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  • 1
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cellular changes in thin cell layer (TCL) explants of stem origin of Brassica napus L. cv. Vega were studied from 0 to 15 day by light and transmission electron microscopy. Apical and basal ends of the old explants were analysed separately. Quantitative and qualitative analyses showed that during the first culture day the parenchyma cells enlarged significantly as did the cytoplasm/vacuole ratio. The cytoplasm contained increased rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), polysomes and dictyosomes associated with both coated and uncoated vesicles. The cell enlargement continued during the first 5 days of culture. The structural organization of the cell wall became somewhat loose and inhomogeneous. Parenchyma in the basal end divided frequently, resulting in several centres of division, while cell division in apical cells was less frequent and cells there remained enlarged. Starch accumulation started on the first day and increased until the third day. i. e. until cell divisions became more frequent. The starch content of dividing cells gradually decreased and starch was almost totally lacking in 15-day-old explants. Starch grains remained numerous, however, in the large non-dividing apical cells, except in those cells adjacent to the medium. Cell divisions started close to medium in explants containing vascular tissue, but closer to the epidermis in the explants without vascular tissue.The results show how rapid (one day) striking changes in the cells take place and suggest that optimal hormone concentration and intertissue relations between epidermis and parenchyma and between parenchyma and vascular tissues as well as intercellular relations among parenchyma cells determine the first cell division sites and planes in the explants. Although the cells change from elongated to spheroid, their original polarity remains as evidenced by the formation of more numerous basal shoot primordia than in apical shoot primordia.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 32 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Macropores play an important role in many soils in relation to ground-water contamination by providing preferential pathways from the root zone to the water table. Surface-applied agrochemicals may hereby be carried quickly to the shallow ground water. The reduced retention combined with a small contact area between the flowing water and the soil implies that little removal from physical, chemical, and microbiological processes may take place, thus increasing the risk of ground-water contamination.A laboratory procedure for evaluating the effect of macropores in a given soil is proposed and tested. The procedure involves the following sequence of experiments on two undisturbed soil monoliths: (1) measurements of the distribution of outflow, (2) measurements of breakthrough curves, (3) dye application for visual observation of macropores; and (4) horizontal slicing of the monoliths to measure macropore distribution and continuity of macropores. The experimental procedure is based on well-documented techniques that combined will provide evidence on the significance of macropores in relation to ground-water contamination and guidance for selecting the appropriate model for simulating flow and transport at the field in question.The laboratory procedure was tested on two large, undisturbed soil monoliths (30 cm in diameter) removed from the unsaturated zone at a clayey moraine agricultural field in Denmark. This soil was known to have many macropores. The investigations documented the strong influence of these structures on flow and transport suggesting that a traditional flow and transport model would be inadequate for simulating the processes occurring in the field.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words hydraulic testing ; groundwater hydraulics ; numerical modeling ; inverse modeling ; partially penetrating wells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce papier décrit les origines et la distribution des eaux souterraines salées de la Une modélisation numérique inverse a été mise en oeuvre pour analyser des essais de pompage en puits incomplets, pour trois puits dans un aquifère libre à Vejen (Danemark). Des études de terrain extensives avaient auparavant été réalisées, avec des essais de traçage, des slug tests et d'autres essais hydrauliques. Les données de rabattement provenant de nombreux piézomètres situés à différentes distances horizontales et verticales par rapport au puits de pompage ont été introduites en vue de l'optimisation. Les conductivités hydrauliques horizontales et verticales, l'emmagasinement spécifique et le rendement spécifique ont été estimés en supposant que l'aquifère était un milieu soit homogène avec une anisotropie verticale, soit composé de deux ou trois couches avec des propriétés hydrauliques différentes. Dans deux des trois cas, une interprétation plus approfondie a été réalisée avec un modèle multicouche défini sur la base d'informations lithostratigraphiques provenant de descriptions géologiques d'échantillons de sédiments, de logs gamma et de mesures de vitesse d'écoulement. L'analyse des essais de pompage a fourni des valeurs de conductivité hydraulique horizontale qui sont en accord avec celles obtenues à partir des slug tests et des mini slug tests. En plus de la conductivité hydraulique horizontale, il est possible de déterminer la conductivité hydraulique verticale, le rendement spécifique et l'emmagasinement spécifique à partir d'un essai de pompage sur un puits incomplet. L'étude montre que les essais de pompage sur des puits incomplets peuvent être analysés au moyen de modèles numériques inverses. Le modèle utilisé dans cette étude était un modèle d'écoulement aux éléments finis associéà un modèle régressif non linéaire. Un tel modèle peut accepter plus d'informations géologiques et des conditions aux limites complexes; la procédure d'estimation des paramètres peut être formalisée pour obtenir les estimations optimales des paramètres hydrauliques et leurs écarts types.
    Abstract: Resumen Se ha aplicado el problema inverso para analizar ensayos de bombeo en tres pozos parcialmente penetrantes localizados en un acuífero libre en Vejen, Dinamarca. En este lugar ya se habían realizado investigaciones previas, incluyendo ensayos de trazadores e hidráulicos. En la optimización se incluyeron datos de descensos medidos a distintas distancias y profundidades. Se estimó la conductividad hidráulica (K) horizontal y vertical, el almacenamiento específico y el caudal específico, bajo tres hipótesis: sistema homogéneo con anisotropía vertical o compuesto por dos o tres capas de diferentes propiedades hidráulicas. En dos de los tres casos se obtuvo una mejor interpretación con un modelo multicapa definido a partir de la información litoestratigráfica. Los valores resultantes para la K horizontal se corresponden con los obtenidos en ensayos slug y mini slug. Este estudio muestra que los ensayos de bombeo en pozos parcialmente penetrantes se pueden interpretar mediante el problema inverso. En este estudio se usó un modelo de flujo en elementos finitos, combinado con un modelo de regresión no lineal. Este modelo permite incluir una mayor información geológica y unas condiciones de contorno complejas. La estimación de parámetros se puede formalizar con el propósito de obtener, además de los estimadores óptimos de los parámetros, sus desviaciones estándar.
    Notes: Abstract  Inverse numerical modeling was applied to analyze pumping tests of partially penetrating wells carried out in three wells established in an unconfined aquifer in Vejen, Denmark, where extensive field investigations had previously been carried out, including tracer tests, mini-slug tests, and other hydraulic tests. Drawdown data from multiple piezometers located at various horizontal and vertical distances from the pumping well were included in the optimization. Horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities, specific storage, and specific yield were estimated, assuming that the aquifer was either a homogeneous system with vertical anisotropy or composed of two or three layers of different hydraulic properties. In two out of three cases, a more accurate interpretation was obtained for a multi-layer model defined on the basis of lithostratigraphic information obtained from geological descriptions of sediment samples, gammalogs, and flow-meter tests. Analysis of the pumping tests resulted in values for horizontal hydraulic conductivities that are in good accordance with those obtained from slug tests and mini-slug tests. Besides the horizontal hydraulic conductivity, it is possible to determine the vertical hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, and specific storage based on a pumping test of a partially penetrating well. The study demonstrates that pumping tests of partially penetrating wells can be analyzed using inverse numerical models. The model used in the study was a finite-element flow model combined with a non-linear regression model. Such a model can accommodate more geological information and complex boundary conditions, and the parameter-estimation procedure can be formalized to obtain optimum estimates of hydraulic parameters and their standard deviations.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2015-04-30
    Description: In trees, carbohydrates produced in photosynthesizing leaves are transported to roots and other sink organs over distances of up to 100 m inside a specialized transport tissue, the phloem. Angiosperm and gymnosperm trees have a fundamentally different phloem anatomy with respect to cell size, shape and connectivity. Whether these differences have an effect on the physiology of carbohydrate transport, however, is not clear. A meta-analysis of the experimental data on phloem transport speed in trees yielded average speeds of 56 cm h –1 for angiosperm trees and 22 cm h –1 for gymnosperm trees. Similar values resulted from theoretical modeling using a simple transport resistance model. Analysis of the model parameters clearly identified sieve element (SE) anatomy as the main factor for the significantly slower carbohydrate transport speed inside the phloem in gymnosperm compared with angiosperm trees. In order to investigate the influence of SE anatomy on the hydraulic resistance, anatomical data on SEs and sieve pores were collected by transmission electron microscopy analysis and from the literature for 18 tree species. Calculations showed that the hydraulic resistance is significantly higher in the gymnosperm than in angiosperm trees. The higher resistance is only partially offset by the considerably longer SEs of gymnosperms.
    Print ISSN: 0829-318X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-4469
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-10-05
    Description: Author(s): S. Schmid, K. D. Jensen, K. H. Nielsen, and A. Boisen [Phys. Rev. B 84, 165307] Published Tue Oct 04, 2011
    Keywords: Semiconductors II: surfaces, interfaces, microstructures, and related topics
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2012-11-28
    Description: We compare results of three cross-borehole geophysical approaches for imaging tracer migration arising from a point injection of water in the unsaturated zone: three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), two-dimensional ground-penetrating radar (GPR) tomography and quasi-three-dimensional GPR tomography. In the studied field experiment, a tracer was injected for a period of 5 d and was monitored both during injection and for 5 d during the subsequent redistribution. The three methods show similar characteristics of the plume development and movement, which has a strong lateral component and slow vertical migration. In addition to revealing the main tracer plume, two-dimensional GPR and the quasi-three-dimensional GPR results show development of secondary plumes at depth, which are not captured by the three-dimensional ERT due to lack of resolution. The flow patterns are compared to geological information from a coring obtained at the site and it is concluded that the diversion of water in the lateral direction can be caused by a few thin layers of contrasting geological composition. Mass balance calculations based on moment analysis of the moisture content changes reveal that two-dimensional and quasi-three-dimensional GPR results show similar results and that three-dimensional ERT underestimate the amount of tracer substantially. Our results further show that the analysis volume as well as threshold value for moisture content increase has significant impact on computed mass recovery. The choice of threshold value, in particular, should be method-dependent and needs to be considered carefully if the results of the moment calculations are to be used in constraining hydrological models.
    Electronic ISSN: 1539-1663
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2013-08-15
    Description: Regional groundwater recharge and actual evapotranspiration were estimated by calibrating the one-dimensional soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer model Daisy against soil moisture measurements from 30 stations and at 3 depths located within a 1050 km 2 subcatchment of the Danish hydrological observatory HOBE. Thirty models were constructed considering the local climate, soil texture, land use, and field practice. First estimates of the hydraulic parameters were obtained from textural data using a pedotransfer function. On the basis of sensitivity analysis, hydraulic conductivity k s and van Genuchten parameter n were found to be most sensitive, and these two parameters were therefore subject to calibration at each site using the parameter estimation code PEST. From the calibrated models, the regional variation of evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge was predicted and tested against local measurements, giving annual catchment scale values of 474 and 505 mm, respectively, for the period 2009 to 2011. These values corresponded well with comparable field observations. Various formulations of effective parameterizations were tested. Effective parameters of k s and n for forest, heath, and agriculture found by autocalibration against average soil moisture measurements of the three land cover types provided evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge estimates comparable to individual field observations (stream gauge and eddy covariance [EC] data).
    Electronic ISSN: 1539-1663
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-07-21
    Description: We conducted a field experiment at the agricultural field site Voulund within the Danish hydrological observatory, HOBE, with the purpose of estimating recharge using geophysical methods. In September 2011, a saline tracer was added across a 142-m 2 area at the surface at an application rate mimicking natural infiltration. The movement of the saline tracer front was monitored using cross-borehole electrical resistivity tomography (ERT); data were collected on a daily to weekly basis and continued for 1 yr after tracer application. The ERT data were inverted and corrected for temperature changes in the subsurface, and spatial moment analysis was used to calculate the tracer mass, position of the center of mass, and thereby the downwardly recharging flux. The recovered mass was underestimated by the ERT data by up to 50%. Mass balance errors are widely recognized and are a result of variable resolution of the tomographic models and smoothing applied in the inversion routine. The results were nonetheless in very good agreement with pore water samples collected and analyzed from five cores extracted within the tracer application area during the same period. Recharge during the 7.5 mo from September 2011 to the end of April 2012 was estimated to be about 500 mm using the ERT data. This value is in good accord with recharge estimates made based on drainage data from buried lysimeters located only meters away from the cross-borehole ERT array. This suggests that long-term automated ERT monitoring of a surface-applied tracer is a promising technique for estimating groundwater recharge.
    Electronic ISSN: 1539-1663
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1999-08-01
    Print ISSN: 1431-2174
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0157
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1994-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0017-467X
    Electronic ISSN: 1745-6584
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley
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