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  • Articles  (32)
  • diatoms  (16)
  • numerical modeling  (9)
  • Geochemistry
  • Springer  (32)
  • 2020-2023
  • 1995-1999  (32)
  • 1999  (32)
  • Geosciences  (32)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Key words Plate tectonics ; Geochemistry ; Trace fossils ; Late Precambrian ; Eocambrian stratigraphy and magmatism ; Gravity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Stratigraphic correlations and tectonic analysis suggest that the Puncoviscana fold belt of northwestern Argentina was an intracontinental basin with bimodal igneous suites that formed in connection with the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent (at ∼800 Ma). Several lines of evidences point to an initial lithosphere rupture, possibly induced by a rising mantle plume. The earliest synrift igneous products are represented by ultra-potassic dykes and alkaline lava flows of high LREE/HREE and low Zr/Nb–Y/Nb ratios. The dyke emplacements and the initiation of rifting were probably synchronous. They pass laterally and upwards (middle part of the Puncoviscana succession) into basalts of alkaline transitional character (OIB-like source). The distinctive chemical feature of these lavas are very similar to the source of oceanic island basalts; thus, they are thought to represent a magmatism associated with the rift and rift-drift transition stage. During this stage of rifting probably true oceanic crust was formed. The upper part of the Puncoviscana sequence, Late Precambrian/Lower Cambrian in age, comprises a thick and monotonous sequence of pillow lavas, massive basaltic flows and minor volcanic breccias and hyaloclastites. These lavas exhibit MORB trace element characteristics with high FeOt and TiO2, low K2O and P2O5, flat light REE spectra, little or no depletion in Nb and Ta. This volcanism consists of the major and latest effusive episode from the Puncoviscana basin which was slightly modified by subduction processes. The geodynamical model proposed for the generation of these volcanic rocks could have been developed in two stages. In the first stage the volcanic event is compatible with a progressive opening of a continental rift leading to formation of a mature oceanic basin. In contrast, the second stage shows the effects of a completed Wilson cycle including a primitive volcanic arc which continued until the accreted Cuyania-Arequipa-Belen-Antofalla (CABA) terrane against the proto-Gondwana western borderland of the Amazonian shield (∼535 Ma).
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Key words Oman ; Chromite ; Paleogeography ; Geochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  In Oman, the convergence between Arabia and Eurasia resulted in the Late Cretaceous overthrusting of oceanic crust and mantle lithosphere onto the Arabian continental margin. During this compressional event, a part of the continental plate was subducted to a depth of more than 60 km (0.5 GPa, 250–350  °C to more than 2.0 GPa, 550  °C) resulting in progressive metamorphism of the continental margin sediments, well exposed in the Saih Hatat tectonic window, northeastern Oman Mountains. We attempt to constrain the possibility of one continuous history of extension (starting along the east Arabian continental margin in the Permian) that was followed by one continuous history of convergence starting at 90 Ma near a dead oceanic ridge. This compression resulted in the observed progressive metamorphism by ophiolite overthrusting onto the continental margin. Constraining arguments are the palaeogeographic setting before ophiolite obduction of the As Sifah units and the Hawasina Complex near Ghurba. Detrital chromites in the Triassic–Cretaceous metasediments of the Hawasina Complex are compared with magmatic Semail chromites, and the whole-rock chemistry of these metasediments and associated metabasites are investigated. In contrast to former hypotheses, differences in the chemical composition between detrital and magmatic chromites, and the probable origin of all detrital chromites in the Hawasina Basin from Permian age oceanic rocks, suggest that the high-pressure metamorphic sediments of As Sifah can be considered as part of the basal deposits of the Hawasina Basin.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; biogenic silica ; pigments ; biomass ; trophic state changes ; eutrophication ; Lake Constance ; Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In Lake Constance, phosphorus concentrations and the seasonal development of phytoplankton communities in water samples from the pelagic zone were regularly recorded since the 1950's. Before the 1950's, there were occasional investigations of plankton communities since 1896. We compared these data with the sedimentary record in two sediment cores. Then, the eutrophication history of Lake Constance was inferred from diatoms. The record of biogenic silica in the cores is discussed with respect to diatom biomass increase. Diatom assemblages in the sediment cores precisely reflected the pelagic diatom development for the period 1971--1992. Both sediment cores and the water samples have a high interannual variability of diatom assemblages. Below a sediment depth of 27 cm (AD 1920), more than 50% of the diatoms were partly corroded, and we limited the reconstruction of trophic state changes to the interval of 1920--1993. Oligotrophic conditions of Lake Constance were indicated by the dominance of various Cyclotella taxa from 1920 to 1940. Since 1939/1940, increasing abundance of it Tabellaria fenestrata showed oligotrophic to mesotrophic conditions. Between 1953 and 1956, increasing Stephanodiscus hantzschii and disappearing Cyclotella indicated advanced eutrophication and total phosphorus values ranged between 8--10 mg m-3 during turnover in late winter. Further eutrophication was shown by disappearing T. fenestrata and increasing S. minutulus in 1963. Maximum TP concentrations of 87 mg m-3 occurred in 1979/80 and was accompanied by increasing abundances of Aulacoseira granulata. From 1986 to 1992, reoccurrence of Tabellaria fenestrata and Cyclotella indicate some recovery of Lake Constance. Biogenic silica and diatom abundances were similar among cores but indicate a 3--4 fold increase of diatom biomass only. This was far below the estimate of biomass increase from sedimentary pigment data (25 fold) and the estimate of phytoplankton data from the literature (70 fold).
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: pollen ; diatoms ; algae ; ostracods ; stable isotopes ; palaeolimnology ; Holocene ; Morocco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Pollen, geochemical and sedimentological data from Sidi Ali, a montane Moroccan lake, provide a 7000 yr record of changes in climate, catchment vegetation and soil erosion intensity. Diatoms, non-silicious algae, macrophyte fossils and ostracods from the same core record the dynamics of the lake ecosystem. Oxygen isotope and trace-element ratios of benthic ostracods appear to be relatively insensitive to climatic variation in this open lake with low water-residence time, but diatom plankton / periphyton (P/L) ratios show lake-level variations that are probably climate controlled. At least two superimposed processes are recorded, but at different timescales: catchment vegetation and soils show long-term changes due to climate and human impact, whereas P/L ratios suggest century-scale oscillations in lake depth. The timing of changes in algal and macrophyte productivity and carbon cycling within the lake broadly corresponds to changes in terrestrial vegetation, suggesting either that lake nutrient status is linked to catchment vegetation and soils, or that both were influenced by climate. The lack of a sensitive and independent (non-biological) climate proxy makes it more difficult to assess the lake's ecological response to short-term climate variation. Overall, the lake's evolution has been influenced both by catchment-mediated nutrient flux and by changes in water balance, thus having characteristics in common with both temperate and arid zone lakes.
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  • 5
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    Journal of paleolimnology 22 (1999), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; lake sediments ; acidification ; pH ; alkalinity ; colour ; regional estimates ; northern Sweden
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Changes in lake-water pH, alkalinity and colour were inferred from diatoms in surface sediment samples and sediment samples from pre-industrial times from 118 northern Swedish lakes. This palaeolimnological study does not support the hypothesis that there is a large-scale modern acidification in the two northernmost counties of Sweden; pH had decreased significantly in eight lakes, while five had a significant increase. Partial least-squares regression of changes in water chemistry in relation to catchment characteristics was performed to evaluate the causes of the acidity status. Furthermore, temporal trends were assessed from long sediment cores from five acidic lakes. The results suggest that the presently acid lakes have faced a long-term acidification trend over several thousand years due to soil-forming processes and vegetation development. However, due to the acid sensitivity of the region, future acidification trends in northern Swedish lakes should be carefully observed and assessed.
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  • 6
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    Journal of paleolimnology 22 (1999), S. 71-80 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: circulation model ; diatoms ; Baltic Sea ; shoreline displacement ; palaeosalinity ; laminated sediments ; palaeoproductivity ; anoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract During the last retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet in North America, many proglacial lakes formed as continental drainage was impounded against the southern and western ice margin. Lake Agassiz was the largest of these lakes. The bathymetry of Lake Agassiz at the Herman and Upper Campbell beach levels – formed at about 11.5–11.0 ka and 9.9–9.5 ka, respectively – was computer modelled in this study by first collecting data for the isostatically-deformed paleowater planes of the two lake levels (derived from isobase lines constructed from beach elevations), and then subtracting these from the modern topography of the former lake floor. Pixels with dimensions of 1/30 × 1/30 of a degree were used in the model. Using these data, the area and volume of the lake were also calculated: at the Herman level these were ∼152 500 km2 and ∼13 100 km3 respectively; at the Upper Campbell level these were ∼350 400 km2 and ∼38 700 km3. Contour maps showing the paleobathymetry of both periods in the lake's history were also constructed. Determining the paleobathymetry and volume of Lake Agassiz is an important step in understanding the impact that the lake had on its surrounding environment and on the rivers, lakes, and oceans into which it flowed.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: circulation model ; diatoms ; Baltic Sea ; shoreline displacement ; palaeosalinity ; laminated sediments ; palaeoproductivity ; anoxia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Five Holocene sediment cores from the northwestern Baltic proper were analysed for lithology, siliceous microfossil assemblages and geochemical parameters. The data indicate that surface water salinity and redox conditions below the halocline have changed drastically at least four times since the Baltic Sea changed from a fresh water lake (the Ancylus Lake) to a semi-enclosed brackish water sea (the Litorina Sea) c. 8500 yrs BP. These variations appear to be mainly effects of changes in water depth at the thresholds of inlet areas. Based on these changes, and earlier studies of the shoreline displacement in the inlet areas, we propose a tentative model for changes of large scale water circulation in the Baltic Sea during the last c. 8500 yrs. At the transition from fresh to brackish water 8500 14C yrs BP, upwelling of nutrient rich bottom water started to occur, causing a slight increase in primary production. Diatom assemblages in sediments indicate a slow rise in surface water salinity during this period. At 7000-6500 14C yrs BP, surface water salinity and primary production simultaneously increased, as anoxic bottom conditions were established at depth below the halocline. We suggest that high primary production was caused by increased input of oceanic water, leading to increased upwelling of nutrient rich bottom water. At the anoxic bottoms laminated sediments formed until 5000-4500 14C yrs BP. This period (c. 7000-4500 14C BP) was contemporaneous with the post-glacial transgression maximum in Öresund, and we suggest it represents the most saline phase of the Baltic Sea post-glacial history. Due to a regression in Öresund starting 4500 14C yrs BP, upwelling decreased and the halocline was lowered, resulting in decreased primary productivity and hence oxic deep water conditions. The diatom assemblages of the sediments indicate a lowering of salinity at the beginning of this period. We suggest that the second period of anoxic bottom conditions c. 2000-1500 14C yrs BP was caused by a change of dominating inflows from the Öresund to the Belt Sea. This resulted in decreased salinity of the inflowing water which did not penetrate to the deepest parts of the basin as frequently as before. The diatom record indicates both a second lowering of salinity and a change in the large scale water circulation at the beginning of this period.
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  • 8
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    Journal of paleolimnology 22 (1999), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: acidity ; diatoms ; lake sediment ; paleolimnology ; pollen ; terrestrial vegetation ; Yuanyanf Lake ; Taiwan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Yuanyang Lake (24°35′N, 121°24′E), located at an altitude of 1,670 m within a nature preserve in northern Taiwan, is an acidic lake. Remains of diatoms and pollen from a 3.72-m sediment core were used to elucidate the relationships between the vegetation of the watershed and the paleolimnological environment. Past pH, saprobity level, and total P of the lake were inferred from the diatom assemblages and were analyzed with respect to changes in the terrestrial vegetation. The inferred pH values fluctuated only slightly, whereas the inferred saprobity level increased markedly towards the sediment surface. In the topmost sediment, a slight drop in the inferred pH was associated with a lowering in the saprobity index. This was interpreted as a possible result of recent anthropogenic acidification and changes in productivity related to changes in acidity. Based on pollen analyses, we conclude that Chamaecyparis persisted over at least the last four thousand years in the watershed. The vegetation in the watershed changed little during this period of time, which is consistent with the constancy of inferred pH values. A positive correlation between the inferred pH and δ13C values of the sediments was found.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: carbon isotopes ; diatoms ; lake management ; nitrogen isotopes ; phosphorus ; radium-226 ; sediments ; trophic state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We explored the use of carbon and nitrogen isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in sedimented organic matter (OM) as proxy indicators of trophic state change in Florida lakes. Stable isotope data from four 210Pb-dated sediment cores were compared stratigraphically with established proxies for historical trophic state (diatom-inferred limnetic total phosphorus, sediment C/N ratio) and indicators of cultural disturbance (sediment total P and 226Ra activity). Diatom-based limnetic total P inferences indicate a transition from oligo-mesotrophy to meso-eutrophy in Clear Lake, and from eutrophy to hypereutrophy in Lakes Parker, Hollingsworth and Griffin. In cores from all four lakes, the carbon isotopic signature of accumulated OM generally tracks trophic state inferences and cultural impact assessments based on other variables. Oldest sediments in the records yield lower diatom-inferred total limnetic P concentrations and display relatively low δ13C values. In the Clear, Hollingsworth and Parker records, diatom-inferred nutrient concentrations increase after ca. AD 1900, and are associated stratigraphically with higher δ13C values in sediment OM. In the Lake Griffin core, both proxies display slight increases before ~1900, but highest values occur over the last ~100 years. As Lakes Clear, Hollingsworth and Parker became increasingly nutrient-enriched over the past century, the δ15N of sedimented organic matter decreased. This reflects, in part, the increasing relative contribution of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria to sedimented organic matter as primary productivity increased in these waterbodies. The Lake Griffin core displays a narrow range of both δ13C and δ15N values. Despite the complexity of carbon and nitrogen cycles in lakes, stratigraphic agreement between diatom-inferred changes in limnetic total P and the stable isotope signatures of sedimented OM suggests that δ13C and δ15N reflect shifts in historic lake trophic state.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Lake-level changes ; acquatic-moss layers ; Cladocera ; diatoms ; pollen ; cladoceran planktonic/littoral ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We studied Holocene lake-level fluctuations from a small lake, Iso Lehmälampi, southern Finland, utilizing cladoceran and diatom analyses. We report data from a sediment core (A) taken from the deepest part of the lake (8.1 m) where two layers of moss, mixed with gyttja, were found. These layers were formed in situ during the early Holocene (1. ca. 8100-7900, 2. ca. 7300 BP). Lake-level fluctuations were inferred also from another core C, which did not have moss layers. According to the ratio of planktonic/littoral Cladocera, the water level was high around 9000 BP and started to fall before 8000 BP. The lowering continued until 7000 BP and the moss layers were formed during this lowering. Water level was high again ca. 6000 BP and lowered towards ca. 4000 BP. The late Holocene is characterized by several rapid fluctuations of lake-level. The ratio of planktonic/littoral Cladocera and the diatom species composition in core A showed drastic changes between the moss layers and the non-moss gyttja sections of the core. We suggest that they reflect changes in sedimentary facies between the local moss environment and the pelagic bottom. Thus, cores which contain moss layers may lead to erroneous interpretations of lake-level fluctuations.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; pH ; weighted average partial least squares ; Guassian regression ; high-altitude lakes ; DOC ; optima ; Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A modern diatom-pH calibration data-set consisting of surface-sediment diatom assemblages from 118 lakes and 530 taxa is presented. The AL:PE data-set is from high-altitude or high-latitude lakes in the Alps, Norway, Svalbard, Kola Peninsula, UK, Slovenia, Slovakia, Poland, Portugal, and Spain (pH range = 4.5-8.0; DOC range = 0.2-3.2 mg l-1). In addition, 92 epilithon samples from 22 high-altitude or high-latitude lakes comprise an AL:PE epilithon diatom-pH data-set. Weighted averaging partial least squares regression is used to develop pH-inference models. The AL:PE data-set has a root-mean-square-error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.33 and a maximum bias of 0.36 pH units and r2 of 0.82, as assessed by leave-one-out cross-validation. The epilithon data-set has, after data-screening and the deletion of one very obvious outlier, a RMSEP of 0.23 and a maximum bias of 0.18 pH units and r2 of 0.88. The 167 sample SWAP diatom-pH data-set from lowland or upland lakes in the UK, Norway, and Sweden has a RMSEP of 0.29 and a maximum bias of 0.23 pH units and r2 of 0.86. The pH optima, as estimated by weighted averaging and Gaussian regression, are compared for the three data-sets (AL:PE, SWAP, AL:PE epilithon). There is a good correspondence between the AL:PE and the AL:PE epilithon optima, but a consistent bias between the AL:PE and SWAP optima, with the SWAP optima being lower than the AL:PE estimates. The predictive performances of the AL:PE and SWAP calibration data-sets are compared using independent test samples and six core sequences, all from high-altitude lakes, one in south-east Siberia and five in eastern Scotland. The results show the importance of using the AL:PE data-set for inferring lake-water pH from diatom assemblages in high-altitude or high latitude lakes with low DOC concentrations.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: quaternary ; paleolimnology ; diatoms ; pollen ; magnetic properties ; lacustrine sediments ; Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Paleoenvironmental studies have documented the late Pleistocene to Holocene evolution of the lakes in the central and southern parts of the basin of Mexico (Texcoco and Chalco). No information was available, however, for the lakes in the north-eastern part of this basin. The north-eastern and the central and southern areas represent, at present, different environmental conditions: an important gradient exists between the dry north and the moister south. To investigate the late Pleistocene to Holocene characteristics of the north-eastern lakes in the basin of Mexico two parallel cores (TA and TB) were drilled at the SE shore of Lake Tecocomulco. Stratigraphy, magnetic properties, granulometry, diatom and pollen analyses performed on these sediments indicate that the lake experienced a series of changes between ca. 〉 42,000 yr BP and present. Chronological control is given by five radiocarbon determinations. The base of the record is represented by a thick, rhyolitic air-fall tephra that could be older than ca. 50,000 yr BP. After this Plininan event, and until ca. 42,000 yr BP, Lake Tecocomulco was a moderately deep, freshwater lake surrounded by extended pine forests that suggest the presence of cooler and moister conditions than present. Between ca. 42,000 and 37,000 yr BP, the lake became shallower but with important fluctuations and pollen suggests slightly warmer conditions. Between ca. 37,000 and 30,000 yr BP the lake experienced two relatively deep phases separated by a dry interval. A second Plinian eruption, represented in the sequence by a dacitic an air-fall tephra layer dated at 31,000 yr BP, occurred in the area by the end of this dry episode. Between ca. 30,000 and 25,7000 yr BP Tecocomulco was a fresh to slightly alkaline lake with a trend towards lower level. After ca. 25,700 yr BP very low lake levels are inferred, and after ca. 16,000 yr BP the data indicate the presence of a very dry environment that was persistent until the middle Holocene. After 3,500 yr BP lacustrine conditions were re-established and the vegetation cover shows a change towards higher percentages of herbaceous taxa.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: paleolimnology ; arctic lakes ; diatoms ; specific conductivity ; Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) ; Weighted Averaging (WA) ; paleoconductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Diatoms are identified and enumerated from the surface sediments of 100 lakes of Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, N.W.T., Canada. These lakes range from large oligotrophic lakes, to small tundra ponds, to coastal marine lagoons which are diverse in terms of ionic concentration and composition. The relationship between diatoms and 15 limnological variables is examined using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Specific conductivity is identified as the most important variable influencing the distribution of diatoms in the Truelove lakes. A Weighted Averaging (WA) calibration model is developed to predict diatom-inferred specific conductivity. The reliability of the model is tested by evaluating the correlation between observed and diatom-inferred values and determining the error of prediction by bootstrapping. The applicability of the predictive conductivity equation is demonstrated by reconstructing the paleoconductivity history of Fish Lake.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; Everglades ; phosphorus ; wetland ; calibration ; multivariate ; Florida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between diatom taxa preserved in surface soils and environmental variables at 31 sites in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A) of the Florida Everglades was explored using multivariate analyses. Surface soils were collected along a phosphorus (P) gradient and analyzed for diatoms, total P, % nitrogen (N), %carbon (C), calcium (Ca), and biogenic silica (BSi). Phosphorus varied from 315-1781 μg g-1, and was not found to be correlated with the other geochemical variables. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to examine which environmental variables correlated most closely with the distributions in diatom taxa. Canonical correspondence analysis with forward selection, constrained and partial CCA, and Monte Carlo permutation tests of significance show the most significant changes in diatom assemblages along the P gradient (p 〈 0.01), with additional species differences correlated with soil C, N, Ca, and BSi. Weighted-averaging (WA) regression and calibration models of diatom assemblages to P and BSi were developed. The diatom-based inference model for soil [P] had a high apparent r2 (0.86) with RMSEboot = 218 μg g-1. Indicator diatom species identified by assessing species WA optima and WA tolerance to [P], such as Nitzschia amphibia and N. palea for high [P] (~1300-1400 μ g-1) and Achnanthes minutissima var. scotica and Mastogloia smithii for low [P] (~400-600 μg g-1), may be useful as monitoring tools for eutrophication in WCA-2A as well as other areas of the Everglades. Diatom assemblages analyzed by cluster analysis were related to location within WCA-2A, and dominant taxa within clusters are discussed in relation to the geochemical variables measured as well as hydrology and pH. Diversity of diatom assemblages and a ‘Disturbance Index’ based on diatom data are discussed in relation to the historically P-limited Everglades ecosystem. Diatom assemblages should be very useful for reconstructions of [P] through time in the Florida Everglades, provided diatoms are well preserved in soil cores.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: Africa ; climate change ; conductivity ; diatoms ; Ethiopia ; Holocene ; lake levels ; palaeolimnology ; Rift Valley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A 6,500-year diatom stratigraphy has been used to infer hydrochemical changes in Lake Awassa, a topographically closed oligosaline lake in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Conductivity was high from ~6400-6200 BP, and from 5200-4000 BP, with two brief episodes of lower conductivity during the latter period. Although the timing of the conductivity changes is similar to the timing of lake-level change in the nearby Zwai-Shalla basin, their directions are the reverse of that expected from a climatic cause. Dissolution of the tephras which precede both phases of high conductivity cannot explain the increases in salinity, because rhyolitic tephras are only sparingly soluble. Instead, the pulsed input of groundwater made saline by the reaction of silicate minerals and volcanic glass with carbonic acid, formed from the solution of carbon dioxide degassed from magma under the Awassa Caldera, is suggested as a plausible mechanism for the observed change in lake chemistry. Diatom-inferred hydrochemistry cannot therefore be used to reconstruct climate change in Lake Awassa.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: varves ; diatoms ; eutrophication dynamics ; Amersee ; Starnberger See
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Diatom assemblages in the annually laminated sediments of two neighboring, pre-alpine lakes (Ammersee and Starnberger See, Southern Germany) were analyzed and compared year by year. Within both varve records of the last decades, the same 4-phase-succession of planktonic diatom species is preserved, consisting of 1. a dominance of Cyclotella species 2. assemblages of Fragilaria crotonensis, Asterionella formosa and Stephanodiscus minutulus 3. a mass bloom of Aulacoseira islandica, and 4. a dominance of Stephanodiscus species. This diatom sequence is considered as a model of a 'basic species sequence of eutrophication'. Time lags and differences in the duration of the phases between both lakes show evidence of an earlier start for nutrient loading in Starnberger See than in Ammersee, and a faster development to a higher trophic state level in the latter. The different reactions of the lakes are attributed to hydrological differences such as the existence or lack of a major tributary, the size of the catchment area, and the water residence time. The reconstruction of the eutrophication dynamics appears to be reliably hindcast by the inference of total phosphorus (TP) concentrations using weighted averaging regression and calibration techniques. Remarkable differences in the occurrence of some diatoms in both stratigraphies, which are not related to the general changes of the 'basic species sequence of eutrophication' model, may be due to the epilimnetic silica content (e.g. Fragilaria crotonensis) or competitive weaknesses (e.g. Tabellaria flocculosa).
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: diatoms ; temperature ; sediment traps ; seasonal succession ; resuspension ; Lake Holzmaar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The seasonal sedimentation pattern of diatom valves in Lake Holzmaar was investigated during 1995 by deploying sediment traps at three different lake depths. According to the sedimentation pattern, the major reproduction zone of diatoms was restricted to the upper 6 m of the water body. The population growth started late in April and blooms of Cyclotella cf. comensis Grun., which dominates the plankton diatoms, and Fragilaria crotonensis Kitton were collected in traps during June and September, and July, respectively. During summer, the seasonal sedimentation pattern of each taxon, as collected in the upper traps, was reflected in the concentrations in the lowest trap. However, in May and from September onwards, the community composition in the lowest trap and augmented trapping rates suggest both sediment focusing and resuspension of bottom sediments. The temperature signals as recorded by δ18O values of diatom valves should, therefore, reflect integrated temperatures between 0 and 6 m depth. However, temperatures during summer and autumn are expected to be accentuated in the sedimentary record since the isotopic signal is weighted by both the number and the weight-mass of the valves. During summer, the transfer of these signals by the sedimenting diatoms retains the information pattern recorded, while in spring and autumn/winter additional influxes caused by resuspension may somewhat alter those temperature informations. The proxy signals finally stored in the sediments, may, therefore, not precisely represent the successive temperatures currently recorded during 1995 within mid-lake.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Sediments ; Mineralogy ; Geochemistry ; Heavy metals ; Biogeochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We have studied sediments of the Piscinas beach (SW Sardinia, Italy), which is supplied by two streams that wash mine dumps of abandoned lead and zinc mines at Montevecchio and Ingurtosu, situated inland from the supply basin of the beach itself. A study of the texture, mineralogy and geochemistry of the sediments was conducted for the purpose of assessing the possible influence of the mine waste on the composition of the sediments, looking for any anomalous enrichments in heavy metals. Furthermore, to evaluate and quantify metal release into the sea, samples of Posidonia oceanica, a bioaccumulator marine plant, were also examined. The results indicate that the distribution of heavy metals in the foreshore sediments is particularly affected by the contribution of the streams, while in the shoreface the distribution is affected by the currents that disperse the sediments both out to sea and southwards. The metal contents of the Posidonia oceanica are correlated with the different stages of activity of the mines.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Mangrove ; Geochemistry ; Biological productivity ; Anthropogenic impacts ; Heavy metal sink
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Spatial and temporal geochemical variations of various parameters in the water and sediment of a relatively small mangrove situated on the southeast coast of India were examined in detail for the first time. The water quality generally reflects the impact of seawater and the Vellar estuary (mixing effect) aided by evaporation and in situ biological productivity. The depletion and fluctuation of dissolved silica are controlled by biological processes. Nitrate and phosphate are contributed by fertilizer input from adjoining agriculture fields. Total suspended matter (TSM) shows an erratic range and trend due to deforestation and resuspension processes. Sand and silt constitute 70–90% of the sediments. Statistical analysis of the sediments shows the prevalence of a moderately high-energy environment with very effective winnowing activity. Organic matter content is higher in the mangrove sediments in comparison to adjacent estuaries. Water and sediment show fluctuations in their chemical concentration, but no specific trends could be identified. Heavy metals are also enriched in the mangrove sediments, indicating their unique chemical behavior and the existence of trapping mechanisms. Factor analysis and correlation analysis of water and sediments show the complexity of the system and the multitude of contributing sources. The core sediment chemistry suggests the depletion of metal input due to the damming of the detrital inputs. The Pichavaram mangrove seems to be relatively unpolluted, since the anthropogenic signal observed is small and acts as a sink for heavy metals contributed from a multitude of sources without an adverse effect.
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  • 20
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    Environmental geology 38 (1999), S. 149-158 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Limestone ; Weathering ; Historical buildings ; Petrographical characteristics ; Geochemistry ; Physical properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  I˙stanbul, the capital of the east Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Empires embraces two continents, one arm reaching out to Asia, the other to Europe. It is therefore, a rich city in terms of monuments and historical cites. Shell limestones of Upper Miocene age are used as building stone in the majority of the monuments in I˙stanbul because of their attractiveness, availability and workability. The durability characteristics of the limestones are examined, and those factors that are responsible for atmospheric weathering are discussed, in a humid and marine environment with important problems of urban pollution, specifically due to traffic. In the present study weathering of the building stones were first examined in situ by macroscopic observations. The weathering that developed as a result of environmental effects since this limestone was first used in historical monuments has been affected 0.1–1.5 cm deep from the surface. The weathered facing stone of Şehzade Mehmed Mosque in I˙stanbul is undergoing a program of progressive replacement. During this study, samples were taken from this monument where the shell limestone was used. The stone surface was principally examined by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Petrographical and mineralogical analyses were made by using optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction method. The physico-chemical properties of these rocks control their weathering behaviour and reactivity. Major and trace element analyses and the effect of deterioration on the physical properties of the limestones (unit weight, porosity and water absorption) have also been investigated. Studies on the samples implies that weathering on the stone surface caused important variations on the physical characteristics of the rock.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Mount Meager ; Volcanic stratigraphy ; Pyroclastic flow ; Lahar ; Avalanche ; Petrography ; Geochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The Pebble Creek Formation (previously known as the Bridge River Assemblage) comprises the eruptive products of a 2350 calendar year B.P. eruption of the Mount Meager volcanic complex and two rock avalanche deposits. Volcanic rocks of the Pebble Creek Formation are the youngest known volcanic rocks of this complex. They are dacitic in composition and contain phenocrysts of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, amphibole, biotite and minor oxides in a glassy groundmass. The eruption was episodic, and the formation comprises fallout pumice (Bridge River tephra), pyroclastic flows, lahars and a lava flow. It also includes a unique form of welded block and ash breccia derived from collapsing fronts of the lava flow. This Merapi-type breccia dammed the Lillooet River. Collapse of the dam triggered a flood that flowed down the Lillooet Valley. The flood had an estimated total volume of 109 m3 and inundated the Lillooet Valley to a depth of at least 30 m above the paleo-valley floor 5.5 km downstream of the blockage. Rock avalanches comprising mainly blocks of Plinth Assemblage volcanic rocks (an older formation making up part of the Mount Meager volcanic complex) underlie and overlie the primary volcanic units of the Formation. Both rock avalanches are unrelated to the 2350 B.P. eruption, although the post-eruption avalanche may have its origins in the over-steepened slopes created by the explosive phase of the eruption. Much of the stratigraphic complexity evident in the Pebble Creek Formation results from deposition in a narrow, steep-sided mountain valley containing a major river.
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  • 22
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    Journal of oceanography 55 (1999), S. 247-256 
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Keywords: Japan Sea ; eddies ; altimeter ; numerical modeling ; Reynolds stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The effect of mesoscale eddy variability on the Japan/East Sea mean circulation is examined from satellite altimeter data and results from the Naval Research Laboratory Layered Ocean Model (NLOM). Sea surface height variations from the Geosat-Exact Repeat Mission and TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter satellites imply geostrophic velocities. At the satellite crossover points, the total velocity and the Reynolds stress due to geostrophic mesoscale turbulence are calculated. After spatial interpolation the momentum flux and effect on geostrophic balance indicates that the eddy variability aids in the transport of the Polar Front and the separation of the East Korean Warm Current (EKWC). The NLOM results elucidate the impact of eddy variability on the EKWC separation from the Korean coast. Eddy variability is suppressed by either increasing the model viscosity or decreasing the model resolution. The simulations with decreased eddy variability indicate a northward overshoot of the EKWC. Only the model simulation with sufficient eddy variability depicts the EKWC separating from the Korean coast at the observed latitude. The NLOM simulations indicate mesoscale influence through upper ocean-topographic coupling.
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  • 23
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    Journal of oceanography 55 (1999), S. 369-382 
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Keywords: JES circulation ; ESIW ; MICOM ; numerical modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The presence of the minimum salinity and oxygen-rich East Sea Intermediate Water (ESIW) off Korean coast has raised many questions about its origin and movement. This study attempts to answer these questions in the context of numerical model. For this, the Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model is used with surface and inflow boundary conditions based on available data. Model results show that the ESIW forms most distinctly off Vladivostok, where the center of doming structure is observed, and moves southward along Korean coast forming a large cyclonic gyre around the doming. The renewed ESIW has the character of minimum potential vorticity common to usual mode waters. These results are compatible with various indications made in previous observational and theoretical studies. However, it is not known whether the doming structure is a result of convection or the latter is favored by the former.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-868X
    Keywords: Chlorophyll a ; primary productivity ; diatoms ; Thalassiosira ; cast and west distribution pattern ; midwinter ; subarctic North Pacific ; naked ciliates ; copepods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We have determined chlorophyll a (Chla) concentration, primary productivity, cell density and species composition of diatoms, and the number of microzooplankton at the surface in the subarctic North Pacific in January 1996. The wet weight of copepods obtained by vertical tows from 150 m to the surface was also measured during the cruise. Chla concentration and primary productivity tended to be higher in the region west of 180°, the western subarctic North Pacific (WSNP), than east of 180°, the eastern subarctic North Pacific (ESNP). The same results were observed for the total diatom cell densities and for the genera Thalassiosira and Denticulopsis. Significant linear relationships were observed between the Thalassiosira cell density and Chla concentration and primary productivity, indicating that Thalassiosira contributes to the high-WSNP and low-ESNP distribution patterns of Chla concentration and primary productivity. Moreover, naked ciliate abundance tended to be lower in the WSNP than in the ESNP, whereas copepod biomass showed an inverse trend. Significantly negative Spearman rank correlations were found between the Thalassiosira cell density and the number of naked ciliates and between the number of naked ciliates and the wet weight of copepods. These results indicate that copepod grazing indirectly controls Thalassiosira cell density via predation on the naked ciliates. We conclude that the high copepod biomass in the WSNP is a factor controlling the high-WSNP and low-ESNP Thalassiosira abundance and hence Chla concentration and primary productivity patterns.
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  • 25
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    Hydrogeology journal 7 (1999), S. 251-263 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words USA ; hydrochemistry ; confining units ; numerical modeling ; salt-water/fresh-water relations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un modèle déterministe, non à l'équilibre, à deux cheminements fonctionnant en régime transitoire à une dimension en advection-dispersion, a été utilisé pour analyser la distribution des concentrations en chlorures (43–100 mg/L) et en sulfates (57–894 mg/L) dans une section, épaisse de 35 m, de l'unité aquifère inférieure captive (Plaine côtière atlantique, New Jersey, États-Unis). Le modèle a été utilisé pour contraindre les hypothèses concernant la façon dont évolue au cours du temps le chimisme de l'eau des pores. Les différentes explications des concentrations en solutés ont été explorées par des méthodes inverses et directes, à partir d'un petit nombre de contraintes connues, parmi lesquelles les constituants de l'eau des pores de 12 échantillons carottés, les débits simulés et les caractéristiques hydrogéologiques estimées. L'hypothèse répondant le mieux aux résultats du modèle est celle selon laquelle la distribution des concentrations en chlorures et en sulfates dans l'unité captive reflète l'histoire du système aquifère depuis qu'il a été envahi par l'eau de mer lors du dernier stade eustatique haut, il y a environ 84,000 ans. Le modèle simule la chasse de l'eau douce des silts envahis par l'eau de mer à une vitesse constante de l'eau des pores vers le haut de 8,8×10–6 m/j, avec un coefficient de dispersion de 9,2×10–7 m2/j, un coefficient sans dimension de partition des chlorures βCl=0,981, et un coefficient d'échange, ωCl=0,31×10–2. Les concentrations en sulfates ont été simulées, le long des directions d'écoulement, au moyen de valeurs de flux et de dispersion calculées pour le transport des chlorures, moyennant un facteur de retard. Les paramètres pour le transport des sulfates sont, avec un coefficient de retard égal à 4.51, βSO4=0.994 et ωSO4=0.31×10–2. L'analyse de sensibilité indique que le modèle est le plus sensible à la vitesse de l'écoulement, et que la chasse de l'eau douce de l'unité captive est simulée le mieux avec des niveaux de concentration de l'eau de mer à la limite d'entrée de l'unité captive qui décroissent exponentiellement selon une "demi-vie" de 825 ans.
    Abstract: Resumen Para examinar la distribución de las concentraciones de cloruro (43–100 mg/L) y sulfato (57–894 mg/L) en una sección de 35 m de espesor de la unidad confinante de la Llanura Costera Atlántica, en New Jersey (EEUU), se utilizó un modelo unidimensional, determinista, con flujo transitorio, y en el que se consideraba advección-dispersión en condiciones de no-equilibrio. El modelo se usó para centrar las hipótesis sobre los cambios de la química del agua intersticial con el tiempo. Se exploraron los valores de concentraciones de solutos mediante métodos directos e inversos a partir de unas pocas restricciones que incluían los valores de concentraciones de solutos en 12 testigos, caudales de flujo y parámetros hidrogeológicos estimados. La hipótesis que mejor concuerda con los resultados del modelo es la de que las distribuciones de cloruro y sulfato reflejan la historia del sistema acuífero, desde que se rellenó de agua salada durante el último máximo eustático, hará unos 84,000 años. El modelo simula el lavado mediante agua dulce de los limos por un flujo vertical ascendente de 8.8×10–6 m/d, un coeficiente de dispersión de 9.2×10–7 m2/d, un coeficiente de partición adimensional para el cloruro de 0.981, y un coeficiente de intercambio adimensional de 0.31×10–2. Se simularon las concentraciones de sulfato a lo largo de una línea de flujo a partir de los valores de disperión calculados para el cloruro y añadiendo un término de retardo. Los parámetros finalmente usados fueron coeficiente de retardo=3D4.51, bSO4 =3D0.994 y wSO4=3D0.31=D710-2. Del análisis de sensibilidad se desprende que el modelo es muy sensible a la velocidad del flujo y que el lavado de los limos mediante agua dulce se representa mejor considerando en el borde de la unidad confinante una concentración que disminuye de modo exponencial, con un valor inicial igual al correspondiente a agua salada y una vida media de 825 años.
    Notes: Abstract  A transient 1-D, two-pathway non-equilibrium deterministic advective dispersion model was used to examine the distribution of chloride (43–100 mg/L) and sulfate (57–894 mg/L) concentrations in the 35-m-thick section of the Lower confining unit, Atlantic Coastal Plain, New Jersey, USA. The model was used to constrain hypotheses about how pore-water chemistry changed over time. Explanations of the solute concentrations were explored by inverse and direct methods given a few known constraints, including concentrations of pore-water constituents from 12 core samples, reported simulated flow rates, and estimated hydrogeologic properties. The hypothesis that is best supported by the model results is that the distribution of chloride and sulfate concentrations in the confining unit reflect the history of the aquifer system since it was filled with seawater at the last eustatic high, about 84×103yr BP. The model simulates fresh-water flushing of the seawater-permeated silts at a steady upward pore-water flow velocity of 8.8×10–6 m/d, with a dispersion coefficient of 9.2×10–7 m2/d, a dimensionless partition expression for chloride, βCl=0.981, and a dimensionless exchange coefficient, ωCl=0.31×10–2. Sulfate concentrations were simulated over the flow path using flow and dispersion values calculated for chloride transport plus a retardation term. Parameters for sulfate transport include retardation coefficient=4.51, βSO4=0.994, and ωSO4=0.31×10–2. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the model is most sensitive to flow velocity, and that fresh-water flushing of the confining unit is best simulated by having seawater concentration levels at the inflow boundary of the confining unit exponentially decrease with a concentration half-life rate of 825 yr.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words paleohydrology ; numerical modeling ; hydrochemical modeling ; hydrothermal ore deposits ; general hydrogeology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les dépôts de minerai de plomb-zinc dans les carbonates de la région de la vallée du Mississippi en Amérique du Nord et dans les comtés du centre de l'Irlande fournissent de bons exemples de lieux où, à des époques géologiques passées, les mouvements d'eau souterraine ont contrôlé la formation de minerai en profondeur dans des bassins sédimentaires. Dans ce papier, les théories hydrogéologiques et géochimiques de la formation de minerais sont examinées au moyen de modèles mathématiques qui prennent en compte des champs de perméabilité complexes en deux et en trois dimensions, des écoulements hydrothermaux dans des systèmes de failles et les effets couplés de réactions géochimiques. Le cadre hydrogéologique des minerais dans les formations carbonatées est analysé dans le but de proposer une compréhension quantitative des processus nécessaires et suffisants requis pour former des dépôts de minerais importants. Des simulations numériques de l'hydrodynamique à l'échelle du bassin et de l'écoulement réactif à l'échelle du dépôt sont présentés afin de montrer les processus contrôlant la genèse du minerai Pb–Zn à basse température dans deux districts miniers de référence mondiale, dans le sud-est du Missouri et en Irlande centrale. Les modèles numériques présentés ici donnent une base théorique aux observations suivantes: 1) la migration de saumure pilotée par la topographie a été le mécanisme le plus évident pour la mise en place des vastes gisements de la vallée du Mississipi, tels que le Viburnum Trend dans le sud-est du Missouri, au cours de la surrection de la chaîne de l'Appalache-Ouachita au Paléozoïque terminal; 2) des champs d'écoulements tridimensionnels ont été créés par un faciès dolomitique du Viburnum Trend, qui se comporte comme une lentille gigantesque concentrant le métal et la chaleur dans le sud-est du Missouri pour produire la plus vaste concentration connue de plomb dans la croûte terrestre; 3) l'organisation des minéralisations métallifères a été localement contrôlée par le relief du substratum, la structure de la perméabilité et le biseautage des grès, à cause de leurs effets sur le refroidissement et sur les flux de fluide le long de Viburnum Trend; 4) les écoulements de fluides commandés à la fois par la densité et par la topographie ont été importants dans la genèse du minerai dans les comtés du centre de l'Irlande, où des saumures se sont écoulées vers le nord à partir de la chaîne varisque, ont pénétré dans le substratum hercynien et se sont écoulées le long de failles normales jusque dans la couverture sédimentaire; et 5) la convection de mélanges dans des plans de failles NE–SW a élevé les flux thermique et hydrique qui ont alimenté la formation de minerai par mélange de fluides, dans certains cas à proximité du fond marin au Carbonifère en Irlande.
    Abstract: Resumen Los yacimientos minerales de plomo y zinc en rocas carbonatadas en el Valle del Mississippi (EE.UU.) y en las Central Midlands de Irlanda proporcionan buenos ejemplos de cuencas sedimentarias donde las aguas subterráneas controlaron en el pasado la formación de yacimientos de minerales a gran profundidad. En este artículo se estudian teorías hidrogeológicas e hidroquímicas de génesis de yacimientos mediante modelos matemáticos que permiten simular campos de permeabilidad complejos en dos o tres dimensiones, flujo hidrotermal en las fracturas y efectos acoplados de reacciones geoquímicas. Se analiza el marco hidrogeológico de los yacimientos en rocas carbonatadas, con el objetivo de desarrollar, de mod  °Cuantitativo, el conocimiento de los procesos que son necesarios y suficientes para la formación de grandes yacimientos minerales. Se presentan simulaciones numéricas de los procesos hidrodinámicos que tienen lugar a escala de cuenca y del flujo reactivo a escala de depósito para mostrar los procesos que controlan la génesis de los yacimientos de Pb-Zn a bajas temperaturas en las zonas antes mencionadas de Estados Unidos e Irlanda. Los modelos numéricos proporcionan una base teórica para entender las siguientes observaciones: 1) la migración de salmueras por efectos topográficos fue el principal mecanismo que condujo a la formación de los grandes yacimientos del Valle del Mississippi, como el Viburnum Trend al sudeste de Missouri, formado durante la orogenia de las Appalaches-Ouachita en el Paleozoico Superior; 2) la facies dolomítica del Viburnum Trend originó un flujo tridimensional que actuó como un foco de concentración de metal y calor que dio lugar a la mayor concentración de plom Conocida en la Tierra; 3) la acumulación del mineral quedó controlada localmente por el relieve del basamento, la estructura de permeabilidad y la presencia intercalada de areniscas, debido a sus efectos sobre el enfriamiento y la variación de los caudales subterráneos; 4) tanto el flujo debido a las variaciones de densidad como a las de topografía fueron importantes para la génesis de yacimientos en las Midlands de Irlanda, donde las salmueras se movieron en dirección norte, alejándose del orógeno Variscano, se infiltraron en el basamento Herciniano y descargaron en la cubierta sedimentaria a lo largo de fallas normales; y 5) la convección a lo largo de los planos de fallas de dirección noreste-sudoeste produjo un aumento de los flujos de calor y agua subterránea, lo que contribuyó a la formación de depósitos minerales en algunas zonas de Irlanda.
    Notes: Abstract  Carbonate-hosted lead–zinc ore deposits in the Mississippi Valley region of North America and in the central midlands region of Ireland provide good examples where ancient groundwater migration controlled ore formation deep within sedimentary basins. Hydrogeologic and geochemical theories for ore genesis are explored in this paper with mathematical models that allow for complex permeability fields in two or three dimensions, hydrothermal flows in fault systems, and coupled effects of geochemical reactions. The hydrogeologic framework of carbonate-hosted ores is analyzed with the aim of developing a quantitative understanding of the necessary and sufficient processes required to form large ore deposits. Numerical simulations of basin-scale hydrodynamics and of deposit-scale reactive flow are presented to demonstrate the processes controlling low-temperature Pb–Zn ore genesis in two world-class ore districts, in southeast Missouri, USA, and central Ireland. The numerical models presented here provide a theoretical basis for the following observations: (1) topography-driven brine migration was the most effective mechanism for forming the large ore districts of the Mississippi Valley, such as the Viburnum Trend of southeast Missouri, during the uplift of the Appalachian–Ouachita mountain belt in late Paleozoic time; (2) three-dimensional flow fields were created by a dolomite facies of the Viburnum Trend, which acted as a giant lens for focusing metal and heat in southeast Missouri to produce the largest known concentration of lead in the Earth's crust; (3) ore-mineralization patterns were controlled locally by basement relief, permeability structure, and sandstone pinchouts, because of their effects on cooling and fluid-flow rates along the Viburnum Trend; (4) both density-driven and topography-driven fluid flow were important for ore genesis in the Irish midlands, where brines moved northward away from the Variscan orogen, leaked into the Hercynian basement, and discharged along normal faults up into the sedimentary cover; and (5) mixed convection within northeast–southwest fault planes elevated heat flow and flow rates that fed ore deposition by fluid mixing, in some cases near the Carboniferous seafloor in Ireland.
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  • 27
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    Hydrogeology journal 7 (1999), S. 155-160 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words diffusion ; salt-water/fresh-water relations ; sharp interface ; numerical modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le problème de l'intrusion d'eau marin est posé pour un aquifère captif littoral dans lequel il existe un écoulement permanent d'eau douce vers la mer. On résout ce problème au moyen du modèle GWCH20, d'abord dans le cas d'une absence de dispersion, où existe une interface distincte séparant l'eau douce de l'eau salée. Le problème est résolu ensuite en prenant en compte la dispersion et la diffusion de l'eau salée, en relation avec l'effet de densité. En fonction de cela, un modèle 2D aux éléments finis, 2D-VDTRAN, a été développé pour simuler le transport de soluté liéà la densité. Pour étudier la limitation de l'approche d'une interface étroite dans les aquifères littoraux à la fois pour des conditions de régime permanent et non permanent, le problème est résolu en utilisant les deux modèles pour différentes valeurs des paramètres. Ces paramètres sont combinés, sous une forme sans dimensions, en quatre paramètres qui sont : le facteur d'alimentation (A), le rapport dispersion/advection (B), le rapport de géométrie (C) et le rapport d'échelle de temps (T). Au moyen du modèle en fonction de la densité, la largeur sans dimension de la zone de transition (W/b) est déterminée pour différentes valeurs de A, B, C et T. Les simulations en régime permanent montrent que l'approche d'une interface étroite est valide seulement lorsque le système est dominé par l'advection, c'est-à-dire lorsque 0〈B〈5% pour toutes valeurs de A et de C, ou lorsque A〉65% pour toutes valeurs de B et de C. Toutefois, l'analyse en régime non permanent montre que le recours à l'approche d'une interface étroite est suffisamment précise au tout début.
    Abstract: Resumen Se considera el problema de la intrusión marina en un acuífero costero confinado con descarga de agua dulce hacia el mar en condiciones estacionarias. El modelo GWCH20 permite resolver el problema para el caso que no exista dispersión, en el cual aparece una interfaz brusca de separación entre agua dulce y salada. A continuación se resuelve el mismo problema pero añadiendo dispersión y difusión del agua salada, y teniendo en cuenta el efecto de la densidad. A tal efecto se ha desarrollado un modelo bidimensional en elementos finitos, 2D-VDTRAN, que permite simular el transporte de solutos en densidad variable. El efecto de considerar interfaz brusca en acuíferos costeros, tanto en condiciones de flujo estacionario como transitorio, se puede estudiar resolviendo los mismos problemas con los dos modelos, y para distintos valores de parámetros. A tal efecto se combinan los parámetros dando lugar a cuatro parámetros adimensionales: factor de filtración (A); relación dispersión-advección (B); factor de geometría (C); y factor de escala temporal (T). Con el modelo de densidad variable se determina la anchura adimensional de la zona de transición (W/b) para distintos valores de A, B, C y T. Las simulaciones en régimen de flujo estacionario muestran que la aproximación de interfaz brusca sólo es válida para un sistema dominado por la advección, es decir, cuando 0〈B≤5% para cualesquier valores de A y C, o cuando A≥65% para cualesquier B y C. Sin embargo, el análisis transitorio muestra que la aplicabilidad de la simplificación de interfaz brusca proporciona una buena aproximación para tiempos cortos.
    Notes: Abstract  The problem of seawater intrusion is considered for the case of a confined coastal aquifer in which there is steady seaward flow of fresh water. Using the GWCH2O model, the problem is solved first for the case of no dispersion where a distinct interface exists separating the fresh water from the salt water. The problem is solved next by taking into account dispersion and diffusion of the salt-water component, along with the density effect. In this respect, a two-dimensional finite-element model, 2D-VDTRAN, is developed to simulate density-dependent solute transport. To investigate the limitation of the sharp-interface approach in coastal aquifers for conditions of both steady state and unsteady state, the problem is solved twice using the two models with different parameter values. These parameters are combined in dimensionless form, resulting in four named parameters: seepage factor (A); dispersion-to-advection ratio (B); geometry ratio (C); and time-scale factor (T). Using the density-dependent model, the dimensionless width of the transition zone (W/L) is determined for different values of A, B, C, and T. Steady-state simulations show that the sharp-interface approach is valid only when the system is dominated by advection, i.e., when 0〈B≤5% for all values of A and C, or when A≥65% for all values of B and C. However, the unsteady-state analysis shows that the applicability of the sharp-interface approach is sufficiently accurate at early times.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words crystalline rocks ; numerical modeling ; France ; Italy ; thermal conditions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des modèles de simulations numériques hydrothermales ont été testés dans le tunnel du Mont Blanc (Alpes françaises et italiennes) pour tenter de prévoir les venues d'eau en cours de percement. L'anomalie thermique négative observée au cours du creusement du tunnel en 1960 est reproduite par des simulations hydrothermales à long terme en régime transitoire. L'analyse de sensibilité montre la forte inertie des phénomènes thermaux à l'échelle du massif. C'est pourquoi un ensemble de scénarios de simulation débutant à la fin de la dernière glaciation a été mis au point pour expliquer l'anomalie observée dans le tunnel en 1960. Le refroidissement continu des massifs alpins par l'infiltration d'eaux depuis la surface se produit depuis 12 000 ans et devrait continuer pendant environ 100 000 ans. La comparaison entre les débits simulés et ceux observés dans le tunnel indique que cette méthode hydrothermale constitue un outil très util pour prédire les venues d'eau dans les ouvrages souterrains.
    Abstract: Resumen El objetivo era comprobar la utilidad de los modelos de simulación hidrotermal para evaluar la infiltración de agua durante la perforación del túnel de Mont-Blanc (Alpes franceses e italianos) realizada en 1960. La anomalía térmica observada durante la perforación del túnel puede reproducirse mediante una simulación hidrotermal transitoria que tiene en cuenta que en esa época el macizo no había alcanzado todavía un equilibrio termal. Un análisis de sensibilidad muestra la gran inercia del fenómeno hidrotermal a escala del macizo. Para intentar explicar esta anomalía térmica se simularon una serie de escenarios que se extendían hasta el último periodo glacial. El enfriamiento continuo de los macizos alpinos por infiltración de aguas superficiales ha tenido lugar durante los últimos 12 000 años y se espera que continúe durante los próximos 100 000 años. La comparación de las descargas simuladas mediante el modelo hidrotermal con las observadas en el túnel indican que este método es adecuado para predecir la entrada de agua en obras subterráneas.
    Notes: Abstract  The use of hydrothermal simulation models to improve the prediction of water inflows in underground works during drilling is tested in the Mont Blanc tunnel, French and Italian Alps. The negative thermal anomaly that was observed during the drilling of this tunnel in 1960 is reproduced by long-term, transient hydrothermal simulations. Sensitivity analysis shows the great inertia of thermal phenomena at the massif scale. At the time of tunnel drilling, the massif had not reached thermal equilibrium. Therefore, a set of simulation scenarios, beginning at the end of the last glacial period, was designed to explain the anomaly encountered in the tunnel in 1960. The continuous cooling of alpine massifs due to infiltration of waters from the surface has occurred for 12,000 years and is expected to continue for about 100,000 years. Comparisons of water-discharge rates simulated in the tunnel with those observed indicate that this hydrothermal method is a useful tool for predicting water inflows in underground works.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words hydraulic testing ; groundwater hydraulics ; numerical modeling ; inverse modeling ; partially penetrating wells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce papier décrit les origines et la distribution des eaux souterraines salées de la Une modélisation numérique inverse a été mise en oeuvre pour analyser des essais de pompage en puits incomplets, pour trois puits dans un aquifère libre à Vejen (Danemark). Des études de terrain extensives avaient auparavant été réalisées, avec des essais de traçage, des slug tests et d'autres essais hydrauliques. Les données de rabattement provenant de nombreux piézomètres situés à différentes distances horizontales et verticales par rapport au puits de pompage ont été introduites en vue de l'optimisation. Les conductivités hydrauliques horizontales et verticales, l'emmagasinement spécifique et le rendement spécifique ont été estimés en supposant que l'aquifère était un milieu soit homogène avec une anisotropie verticale, soit composé de deux ou trois couches avec des propriétés hydrauliques différentes. Dans deux des trois cas, une interprétation plus approfondie a été réalisée avec un modèle multicouche défini sur la base d'informations lithostratigraphiques provenant de descriptions géologiques d'échantillons de sédiments, de logs gamma et de mesures de vitesse d'écoulement. L'analyse des essais de pompage a fourni des valeurs de conductivité hydraulique horizontale qui sont en accord avec celles obtenues à partir des slug tests et des mini slug tests. En plus de la conductivité hydraulique horizontale, il est possible de déterminer la conductivité hydraulique verticale, le rendement spécifique et l'emmagasinement spécifique à partir d'un essai de pompage sur un puits incomplet. L'étude montre que les essais de pompage sur des puits incomplets peuvent être analysés au moyen de modèles numériques inverses. Le modèle utilisé dans cette étude était un modèle d'écoulement aux éléments finis associéà un modèle régressif non linéaire. Un tel modèle peut accepter plus d'informations géologiques et des conditions aux limites complexes; la procédure d'estimation des paramètres peut être formalisée pour obtenir les estimations optimales des paramètres hydrauliques et leurs écarts types.
    Abstract: Resumen Se ha aplicado el problema inverso para analizar ensayos de bombeo en tres pozos parcialmente penetrantes localizados en un acuífero libre en Vejen, Dinamarca. En este lugar ya se habían realizado investigaciones previas, incluyendo ensayos de trazadores e hidráulicos. En la optimización se incluyeron datos de descensos medidos a distintas distancias y profundidades. Se estimó la conductividad hidráulica (K) horizontal y vertical, el almacenamiento específico y el caudal específico, bajo tres hipótesis: sistema homogéneo con anisotropía vertical o compuesto por dos o tres capas de diferentes propiedades hidráulicas. En dos de los tres casos se obtuvo una mejor interpretación con un modelo multicapa definido a partir de la información litoestratigráfica. Los valores resultantes para la K horizontal se corresponden con los obtenidos en ensayos slug y mini slug. Este estudio muestra que los ensayos de bombeo en pozos parcialmente penetrantes se pueden interpretar mediante el problema inverso. En este estudio se usó un modelo de flujo en elementos finitos, combinado con un modelo de regresión no lineal. Este modelo permite incluir una mayor información geológica y unas condiciones de contorno complejas. La estimación de parámetros se puede formalizar con el propósito de obtener, además de los estimadores óptimos de los parámetros, sus desviaciones estándar.
    Notes: Abstract  Inverse numerical modeling was applied to analyze pumping tests of partially penetrating wells carried out in three wells established in an unconfined aquifer in Vejen, Denmark, where extensive field investigations had previously been carried out, including tracer tests, mini-slug tests, and other hydraulic tests. Drawdown data from multiple piezometers located at various horizontal and vertical distances from the pumping well were included in the optimization. Horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities, specific storage, and specific yield were estimated, assuming that the aquifer was either a homogeneous system with vertical anisotropy or composed of two or three layers of different hydraulic properties. In two out of three cases, a more accurate interpretation was obtained for a multi-layer model defined on the basis of lithostratigraphic information obtained from geological descriptions of sediment samples, gammalogs, and flow-meter tests. Analysis of the pumping tests resulted in values for horizontal hydraulic conductivities that are in good accordance with those obtained from slug tests and mini-slug tests. Besides the horizontal hydraulic conductivity, it is possible to determine the vertical hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, and specific storage based on a pumping test of a partially penetrating well. The study demonstrates that pumping tests of partially penetrating wells can be analyzed using inverse numerical models. The model used in the study was a finite-element flow model combined with a non-linear regression model. Such a model can accommodate more geological information and complex boundary conditions, and the parameter-estimation procedure can be formalized to obtain optimum estimates of hydraulic parameters and their standard deviations.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 7 (1999), S. 521-532 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words compaction ; subsidence ; numerical modeling ; horizontal strain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des distinctions mathématiques et numériques ont été faites dans les développements d'équations concernant les écoulements souterrains et le déplacement granulaire (1) en supposant uniquement une contrainte verticale et l'absence de changement dans la charge totale normale, et (2) en éliminant de telles limitations. La première se réfère ici à la méthode de Jacob-Terzaghi, la seconde à la méthode de Biot. Les comparaisons numériques de l'abaissement, de la compaction et de la contrainte sont faites pour des systèmes d'aquifères théoriques captifs et soumis à une drainance pour des problèmes de contraintes à une et trois dimensions. Les résultats des simulations indiquent que l'introduction d'une contrainte horizontale conduit à des abaissements réduits. La compaction verticale pour une distribution spécifiée de contrainte est fortement réduite lorsque la composante horizontale est prise en compte. La distribution des composantes des contraintes indique que les deux tiers environ de la contrainte sur le volume total a son origine dans la compaction horizontale dans les aquifères pompés. L'introduction d'une contrainte horizontale affecte aussi la distribution du flux au travers de la couche imperméable sus-jacente confinant l'aquifère, en fonction de la distance du puits de pompage, et peut finalement affecter l'interprétation des données d'essai d'aquifère.
    Notes: Abstract  Mathematical and numerical distinctions are made between developments of governing equations involving groundwater flow and granular displacement where (1) only vertical strain and no change in total normal load are assumed, and (2) such limitations are eliminated. The former is referred to here as the Jacob-Terzaghi method; the latter is referred to as the Biot method. Numerical comparisons of drawdown, compaction, and strain are made for hypothetical confined and leaky aquifer systems for one- and three-dimensional strain problems. Simulation results indicate that incorporation of horizontal strain results in reduced drawdowns. Vertical compaction for a specified stress distribution is greatly reduced when horizontal strain is invoked. The distribution of strain components indicates that approximately two-thirds of the total volume strain originates from horizontal compaction in pumped aquifers. Incorporation of horizontal strain also affects the distribution of flux through the overlying confining layer as a function of distance from the pumping well and may ultimately affect the interpretation of aquifer-test data.
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 7 (1999), S. 180-187 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words Argentina ; groundwater recharge/water budget ; numerical modeling ; conceptual model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un modèle modulaire tridimensionnel (MODFLOW) a été utilisé pour simuler les écoulements souterrains dans le bassin de la rivière Azul (Province de Buenos Aires, Argentine), dans le but d'évaluer la justesse du modèle conceptuel du système hydrogéologique. La piézométrie simulée s'ajuste de façon satisfaisante à celle observée pour l'ensemble de la nappe. Les résultats du modèle indiquent que: (1) la recharge de la nappe n'est pas uniforme sur toute la région, mais qu'elle est mieux approchée par trois valeurs différentes, décroissant vers l'aval-gradient, en suivant la même distribution que les sols et les caractéristiques géomorphologiques; et (2) l'évapotranspiration est nettement plus importante que prévu initialement à partir de la méthode de Thornthwaite–Mather. Les valeurs d'évapotranspiration fournies par MODFLOW concordent bien avec les résultats d'autres études portant sur la région. Les résultats du modèle reproduisent convenablement les chroniques de débit des écoulements de surface, suggérant ainsi que la description par le modèle des relations rivière–nappe est correcte.
    Abstract: Resumen Se ha utilizado el modelo MODFLOW, del Servicio Geológico de los Estados Unidos, para simular el flujo de agua subterránea en la cuenca del arroyo del Azul, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, con el objeto de evaluar el modelo hidrogeológico conceptual. Los niveles hidráulicos simulados ajustan satisfactoriamente con los niveles observados. Los resultados de la simulación indican que: (1) la recarga no es uniforme, sino que puede caracterizarse con tres zonas en las que sus valores decrecen en la medida en que decrece la pendiente, que guarda similitud con la distribución de suelos y características geomorfológicas; y (2) la evapotranspiración sería mayor que la estimada en estudios previos, en los que se utilizó el método de Thornthwaite–Mather. La evapotranspiración estimada mediante la presente simulación concuerda con resultados de varios estudios independientes en la región. Respecto de la relación acuífero–río, existe un muy buen ajuste entre los aportes del acuífero al río simulados y los valores históricos de caudal base.
    Notes: Abstract  A three-dimensional modular model (MODFLOW) was used to simulate groundwater flow in the Azul River basin, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, in order to assess the correctness of the conceptual model of the hydrogeological system. Simulated heads satisfactorily match observed heads in the regional water-table aquifer. Model results indicate that: (1) groundwater recharge is not uniform throughout the region but is best represented by three recharge rates, decreasing downgradient, similar to the distribution of soils and geomorphological characteristics; and (2) evapotranspiration rates are larger than previous estimates, which were made by using the Thornthwaite–Mather method. Evapotranspiration rates estimated by MODFLOW agree with results of independent studies of the region. Model results closely match historical surface-flow records, thereby suggesting that the model description of the aquifer–river relationship is correct.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words Sediment-hosted deposits ; Magnesite ; Siderite ; Bashkir mega-anticline ; Riphean ; Metasomatism ; Geochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In the Bashkir mega-anticline (western Urals) stratabound magnesite, siderite, fluorite and base-metal deposits are hosted by a sequence of Riphean sediments with a thickness of more than 12 km. The giant deposits of siderite (Bakal) and sparry magnesite (Satka) belong to the largest known mineral deposits of this type on Earth but are still disputed with respect to their origin. Both the Fe- and Mg-carbonate ores are clearly characterized by mimetic preservation of sedimentary and diagenetic textures of the host carbonate sediments, giving evidence of epigenetic metasomatic replacement. In the stratiform magnesite deposits of Satka, O- and C-isotopes, REE pattern and the lithostratigraphic position of the ore, point to the reflux of early diagenetic Mg-rich brines being responsible for the selective replacement of brecciated dolomite. The Bakal siderite deposits are hosted by Lower Riphean carbonate rocks and are controlled by a Lower to Middle Riphean unconformity marked by deep erosion and subsequent transgression-related sedimentation of coarse clastics. Their independence of carbonate lithofacies and their trace element distribution are indicative of metasomatic processes. Fe-bearing fluids have probably been generated by low-grade metamorphic (catagenetic) devolatization from underlying argillites, causing the metasomatic formation of large siderite ore bodies in the Bakal carbonates due to the focusing of the fluid flow by the overlying Mid-Riphean coarse clastics.
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