Guidelines as Topic ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Patents as Topic ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; *Technology Transfer ; United States ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 173
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    Signaling specificity by Frizzled receptors in Drosophila (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-10
    Description: Wnt-Frizzled (Fz) signaling pathways play recurring important roles during the development and homeostasis of vertebrates and invertebrates. Fz receptors can signal through beta-catenin-dependent and -independent pathways. In Drosophila, Fz and Fz2 are redundant receptors for Wg. In addition, Fz conveys signals through a distinct pathway to organize planar polarization of epithelial structures. We demonstrate that the cytoplasmic sequences of Fz2 and Fz preferentially activate the beta-catenin and planar polarity cascade, respectively. Both receptors activate either pathway, but with different efficiencies. Intrinsic differences in signaling efficiency in closely related receptors might be a general mechanism for generating signaling specificity in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boutros, M -- Mihaly, J -- Bouwmeester, T -- Mlodzik, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1825-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Developmental Biology Programme, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10846164" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Armadillo Domain Proteins ; *Body Patterning ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism ; Drosophila/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Eye/growth & development/metabolism ; Frizzled Receptors ; Insect Proteins ; Larva/growth & development/metabolism ; Ligands ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/growth & development/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Receptors, Neurotransmitter/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; *Trans-Activators ; Transcription Factors ; Wings, Animal/growth & development/metabolism ; Wnt Proteins ; Wnt1 Protein ; Xenopus ; Xenopus Proteins ; *Zebrafish Proteins ; beta Catenin
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  • 174
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    Patients' voices: the powerful sound in the stem cell debate (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: Millions of patients may benefit from the applications of stem cell research, although there is disagreement about whether public funds should be used to develop the science. Patients have been key to winning political support. Acting as advocates, they have contended that public investment will speed the research and bring accountability to biomedical technology. A political dispute about the new research, which holds the potential for cures to devastating diseases and to foster healthy aging, shows the need to respect public sensibilities and to court public approval, as well as the importance of involving patients in debates where the methods of biomedical discoveries and ethical beliefs collide.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perry, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1423.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alliance for Aging Research, 2021 K Street, NW, Suite 305, Washington, DC 20006, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioethics ; *Biomedical Research ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Federal Government ; Government Regulation ; Health Care Costs ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Patient Advocacy ; Politics ; Public Opinion ; Public Policy ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 175
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    Rapid progression to AIDS in HIV+ individuals with a structural variant of the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-24
    Description: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters cells in vitro via CD4 and a coreceptor. Which of 15 known coreceptors are important in vivo is poorly defined but may be inferred from disease-modifying mutations, as for CCR5. Here two single nucleotide polymorphisms are described in Caucasians in CX3CR1, an HIV coreceptor and leukocyte chemotactic/adhesion receptor for the chemokine fractalkine. HIV-infected patients homozygous for CX3CR1-I249 M280, a variant haplotype affecting two amino acids (isoleucine-249 and methionine-280), progressed to AIDS more rapidly than those with other haplotypes. Functional CX3CR1 analysis showed that fractalkine binding is reduced among patients homozygous for this particular haplotype. Thus, CX3CR1-I249 M280 is a recessive genetic risk factor in HIV/AIDS.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Faure, S -- Meyer, L -- Costagliola, D -- Vaneensberghe, C -- Genin, E -- Autran, B -- Delfraissy, J F -- McDermott, D H -- Murphy, P M -- Debre, P -- Theodorou, I -- Combadiere, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2274-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire d'Immunologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7627, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731151" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/genetics/*physiopathology/virology ; Case-Control Studies ; Chemokine CX3CL1 ; *Chemokines, CX3C ; Chemokines, CXC/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3 ; Cohort Studies ; Disease Progression ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; HIV/physiology ; HIV Infections/genetics/*physiopathology/virology ; Haplotypes ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Receptors, Cytokine/*genetics/*physiology ; Receptors, HIV/*genetics/*physiology ; Survival Analysis
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  • 176
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    Evidence for the prion hypothesis: induction of the yeast [PSI+] factor by in vitro- converted Sup35 protein (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-01
    Description: Starting with purified, bacterially produced protein, we have created a [PSI(+)]-inducing agent based on an altered (prion) conformation of the yeast Sup35 protein. After converting Sup35p to its prion conformation in vitro, we introduced it into the cytoplasm of living yeast using a liposome transformation protocol. Introduction of substoichiometric quantities of converted Sup35p greatly increased the rate of appearance of the well-characterized epigenetic factor [PSI+], which results from self-propagating aggregates of cellular Sup35p. Thus, as predicted by the prion hypothesis, proteins can act as infectious agents by causing self-propagating conformational changes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sparrer, H E -- Santoso, A -- Szoka, F C Jr -- Weissman, J S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):595-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0450, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10915616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biopolymers ; Culture Media ; Cytoplasm/chemistry ; Fungal Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Liposomes ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Mutation ; Peptide Termination Factors ; Phenotype ; Plasmids ; Prions/*chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Conformation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Species Specificity
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    Questioning evidence for recombination in human mitochondrial DNA (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kumar, S -- Hedrick, P -- Dowling, T -- Stoneking, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 16;288(5473):1931.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877701" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; *Linkage Disequilibrium ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Probability ; *Recombination, Genetic
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  • 178
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    Endangered species. CITES puts off plan to hasten shipments (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 28;288(5466):592.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798989" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; *Commerce ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Developing Countries ; Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Plants ; *Research ; Specimen Handling ; United States
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  • 179
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    Chronic fatigue syndrome. CDC struggles to recover from debacle over earmark (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):22-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10644214" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; *Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.)/economics/legislation & ; jurisprudence/organization & administration ; Communicable Diseases ; *Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/epidemiology/etiology ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 180
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    Anthropology. Bones decision rattles researchers (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 29;289(5488):2257.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11041786" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bone and Bones ; Burial ; Government Agencies ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; *Indians, North American/genetics/history ; Jurisprudence ; Paleontology/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States ; Washington
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  • 181
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    Efficient initiation of HCV RNA replication in cell culture (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-12-09
    Description: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health problem affecting an estimated 170 million individuals worldwide. We report the identification of multiple independent adaptive mutations that cluster in the HCV nonstructural protein NS5A and confer increased replicative ability in vitro. Among these adaptive mutations were a single amino acid substitution that allowed HCV RNA replication in 10% of transfected hepatoma cells and a deletion of 47 amino acids encompassing the interferon (IFN) sensitivity determining region (ISDR). Independent of the ISDR, IFN-alpha rapidly inhibited HCV RNA replication in vitro. This work establishes a robust, cell-based system for genetic and functional analyses of HCV replication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blight, K J -- Kolykhalov, A A -- Rice, C M -- AI40034/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA57973/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 8;290(5498):1972-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11110665" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Hepacivirus/drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha/pharmacology ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Point Mutation ; RNA Replicase/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Viral/*biosynthesis ; *Replicon ; Sequence Deletion ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 182
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    Lamarck and antibody genes (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steele, E J -- Blanden, R V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2318-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies/genetics ; *Biological Evolution ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genes, Immunoglobulin ; *Germ Cells ; *Lymphocytes/immunology ; Mutation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 183
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    Biological control of invading species (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pimentel, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 11;289(5481):869.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10960315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Plants ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 184
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    Negative regulation of the SHATTERPROOF genes by FRUITFULL during Arabidopsis fruit development (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-21
    Description: The terminal step of fruit development in Arabidopsis involves valve separation from the replum, allowing seed dispersal. This process requires the activities of the SHATTERPROOF MADS-box genes, which promote dehiscence zone differentiation at the valve/replum boundary. Here we show that the FRUITFULL MADS-box gene, which is necessary for fruit valve differentiation, is a negative regulator of SHATTERPROOF expression and that constitutive expression of FRUITFULL is sufficient to prevent formation of the dehiscence zone. Our studies suggest that ectopic expression of FRUITFULL may directly allow the control of pod shatter in oilseed crops such as canola.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferrandiz, C -- Liljegren, S J -- Yanofsky, M F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):436-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10903201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*genetics/*growth & development ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; MADS Domain Proteins ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Plant Proteins ; Plant Structures/growth & development ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; RNA, Plant/genetics/metabolism ; Seeds ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/physiology
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    Unseemly competition (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bloom, F E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 28;287(5453):589.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691536" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Research ; *Ethics ; Peer Review, Research ; Publishing ; Research/*standards ; *Scientific Misconduct ; United States
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  • 186
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    A bacterial toxin that controls cell cycle progression as a deoxyribonuclease I-like protein (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-13
    Description: Many bacterial pathogens encode a multisubunit toxin, termed cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), that induces cell cycle arrest, cytoplasm distention, and, eventually, chromatin fragmentation and cell death. In one such pathogen, Campylobacter jejuni, one of the subunits of this toxin, CdtB, was shown to exhibit features of type I deoxyribonucleases. Transient expression of this subunit in cultured cells caused marked chromatin disruption. Microinjection of low amounts of CdtB induced cytoplasmic distention and cell cycle arrest. CdtB mutants with substitutions in residues equivalent to those required for catalysis or magnesium binding in type I deoxyribonucleases did not cause chromatin disruption. CDT holotoxin containing these mutant forms of CdtB did not induce morphological changes or cell cycle arrest.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lara-Tejero, M -- Galan, J E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):354-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Microbial Pathogenesis, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11030657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacterial Toxins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/*toxicity ; COS Cells ; *Campylobacter jejuni/genetics/pathogenicity ; Cell Death ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Chromatin/ultrastructure ; DNA/*metabolism ; *DNA Damage ; Deoxyribonuclease I/chemistry/*metabolism ; *G2 Phase ; Microinjections ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Transfection
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  • 187
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    A basal transcription factor that activates or represses transcription (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-11-04
    Description: We have identified an activity that is required for transcription of downstream promoter element (DPE)-containing core promoters in vitro. The purified factor was found to be the Drosophila homolog of the transcriptional repressor known as NC2 or Dr1-Drap1. Purified recombinant dNC2 activates DPE-driven promoters and represses TATA-driven promoters. A mutant version of dNC2 can activate DPE promoters but is unable to repress TATA promoters. Thus, the activation and repression functions are distinct. These studies reveal that NC2 (Dr1-Drap1) is a bifunctional basal transcription factor that differentially regulates gene transcription through DPE or TATA box motifs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Willy, P J -- Kobayashi, R -- Kadonaga, J T -- CA13106/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM41249/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 3;290(5493):982-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Molecular Biology and Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0347, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11062130" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Molecular Weight ; Mutation ; Phosphoproteins/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Subunits ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; TATA Box ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; *Transcriptional Activation
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    A brief history of polio vaccines (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blume, S -- Geesink, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 2;288(5471):1593-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. blume@pscw.uva.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858138" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Immunization Programs/history ; Macaca mulatta ; Netherlands ; Poliomyelitis/epidemiology/etiology/*history/prevention & control ; Poliovirus/growth & development ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/*history ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/adverse effects/*history ; United States ; Virus Cultivation
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  • 189
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    Biotechnology. Both sides claim victory in trade pact (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 4;287(5454):782-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691545" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biotechnology ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; European Union ; *Food ; *International Cooperation ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 190
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    Molecular identification of a taste receptor gene for trehalose in Drosophila (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-07
    Description: The molecular nature of sweet taste receptors has not been fully explored. Employing a differential screening strategy, we identified a taste receptor gene, Tre1, that controls the taste sensitivity to trehalose in Drosophila melanogaster. The Tre1 gene encodes a novel protein with similarity to G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptors. Disruption of the Tre1 gene lowered the taste sensitivity to trehalose, whereas sensitivities to other sugars were unaltered. Overexpression of the Tre1 gene restored the taste sensitivity to trehalose in the Tre1 deletion mutant. The Tre1 gene is expressed in taste sensory cells. These results provide direct evidence that Tre1 encodes a putative taste receptor for trehalose in Drosophila.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ishimoto, H -- Matsumoto, A -- Tanimura, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):116-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Ropponmatsu, Fukuoka 810-8560, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10884225" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Blotting, Southern ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/chemistry/*genetics ; Female ; *Genes, Insect ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; *Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; *Taste ; *Trehalose
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    Space biology. Goldin shakes up NASA's life sciences program (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 12;288(5468):938-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10841702" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Science Disciplines ; *Exobiology ; Peer Review, Research ; *Research ; Research Personnel ; Research Support as Topic ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/*organization & ; administration ; Weightlessness
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  • 192
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    Collaborative research. Plans for Mars unite cancer, space agencies (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 21;288(5465):415-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798969" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aerospace Medicine ; Astronauts ; Humans ; *Mars ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Neoplasms/diagnosis ; *Research Support as Topic ; Space Flight ; United States ; *United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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  • 193
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    Molecular genetics. Spider genes reveal flexible design (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1378.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10722376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; DNA/chemistry/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; *Exons ; *Genes ; Genetic Variation ; *Introns ; Mutation ; Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Spiders/*genetics
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  • 194
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    Mouse genetics. Australian 'ranch' gears up to mass-produce mutant mice (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finkel, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 2;288(5471):1572-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858132" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; Chromosome Mapping ; Crosses, Genetic ; Databases, Factual ; Female ; *Genes, Recessive ; Genetic Testing ; Housing, Animal ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains/*genetics ; Mutation
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  • 195
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    Gene therapy of human severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-X1 disease (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-28
    Description: Severe combined immunodeficiency-X1 (SCID-X1) is an X-linked inherited disorder characterized by an early block in T and natural killer (NK) lymphocyte differentiation. This block is caused by mutations of the gene encoding the gammac cytokine receptor subunit of interleukin-2, -4, -7, -9, and -15 receptors, which participates in the delivery of growth, survival, and differentiation signals to early lymphoid progenitors. After preclinical studies, a gene therapy trial for SCID-X1 was initiated, based on the use of complementary DNA containing a defective gammac Moloney retrovirus-derived vector and ex vivo infection of CD34+ cells. After a 10-month follow-up period, gammac transgene-expressing T and NK cells were detected in two patients. T, B, and NK cell counts and function, including antigen-specific responses, were comparable to those of age-matched controls. Thus, gene therapy was able to provide full correction of disease phenotype and, hence, clinical benefit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cavazzana-Calvo, M -- Hacein-Bey, S -- de Saint Basile, G -- Gross, F -- Yvon, E -- Nusbaum, P -- Selz, F -- Hue, C -- Certain, S -- Casanova, J L -- Bousso, P -- Deist, F L -- Fischer, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 28;288(5466):669-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM Unit 429, Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cell Therapy Laboratory, Unite d'Immunologie et d'Hematologie Pediatriques, Hopital Necker, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10784449" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, CD34/analysis ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; *Genetic Therapy ; Genetic Vectors ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; *Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins/blood ; Infant ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Count ; Moloney murine leukemia virus/genetics ; Mutation ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis ; Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis/*genetics ; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/genetics/*therapy ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Transgenes
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  • 196
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    NAS report under scrutiny (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, H I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 26;288(5470):1343.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10847842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Conflict of Interest ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; DNA, Recombinant ; *National Academy of Sciences (U.S.) ; Pest Control, Biological ; *Plants, Genetically Modified ; *Public Policy ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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  • 197
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    Interconnected feedback loops in the Neurospora circadian system (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-07
    Description: In Neurospora crassa, white collar 1 (WC-1), a transcriptional activator and positive clock element, is rhythmically expressed from a nonrhythmic steady-state pool of wc-1 transcript, consistent with posttranscriptional regulation of rhythmicity. Mutations in frq influence both the level and periodicity of WC-1 expression, and driven FRQ expression not only depresses its own endogenous levels, but positively regulates WC-1 synthesis with a lag of about 8 hours, a delay similar to that seen in the wild-type clock. FRQ thus plays dual roles in the Neurospora clock and thereby, with WC-1, forms a second feedback loop that would promote robustness and stability in this circadian system. The existence also of interlocked loops in Drosophila melanogaster and mouse clocks suggests that such interlocked loops may be a conserved aspect of circadian timing systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, K -- Loros, J J -- Dunlap, J C -- MH44651/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R37-GM 34985/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 7;289(5476):107-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755-3844, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10884222" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Circadian Rhythm ; DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Darkness ; Feedback ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Light ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neurospora crassa/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Phosphorylation ; RNA, Fungal/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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  • 198
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    Biomedical research. Hughes grants target infectious diseases (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: The Howard Hughes Medical Institute has launched a new program of 5-year grants that funds 45 scientists in 20 countries. The $15 million initiative, which supports research on a variety of infectious and parasitic diseases, marks the first Hughes program outside the United States that is tailored to a specific research area.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):524-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939957" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Academies and Institutes ; Animals ; Australia ; Canada ; *Communicable Diseases ; Europe ; Humans ; Latin America ; *Parasitic Diseases ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 199
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    Disaster management. U.S. policies pertaining to weather and climate extremes (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-14
    Description: Climate and weather extremes--floods, drought, storms, severe weather--now have an impact on all levels of government and on the insurance industry. U.S. national policy has moved from structural approaches (building dams, levees, and irrigation ditches) to societal approaches: moving people out of hazardous areas, seeking improvements in building codes, and encouraging the use of crop and flood insurance. Federal relief assistance policies have been called into question, and renewed emphasis on personal responsibility is part of future policy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Changnon, S A -- Easterling, D R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2053-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11032554" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Climate ; *Disaster Planning ; *Disasters ; Forecasting ; Insurance ; *Public Policy ; United States ; *Weather
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A specificity-enhancing factor for the ClpXP degradation machine (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-29
    Description: Events that stall bacterial protein synthesis activate the ssrA-tagging machinery, resulting in resumption of translation and addition of an 11-residue peptide to the carboxyl terminus of the nascent chain. This ssrA-encoded peptide tag marks the incomplete protein for degradation by the energy-dependent ClpXP protease. Here, a ribosome-associated protein, SspB, was found to bind specifically to ssrA-tagged proteins and to enhance recognition of these proteins by ClpXP. Cells with an sspB mutation are defective in degrading ssrA-tagged proteins, demonstrating that SspB is a specificity-enhancing factor for ClpXP that controls substrate choice.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levchenko, I -- Seidel, M -- Sauer, R T -- Baker, T A -- AI-16892/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 29;289(5488):2354-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Building 68, Room 523, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11009422" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/*metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Endopeptidase Clp ; Escherichia coli/enzymology/*metabolism ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Luminescent Proteins/metabolism ; Mutation ; Oligopeptides/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Operon ; Ribosomes/metabolism ; Serine Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Substrate Specificity
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