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  • Articles  (5,544)
  • National Academy of Sciences  (2,830)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (1,645)
  • Springer  (1,069)
  • 1995-1999  (5,544)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1999  (5,544)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (5,544)
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  • Articles  (5,544)
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  • 1995-1999  (5,544)
  • 1975-1979
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial: Formal and Informal Representations of Science (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009664701532
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deep Blue and the Strategy of Human Thought (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 83-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009694906075
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Advantages and limitations of formal expression (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 25-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Testing the validity of knowledge requires formal expression of that knowledge. Formality of an expression is defined as the invariance, under changes of context, of the expression's meaning, i.e. the distinction which the expression represents. This encompasses both mathematical formalism and operational determination. The main advantages of formal expression are storability, universal communicability, and testability. They provide a selective edge in the Darwinian competition between ideas. However, formality can never be complete, as the context cannot be eliminated. Primitive terms, observation set-ups, and background conditions are inescapable parts of formal or operational definitions, that all refer to a context beyond the formal system. Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and Gödel's Theorem provide special cases of this more universal limitation principle. Context-dependent expressions, on the other hand, have the benefit of being more flexible, intuitive and direct, and putting less strain on memory. It is concluded that formality is not an absolute property, but a context-dependent one: different people will apply different amounts of formality in different situations or for different purposes. Some recent computational and empirical studies of formality and contexts illustrate the emerging scientific investigation of this dependence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009686703349
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pragmatic Holism (or pragmatic reductionism) (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 57-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: pragmatism ; holism ; reductionism ; modelling ; proof ; heuristics ; learning ; reduction ; philosophy ; science
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract The reductionist/holist debate is highly polarised. I propose an intermediate position of pragmatic holism. It derives from two claims: firstly, that irrespective of whether all natural systems are theoretically reducible, for many systems it is utterly impractical to attempt such a reduction, and secondly, that regardless of whether irreducible 'wholes’ exist, it is vain to try and prove this. This position illuminates the debate along new pragmatic lines by refocussing attention on the underlying heuristics of learning about the natural world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009642920187
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Foundations of Biology: On the Problem of “Purpose” in Biology in Relation to Our Acceptance of the Darwinian Theory of Natural Selection (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 3-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: teleology ; purpose ; function ; cause-effect ; natural selection ; biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract For many years, biology was largely descriptive (“natural history”), but with its emergence as a scientific discipline in its own right, a reductionist approach began, which has failed to be matched by adequate understanding of function of cells, organisms and species as whole entities. Every effort was made to “explain” biological phenomena in physico-chemical terms. It is argued that there is and always has been a clear distinction between life sciences and physical sciences, explicit in the use of the word biology. If this distinction is real, it implies that biological phenomena can never be entirely satisfactorily explained in terms of extant physicochemical laws. One notable manifestation of this is that living organisms appear to -- actually do -- behave in purposeful ways, and the inanimate universe does not. While this fundamental difference continues to be suppressed, the “purposiveness” (or teleology) which pervades biology remains anathema to almost all scientists (including most biologists) even to the present day. We argue here that it can, however, become a perfectly tenable position when the Theory of Natural Selection is accepted as the main foundation, the essential tenet, of biology that distinguishes it from the realm of physical sciences. In accepting this position, it remains quite legitimate to expect that in many but not all circumstances, extant physical laws (and presumably others still to be discovered) are in no way breached by biological systems, which cannot be otherwise since all organisms are composed of physical material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009634718370
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  • 6
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    Complexity from Theory to Practise: An Interview with Bruce Sawhill (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 95-105 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009655307892
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  • 7
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    Biographical Notes (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 107-108 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017295211917
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  • 8
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    Biographical Notes (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 227-229 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017288825298
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  • 9
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    Papers from the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 113-114 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009660925413
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  • 10
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    Editorial: Creativity and Science (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 111-112 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009610911185
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  • 11
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    The Liar-paradox in a Quantum Mechanical Perspective (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 115-132 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: liar paradox ; quantum mechanics ; cognition ; logic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we concentrate on the nature of the liar paradox asa cognitive entity; a consistently testable configuration of properties. We elaborate further on a quantum mechanical model (Aerts, Broekaert and Smets, 1999) that has been proposed to analyze the dynamics involved, and we focus on the interpretation and concomitant philosophical picture. Some conclusions we draw from our model favor an effective realistic interpretation of cognitive reality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009610326206
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Microtubules, Anesthetics, and Quantum Consciousness:An Interview with Stuart Hameroff (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 205-223 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009623213002
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  • 13
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    Errata (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 225-225 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017215013911
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  • 14
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    Withdrawing Unfalsifiable Hypotheses (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 133-153 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: conceptual change ; negation ; falsification ; conventionalism ; diagnostic reasoning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract There has been little research into the weak kindsof negating hypotheses. Hypotheses may be unfalsifiable. In this case it is impossible tofind a contradiction in some area of the conceptualsystems in which they are incorporated.Notwithstanding this fact, it is sometimes necessaryto construct ways of rejecting the unfalsifiablehypothesis at hand by resorting to some external forms of negation, external because wewant to avoid any arbitrary and subjectiveelimination, which would be rationally orepistemologically unjustified. I will consider akind of ``weak'' (unfalsifiable) hypotheses that arehard to negate and the ways for making it easy. Inthese cases the subject can ``rationally'' decide towithdraw his hypotheses even in contexts where it is``impossible'' to find ``explicit'' contradictions: theuse of negation as failure (an interestingtechnique for negating hypotheses and accessing newones suggested by artificial intelligence) isilluminating. I plan to explore whether this kind ofnegation can be employed to model hypothesiswithdrawal in Poincaré's conventionalism of theprinciples of physics and in Freudian analyticreasoning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009667028023
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  • 15
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    The Methodological Study of Creativity and Discovery -- Some Background (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 231-235 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009663506333
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  • 16
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    Einstein's Revolution: A Case Study in Communicative Rationality (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 155-204 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: communicative rationality ; Einstein ; scientific revolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the paper is to demonstratethat Special Relativity and the Early Quantum Theory were created within the same programme of statisticalmechanics, thermodynamics and maxwellianelectrodynamics reconciliation. I shall try to explainwhy classical mechanics and classicalelectrodynamics were ``refuted'' almost simultaneouslyor, in more suitable terms for the present congress,why did the quantum revolution and the relativisticone both took place at the beginning of the 20-thcentury. I shall argue that the quantum andrelativistic revolutions were simultaneous since theyhad a common origin -- the clash between thefundamental theories of the second half of the 19-thcentury that constituted the ``body'' of ClassicalPhysics. The revolution's most dramatic pointwas Einstein's 1905 photon paper that laid thefoundations of both Special Relativity and OldQuantum Theory. Hence the dialectic of the oldtheories is crucial for theory change. Modern physicsbegan with Einstein's reconciliation ofelectrodynamics, mechanics and thermodynamics in 1905and his unification of Special Relativity andNewtonian Theory of Gravity. Or, in a more generalsocial context: progressive scientific change can bedescribed not in Weberian terms of zweckrationalaction forcing out all the other forms of action onlybut in terms of Habermas's communicative rationalityencouraging the establishment of mutual understandingbetween the various scientific communities also.Einstein's programme constituted a progressive stepwith respect to its rivals not because it couldexplain more ``facts'' or was more ``mathematical''. Itwas better than its rivals because it constituted abasis of communication and interpenetration betweenthree main paradigms of 19-th century physics. Ofcourse in the long run it resulted in empiricalsuccesses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009619128932
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  • 17
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    Analogical Reasoning and Modeling in the Sciences (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 237-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: analogical reasoning ; scientific modeling ; scientific discovery ; heuristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract This paper aims at integrating the work onanalogical reasoning in Cognitive Science into thelong trend of philosophical interest, in this century,in analogical reasoning as a basis for scientificmodeling. In the first part of the paper, threesimulations of analogical reasoning, proposed incognitive science, are presented: Gentner's StructureMatching Engine, Mitchel's and Hofstadter's COPYCATand the Analogical Constraint Mapping Engine, proposedby Holyoak and Thagard. The differences andcontroversial points in these simulations arehighlighted in order to make explicit theirpresuppositions concerning the nature of analogicalreasoning. In the last part, this debate in cognitivescience is applied to some traditional philosophicalaccounts of formal and material analogies as a basisfor scientific modeling, like Mary Hesse`s, and tomore recent ones, that already draw from the work inArtificial Intelligence, like that proposed byAronson, Harré and Way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009623823171
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  • 18
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    Deductive and ampliative adaptive logics as tools in the study of creativity (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 325-336 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: discovery ; creativity ; methodology ; adaptive logics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, I argue that logic hasan important role to play in the methodological studyof creativity. I also argue, however, that onlyspecial kinds of logic enable one to understand thereasoning involved in creative processes. I show thatdeductive and ampliative adaptive logics areappropriate tools in this respect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009680025897
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  • 19
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    Problems with Peirce's Concept of Abduction (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 271-305 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: abduction ; instincts ; Peirce ; perception ; theorematic reasoning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Abductive reasoning takes place in forming``hypotheses'' in order to explain ``facts.'' Thus, theconcept of abduction promises an understanding ofcreativity in science and learning. It raises,however, also a lot of problems. Some of them will bediscussed in this paper. After analyzing thedifference between induction and abduction (1), Ishall discuss Peirce's claim that there is a ``logic''of abduction (2). The thesis is that this claim can beunderstood, if we make a clear distinction betweeninferential elements and perceptive elements ofabductive reasoning. For Peirce, the creative act offorming explanatory hypotheses and the emergence of``new ideas'' belongs exclusively to the perceptive sideof abduction. Thus, it is necessary to study the roleof perception in abductive reasoning (3). A furtherproblem is the question whether there is arelationship between abduction and Peirce's concept of``theorematic reasoning'' in mathematics (4). Both formsof reasoning could be connected, because both arebased on perception. The last problem concerns therole of instincts in explaining the success ofabductive reasoning in science, and the questionwhether the concept of instinct might be replaced bymethods of inquiry (5).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009675824079
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  • 20
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    Introductory Note (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 373-374 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009675215728
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  • 21
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    Abduction aiming at empirical progress or eventruth approximationleading to a challenge for computational modelling (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 307-323 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: abduction ; empirical progress ; truth approximation ; truthlikeness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract This paper primarily deals with theconceptual prospects for generalizing the aim ofabduction from the standard one of explainingsurprising or anomalous observations to that ofempirical progress or even truth approximation. Itturns out that the main abduction task then becomesthe instrumentalist task of theory revision aiming atan empirically more successful theory, relative to theavailable data, but not necessarily compatible withthem. The rest, that is, genuine empirical progress aswell as observational, referential and theoreticaltruth approximation, is a matter of evaluation andselection, and possibly new generation tasks forfurther improvement. The paper concludes with a surveyof possible points of departure, in AI and logic, forcomputational treatment of the instrumentalist taskguided by the `comparative evaluation matrix'.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009688227714
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  • 22
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    Rationality in the Discovery of Empirical Laws (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 357-370 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: discovery ; Feyerabend ; Kepler ; rationality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract In this paper I argue against the traditional viewthat in discovery processes there is no place forrational decisions. First I argue that some historicalprocesses in which an empirical law was developed,were rational. Second, I identify some of themethodological rules that we can follow in order to berational when constructing an empirical law. Finally,I argue that people who deny that scientific discoverycan be rational do not understand the nature ofmethodological rules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009600614510
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  • 23
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    Scientific Discovery: Between Incommensurability of Paradigms and Historical Continuity (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 337-355 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: Feynman ; Richard ; hermeneutics ; methodology of discovery ; quantum electrodynamics ; scientific change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Discoveries in physics imply two elements. The firstone is the belief that formal tools, already foundedin the framework of existing mathematical theories,may offer the solution to a puzzling anomaly. Thesecond one is the ability to assign a physical meaningto the adopted formalism, and to consider all itstheoretical implications. Discussing an historical case where the adoption of aparticular formalism represents the real motor of thecreative intuition, we mean to delineate scientificdiscovery both as a discontinuous change with respectto previous achievements and as a linear process ofknowledge enrichment. On March 1948, during the Pocono conference thatfollowed the one held in Shelter Island, Feynmananalysed the electron-photon interaction formulatingit in terms of the Lagrangian formalism. Thedevelopment of Feynman's idea draws attention to thepoint that novel theoretical discoveries may be theresult of applying existing formal tools. They may bethe result of giving different interpretations toprevious scientific thinking (according to thehermeneutical point that not even scientific textshave a single, absolute meaning but are given amultiplicity of possible readings by different peoplein different contexts).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009696428623
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  • 24
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    Pauli versus Heisenberg: A Case Study of the Heuristic Role of Philosophy (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 405-426 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: discovery ; Heisenberg ; heuristics ; Pauli ; quantum theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract This article analyses an episode in the earlyhistory of quantum theory: the controversy betweenPauli and Heisenberg about the anomalous Zeemaneffect, which was a main stumbling block for the oldquantum theory of Bohr. It is argued that theindividual philosophical views of both Pauli andHeisenberg directed their attempts to solve theanomaly and decisively influenced the solutions theyproposed. The results of this case study arecompared with the assertions of four theories ofscientific change, namely those of Kuhn, Lakatos,Laudan and Giere.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009643801616
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  • 25
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    Creative Strategies Employed in Modelling: A Case Study (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 375-388 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: creativity ; scientific models ; radio sources
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines creative strategies employed inscientific modelling. It is argued that being creativepresents not a discrete event, but rather an ongoingeffort consisting of many individual `creative acts'.These take place over extended periods of time andcan be carried out by different people, working ondifferent aspects of the same project. The example ofextended extragalactic radio sources shows that, inorder to model a complicated phenomenon in itsentirety, the modelling task is split up into smallerproblems that result in several sub-models. This is away of using cognitive resources efficiently and in away which overcomes their limitations. Another aspectof modelling that requires creativity is theemployment of visualisation in order to reassemble,i.e. recreate the unity of, the various sub-models bymeans of visualisation. This illustrates how thecreative effort required to deal with the complexityof the complicated phenomenon of radio sources ischannelled in order to use cognitive resourcesefficiently and to stay within their capacity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009687632566
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  • 26
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    Charles S. Peirce on Creative Metaphor: A Case Study on the Conveyor Belt Metaphor in Oceanography (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 389-403 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: metaphor ; creativity ; heuristics ; C.S. Peirce ; oceanography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Within Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotical theory, twodifferent kinds of creative metaphorical reasoning inscience can be identified. One of these, the buildingof remainder metaphors, is especially important forcreating new scientific models. We show that theconveyor belt metaphor provides an excellent examplefor Peirce's theory. The conveyor belt metaphor hasrecently been invented in order to describe theoceanic transport system. The paradigm of the oceanicconveyor belt strongly influenced the geosciencecommunity and the climate change discussion. Afteridentifying structures of metaphorical reasoning inscience (section 2), these structures are examined insection 3 for the conveyor belt metaphor in the fieldof oceanography. Finally, concluding remarks are givenin section 4.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009639700707
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  • 27
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    Computer-Supported Resolution of Measurement Conflicts: A Case-Study in Materials Science (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 427-461 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: conflict resolution ; computer-supported discovery ; measurement analysis ; model-based reasoning ; computer regimes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract Resolving conflicts between different measurements ofa property of a physical system may be a key step in a discoveryprocess. With the emergence of large-scale databases and knowledgebases with property measurements, computer support for the task ofconflict resolution has become highly desirable. We will describe amethod for model-based conflict resolution and the accompanyingcomputer tool KIMA, which have been applied in a case-study inmaterials science. In order to be a useful aid to scientists, the toolneeds to be integrated with other tools in a computer-supporteddiscovery environment. We will give an outline of such acomputer-supported discovery environment and argue that its use mightlead to new ways of doing science, so-called computer regimes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009647918454
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  • 28
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    Contents of Volume 4 (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 507-510 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017296706283
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  • 29
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    The Prospects for Machine Discovery in Linguistics (1999)
    Springer
    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 463-482 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: linguistic machine discovery ; scientific discovery ; prospects for computational discovery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract The article reports the results from the developmentof four data-driven discovery systems, operating inlinguistics. The first mimics the induction methods ofJohn Stuart Mill, the second performs componentialanalysis of kinship vocabularies, the third is ageneral multi-class discrimination program, and thefourth finds logical patterns in data. These systemsare briefly described and some arguments are offeredin favour of machine linguistic discovery. Thearguments refer to the strength of machines incomputationally complex tasks, the guaranteedconsistency of machine results, the portability ofmachine methods to new tasks and domains, and thepotential machines provide for our gaining newinsights.
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    Inference to the Best Manipulation – A Case Study of Qualitative Reasoning in Neuropharmacy (1999)
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    Foundations of science 4 (1999), S. 483-495 
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    ISSN: 1572-8471
    Keywords: discovery ; drug lead ; pharmacy ; philosophy of medicine ; qualitative reasoning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract How can new drug lead suggestions beinferred from neurophysiological models? This paperaddresses this question based on a case study ofresearch into Parkinson's disease at the GroningenUniversity Department of Pharmacy. It is argued thatneurophysiological box-and-arrow models can beunderstood as qualitative differential equationmodels. An inference task is defined to helpunderstand and possibly aid the discovery andexplanation of new drug lead suggestions.
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    Regulation of Neuronal Gene Expression (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 1-7 
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    Primate Socioecology: New Insights from Males (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 18-29 
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    Characteristics of Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola Viruses (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 8-17 
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    Evidence for Magnetic Material in the Fire Ant Solenopsis sp. by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Measurements (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 30-32 
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    Size-Related Differences in Carbon Isotope Discrimination in the Epiphytic Orchid, Dimerandra emarginata (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 39-40 
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    Magma Mixing in Bolivian Tin Porphyries (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 40-43 
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    Hypogean life-style fuelled by oil (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 43-45 
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 46-47 
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    Construction of l-Isoleucine Overproducing Strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 33-38 
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    Notes: Corynebacterium glutamicum is used for the industrial production of the amino acids l-glutamate (1×106 tons/year) and l-lysine (300×103 tons/year). The classical approach to obtain amino acid overproducing strains of C. glutamicum was mutagenesis and then a selection of mutants. In the past 10 years the genetic engineering and amplification of genes have become fascinating methods for studying metabolic pathways in greater detail and for constructing microbial strains with desired genotypes. To obtain l-isoleucine overproducing strains of C. glutamicum we therefore studied the l-isoleucine biosynthesis by overexpression of the various corresponding genes. To enable a flux increase in recombinant strains all genes specific for l-threonine and l-isoleucine biosynthesis were cloned from this bacterium. We demonstratet that amplification of the feedback inhibition insensitive homoserine dehydrogenase and homoserine kinase in a high l-lysine overproducing strain enable the channeling of the carbon flow from the intermediate l-aspartate semialdehyde towards homoserine, resulting in an accumulation of l-threonine. To obtain effective l-isoleucine overproduction a deregulated threonine dehydratase was overexpressed in l-threonine producing strains of C. glutamicum. In this way the l-threonine was converted to l-isoleucine, which was secreted up to 30 g/l into the culture medium.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 47-47 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
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    Bund und Länder: 1999 mehr als¶5 Mio DM für DFG, MPG und Leibniz-Institute (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 48-50 
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    Ligands and Receptors: Common Theme in Insect Storage Protein Transport (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 468-474 
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    Differentiation: A Central Topic in Developmental and Cell Biology (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 457-467 
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    Notes: MyoD/myogenin genes and neural key genes (e.g., achaete scute-C, neurogenin), are switched on which control entire sets of subordinate effector genes. In multiplying cells "cell heredity" based on an epigenetic cellular memory enables transmission of the cell type determining program from parental to daughter cells. This memory can be based on autocatalytic self-activation of cell type specific selector genes and on the enduring action of gene groups such as the Polycomb and thrithorax complexes that code for proteins which bind to DNA sequences called cellular memory modules. These modules confer permanent accessibility (potentiation) or inaccessibility (silencing) upon many different gene loci on the chromosomes.
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    Biogeochemical Cycle of Silica in an Apolyhaline Interdunal Holocene Lake (Chad, N'Guigmi Region, Niger) (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 475-478 
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    Notes: Abstract  During the Holocene, the apolyhaline conditions in interdunal ephemeral lakes in the Lake Chad region led to various diagenetic processes, which resulted in: (a) clay authigenesis, (b) organic matter lithification (plants and cyanobacterial mats), (c) precipitation of sodium silicate (magadiite, kenyaite, zeolite), and (d) chert neoformation. Each step in this diagenetic process involves silica, which can be highly mobile under such conditions. Therefore, the paleoenvironmental variations can be investigated using the Si cycle.
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    Efficient Transmission of an Introduced Pathogen Via an Ancient Insect-Fungus Association (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 479-483 
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    Notes: Abstract  In Cupressus sempervirens the association between seed insects and tree pathogens has resulted in optimal exploitation of the cones. A fungus-infected cone can be inhabited by the nymphs of a true seed bug (Orsillus maculatus), the adults of which may carry a heavy spore load at emergence. Cones are infected when eggs are laid within the cone, most frequently via the emergence holes of a seed wasp (Megastigmus wachtli). This symbiotic association evolved with the nonaggressive fungus Pestalotiopsis funerea within the natural range of the cypress. When the aggressive cypress canker disease (Seiridium cardinale) was introduced into Europe, it was transmitted by O. maculatus to cones usually colonized by Pestalotiopsis funerea, with disastrous consequences for the regeneration and survival of C. sempervirens in the entire Mediterranean area.
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    Fossil Fuel Biomarkers in Sewage Sludges: Environmental Significance (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 484-488 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract  Fossil fuel biomarkers, or "molecular fossils," are specific organic substances found in coals, petroleums, and sedimentary rocks. They are formed during millions of years of sedimentary burial by geochemical alteration of biological molecules, such as cholesterol, under the effect of biodegradation, temperature, pressure, and mineral catalysis, to produce geochemically mature molecules, for example, aromatic steroids (Fig. 1). Since fossil fuel biomarkers have a very specific molecular structure betraying fossil fuel sources, such markers should be useful in assessing the fossil fuel contamination of various modern media such as soils, plants, waters, and modern sediments. Here the identification of fossil fuel biomarkers of high geothermal maturity in sewage sludges provides evidence of the contamination of sludges by petroleum products. The most likely sources of contamination are contaminated vegetal food, road dust, and soil particles carried by rain water.
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    Greenhouse Gases in Cold Water Filaments in the Arabian Sea During the Southwest Monsoon (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 489-491 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract  The distribution of partial pressure of carbon dioxide and the concentrations of nitrous oxide and methane were investigated in a cold water filament near the coastal upwelling region off Oman at the beginning of the southwest monsoon in 1997. The results suggest that such filaments are regions of intense biogeochemical activity which may affect the marine cycling of climatically relevant trace gases.
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    Naturwissenschaften aktuell¶Zusammengestellt von G. H. Altenmüller (Königswinter) (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 504-506 
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    How To Tell Circles from Ellipses: Perceiving the Regularity of Simple Shapes (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 492-495 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract  Human observers achieve a surprising precision in many visual judgements, such as estimating relative position, colinearity and the regularity of shape. We measured the sensitivity in detecting shape deformations by presenting a square simultaneously with a rectangle of variable aspect ratio, or a circle with an ellipsoid. Weber fractions approach 3–5% and improve to approximately 1% when subjects are asked to tell which of the two objects was 'oriented more vertically′, instead of identifying the square or circle. Contour position can be judged with a precision of 10–20 arc s, clearly in the hyperacuity range and also beyond the thresholds known for detecting differences in the curvature of comparable line segments. Our results suggest that detecting deformation in rectangles seems to rely on aspect ratio, whereas performance is improved for ellipsoids by a high sensitivity for changes in local curvature.
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    Increased Sequestration of Organic Carbon in Soil by Hydrophobic Protection (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 496-499 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract  The impact of soil organic carbon dynamics on the global carbon cycle is still largely uncertain despite studies of agricultural activities and control emissions of greenhouse gases to the earth's atmosphere. Improved knowledge of organic matter dynamics should lead to reduction in CO2 emissions. We used stable carbon isotope analysis to detect small changes in organic carbon storage and turnover upon soil treatments with a 13C-labeled aliphatic alcohol previously partitioned into soluble humic substances of varying hydrophobicity. We found that labeled organic carbon is increasingly protected from mineralization with increased hydrophobic character of humic matter. The stabilization of organic carbon by hydrophobic protection significantly reduced decomposition during incubation time in soil. Hydrophobic protection can become an useful tool to limit decomposition of fresh organic matter in soil and thus reduce CO2 emission from agricultural soils on a global scale.
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    Proving the Authenticity of Ancient DNA by Comparative Genomic Hybridization (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 500-503 
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    Notes: Abstract  In PCR-supported amplification of ancient, degraded DNA, contamination with contemporary DNA can lead to false-positive results, which frequently give rise to discussions in which the mere existence of ancient DNA is doubted. Our confirmation of ancient DNA using comparative genome hybridization (CGH) eliminates these doubts. Unlike PCR methods, CGH requires no amplification of the DNA to be analyzed if adequate amounts of specimen DNA is used. Thus, false results traceable to contaminations are practically ruled out. The examples provided here prove the authenticity of ancient DNA for a 250-year-old and a 3000-year-old sample. At the same time, the CGH of ancient DNA offers the chance to gain insight into the pattern of DNA degradation and to monitor the preservation of certain chromosomal segments.
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    Modeling Plasticity at the Micrometer Scale (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 507-515 
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    Eolian Dust Affects Phytoplankton in the Waters off Kuwait, the Arabian Gulf (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 525-529 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract  Summer phytoplankton assemblages from surface waters off Kuwait were enriched with levels of eolian dust (105, 106, and 107 mg/m3), similar to seasonal dust fallout for this region. Algal growth was positive and dose dependent. Highest biomass was up to 527 μg chlorophyll a/l on day 5. The maximum doublings of biomass per day were 0.64, 0.77, and 1.42, corresponding to 105, 106, and 107 mg/m3 enrichment and were significantly higher than the 0.56 for control. Changes in the phytoplankton species composition occurred with changes in biomass, with small algae dominating peak populations. It is suggested that through enrichment of trace elements via eolian dust, a high level of phytoplankton biomass and growth can be sustained in this arid environment.
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    Synaptic Cell Adhesion Proteins and Synaptogenesis in the Mammalian Central Nervous System (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 516-524 
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    Notes: 12 nerve cells with up to 1015 synapses. In principle, synaptogenesis takes place in two consecutive steps that are most likely mediated by cell adhesion molecules. First, an arriving axonal growth cone identifies its appropriate partner cell, creating an initial contact, and, second, specific axonal and dendritic protein components are recruited to this initial contact site, forming a functional synapse. Three cell adhesion systems have recently been shown to be specifically enriched at synaptic contacts: the cadherin/catenin system, the cadherinlike neuronal receptors, and the β-neurexin/neuroligin system. Components of all three cell adhesion systems have been localized to synaptic contacts using immunogold electron microscopy but are also present outside of synapses. The present short review discusses the possible role of these synaptic cell adhesion molecules in synaptogenesis.
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    Self-Injection of a Dipteran Parasitoid into a Spider (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 530-532 
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    Notes: Abstract  A host invasion strategy hitherto unknown from other insect parasitoids was observed in the dipteran Acrocera orbicula (Fabricius) (Diptera: Acroceridae) parasitizing the wolf spider, Pardosa prativaga (L. Koch) (Araneida: Lycosidae). In laboratory experiments the free-living first instar acrocerid larvae attached themselves firmly to the spiders' integument by the mouthparts, cutting a tiny hole through the integument. No first instar larvae invaded the host. A week later the parasitoids molted, and a small, flexible, and glabrous second instar larva left each of the attached first instar exuviae and invaded the host through the attachment hole of the first instar larva. The novel host invasion pattern observed may reduce physical damage to the host in the initial phase of endoparasitism, enhancing parasitoid survival.
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    Optical Imaging of Odor-Evoked Glomerular Activity Patterns in the Antennal Lobes of the Ant Camponotus rufipes (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 533-537 
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    Notes: Abstract  Ants have a well developed olfactory sense, which they need both for the perception of environmental chemicals, and for a highly sophisticated intraspecific communication system based on pheromones. The question arises therefore as to how different odors are coded in the antennal lobe, the first central neuropil to process olfactory information. We measured odor-evoked activity patterns using in vivo neuropil calcium recording in the antennal lobe of the ant Camponotus rufipes. We found that (a) odors elicit focal activity spots (diameter ca. 20 μm) which most probably represent the olfactory glomeruli; (b) different odors are coded in odor specific patterns of such activated spots, and a particular spot can participate in the pattern for different odors; (c) calcium increased in the activated spots within the 2-s stimulation period and slowly declined thereafter.
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    Coating of Prilled Urea with Neem (Azadirachta Indica Juss) Oil for Efficient Nitrogen Use in Rice (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 538-539 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract  A field study made with rice at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, showed that coating urea with neem oil, neem cake or neem oil microemulsion improved rice growth and resulted in more grain and straw than did commercial prilled urea.
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    The Use of Low-Level Jets by Migrating Birds (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 549-551 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract  Birds flying at high altitudes have occasionally been observed above mountain areas and the open sea. For the first time the regular occurrence of migrating birds flying within a low-level jet at heights of 5000 to almost 9000 m asl. have now been verified by radar above the Negev desert in southern Israel. Tracks of rather large birds with wing-beat frequencies of 5–6 Hz were measured to have horizontal flight speeds up to 50 m/s. Visual observations, seasonal occurrence, and wing-beat frequencies allowed to associate them with small species of the order Ciconiiformes (mainly Ardeidae) and possibly with members of the Laro-Limicolae group. These wading birds seem prone to continuing nocturnal migration into daytime under favorable conditions and to make use of high wind speeds at sometimes extreme altitudes.
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    Serial Elastic Elements in the Damselfly Wing: Mobile Vein Joints Contain Resilin (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 552-555 
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    Notes: Abstract  Two main types of joints occur in the damselfly wing: mobile and immobile. Some longitudinal veins (RP2–, RP3&4–, and MP–) are elastically joined with cross veins, whereas other longitudinal veins (IR1+, IR2+, MA+, CuA'+) are firmly joined with cross veins. In this study we mapped the distribution of serial elastic elements in the wing. The occurrence of resilin, a rubberlike protein, in mobile joints suggests that the automatic twisting mechanism of the leading edge by aerodynamic force works not by flexibility but by the elasticity of these joints. First, it should result in elastic energy storage in the distal areas of the wing. Second, serial elastic elements of wing presumably act as dampers of an aerodynamic force, which are responsible for gradual twisting of the leading edge.
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    Pathogen Alarm Behavior in a Termite: A New Form of Communication in Social Insects (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 544-548 
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    Notes: Abstract  Dampwood termites, Zootermopsis angusticollis, show an alarm response after detecting the presence of spores of the pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Termites in direct contact with a high concentration of spores (107 spores/ml) show a striking vibratory display which appears to convey information about the presence of pathogens to nearby unexposed nestmates through substrate vibration. Nestmates not directly in contact with spores that perceive the vibrational signal increase significantly their distance from the spore-exposed vibrating termites, apparently to escape from the source of infection. The fleeing response is not induced by the presence of the spores alone or by pheromones, and requires the perception of the vibrations propagated through the substrate. This "pathogen alarm behavior" appears to be a previously unrecognized communication mechanism that allows termites to reduce disease risks within the nest.
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    Does the Spatial Distribution of the Parasitic Mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud. (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) in Worker Brood of Honey Bee Apis Mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Rely on an Aggregative Process? (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 540-543 
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    Notes: Abstract   Varroa jacobsoni is an ectoparasite of honey bees which reproduces in capped brood cells. Multi-infestation is frequently observed in worker brood and can be interpreted as an aggregative phenomenon. The aim of this study was to determine whether the distribution of V. jacobsoni in worker brood cells relies on a random or an aggregative process. We studied the distribution of Varroa females in capped worker brood at similar age by comparing, by a Monte Carlo test, the observed frequency distribution of mites per cell to simulated distributions based on a random process. A complementary approach, using the "nearest neighbor distances" (NND) with Monte Carlo tests, was investigated to study the spatial distribution (a) between mites in different cells and (b) between infested cells in brood. The observed distributions did not differ significantly from that expected by a random process, and we conclude that there is no aggregation during invasion of V. jacobsoni in worker brood.
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    Naturwissenschaften aktuell (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 556-558 
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    The Significance of Lichens and Their Metabolites (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 559-570 
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    Notes: Pseudevernia furfuracea and Evernia prunastri are processed in the perfume industry, and some lichens are sensitive reagents for the evaluation of air pollution.
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    Neutrino Physics at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 571-583 
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    Notes: Neutrino Physics in recent decades has undergone a rapid growth and has evolved into a discipline of relevance for various research fields, ranging from geophysics to cosmology. On the other hand, however, the knowledge that we have about the neutrino itself, i.e., its very nature and intrinsic properties, is still rather fragmentary. This article summarizes the present status of pure and applied neutrino physics, emphasizing on pointing out the links to neighboring disciplines.
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    Isoform-Specific Interactions Between Halothane and the Ryanodine Receptor Ca2+–Release Channel: Implications for Malignant Hyperthermia and the Protein Theory of Anaesthetic Action (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 584-587 
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    Notes: Abstract  General anaesthetics exhibit a relatively close relationship between their pharmacological potency and their lipid solubility and may thus act by non-specific perturbation of biomembranes. However, more recent data on anaesthetic action suggests that inhalational drugs such as halothane bind directly to hydrophobic protein domains, thereby modulating important receptor functions. In support of this protein theory of anaesthetic action our native gel analysis presented here shows that halothane induces oligomerization of the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR) 1 Ca2+–release channel, but not its cardiac RyR-2 isoform. Thus, inhalational anaesthetics are not only able to influence protein-protein interactions directly but also appear to differentiate between protein isoforms and/or configurations. This suggests that distinct peptide binding sites exist for these pharmacological agents. In addition, similar mutations in the RyR-2 isoform, which would trigger an episode of malignant hyperthermia in skeletal muscle fibres via abnormal RyR-1 isoforms, would probably not induce an increase in cardiac Ca2+–release upon administration of halothane.
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    Bees, White Flowers, and the Color Hexagon – A Reassessment? No, Not Yet Comments on the contribution by Vorobyev et al. (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 595-597 
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    Immunity in a Social Insect (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 588-591 
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    Notes: Abstract  Although pathogens appear to have exerted significant selective pressure on various aspects of sociality, mechanisms of disease resistance in the social insects are poorly understood. We report here on an immune response to infection by the dampwood termite, Zootermopsis angusticollis. Nymphs immunized with an injection of 7.6×107, 7.6×105, or 7.6×104 cells/ml glutaraldehyde-killed solution of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa had significantly higher survivorship than controls following a challenge with a lethal concentration of active bacteria. Similarly, nymphs exposed to a 9×10–1 spores/ml suspension of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae had higher survivorship than controls after a challenge with a lethal concentration of spores. Prior exposure to a pathogen thus conferred upon termites a degree of protection during a subsequent encounter with the same pathogen. This represents the first demonstration of immune function in vivo in a social insect.
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    Do "White" and "Green" Look the Same to a Bee? (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 592-594 
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    Notes: Abstract  The hexagon model of color vision predicts that white flowers which reflect ultraviolet light resemble green foliage to a bee's eye, whereas, according to other models of the bee color vision, UV-reflecting white is discriminable from foliage green. The hexagon model is widely used in ecologically and evolutionary oriented literature, and the predicted similarity between white and green has been recently presented as a well established fact (Waser and Chittka 1998). We show that bees detect UV-reflecting white objects presented on a green background, a finding that is in disagreement with the predictions of the hexagon model.
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    BOOK REVIEW (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 601-602 
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    Erratum: Naturwissenschaften 86, 378–387 (1999) (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 603-603 
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    Evolution of Flower Colors – A Model Against Experiments Reply to comments by Chittka (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 598-600 
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    AKTUELL (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 604-606 
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    Bandtitelei (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. I 
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    Peroxin Puzzles and Folded Freight: Peroxisomal Protein Import in Review (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 51-61 
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    Animal Meal: Production and Determination in Feedstuffs and the Origin of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 62-70 
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    Human Neuroblastoma: From Basic Science to Clinical Debut of Cellular Oncogenes (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 71-78 
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    Notes: MYCN , which identifies a group of patients who have a particularly dire prognosis. Amplified MYCN is used today as a prognostic marker on which therapy design is based to a large extent. An unusual aspect of neuroblastoma is the high rate at which tumors regress spontaneously, even in infants with extensive liver involvement and numerous subcutaneous nodules. Identifying the molecular and cellular basis of spontaneous regression could result in improved therapeutic approaches. Neuroblastoma is a model tumor with many fascinating aspects but has remained a challenge to the pediatric oncologist
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    Attention Modulates the Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Response in the Primary Visual Cortex measured with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 79-81 
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    Green leaf volatiles inhibit response of red pine cone beetle Conophthorus resinosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to a sex pheromone (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 81-85 
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    Adipokinetic Hormone Stimulates Insect Locomotor Activity (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 85-86 
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    Geographic Affinity, Cuticular Hydrocarbons and Colony Recognition in the Australian Meat Ant Iridomyrmex purpureus (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 87-92 
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    A Female Caste Specialized for the Production of Unfertilized Eggs in the Ant Crematogaster smithi (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 93-95 
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    Ultraviolet Light-Induced Phase Response Curve for the Locomotor Activity Rhythm of the Field Mouse Mus booduga (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 96-97 
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    NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN AKTUELL (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 98-100 
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    The Development of Animal Behavior: From Lorenz to Neural Nets (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 101-111 
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    Immobilization: A Revolution in Traditional Brewing (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 112-122 
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    Multiple Factors in the Evolution of Animal Coloration (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 123-132 
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    Inhibition of Sexual Attraction and Mating by Pheromone Enantiomers in Male Lasioderma serricorne (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 138-140 
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    The Effect of a Strong Magnetic Field on Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus) Migratory Behavior (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 140-143 
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    From Specialization in Spider Egg Predation to an Original Nesting Mode in a "Primitive" Ant: A New Kind of Lestobiosis (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 133-137 
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    Notes: Abstract  Mature colonies of Discothyrea oculata were observed nesting in cribellatid spider oothecas where they found both shelter and food although these oothecas, installed in preexisting cavities, were protected with crimped silk. Workers of colonies bred in test tubes during laboratory experiments recuperated the silk from spider oothecas introduced into their foraging area, using their mandibles and forelegs, to operculate and line the test tubes. Also, colonies left the test tubes to shelter in the cribellatid spider oothecas. The term "arachnolesty" is proposed for this new kind of lestobiosis.
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    Not Only Single Mating in Stingless Bees (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 143-146 
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    Notes: Abstract. Queens of the large, pantropical and fully eusocial taxon Meliponinae (stingless bees) are generally considered to be singly mated. We indirectly estimated queen mating frequency in two meliponids, Melipona beecheii and Scaptotrigona postica, by examining genotypes of workers at microsatellite DNA loci. Microsatellites were highly variable, providing suitable markers with which to assign patrilinial origin of workers within colonies headed by single queens. Queen mating frequency varied between 1 and 3 (M. beecheii) and 1 and 6 (S. postica), representing the first clear documentation of polyandry in the Meliponinae. Effective paternity frequency, m e , was lower, although above 2 for S. postica. Stingless bees may provide suitable subjects for the testing of recent inclusive fitness arguments describing intracolony kin conflict in social Hymenoptera.
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    NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN AKTUELL (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 152-154 
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. A150 
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    Reduced Chitinase Activities in Ant Plants of the Genus Macaranga (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 146-149 
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    Notes: Abstract. Many plant species have evolved mutualistic associations with ants, protecting their host against detrimental influences such as herbivorous insects. Letourneau (1998) reported in the case of Piper that ants defend their plants principally against stem-boring insects and also reduce fungal infections on inflorescences. Macaranga plants that were experimentally deprived of their symbiotic Crematogaster ants suffered heavily from shoot borers and pathogenic fungi (Heil 1998). Here we report that ants seem to reduce fungal infections actively in the obligate myrmecophyte Macaranga triloba (Euphorbiaceae), while ant-free plants can be easily infected. We also found extremely low chitinase activity in Macaranga plants. The plants' own biochemical defense seems to be reduced, and low chitinase activity perhaps may represent a predisposition for the evolution of myrmecophytism. These plants are therefore highly dependent on their ants, which obviously function not only as an antiherbivore defense but also as an effective agent against fungal pathogens.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. B150 
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    Effect of Altered Gravity on the Neurobiology of Fish (1999)
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    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 155-167 
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    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050591
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    Genotypic Effects on Forager Behavior in the Neotropical Stingless Bee Partamona bilineata (Hymenoptera: Meliponidae) (1999)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 187-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050594
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  • 97
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    Carbon Dioxide Is a Close-Range Oviposition Attractant in the Queensland Fruit Fly Bactrocera tryoni (1999)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 190-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050595
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    Hopanoid Biosynthesis and Function in Bacteria (1999)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 168-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Hopanoids are pentacyclic triterpenoid lipids occurring in bacteria. They are synthesized from isopentenyl units which are formed in a new biosynthetic route leading to isopentenyl diphosphate. Six C5 units are joined to form squalene, the immediate precursor in hopanoid synthesis. In a highly complex cyclization reaction that shares considerable similarities with that of oxidosqualene to sterols, the hopane skeleton is formed from squalene by the squalene-hopene cyclase. Recent elucidation of the X-ray structure of this membrane-bound cyclase has shed some light on the properties of this unusual enzyme. The active site is located in a cavity within the enzyme. The squalene substrate diffuses through a channel structure from the membrane into this cavity and is there transformed into hopene. Polar side chains are attached to hopene resulting in the amphiphilic molecular structure of many hopanoids. These hopanoids are membrane components involved in regulating membrane fluidity and stability. However, the many structural variants of hopanoids indicate that they may have other interesting but as yet unknown functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050592
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  • 99
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    Modification of Glutamate Receptor Channels: Molecular Mechanisms and Functional Consequences (1999)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 177-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: N -methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) types] by phosphorylation and changes in subunit composition. AMPA- and kainate-activated receptors are modulated by adenosine 3, 5-monophosphate (cAMP) dependent protein kinase A (PKA) coupled via D1 dopamine receptors. An increase in the intracellular concentration of cAMP and protein kinase A potentiates kainate-activated currents in α-motoneurons of the spinal cord by increasing the affinity of the ligand (glutamate) for the phosphorylated receptor protein (GluR6 and 7). The rapid desensitization of AMPA-evoked currents normally observed in horizontal cells of the retina is completely blocked by increasing the intracellular concentration of cAMP. The effects of changes in subunit composition were examined in rat hippocampal neurons. The subunit composition of the NMDA receptor determines the kinetic properties of synaptic currents and can be regulated by the type of innervating neuron. Similar changes also occur during development. An important determinant here is the activity of the system. Dynamic regulation of excitatory receptors by both mechanisms may well be associated with some forms of learning and memory in the mammalian brain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050593
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  • 100
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1999)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 197-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001140050597
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