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  • 1
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
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  • 2
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 13-20 
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  • 3
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 21-26 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 4
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 27-35 
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  • 5
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 36-41 
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  • 6
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 42-48 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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  • 7
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 62-65 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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  • 8
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 66-66 
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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  • 10
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 67-68 
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  • 11
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 1-2 
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  • 12
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 16-27 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The potential 48-satellite constellation offered by the combination of observations from both the GPS and GLONASS positioning systems has created considerable interest among existing GPS users. In the published literature, a considerable amount of work has been devoted to the theoretical issue of algorithm design for combined GPS/GLONASS positioning solutions. Little work has been published, however, on the practical conversion of existing GPS software to include GLONASS observations. This paper considers the computation issues pertaining to the GLONASS broadcast ephemeris for inclusion of GLONASS observations into existing GPS software. The format of the GLONASS broadcast ephemeris is discussed and theory of satellite orbits and their stepwise numerical integration is reviewed. Finally, a strategy for GLONASS broadcast ephemeris computation is proposed to facilitate combination of GPS and GLONASS observations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1521-1886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: The International Association of Geodesy officially established the International GPS Service (IGS) on Janaury 1, 1994. Its prime objective is to provide support and a rerefence system for a wide variety of scientific and practical applications involving GPS. To fulfill its role the IGS also generates, in addition to its fundamental products (orbital/staion positions and consistent Earth orientation parameters), additional reference-system products providing the necessary infrastructure, standards, and means of calibrations for timing and various atmospheric applications of GPS. The generation and efficient application of IGS products and their impact on a number of positioning and atmospheric applications, including low earth orbit satellites, is reviewed and discussed. @ 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: A proper choice of the observation weight matrix is of importance for both adjusting and testing GPS data. Our understanding of the noise characteristic of GPS observations, on which the weight matrix should be based, is, however, still underdeveloped. This makes it difficult to draw up an appropriate weight matrix. The first and foremost purpose of this contribution is therefore to draw attention to the need to improve upon our rudimentary knowledge of the GPS stochastic model. To this end, results will be presented of a relatively simple case study in which the possible presence of cross-correlation between observables is considered. With these results we hope to spur further discussion and research on this important topic. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Notes: An effective method of decreasing multipath errors in GPS or GPS/GLONASS receivers by changing delay lock loop correlator reference signal is discussed. Unlike other approaches, this method does not lead to apparatus complication, power comsumption increase, or augmentation of digital processor load. This method eliminates the multipath error completely if the difference in delays of direct and reflected signal is more than 30 m, and decreases this error for smaller delays. The cost of such decrease is that the noise error is decreased. However, the noise error is much less dangerous than the multipath one because of its smaller value and much shorter correlation interval. Calculated and experimental data for the method are given for multipath and noise errors. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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  • 16
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 67-67 
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  • 17
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 64-66 
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  • 18
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  • 19
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 68-68 
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  • 20
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 69-71 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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  • 21
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    GPS solutions 2 (1998), S. 72-72 
    ISSN: 1521-1886
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  • 22
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Exceedance probability ; trend ; stochastic variables ; non-stationarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Studying the hypothetical case of a trend superimposed on a random stationary variable, we highlight the strong influence of possible non-stationarities on exceedance probability. After a general outline, the subject is analytically developed using the Gumbel distribution, emphasizing the quick increase of the exceedance probability over time in the presence of weak rising trends, and its sensitive underestimation where the non-stationarity goes unnoticed or is considered negligible. Finally the work is applied to hydrological series of rainfall and river flow.
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  • 23
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 53-64 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Risk ; clustering ; point process ; Poisson ; flood.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: Since the introduction into flood risk analysis, the partial duration series method has gained increasing acceptance as an appealing alternative to the annual maximum series method. However, when the base flow is low, there is clustering in the flood peak or flow volume point process. In this case, the general stochastic point process model is not suitable to risk analysis. Therefore, two types of models for flood risk analysis are derived on the basis of clustering stochastic point process theory in this paper. The most remarkable characteristic of these models is that the flood risk is considered directly within the time domain. The acceptability of different models are also discussed with the combination of the flood peak counted process in twenty years at Yichang station on the Yangtze river. The result shows that the two kinds of models are suitable ones for flood risk analysis, which are more flexible compared with the traditional flood risk models derived on the basis of annual maximum series method or the general stochastic point process theory.
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  • 24
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 33-52 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Keywords: Streamflow ; simulation ; nonparametric
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new approach for streamflow simulation using nonparametric methods was described in a recent publication (Sharma et al. 1997). Use of nonparametric methods has the advantage that they avoid the issue of selecting a probability distribution and can represent nonlinear features, such as asymmetry and bimodality that hitherto were difficult to represent, in the probability structure of hydrologic variables such as streamflow and precipitation. The nonparametric method used was kernel density estimation, which requires the selection of bandwidth (smoothing) parameters. This study documents some of the tests that were conduced to evaluate the performance of bandwidth estimation methods for kernel density estimation. Issues related to selection of optimal smoothing parameters for kernel density estimation with small samples (200 or fewer data points) are examined. Both reference to a Gaussian density and data based specifications are applied to estimate bandwidths for samples from bivariate normal mixture densities. The three data based methods studied are Maximum Likelihood Cross Validation (MLCV), Least Square Cross Validation (LSCV) and Biased Cross Validation (BCV2). Modifications for estimating optimal local bandwidths using MLCV and LSCV are also examined. We found that the use of local bandwidths does not necessarily improve the density estimate with small samples. Of the global bandwidth estimators compared, we found that MLCV and LSCV are better because they show lower variability and higher accuracy while Biased Cross Validation suffers from multiple optimal bandwidths for samples from strongly bimodal densities. These results, of particular interest in stochastic hydrology where small samples are common, may have importance in other applications of nonparametric density estimation methods with similar sample sizes and distribution shapes.
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  • 25
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 15-32 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Kalman filtering ; groundwater modelling ; inverse methods ; uncertainty analysis ; state prediction ; parameter estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The popularity of applying filtering theory in the environmental and hydrological sciences passed its first climax in the 1970s. Like so many other new mathematical methods it was simply the fashion at the time. The study of groundwater systems was not immune to this fashion, but neither was it by any means a prominent area of application. The spatial-temporal characteristics of groundwater flow are customarily described by analytical or, more frequently, numerical, physics-based models. Consequently, the state-space representations associated with filtering must be of a high order, with an immediately apparent computational over-burden. And therein lies part of the reason for the but modest interest there has been in applying Kalman filtering to groundwater systems, as reviewed critically in this paper. Filtering theory may be used to address a variety of problems, such as: state estimation and reconstruction, parameter estimation (including the study of uncertainty and its propagation), combined state-parameter estimation, input estimation, estimation of the variance-covariance properties of stochastic disturbances, the design of observation networks, and the analysis of parameter identifiability. A large proportion of previous studies has dealt with the problem of parameter estimation in one form or another. This may well not remain the focus of attention in the future. Instead, filtering theory may find wider application in the context of data assimilation, that is, in reconstructing fields of flow and the migration of sub-surface contaminant plumes from relatively sparse observations.
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  • 26
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 65-82 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Flood flow ; threshold ; generalized Pareto ; Poisson
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This study uses the method of peaks over threshold (P.O.T.) to estimate the flood flow quantiles for a number of hydrometric stations in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The peak values exceeding the base level (threshold), or `exceedances', are fitted by a generalized Pareto distribution. It is known that under the assumption of Poisson process arrival for flood exceedances, the P.O.T. model leads to a generalized extreme value distribution (GEV) for yearly maximum discharge values. The P.O.T. model can then be applied to calculate the quantiles X T corresponding to different return periods T, in years. A regionalization of floods in New Brunswick, which consists of dividing the province into `homogeneous regions', is performed using the method of the `region of influence'. The 100-year flood is subsequently estimated using a regionally estimated value of the shape parameter of the generalized Pareto distribution and a regression of the 100-year flood on the drainage area. The jackknife sampling method is then used to contrast the regional results with the values estimated at site. The variability of these results is presented in box-plot form.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 97-116 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract : The knowledge of the volume and duration of low-flow events in river channels is essential for water management and the design of hydraulics structures. In this study, both preceding characteristics, X 1 and X 2, are considered simultaneously via two types of bivariate distributions whose marginals are exponential. One of these bivariate distributions has been presented by Nagao and Kadoya (1971) and the other has been used by Singh and Singh (1991) to the study of rainfall intensity and rainfall depth. The results are applied to the low-flow series (“peaks-below-threshold”) of Lepreau River (station 01AQ001) in New Brunswick, Canada. These results show that the model that was successfully employed by Singh and Singh (1991) to study rainfall, presents certain difficulties when a very strong correlation, ρ, between the two random variables X 1 and X 2, exists. The model by Nagao and Kadoya (1971) seems to be more satisfactory for such situations, although this model seems also to be quite sensitive to variations in ρ.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 83-96 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Many natural porous geological rock formations, as well as engineered porous structures, have fractal properties, i.e., they are self-similar over several length scales. While there have been many experimental and theoretical studies on how to quantify a fractal porous medium and on how to determine its fractal dimension, the numerical generation of a fractal pore structure with predefined statistical and scaling properties is somewhat scarcer. In the present paper a new numerical method for generating a three-dimensional porous medium with any desired probability density function (PDF) and autocorrelation function (ACF) is presented. The well-known Turning Bands Method (TBM) is modified to generate three-dimensional synthetic isotropic and anisotropic porous media with a Gaussian PDF and exponential-decay ACF. Porous media with other PDF's and ACF's are constructed with a nonlinear, iterative PDF and ACF transformation, whereby the arbitrary PDF is converted to an equivalent Gaussian PDF which is then simulated with the classical TBM. Employing a new method for the estimation of the surface area for a given porosity, the fractal dimensions of the surface area of the synthetic porous media generated in this way are then measured by classical fractal perimeter/area relationships. Different 3D porous media are simulated by varying the porosity and the correlation structure of the random field. The performance of the simulations is evaluated by checking the ensemble statistics, the mean, variance and ACF of the simulated random field. For a porous medium with Gaussian PDF, an average fractal dimension of approximately 2.76 is obtained which is in the range of values of actually measured fractal dimensions of molecular surfaces. For a porous medium with a non-Gaussian quadratic PDF the calculated fractal dimension appears to be consistently higher and averages 2.82. The results also show that the fractal dimension is neither strongly dependent of the porosity nor of the degree of anisotropy assumed.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 117-140 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Transport of non-ergodic solute plumes by steady-state groundwater flow with a uniform mean velocity, μ, were simulated with Monte Carlo approach in a two-dimensional heterogeneous and statistically isotropic aquifer whose transmissivity, T, is log-normally distributed with an exponential covariance. The ensemble averages of the second spatial moments of the plume about its center of mass, 〈S i i (t)〉, and the plume centroid covariance, R i i (t) (i=1,2), were simulated for the variance of Y=log T, σ Y 2=0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 and line sources normal or parallel to μ of three dimensionless lengths, 1, 5, and 10. For σ Y 2=0.1, all simulated 〈S i i (t)〉−S i i (0) and R i i (t) agree well with the first-order theoretical values, where S i i (0) are the initial values of S i i (t). For σ Y 2=0.5 and 1.0 and the line sources normal to μ, the simulated longitudinal moments, 〈S 11(t)〉−S 11(0) and R 11(t), agree well with the first-order theoretical results but the simulated transverse moments 〈S 22(t)〉−S 22(0) and R 22(t) are significantly larger than the first-order values. For the same two larger values of σ Y 2 but the line sources parallel to μ, the simulated 〈S 11(t)〉−S 11(0) are larger than but the simulated R 11 are smaller than the first-order values, and both simulated 〈S 22(t)〉−S 22(0) and R 22(t) stay larger than the first-order values. For a fixed value of σ Y 2, the summations of 〈S i i (t)〉−S i i (0) and R i i , i.e., X i i (i=1,2), remain almost the same no matter what kind of source simulated. The simulated X 11 are in good agreement with the first-order theory but the simulated X 22 are significantly larger than the first-order values. The simulated X 22, however, are in excellent agreement with a previous modeling result and both of them are very close to the values derived using Corrsin's conjecture. It is found that the transverse moments may be significantly underestimated if less accurate hydraulic head solutions are used and that the decreasing of 〈S 22(t)〉−S 22(0) with time or a negative effective dispersivity, defined as , may happen in the case of a line source parallel to μ where σ Y 2 is small.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 141-154 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Ground truth ; geostatistical techniques ; areal reduction factor ; Rainfall process ; linear relationship.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Geostatistical techniques are used to quantify the reference mean areal rainfall (ground truth) from sparse raingaugenetworks. Based on the EPSAT-Niger event cumulative rainfall, a linear relationship between the ground truth considered as the mean area rainfall estimated from the densely available raingauge network and the area rainfall estimated from sparse network are derived. Also, a linear relationship between the ground truth and point rainfall is established. As it was reported experimentally by some authors, the slope of these relationships is less than one. Based on the geostatistical framework, the slope and the ordinate at the origin can be estimated as a function of the spatial structure of the rainfall process. It is shown that the slope is smaller than one. For the special case of one gauge inside a fixed area or a Field Of View (FOV), an areal reduction factor is derived. It has a limit value which depends only on the size of the area and the spatial structure of the rainfall process. The relative variance error of estimating the FOV cumulative rainfall from point rainfall is also given.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 223-245 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Stochastic differential equation ; spatial data ; irregularly sampled data ; parameter estimation.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: A second order stochastic differential equation is used for modeling of water-table elevation. The data were sampled at the Borden Aquifer as a part of a tracer experiment. The purpose of the water-table data collection was to determine presence of a water flow. We argue that the water-table surface is a simple plane oscillating up and down in time according to an equation for a stochastic oscillator. We derive the model, estimate its parameters and provide arguments for goodness-of-fit of the model.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 267-283 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Flood frequency analysis ; TCEV ; non-systematic information ; regional ; statistical gain.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: Due to the social and economic implications, flood frequency analysis must be done with the highest precision. For this reason, the most suitable statistical model must be selected, and the maximum amount of information must be used. Floods in Mediterranean rivers can be produced by two different mechanisms, which forces the use of a non-traditional distribution like the TCEV. The information can be increased by using additional non-systematic data, or with a regional analysis, or both. Through the statistical gain concept, it has been shown that in most cases the use of additional non-systematic information can decrease the quantile estimation error in about 50%. In a regional analysis, the␣benefit of additional information in one station, is propagated to the rest of␣the␣stations with only a small decrease with respect to the at-site equivalent analysis.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 285-298 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We present a geostatistically based inverse model for characterizing heterogeneity in parameters of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity for three-dimensional flow. Pressure and moisture content are related to perturbations in hydraulic parameters through cross-covariances, which are calculated to first-order. Sensitivities needed for covariance calculations are derived using the adjoint state sensitivity method. Approximations of the conditional mean parameter fields are then obtained from the cokriging estimator. Correlation between parameters and pressure – moisture content perturbations is seen to be strongly dependent on mean pressure or moisture content. High correlation between parameters and pressure data was obtained under saturated or near saturated flow conditions, providing accurate estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity, while moisture content measurements provided accurate estimation of the pore size distribution parameter under unsaturated flow conditions.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 247-266 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Stochastic control ; dynamic programming ; reservoir systems ; hydrologic forecasting ; hydropower ; feedback control ; autoregressive models.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract : As with all dynamic programming formulations, differential dynamic programming (DDP) successfully exploits the sequential decision structure of multi-reservoir optimization problems, overcomes difficulties with the nonconvexity of energy production functions for hydropower systems, and provides optimal feedback release policies. DDP is particularly well suited to optimizing large-scale multi-reservoir systems due to its relative insensitivity to state-space dimensionality. This advantage of DDP encourages expansion of the state vector to include additional multi-lag hydrologic information and/or future inflow forecasts in developing optimal reservoir release policies. Unfortunately, attempts at extending DDP to the stochastic case have not been entirely successful. A modified stochastic DDP algorithm is presented which overcomes difficulties in previous formulations. Application of the algorithm to a four-reservoir hydropower system demonstrates its capabilities as an efficient approach to solving stochastic multi-reservoir optimization problems. The algorithm is also applied to a single reservoir problem with inclusion of multi-lag hydrologic information in the state vector. Results provide evidence of significant benefits in direct inclusion of expanded hydrologic state information in optimal feedback release policies.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 299-316 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a geostatistical approach to multi-directional aquifer stimulation in order to better identify the transmissivity field. Hydraulic head measurements, taken at a few locations but under a number of different steady-state flow conditions, are used to estimate the transmissivity. Well installation is generally the most costly aspect of obtaining hydraulic head measurements. Therefore, it is advantageous to obtain as many informative measurements from each sampling location as possible. This can be achieved by hydraulically stimulating the aquifer through pumping, in order to set-up a variety of flow conditions. We illustrate the method by applying it to a synthetic aquifer. The simulations provide evidence that a few sampling locations may provide enough information to estimate the transmissivity field. Furthermore, the innovation of, or new information provided by, each measurement can be examined by looking at the corresponding spline and sensitivity matrix. Estimates from multi-directional stimulation are found to be clearly superior to estimates using data taken under one flow condition. We describe the geostatistical methodology for using data from multi-directional simulations and address computational issues.
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 31-40 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Strain Hoop Tension Test ; Penrith Sandstone ; Deformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'essai de traction sur anneau s'est avéré fiable et sensible pour mesurer la résistance des roches à la traction. Cet article décrit des expériences réalisées sur des anneaux de grès de Penrith de différentes tailles et soumis à cet essai. La distribution et l'ampleur des déformations à la surface des anneaux ont été mesurées en utilisant les techniques du Moiré, à partir desquelles on a déterminé les déformations à la rupture. Ces dernières, qui se sont produites à différents stades en fonction de la hauteur des anneaux, ont été mesurées. Les déformations se révèlent être dépendantes de la porosité totale, mais les résultats obtenus ne peuvent pas s'expliquer par ce seul facteur.
    Notes: Abstract  The Hoop Tension Test has proved to be a reliable and sensitive test for measuring rock strength in tension. This paper describes experiments using Penrith Sandstone hoops of different sizes, failed under tension by this procedure. The distribution and magnitude of strain over the surface of the hoops was measured using Moiré fringes, from which strains at failure were determined. The variation in strain at failure between the hoops of differing heights, failed at different rates of deformation, was determined. The strains appear to be dependent on total porosity but no single explanation accounts for the results obtained.
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 65-68 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Tectonics ; Greece ; Rivers ; Hydrology ; Instability ; Erosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé L'article décrit la géomorphologie et les instabilités des formations néogènes du Nord du Péloponnèse et étudie leurs relations avec les données lithologiques et hydrologiques. L'auteur donne une brève description des phénomènes d'instabilité dus à l'érosion et présente une analyse qualitative des conditions d'écoulement dans le bassin de Finikas et Meganeitos.
    Notes: Abstract  The geomorphic and instability conditions of the Neogene formations in Northern Peloponnesus are examined and related to the lithologies and hydrological data. Instability phenomena caused by erosion are briefly described and a qualitative analysis of the run-off conditions within the Finikas and Meganeitos catchments is presented.
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 59-63 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Debris slide ; Colluvium ; Monsoon ; Landslide ; India
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le 28 juin 1994 après une chute de pluie de 240 mm, un énorme glissement d'eboulis dans le village de Parmachi sur la côte occidentale de l'Inde (Varandh Ghat, district de Konkan). Le glissement a provoqué des dégâts considérables et tué 20 personnes. Il a été provoqué par une augmentation de la pression hydrostatique à la base des colluvions, la rupture se produisant à l'interface roche en place/éboulis. Compte tenu de l'importance de tels glissements sur l'habitat et les routes, la mise en place d'un système d'alarme, basé sur un seuil de 170 mm de précipitations en 24 heures, est proposé par les auteurs.
    Notes: Abstract  On 28 June 1994 when 240 mm of rainfall occurred, a huge debris slide took place at Parmachi village in the Varandh Ghat of the Konkan district on the west coast of India. The debris slide resulted in extensive damage to property and killed 20 people in addition to numerous animals. The slide is considered to have occurred due to the development of hydrostatic pressure at the base of colluvial material, such that slope failure took place at the rock/soil interface. In view of the significance of such slides to settlements and highways, it is proposed that a warning system is developed based on a rainfall threshold of 170 mm in a 24-hour period.
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 79-90 
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    Keywords: Key words Tunnel ; Underground excavation ; Infrastructure ; Bedrock quality ; 3D databases ; Stockholm
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    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le substratum de la ville de Stockholm fournit un excellent matériau pour la construction. L'article décrit la géologie du secteur et donne des exemples concernant essentiellement des infrastructures, des constructions souterraines et insiste sur l'attention apportée aux considérations environnementales. Il engage la discussion sur la recherche qui a été entreprise pour mettre en place des vases de données géologiques et géotechniques dans le cadre d'un système souple et accessible, qui permette aux maître d'ouvrages d'utiliser au mieux les ressources locales tout en minimisant les inconvénients pour l'environnement.
    Notes: Abstract  The bedrock in the Stockholm area provides an excellent material for construction. The paper describes the geology of the area and provides case histories, mainly related to infrastructure development, illustrating the use of underground construction and the importance given to environmental considerations. It discusses the research being undertaken to establish data bases which will record the geological and geotechnical information being obtained, in a flexible and accessible system, in order that developers may maximise the local resources and minimise adverse effects on the environment.
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 111-112 
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 69-78 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Mots-clés Teneur en eau ; TDR ; Milieu non saturé ; Milieu poreux ; Carrière souterraine ; Key words water content ; TDR ; unsaturated medium ; porous medium ; underground quarry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract  More than 514 measure points of water content made by Time Domain Reflectometry method, during a hydrological cycle and evenly distributed among the two studied underground quarries of Gironde (France) show a permanent undersaturated limestone. Two periods of maximum water content correspond to two occurring effective precipitations. The dephasing and decreasing with depth of the amplitude of the wave water content can be explained by the petrophysical properties of porous medium. The maps of the spatial distribution of water content show the heterogeneity of water flow in an unsaturated meteoric zone. The study of the change in water content of a rock mass as rainwater passes through the unsaturated zone is of a scientific interest as it affects (Pauly 1990; Morat et al. 1992a; Morat et al. 1992b; Hammecker 1993; Pisarenko et al. 1996; Cerepi 1997): a) the degradation of the mechanical properties of materials due to variations and amplitude of water content; b) the change in the chemical properties of the material, including dissolution and cementation and c) the retention of pollutants within the pores of the rock mass in the nearsurface zone. The paper reports an experimental study of the change in water content evolution using the Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) method. The experiment was conducted over an annual hydrological cycle between April 1996 and April 1997 in two underground quarries/mines (Gauriac-Thau and Saint Germain-La Rivière) in the unsaturated Aquitanian oligocene limestone in the North of Dordogne. The effective precipitation was considered to be the source of the water in the pores of the analysed limestone and hence used as the entrance signal of the analysed system (Fig. 1). The signal related to the air content within the voids remains constant during the hydrological cycle and does not affect the water content signal. The water flows from surface to the ground water level through the porous pillars. The porous network is only represented by a matrix pore network because the fracturing network is plugged up with internal sediment. A series of core samples have been removed from the pillars as well as from boreholes drilled from the surface through the rock cover immediately above the mine pillars in order to analyse petrophysical properties. The method of Time Domain Reflectometry was first used by Fellner-Feldegg (1969) to measure the dielectric permitivity of solutions and is now a widely used method of measuring water content (Nicodem 1966; Hipp 1974; Topp et al. 1980; Topp et Davis 1985). The TDR apparatus used is a TRIME-system whose drill contains two electrodes. For the calibration of the TDR apparatus a sampling core is used the dimensions having been choosen in accordance with the volume of the rock measured by the electromagnetic field (Fig. 2). Two kinds of measures are made: the water content calculated by weighing and the apparent water content measured by the TDR, in order to allow the conversion of the apparent values to the real values of water content (Fig. 2). A monthly analysis of water content measurements and effective precipitation indicated that the degree of saturation at the two sites varied between 36% and 73%. Throughout the hydrological period studied, saturation has never reached the value of 100%. When depth increases we observe a dephasing between the wave of water content in both sites. In the Saint Germain-La-Rivière site, there was a time lag of three months before the signal resulting from precipitation in November 1996 was recognised at 5,85 m and a further month before it was recorded at 7,35 m depth (Fig. 3, 4). At Gauriac-Thau there was a two month time lag before the effect of the rainfall was noted at 7,5 m and further month before the signal indicated it has reached 11,5 m (Fig. 3, 5). Throughout the hydrological cycle, the experiment showed the amplitude of the wave of water content decreased with depth, at a rate of 0,5% of the maximum average amplitude per metre depth (Fig. 3, 4, 5). The difference in saturation between the two sites is related to two petrophysical parameters of the rock: the specific surface area and the pore throat size. The relationship of the water/solid surface area is important as it strongly influences water tension. The results have shown that the effect of the specific surface area is more pronounced in the limestone of Gauriac-Thau (Table 1). When the pore throat size decreases the capillary pressure increases. The limestone of Thau has smaller pore throat than the limestone of Saint Germain-La-Rivière. The dephasing phenomenon (period of delay before the effects of precipitation are noted) depends essentially on two factors. As regards the diffusivity of the porous medium, defined as , this is the taken into account by the Schoeller model (1962) used to calculate the dephasing of the wave of the water content. The comparison between tcal (calculated dephasing time) and tm (measured dephasing time) of the wave of water content at different levels indicated that tcal values are slightly lower that tm values (Table 2). This is probably due to an over-estimation of the values of permeability Kz. The difference in amplitude of the water content between the two study sites can be explained by two factors: a) the kinetics of capillary saturation represented by coefficient A′, b) the porosity. The water content was recorded each month at 514 points. As can be seen from Fig. 4, 5, the data indicate the variation in both the measurements and the petrophysical properties of the porous medium. Time Domain Reflectometry, which measures the water content of a rock through the dielectric constant, was used to analyse the change in the water content of a limestone bedrock above the ground water table. After calibration of the TDR apparatus, monthly measurements were taken at 514 points over the hydrological cycle April 1996 to April 1997. In the underground quarries/mines at Saint Germain-La-Rivière and Gauriac-Thau, the dielectric constant was measured at regular intervals within the pillars. The results indicated a permanent undersaturation of the rock material, the degree of which was related to the petrophysical properties of the porous medium: the specific surface area and the pore throat size. The dephasing and decrease in amplitude of water content signal with depth depends on the petrophysical properties of the porous medium: the diffusivity, the hydraulic capacity and the velocity of capilllary saturation. The maps of water content at the two sites indicate the variation of water flow in the unsaturated zone was related to the heterogeneity of the properties of the limestone.
    Notes: Résumé Les 514 points de mesures de la teneur en eau effectués mensuellement par la méthode de "Time Domain Reflectometry" pendant un cycle hydrologique et répartis dans deux carrières souterraines de calcaire la Gironde (France) ont montré une non saturation permanente du calcaire. Les deux périodes maximales de teneur en eau correspondent à deux événements de précipitations efficaces. Le déphasage et la diminution de l'amplitude de l'onde de teneur en eau avec la profondeur s'expliquent par les propriétés pétrophysiques du milieu poreux matriciel. Les cartes de répartition spatiale de la teneur en eau traduisent l'hétérogénéité de l'écoulement matriciel en zone non saturée.
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 185-190 
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    Keywords: Key words Sandstones ; Weathering ; Effective porosity ; Strength ; Slake durability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'article décrit les analyses et tests géotechniques réalisés sur des grés provenant d'un talus routier au nord-est d'Istanbul (Turquie). Des échantillons ont été soigneusement prélevés sur le terrain afin d'obtenir des matériaux représentatifs de la totalité du profil d'altération. Bien que des essais de résistance à la compression simple, des essais de résistance pointes (essai Franklin) et des essais au marteau de Schmidt aient été réalisés, l'essai de durabilité (résistance à l'écaillage) a fourni la meilleure corrélation avec le degré d'altération météorique.
    Notes: Abstract  The paper describes the analyses and geotechnical testing of sandstones taken from a road cutting to the north east of Istanbul, Turkey. Samples were carefully selected in the field in order to obtain material representative of the complete weathering profile. Although unconfined compressive strength, point load index values and Schmidt hammer rebound numbers were obtained, the slake durability test provided the closest correlation with weathering grade.
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 1-1 
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 2-2 
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 17-30 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Rock ; Strength ; UCS ; Point Load ; Testing ; Field description
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'article discute de quelques facteurs importants qu'il faut prendre en compte lorsqu'on réalise des essais de résistance sur les roches et lorsqu'on décrit la résistance d'une roche à partir d'estimations faites pendant les études de terrain. Il met en exergue le manque de logique des catégories descriptives utilisées couramment et attire l'attention sur les écarts qui peuvent se manifester quand les roches sont testées dans des conditions différentes.
    Notes: Abstract  This paper discusses some important factors to be considered when undertaking rock strength tests and describing the strength of a rock as assessed during field investigations. It highlights the lack of consistency in the commonly used descriptive categories and draws attention to the disparencies which can arise when rocks are tested under different conditions.
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 3-15 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Trenching ; Tool consumption ; Excavation rates ; Expert systems ; Fuzzy logic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Des expériences récentes de taille des roches en laboratoire ainsi que des études de terrain sur les performances des excavatrices en muiez rocheux a permis une meilleure compréhension des processus et facteurs gouvernant l'usure des outils et Ici vitesses d'avancement des inatériels. A partir de ces données, on a développé un modèle pour aider it la provision des vitesses d'excavation et de l'usure des outils dans des contextes géologiques variés. L'article donne un aperçu des essais de laboratoire et des études de terrain, décrit un modèle de base sur le processus et les mécanismes en jeu et discute de la façon dont on peut titiller les connaissances acquises pour les futurs travaux. 11 suggère enfin comment ces connaissances pouffaient 8tre appliquées par les praticiens qui doivent travailler avec peu on pas de données fiables et de bonne qualité.
    Notes: Abstract  Recent rock cutting laboratory experiments and field studies on the performance of rock cutting trenchers has provided a better understanding of the processes and factors affecting tool consumption and excavation rates of rock excavation machines. On the basis of this, a model has been developed to assist in the prediction of trenching rates and tool wear in various geological situations. The paper provides an overview of the set-up and results of both laboratory and field studies. It describes a basic framework model of the processes and mechanisms involved in assessing excavation rates and tool consumption and discusses how the acquired knowledge can be used to assist with predictions for future excavation works. It then considers how this knowledge could be applied by practitioners who have to work with a scarcity or absence of good quality and reliable data.
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 41-50 
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    Keywords: Key words Pumice ; Vesuvius ; Density ; Porosity ; Landslides ; Stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Cet article décrit les caractéristiques des sols constitués de ponces dans la région du Vésuve et discute les différents essais concernant le comportement de ces sols vis-à-vis de l'eau dans un certain nombre de sites différents. L'attention est attirée sur la présence de vides inter aussi bien qu'intraparticulaires et les auteurs proposent des modifications du diagramme traditionnel des phases solide-eau-air pour tenir compte de ces phénomènes. L'importance d'une bonne compréhension de la structure de ces sols et de leur comportement vis-à-vis des circulations d'eau est illustrée a l'aide d'exemples de glissements et de travaux de confortement.
    Notes: Abstract  This paper describes the characteristics of pumice soils from the area of Mount Vesuvius and discusses sinking, watering and other geotechnical tests on pumice from a number of sites. Attention is drawn to the presence of both inter- and intra-particle voids within this material and appropriate modifications to the standard solid-water-air phase diagram are suggested to take account of this. The importance of understanding the structure of the pumice and its response to rainfall/ground water conditions is discussed in relation to both landslips and stabilisation works.
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Slope failure ; Rainfall ; Resistivity ; Electric prospecting ; Pyroclastic deposits ; Japan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumé Dans une région soumise à la mousson, l'infiltration des eaux de pluie dans un talus est l'un des facteurs déterminants de sa stabilité. Pour comprendre le processus d'infiltration, on a utilisé une méthode automatisée de prospection électrique pour mesurer les modifications de la résistivité apparente à l'intérieur d'un talus, situé dans le sud de Kyushu, au Japon. La formation concernée est constituée de débris pyroclastiques quaternaires faiblement consolidés et perméables. Les mesures de résistivité effectuées sur une durée de six mois on mis en évidence les variations dans le talus, et en particulier un décalage marqué entre la chute de pluie et la modification de résistivité. Près de la surface, la réponsc est rapide et importante. A des profondeurs plus grandes, elle est plus lente et plus faible, mais les effets peuvent être cumulatifs.
    Notes: Abstract  Rainfall and its infiltration into a slope is one of the most important factors affecting slope stability in a monsoon region. To understand the infiltration process, changes in the apparent resistivity within a slope in southern Kyushu, Japan, have been measured using automated electric prospecting. The slope studied is underlain by Quaternary weak and permeable pyroclastic flow deposits. Resistivity data obtained over a six month period indicate that the conditions within the slope vary and a distinct time lag is recognised between the rainfall event and the change in resistivity. At near surface depths the response is rapid and large. At lower depths it is slower and smaller, but the effects may be cumulative.
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 91-99 
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    Keywords: Key words Pisa ; Stabilisation ; Alluvium ; Foundations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La Tour penchée de Pise, de 56 m de hauteur, a été construite en trois phases de 1173 à 1370, sur les alluvions de la rivière Arno, dans le Centre-Ouest de l'Italie. Bien que la tour ait commencéà basculer très tôt, la poursuite de l'inclinaison dans le temps a conduit à se poser des problèmes de sécurité. Après avoir examiné les méthodes de constuction de la tour et présenté les terrains de fondation, l'article rappelle l'histoire du basculement de la tour, décrit les mesures conservatoires provisoires et propose des méthodes pour sa stabilisation permanente.
    Notes: Abstract  The 56-m high "leaning tower" of Pisa was constructed in three phases between 1173 and 1370 on the alluvial sediments of the River Arno, central west Italy. Although the tower deviated from the vertical at an early stage, the continuing tilt has led to concern about its safety. Having reviewed the construction of the tower and the underlying geology, the paper discusses the history of the tilting and describes the temporary remedial measures undertaken and permanent stabilization proposed.
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Assisi Earthquake ; Seismology ; Historic buildings ; Umbria-Marche ; Seismic microzonation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La sequence sismique de septembre–octobre 1997 qui a affecté l'une des régions historiques les plus importantes d'Italie Centrale a mis en évidence que l'impact économique des tremblements de terre de magnitude modérée peut être considérable. En ce qui concerne la vulnerabilité du patrimoine artistique et architectural, on a constaté que des trésors inestimables pouvaient subir des dégâts importants même lors de secousses modérées. On attire l'attention sur le fait qu'un microzonage sismique ne pourra être efficace que si l'on prend en compte non seulement l'activité sismique passée mais aussi l'historique des développements urbains.
    Notes: Abstract  The September–October 1997 seismic sequence in one of the most important historic areas of Central Italy showed that the economic impact of earthquakes of only moderate magnitude can be high. In view of the vulnerability of the artistic and architectural heritage, priceless treasures in such towns as Assisi are very susceptible to damage as a consequence of such seismic events. Attention is drawn to the fact that for seismic microzonation to be effective, it is essential that not only the past seismic activity but also the history of the urban developments is taken into account.
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 131-144 
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    Keywords: Key words Landslides ; Weald Greensand ; Rainfall patterns ; Abandoned cliffs ; England
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les reliefs des Lower Greensand, dans le sud et le centre du comté du Kent, présentent de nombreux glissements. L'article décrit ces glissements en général, et se concentre sur les parties de ces reliefs qui forment les anciennes falaises côtières, maintenant protégées de l'érosion marine par les marais de Romney. En particulier, sont présentés des travaux de recherche concernant une série de glissements près de Hythe (Kent) qui font partie d'une grande zone de glissements réactivés lors de la période humide de 1988. Les données pluviométriques de la région sont analysées et rapportées aux glissements de terrain réactivés à cette occasion. De nouvelles idées sur la nature des dommages subis historiquement par le fort du troisième siècle, connu sous le nom de Stutfall Castle, sont présentées.
    Notes: Abstract  The escarpment of the Lower Greensand in south and central Kent is extensively landslipped. The paper describes the landslips in general but concentrates on those parts of the escarpment which form the abandoned coastal cliffs, now protected from marine attack by Romney Marsh. In particular it considers the investigation of a set of landslips near Hythe, Kent, which form part of an extensive landslide complex re-activated at the time of the 1988 wet period. The rainfall patterns for the area are discussed and related to the landslide events. New insights into the nature of the historic damage to the third century fort known as Stutfall Castle are considered.
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 145-150 
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    Keywords: Key words Tunnels ; Chalk excavation ; RMR system ; Q system ; Israel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La craie est largement répartie et bien affleurante en Israël. Depuis des millénaires, des tunnels ont été creusés dans cette roche pour différentes utilisations. Cet article porte sur l'applicabilitéà la craie de la classification Q et RMR des roches. Les mesures de terrain effectuées dans sept tunnels différents ont montré que les méthodes de classification Q et RMR étaient trop conservatives. Il est donc nécessaire d'envisager une modification des méthodes actuelles de classification ou une nouvelle classification, basés sur la résistance de la craie.
    Notes: Abstract  Chalk is widely distributed and well exposed in Israel. For thousands of years tunnels for various purposes have been excavated in this rock mass. This paper focuses on the applicability of the Q and RMR rock mass classification to chalk. From field measurements undertaken in seven different tunnels it has been concluded that the Q and RMR classification methods were too conservative. It is therefore suggested that a modification of the present classification methods, or a new classification, based on the chalk's strength is required.
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    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1998), S. 113-129 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Landslides ; Debris flows ; Perched water ; Undrained loading ; Fluidisation ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Suite aux intenses précipitations du 4/5 mai 1998, plus d'une containe de mouvements de terrain se sont produits dans la région de Sarno-Quindici, à environ 30 km à l'est de Naples, dans le sud de l'Italic. Les mouvements de terrain sont situés dans une zone où des matériaux pyroclastiques recents recouvrent un substratum calcaire du Mésozoïque ayant déjà subi une karstification pendant une longue période. Les coulées de débris issues de ces mouvements de terrain se sont propagés sur 3 à 4 km à l'intérieur des plaines environnantes et ont atteint les villes de Sarno, Quindici, Bracigliano et Siano, en causant de graves destructions. 160 personnes ont péri. Cet article préliminaire examine plusieurs scénarios afin de mettre en lumière les causes et mécanismes possibles des mouvements de terrain. Sont particulièrement importants les scénarios des précipitations antérieures, l'éventualité de nappe d'eau perchée, les propriétés physiques des roches volcaniques métastables récentes et des paléosols sous jacents et l'influence des changements morphologiques d'origine anthropique. Des études plus poussées sont entreprises pour déterminer l'importance relative de ces différents facteurs.
    Notes: Abstract  Following intense rainfall on 4/5 May 1998, over 100 mass movements occurred in the Sarno-Quindici area, some 30 km east of Naples, southern Italy. The movements took place in an area where recent pyroclastic materials mantle a Mesozoic limestone bedrock massif which had already suffered karstification over a long period. The debris from these movements extended 3–4 km into the surrounding lowlands and reached the towns of Sarno, Quindici, Bracigliano and Siano, causing severe destruction. One hundred and sixty-one people lost their lives. This preliminary paper discusses a number of scenarios to highlight the possible causes and mechanisms of the movements. Of particular importance are preceding rainfall patterns, the possible perched water conditions, the physical properties of the recent metastable volcanoclastics and underlying palaeosols and the influence of man-made changes in the morphology. Further studies are being undertaken to elucidate the relative importance of the different contributory factors.
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  • 54
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 155-170 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Keywords: Stochastic inverse model ; conditioning ; transient groundwater flow.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the effect of conditioning transient, two-dimensional groundwater flow simulations, where the transmissivity was a spatial random field, on time dependent head data. The random fields, representing perturbations in log transmissivity, were generated using a known covariance function and then conditioned to match head data by iteratively cokriging and solving the flow model numerically. A new approximation to the cross-covariance of log transmissivity perturbations with time dependent head data and head data at different times, that greatly increased the computational efficiency, was introduced. The most noticeable effect of head data on the estimation of head and log transmissivity perturbations occurred from conditioning only on spatially distributed head measurements during steady flow. The additional improvement in the estimation of the log transmissivity and head perturbations obtained by conditioning on time dependent head data was fairly small. On the other hand, conditioning on temporal head data had a significant effect on particle tracks and reduced the lateral spreading around the center of the paths.
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  • 55
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 191-204 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Keywords: groundwater flow ; inverse problems ; stability ; geostatistical interpolation ; kriging.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Differential System Method (DSM) permits identification of the physical parameters of finite-difference groundwater flow models in a confined aquifer when piezometric head and source terms are known at each point of the finite-difference lattice for at least two independent flow situations for which the hydraulic gradients are not parallel. Since piezometric head data are usually few and sparse, interpolation of the measured data onto a regular grid can be performed with geostatistical techniques. We apply kriging to the sparse data of a synthetic aquifer to evaluate the stability of the DSM with respect to uncorrelated measurement errors and interpolation errors. The numerical results show that the DSM is stable.
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  • 56
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 171-190 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Keywords: Self-Calibrated method ; Stochastic hydrology ; Conditional simulation ; Stochastic inversion.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: A common approach for the performance assessment of radionuclide migration from a nuclear waste repository is by means of Monte-Carlo techniques. Multiple realizations of the parameters controlling radionuclide transport are generated and each one of these realizations is used in a numerical model to provide a transport prediction. The statistical analysis of all transport predictions is then used in performance assessment. In order to reduce the uncertainty on the predictions is necessary to incorporate as much information as possible in the generation of the parameter fields. In this regard, this paper focuses in the impact that conditioning the transmissivity fields to geophysical data and/or piezometric head data has on convective transport predictions in a two-dimensional heterogeneous formation. The Walker Lake data based is used to produce a heterogeneous log-transmissivity field with distinct non-Gaussian characteristics and a secondary variable that represents some geophysical attribute. In addition, the piezometric head field resulting from the steady-state solution of the groundwater flow equation is computed. These three reference fields are sampled to mimic a sampling campaign. Then, a series of Monte-Carlo exercises using different combinations of sampled data shows the relative worth of secondary data with respect to piezometric head data for transport predictions. The analysis shows that secondary data allows to reproduce the main spatial patterns of the reference transmissivity field and improves the mass transport predictions with respect to the case in which only transmissivity data is used. However, a few piezometric head measurements could be equally effective for the characterization of transport predictions.
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  • 57
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 205-222 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Hale cycle ; luni-solar tidal constituent ; maximum entropy spectrum ; multi-taper method ; harmonic analysis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: Cohen and Sweeter (1975) found the 20 to 22-year Hale (double sunspot) cycle signal in the maximum entropy spectra of sunspot and Atlantic tropical cyclone data. Currie (1996) corroborated and extended their analysis, but he argued that this signal is the 18.6-year luni-solar tidal constituent. Currie maintains that Cohen and Sweeter mistakenly conjectured that this long term periodicity was induced by the 20 to 22-year Hale cycle signal. However, no further investigation of periodicity in the extracted wave forms corresponding to the 18.6-year luni-solar signal was conducted. In this study, we follow Currie's signal processing procedures to extract the wave forms corresponding to the 18.6-year luni-solar signal. In order to investigate the periodicity in the extracted wave forms, multi-taper method (MTM) is used for harmonic analysis. Band pass filters are then designed to extract the wave forms corresponding to the individual components identified in the MTM harmonic analysis. The investigation results of the monthly precipitation and Palmer's drought severity index (PDSI) data in three of the midwestern states – Illinois, Indiana and Ohio – show that two periodic components, the 20 to 22-year Hale cycle signal and the other component with periods between 16.9 and 13.5 years, are identified. The bistability phenomenon, which Currie found in these wave forms, is more likely to result from the superposition of these two periodic components, rather than from a nonlinear mechanism. Besides, a periodic component with an approximate period of 33 years is detected.
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  • 58
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 397-412 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: dispersion ; particle tracking ; random walks ; overbank flow ; equifinality ; fuzzy calibration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: Part 1 of this study assessed the effectiveness of dispersion models based around random particle tracking (RPT) applied an overbank flow in the Flood Channel Facility at HR Wallingford. Several of the RPT models that were used predicted the mixing behaviour of the tracer in the complex channel flow to within an acceptable accuracy. If there is no uniqueness in the model structure which can be used to represent the true system to within the limitations of the available observations, then this implies an inherent degree of ambiguity in our knowledge of the physically based model structure. This suggests that we should be less forthright in the optimisation of each individual model structure, and perhaps investigate more of the parameter combinations for each model which yield feasible simulations of the system. An alternative fuzzy calibration technique is introduced which avoids the optimisation process and takes account of uncertainties in the model structure, parameter sets and observed data in prediction.
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  • 59
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 377-396 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: dispersion ; particle tracking ; random walks ; overbank flow ; equifinality.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: In a special opportunity, detailed measurements of the flow in an overbank flow in the Flood Channel Facility at HR Wallingford were used in conjunction with tracer test data to assess the effectiveness of dispersion models based around random particle tracking (RPT). Ten different RPT models based on different assumptions and levels of information about the nature of the Lagrangian velocity field were investigated. Multiple simulations were used to calibrate variable parameters controlling the average magnitude of the perturbations for each model by comparison with observed concentrations at one cross-section. The calibrated models were then used to predict concentration distributions further downstream. Several of the calibrated models showed close agreement between observed and predicted concentration distributions. The most complex models using the most information about the velocity distributions were no better (and in some cases worse) in prediction than the simplest models investigated. It would appear that our knowledge of the system, despite the quality of the experiments, is too uncertain to infer a precise model structure.
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  • 60
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 359-375 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Non-homogeneous Poisson model ; parameter estimation ; approximation technique ; Taylor series ; cumulative probability distribution function ; intensity function ; error analysis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: Higher-order approximation techniques for estimating stochastic parameter of the non-homogeneous Poisson (NHP) model are presented. The NHP model is characterized by a two-parameter cumulative probability distribution function (CDF) of sediment displacement. Those two parameters are the temporal and spatial intensity functions, physically representing the inverse of the average rest period and step length of sediment particles, respectively. Difficulty of estimating the parameters has, however, restricted the applications of the NHP model. The approximation techniques are proposed to address such problem. The basic idea of the method is to approximate a model involving stochastic parameters by Taylor series expansion. The expansion preserves certain higher-order terms of interest. Using the experimental (laboratory or field) data, one can determine the model parameters through a system of equations that are simplified by the approximation technique. The parameters so determined are used to predict the cumulative distribution of sediment displacement. The second-order approximation leads to a significant reduction of the CDF error (of the order of 47%) compared to the first-order approximation. Error analysis is performed to evaluate the accuracy of the first- and second-order approximations with respect to the experimental data. The higher-order approximations provide better estimations of the sediment transport and deposition that are critical factors for such environment as spawning gravel-bed.
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  • 61
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 317-358 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract. The similarity between maximum entropy (MaxEnt) and minimum relative entropy (MRE) allows recent advances in probabilistic inversion to obviate some of the shortcomings in the former method. The purpose of this paper is to review and extend the theory and practice of minimum relative entropy. In this regard, we illustrate important philosophies on inversion and the similarly and differences between maximum entropy, minimum relative entropy, classical smallest model (SVD) and Bayesian solutions for inverse problems. MaxEnt is applicable when we are determining a function that can be regarded as a probability distribution. The approach can be extended to the case of the general linear problem and is interpreted as the model which fits all the constraints and is the one model which has the greatest multiplicity or “spreadout” that can be realized in the greatest number of ways. The MRE solution to the inverse problem differs from the maximum entropy viewpoint as noted above. The relative entropy formulation provides the advantage of allowing for non-positive models, a prior bias in the estimated pdf and `hard' bounds if desired. We outline how MRE can be used as a measure of resolution in linear inversion and show that MRE provides us with a method to explore the limits of model space. The Bayesian methodology readily lends itself to the problem of updating prior probabilities based on uncertain field measurements, and whose truth follows from the theorems of total and compound probabilities. In the Bayesian approach information is complete and Bayes' theorem gives a unique posterior pdf. In comparing the results of the classical, MaxEnt, MRE and Bayesian approaches we notice that the approaches produce different results. In␣comparing MaxEnt with MRE for Jayne's die problem we see excellent comparisons between the results. We compare MaxEnt, smallest model and MRE approaches for the density distribution of an equivalent spherically-symmetric earth and for the contaminant plume-source problem. Theoretical comparisons between MRE and Bayesian solutions for the case of the linear model and Gaussian priors may show different results. The Bayesian expected-value solution approaches that of MRE and that of the smallest model as the prior distribution becomes uniform, but the Bayesian maximum aposteriori (MAP) solution may not exist for an underdetermined case with a uniform prior.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 413-430 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: Three analyitcal solutions of saltwater intrusion under uncertain hydrologic, hydrogeologic, and pumping conditions are presented. These solutions extends the existing deterministic, sharp interface solutions to stochastic ones. The randomness is represented in terms of statistical measures of mean, standard deviation and covariance. The analysis is based on perturbation using Taylor series expansion. Simulations based on probability distribution are conducted for verification.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Mebendazole–propionic acid complex ; molecular complex ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recrystallization of the anthelmintic drug mebendazole from propionic acid yields a 1:1 molecular complex which crystallizes in the triclinic system space group $${P\bar 1}$$ , a = 5.928(2), b = 11.066(2), c = 14.337(6)Å, α = 94.89(3), β = 101.56(3), γ = 96.18(2)°, and Z = 2 complex units in the unit cell. An x-ray diffraction study revealed an R 2 2 (8) hydrogen bonding system in the complex, involving the unprotonated imidazole N and amide N–H function of the drug and the acid carboxylic group. Complex molecules form centrosymmetric dimers by intermolecular N–H···O hydrogen bonding involving the protonated imidazole N atom and the benzoyl O atom of the drug molecule.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Structure ; thiosemicarbazide ; infrared ; nmr ; hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structures of three alkyl derivatives of thiosemicarbazide are described: anti,Z-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (1), syn,E,Z-2,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (2), and syn,E-1-cyclopentano-3-thiosemicarbazone (3). Crystal data: for 1: triclinic, P-1 (#2), a = 5.802(1)Å, b = 6.935(1)Å, c = 8.104(2)Å, α = 78.35(1)°, β = 82.13(1)°, γ = 70.71(1)°, and Z = 2; for 2: orthorhombic, Pbca (#61), a = 9.417(3)Å, b = 8.624(2)Å, c = 15.169(3)Å, and Z = 8; for 3: triclinic, P-1 (#2), a = 6.068(3)Å, b = 8.145(4)Å, c = 8.666(5)Å, α = 83.75(4)°, β = 86.16(5)°, γ = 74.07(4)°, and Z = 2. In general, molecules are linked by N–H···S hydrogen bonds with sulfurs accepting two or three hydrogen bonds. Structures 2 and 3, which adopt the syn conformation, form N–H···N intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The solid-state structures are consistent with their infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Retro-ferrioxamine E ; iron-complex ; siderophore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structure of the retro-isomer of ferrioxamine E sesqui-hydrate, a ferrioxamine E analog in which the N-hydroxy and carbonyl functions are transposed, was found to be isomorphous with that of ferrioxamine E. The interchange of N and C atoms in the three hydroxamate groups seemed to have caused some noticeable differences in the iron-coordination octahedron. The difference in the average Fe–O(N) and Fe–O(C) distances in the retro-isomer, 0.061Å, is about one-half of that observed in case of ferrioxamine E, 0.102Å. The ligand bite of the two complexes is similar (1.27), the retro-isomer has a smaller (42°) twist angle than that (45°) of ferrioxamine E. Crystal data: C27H45N6O9Fe·1.5H2O, triclinic, $${P\bar 1}$$ , a = 19.816(8), b = 10.567(8), c = 7.973(5)Å, α = 106.54(6), β = 94.99(7), γ = 97.92(6)°, V = 1571.1(12)Å3, Z = 2, D calc = 1.439g/cm3·λ = 0.71073Å.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Cu(II) complex ; crystal structure ; EPR spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound, Cu(glyglygly)Br·1·5H2O, crystallizes in the space group C2/c, with a = 21.468(7), b = 6.716(5), c = 16.166(6) Å, β = 98.39°, and Z = 8. The tripeptide is bonded to one Cu(II) ion through the nitrogen [Cu–N=1.97(1)Å] and oxygen [Cu–O=2.019(8)Å] atoms of the amino end glycine residue and to another Cu(II) through one oxygen atom [Cu–O=1.931(9)Å] of the terminal carboxyl group. This give rise to covalently bonded and infinite ···–Cu–tripeptide–Cu–··· chains. These chains are linked to one another by a network of H-bonds involving the water molecules and bromide ions. The Cu(II) ion is in a distorted tetragonal pyramidal coordination polyhedron. At the corner of the base of the pyramid are the terminal glycine nitrogen and oxygen atoms of one tripeptide, a carboxylic oxygen of another tripeptide and a bromide ion. The fivefold coordination is completed with a water molecule at the top of the pyramid [Cu–Ow=2.286(9)Å]. For all orientations of the applied magnetic field the single crystal EPR spectra display a single anisotropic exchange collapsed resonance without hyperfine structure. Its position was measured in three perpendicular planes and the crystal g-tensor evaluated from the data. This tensor is interpreted in terms of the contributing Cu(II) complexes in the unit cell to deduce the principal values g1 = 2.273, g2 = 2.050 and g3 = 2.131 for the molecular gyromagnetic tensor. We also discuss the magnitude of the exchange interaction between neighboring copper ions in the lattice on the basis of the features in the EPR spectra and the structural information.
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  • 67
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: N-aryl naphthaldimines ; conformational changes ; keto-enol tautomerism ; stepped conformation ; X-ray molecular and crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The main scope of the paper deals with keto/amine-enol/imine tautomerism in the solid state of an N-aryl substituted naphthaldimine and conformational changes of this ligand after coordinating to the nickel atom. The N-o-tolyl-2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldimine (I) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P 212121 with cell dimensions a = 7.8641(4), b = 12.712(1), c = 13.853(1) Å and corresponding bis-bidentate nickel complex (II) in the monoclinic space group P 21/c and unit cell dimensions a = 7.436(3), b = 22.050(5), c = 8.643(4) Å, β = 95.05(6)°. In the nonplanar molecule of (I) the presence of the enol tautomer is found. In (II) the metal atom has the characteristic square-planar coordination with NiII on crystallographically imposed inversion centers. Two naphthaldimine moieties are not coplanar showing stepped conformation with step height 1.034 Å.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; diphenyl amines ; AM1 calculations ; phenothiazines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The structural determination by X-ray crystallography of the titled N-arylamine 4a, as well as AM1 calculations on a series of derivatives (4b–c, 5a–c), are reported. The compound 4a is monoclinic P21/c with a = 7.656(3), b = 23.655(5), c = 7.686(9) Å, β = 112.59(6)°, V = 1285.2(2) Å3 and Z = 4. This structure has been used as a template for the building of some others derivatives used for AM1 calculations. The results show that the cyclization position on the aromatic rings, which can lead to two regioisomers, depends on the nature of the benzylic substituants.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; noncentrosymmetric ; disulfide ; imidazolidinedione ; homocystine hydantoin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Di-(2,4-imidazolidinedione-5-ethyl)disulfide or homocystine hydantoin, C10H14N4O4S2 (I), crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric space group P21 (No. 4) with two molecules in the unit cell with a = 7.132(1), b = 9.282(2), c = 10.770(2) Å and β = 105.68(1)°. The two imidazolidinedione rings are planar with a dihedral angle of 46.9°. The rings are joined by a diethyl disulfide bridge at chiral centers on the rings. The C-S-S-C torsion angle is −80°(−sc). The absolute stereochemistry of the chiral centers was determined to be (5S, 5′S), η = + 0.92 (11). Important bond distances include: S-S = 2.022(4); S-C (mean) = 1.809(8); and C=O (mean) = 1.224(7) Å. The compound is stabilized by a network of intermolecular carbonyl-to-amine hydrogen bonding and van der Waals cohesive forces.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 2-Methylnaphthalene ; hexachlorocyclopentadiene ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 2-Methylnaphthalene undergoes Diels-Alder addition and substitution with hexachlorocyclopentadiene to give two products, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,13,13,14,14-dodecachloro-1,4,4a,4b,5,8,8a,12b-octahydro-10-methyl-1,4;5,8-dimethanotriphenylene 1 and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,13,13,14,14-dodecachloro-1,4,4a,4b,5,8,8a,12b-octahydro-10-(1′,2′,3′,4′,5′-pentachlorocyclopentadienyl)methyl-1,4;5,8-dimethanotriphenylene 2. The molecular structure of 2 has been characterized by X-ray crystallography: C26H9Cl17, monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 15.316(3), b = 13.698(3), c = 16.116(3) Å, β = 96.113(3)°, and Z = 4.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 831-834 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; macrocyclic tetraamine ; isocyanato zinc(II) complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complex, [Zn(L)(NCO)]Cl · 3H2O (1) (L = 3,14-dimethyl-2,6,13,17-tetraazatricyclo[14,4,01.18,07.12]docosane), has been synthesized and structurally characterized. 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n with a = 10.530(3), b = 9.315(2), c = 27.188(3) Å, β = 92.58(1)°, V = 2664.1(9)Å3, and Z = 4. The zinc atom is in a distorted squarepyramidal environment with the four nitrogen atoms of the macrocycle and one nitrogen atom of the isocyanate ligand.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Halobismuthate(III) ; phenanthroline ; synthesis ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction between bismuthate oxide and phen (1,10-phenanthroline) in acid medium led to the isolation of the unusual [(PhenH)(PhenH2)][BiCl6]·2H2O derivative, which has been characterized by X-ray analysis and IR spectroscopy. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$[\text[P\bar 1]]$$ with a = 8.313(2), b = 9.349(2), c = 9.807(3) Å, α = 86.39(3), β = 110.27(3) and γ = 106.48(3)°. The crystal structure is made of [BiCl6]3− anions and [(PhenH)(PhenH2)]3+ cations. A network of hydrogen bond interactions involving the two clathrated water molecules, the phenanthroline moiety and the chlorines characterizes the entire structure.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Anthraflavates ; tetraaza ; TAAB
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Charge transfer molecular solids [diaqua tetrabenzo (b,f,j,n,) {1,5,9,13) tetraazacyclohexadecine] Ni(II) and Cu(II) bisanthraflavates were synthesized and characterized by IR, Mass Spectrometry, TGA, and X-ray diffraction on single crystals. Unit cell dimensions (Å) a = 12.291(1), c = 14.574(1) Å and a = 12.434(1), c = 14.066(1) Å for Cu(II) and Ni(II) derivatives, respectively, space group P42/n in both cases. The obtained compounds show expected chemical and structural similarities. Tetraazamacrocycles are surrounded individually by a zig-zag, ribbon-like motif extending in the crystal by head-to-tail hydrogen bonding of monosubstituted anthraflavates. Electric conductivities were measured by the four points method as pellets from the variation of electric current through the sample as a function of temperature, for fixed voltages in the ohmic regime. Preliminary results indicate low conductivity values at room temperature but semiconductivity behaviour in the temperature range −150 to 170°C.
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 835-838 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Indium ; iron ; cyclopentadienyl ; carbonyl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The molecular structure of [CpFe(CO)2]3In (Cp=η5-C5H5) has been determined and contains a planar, three-coordinate indium center bound to three CpFe(CO)2 moieties by unsupported In–Fe bonds. The orientation of the CpFe(CO)2 units relative to the Fe3In plane precludes π-type interaction between iron and indium, while comparison with the isostructural gallium analog suggests the orientation of the CpFe(CO)2 units is controlled by the size of the central atom and the inter-ligand steric repulsion. Crystal data: monoclinic, monoclinic, C2/c, a = 26.911(5), b = 10.838(2), c = 16.474(3)Å, β = 111.63(3)°, V = 4465(2)Å3 and, Z = 8.
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  • 75
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 867-870 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; macrocyclic nickel(II) complex ; chromate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel compound catena-(μ-CrO4-O,O′)[Ni(L1)Ni(L2)] 3H2O (1) (L1 = 3,5,10,12-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane and L2 = 2,5,9,12-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) has been synthesized for the first time and structurally characterized. 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group Pī with a = 9.623(1), b = 10.084(1), c = 12.723 (3) Å, α = 66.74(2), β = 75.20(1), γ = 72.02(1)°, V = 1066.2(3) Å3, and Z = 2. The coordination environment around the Ni(II) ions is an axially elongated octahedron with the secondary amines of the isomeric ligands and two oxygen atoms of [CrO4]2−.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Lanthanum complex ; hexamethylenetetramine ; IR spectra ; thiocyanates ; coordination number nine ; tricapped trigonal prism ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound (LaC15H42N11O9S3) was prepared and characterized by means of X-ray, IR and Raman measurements. The crystals are orthorhombic: Pnma (No. 62), a = 21.117(2), b = 14.736(2), c = 10.082(1) Å, and Z = 4. The structure consists of polyhedra with a La(III) ion in the center of them and hexamethylene molecules, which link these polyhedra. Each La(III) ion coordinates seven molecules of water and two thiocyanate ions via nitrogen atoms. The IR and Raman spectra, which have been obtained and interpreted, are in good agreement with X-ray results.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; ir/nmr ; β-amino-α ; β-unsaturaled ketone ; noncentrosemmtric ; enamino ketones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystallographic structural refinement of E-4-(N-methylanilino)-3-pentene-2-one (I) has been carried out by means of three-dimensional single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. The title compound crystallizes in space group C2 (No. 5,Z = 4). The lattice constants are a = 21.543(4), b = 6.433(1), c = 8.019(2) Å, and β = 97.82(3)°. Characterizations include physical property determinations and spectrometric identifications employing IR, 1H and 13C NMR, and X-ray powder analyses. The molecules in the crystal lattice are held together by van der Waals forces. Selected bond distances and angles are presented and discussed as well as synthesis and peripheral studies.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: X-ray structure ; pyramidalized sp2 carbon ; facial differentiation ; stereoselectivity
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The X-ray crystal structure of the title compound is reported. Crystal data: T = 100 K, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 8.2990(17), b = 13.2300(26), c = 12.0350(24) Å, β = 93.676(30)°, V = 1318.7 (5) Å3, and R = 0.0368. The methylene carbon atoms in the cyclohexadiene ring are disordered over two positions above and below the ring plane. The chlorine substituted endocyclic double bond deviates from planarity with an angle of 8.10(13)° toward the endo-face. The facially differentiated 1,3-cyclohexadiene moiety is only slightly pyramidalized, deviating 1.75(20)° also toward the endo-face of the tricyclic system.
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  • 79
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 91-93 
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  • 80
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 931-933 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Flavone ; hydrate ; hydrogen bonding ; X-ray crystal structure
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The X-ray crystal structure of 7-hydroxyflavone monohydrate, C14H10O3 · H2O, is determined. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/n with a = 3.801(3), b = 19.665(4), c = 16. 039(6), β = 93.69(3)°, and μ = 0.68 mm−1 for Z = 4. The phenyl ring of the flavone moiety is rotated 18.6(1)° out of the penzopyran plane, which is a typical value for flavones. In the crystal lattice, there are wide channels which are lined mainly by C–H groups. The water molecules enclosed in these channels are severely disordered.
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  • 81
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Di-hydroxymalonic acid ; hydrogen bonding ; crystal engineering ; supramolecular chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An examination of the crystal structures of di-hydroxy malonic acid 1 (P21/na = 5.384(2), b = 6.268(2), c = 14.354(8) Å, β = 103.57(3)°) and N-ethylbenzylammonium di-hydroxy hydrogenmalonate 2 (P212121 a = 13.373(2), b = 15.342(4), c = 18.741(4) Å,) has highlighted the influence of directional O–H···O interactions in the assembly of hydroxy-substituted dicarboxylic acids. The complementarity of carboxylic and hydroxy groups in 1 creates a very dense 3-D structure (D c = 1.919 g cm−3) through four O–H···O hydrogen bonds. In 2, the anions form infinite, spiraling chains created by head-to-tail O–H···O hydrogen bonds. Neighbouring chains are crosslinked into a complex 3-D anionic network with channels parallel to a and b. The cations are positioned within these channels and held in place via two N–H···O interactions.
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  • 82
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 145-147 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; benzimidazole ; antimicrobial activity
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The N-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)amine, C14H11N3Cl2, M r = 292.17, crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with unit cell parameters a = 10.707(2), b = 9.615(2), c = 25.944(6) Å. The benzimidazole ring system is planar and makes a dihedral angle of 77.8(1)° with the phenyl ring. The structure is stabilized by an N–H···N hydrogen bond.
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  • 83
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 139-143 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: X-ray ; NMR ; enol acetate ; phenylpropenoic acid ; azlactone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 2-Acetoxy-3-(3-methoxy-4-acetoxy-5-chlorophenyl)-propenoic acid 2 was synthesized from the azlactone of 5-chlorovanillin and its structure confirmed by X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. Compound 2 crystallized with a molecule of acetic acid in the P-1(#2) space group (Z = 2) and with cell dimensions a = 6.303(2), b = 9.779(1), c = 15.528(3) Å, α = 101.46(2), β = 100.71(2) and γ = 90.21(2)°. This study reveals the formation of an α-acetoxy propenoic acid with a trans extended side acid side chain conformation. The 1H and 13C NMR spectral values of 2 also show the existence of the enolic ester in solution.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Hexadiyne ; C–H···N hydrogen bonding ; X-ray crystal structure
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The X-ray crystal structure of 1,6-bis(N-cyano-p-methoxy-anilino)-2,4-hexadiyne, C22H18N4O2, is determined. The crystal packing is dominated by phenyl stacking interactions. Weak C–H···N hydrogen bonds help align the molecules. C–H···π hydrogen bonding is not apparent.
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  • 85
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; coordination polymer ; praseodymium(III) carboxylate complex ; double betaine
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    Notes: Abstract A novel polymeric Pr(III) complex with a new double betaine, namely [{Pr(L1)1.5(H2O)2} n ][ClOli4]3 n ·nH2O (1) (L1 = 1,4-diazoniobicyclo[2,2,2]octane-1,4-dipropionate), has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray analysis. In the title complex, the Pr(III) atom is nine-coordinated by seven oxygen atoms from five L1 ligands and two aqua ligands. Each pair of adjacent praseodymium(III) atoms is linked by a pair of μ3 chelating and bridging carboxylate groups, thus forming an infinite metal···metal chain running parallel to the a direction, and such chains are cross-linked by flexible backbones of L1 ligands into a three-dimensional network with the perchlorate anions and lattice water molecules accommodated in the interstitial space. The title complex crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 8.085(2), b = 14.316(3), c = 29.775(6) Å, β = 103.04(3)° and Z = 4.
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  • 86
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 193-196 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: x-ray ; NMR ; tautomerism ; enolate ; phenylpyruvic acid ; vanillin
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The para acetate ester azlactone of vanillin 2 was synthesized from vanillin 1 and hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide. The yielded product 3 was investigated with X-ray Crystallographic and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Compound 3 crystallized in the orthorhombic Pbca space group (Z = 8) and with cell dimensions a = 14.732(2), b = 12.756(3), c = 12.747(6)Å revealing the enolate tautomer and not the keto form of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid as the acetate ester. The structure exhibited the pyruvic acid side chain in the trans extended conformation. A single proton on the benzylic carbon atom further suggested the existence of the enolate tautomer form of 3 in solution. The chemical shift values and peak integration in the NMR spectra add additional support to this finding.
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  • 87
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 213-216 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Sodium perchlorate ; diethylene glycol ; explosive gel
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of the 2:1 sodium perchlorate · diethylene glycol complex has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It crystallizes in space group P21212 with a = 7.853(3), b = 7.900(2), c = 10.120(2) Å and Z = 2. Both the sodium ion and the diethylene glycol molecule are disordered, and were modeled with partial site occupancy factors. One sodium position is 7-coordinate and the other is 8-coordinate. The sodium perchlorate ions pack in layers parallel to [100] and [010], with the glycol molecules in channels between layers.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Cyclohexane ; alkyne ; hydrogen bonding ; X-ray crystal structure
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    Notes: Abstract The X-ray crystal structure of the title compound, C18H28O3, is determined. The hydrogen bond scheme does not follow considerations based on hierarchies of donor and acceptor strengths. The hydroxyl group of the molecule accepts only very weak C–H···O interactions.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Mesoionic compounds ; double bond character ; cis and trans isomers
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    Notes: Abstract X-ray diffraction data are presented for the title mesoionic compound (I), its hydrochloride salt (II) and methylated derivative (III). The crystal of (I) is orthorombic, space group P212121, with cell dimensions: a = 5.857(1) Å, b = 12.494(2) Å, c = 16.328(3) Å, with four molecules per unit cell. The crystal of (II) is monoclinic, space group P21/n, with cell dimensions: a = 5.5720(10) Å, b = 21.5770(4) Å, c = 11.2330(2) Å, beta = 95.15(3)°, with four molecules per unit cell. The crystal of (III) is monoclinic, space group P21/n, with cell dimensions: a = 12.0886(5) Å, b = 7.9103(4), c = 104.29(1) Å, beta = 104.29(1)°, with four molecules per unit cell. Of particular interest is the fact that the C5–N6 bond appears to have a high double bond character in all three of the compounds studied. In addition, it is found that the exocyclic N-phenyl group changes from being in the cis conformation with respect to sulfur in compounds (I) and (III) to the trans conformation in the hydrochloric salt (II).
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  • 90
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 251-258 
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    Keywords: Crystal structure ; pentacycloundecane
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    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of three compounds formed via ultimate nucleophilic attack of unsaturated hydrocarbon fragments are reported. Geometries of the bis(vinyl)-, mono(vinyl), and bis(ethynyl)-substituted PCU species are unexceptional. The crystal structures are dictated by the availability of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Cerium(IV) ; β-diketonate ; volatility ; crystal structure
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The cerium(IV) β-diketonate compounds [Ce(β-diket)4] [where β-diket = tmhd (2,2,6,6-tetramethylheptane-3,5-dionate) 1, pmhd (1-phenyl-5-methylhexane-1,3-dionate) 2] were prepared by reacting cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate [CAN; Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6] with the respective Na(β-diket) compound in ethanol, and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group $$P \bar 1$$ with a = 12.472(4), b = 19.972(5), c = 21.436(3) Å, α = 97.05(7), β = 90.16(2), γ = 106.55(3)°, V = 5076(2) Å3, Z = 4, T = 150(2) K. Compound 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n. with a = 14.817(6), b = 17.123(6), c = 19.146(3) Å, β = 105.46(4)°, V = 4682(3) Å3, Z = 4, T = 150(2) K. Crystals of 1 contain two independent [Ce(tmhd)4] molecules, with four chelating tmhd ligands bonded to each metal in a distorted dodecahedral arrangement; the cerium atom in 2 is also bonded to four chelating pmhd ligands but in this case the coordination geometry is closer to square antiprism. Both complexes are air and moisture stable. Sublimation studies reveal that 1 sublimes almost quantitatively, while 2 is comparatively involatile.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Zinc complexes ; dithiocarbamate ; bipyridyl ; 1,10-phenanthroline ; x-ray structure ; thermal analysis ; IR spectra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Synthesis, spectral, and single crystal X-ray structural studies on (2,2′-bipyridyl)bis (dimethyldithiocarbamato)zinc(II) (1) and (l,10-phenanthroline)bis(dimethyldithiocarbamato)zinc(II) (2) complexes are reported in this paper. The complex (1) crystallizes in the orthorhombic lattice, space group Pcca, a = 18.456(3), b = 6.529(2), and c = 17.092(2) Å. The complex (2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c, a = 13.372(2), b = 13.850(2), c = 24.680(3) Å, and β = 102.71(4)°. IR spectra of the complexes (1) and (2) show the thioureide υ(C-N) bands at 1489 and 1510 cm−1, respectively, which are lower than the value observed for the parent bisdithiocarbamate. Reduction in the thioureide stretching frequency is due to the increase in coordination around the zinc ion and the resultant increase in electron density. Thermal studies indicate that the 1,10-phenanthroline adduct is marginally more stable than the other complex. X-ray crystal structures of the two adducts show them to be octahedrally coordinated and monomeric in nature. The Zn-S distances are longer than those observed in the parent bisdithiocarbamate. The thioureide C-N bond distances in (1) and in (2) indicate the partial double bond character. The most important structural changes as a result of the adduct formation are observed in the Zn-S bond distances and S-Zn-S bond angles, in terms of very significant increases in Zn-S bond distances and reductions in S-Zn-S angles, compared to the parent bisdithiocarbamate. The observed changes are indicative of a strong steric force in operation in the adducts rather than electronic effects.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Nickel(II) complex ; crystal structure ; Schiff base
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A nickel(II) complex of the pyridine-2-aldehyde Schiff base of S-methyldithiocarbazate (HNNS) has been synthesized and characterized by means of elemental analysis, IR and UV-vis spectra. The crystal structure of the complex has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic, space P21/c, with a = 14.092(2), b = 16.886(2), c = 8.857(2)Å; β = 105.78(3) °, V = 2028.2(6) Å3, and Z = 4. The nickel atom is octahedrally coordinated by two uninegatively charged tridentate Schiff base in a mer-configuration via the pyridine nitrogen atom, azomethine nitrogen atom, and mecaptide sulfur atom.
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  • 94
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 885-892 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Benztropine mesylate ; crystal structure ; thermal analysis ; dehydration kinetics
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of benztropine mesylate has been determined. It is orthorhombic, Pbca, with a = 12. 885(8)Å, b = 32.012(9)Å, and c = 10.027(3) Å. It exhibits similar packing to that seen in the previously reported crystal structure of benztropine mesylate monhydrate. X-ray powder diffraction patterns have been used to identify the anhydrous and monohydrate forms. The dehydration of the monohydrate follows a first-order reaction mechanism with activation energy of 92(8) kJ mol−1.
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  • 95
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 461-464 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Benzimidazole ; fumarate ; antihistaminic activity
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound has been determined by X-ray analysis. The 1-(p-fluorophenylmethyl)-2-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-1H-benzimidazole ion cocrystallizes with fumaric acid, (C19H22N4F+·C4H3O 4 − ), in space group P-1 with cell dimensions a = 9.938(1), b = 10.131(1), c = 12.712(1) Å, α = 86.57(1), β = 69.41(2), and γ = 67.22(2)°. The piperazine N4 atom is protonated and contacts the deprotonated O atom of the fumarate anion through a hydrogen bond. The benzimidazole ring is nearly planar and makes a dihedral angle of 111.25(12)° with the fluorophenyl ring. The piperazine ring adopts a chair conformation.
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  • 96
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 935-935 
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  • 97
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 409-412 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Intramolecular interactions ; nitro ; Michael reaction ; electron deficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of ethyl bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)acetate, determined by room temperature X-ray diffraction, shows that this crowded molecule contains two short intramolecular interactions between nitro oxygen atoms and electron deficient carbon atoms. One mimics an early stage of the nucleophilic addition to a carbonyl group (O...C, 2.730 Å), and the other mimics an early stage of a Michael reaction (O...C, 2.854 Å). Crystal data: C16H12N4O10, M r = 420.29, a = 10.079(1), b = 11.139(1), c = 16.162(1) Å, β = 91.319(7)°, monoclinic, P21/c, Z = 4.
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  • 98
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 423-426 
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Crystal structure ; tricyclodecadienone ; enaminone ; resolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of (+)-(1R, 2S, 6R, 7S, 1′R)-5-(1′-phenylethylamino)-endo-tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6]deca-4,8-dien-3-one is described. Based on the known absolute configuration (R) of the α-phenylethylamine moiety the X-ray analysis revealed the absolute configuration of the title compound. The structure was refined to R 1 = 0.0298 for 1950 reflections (with I 〉 2σ(I)). Crystal data: C18H19NO, monoclinic, space group P21, a = 6.7406(4), b = 9.959(2), c = 11.3123(8)Å, β = 102.969(5), V = 740.0(2)Å3, and Z = 2.
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  • 100
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 521-527 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Cadmium ; crown ether ; 15-crown-5 ; 18-crown-6 ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reaction of 15-crown-5 or 18-crown-6 in 3:1 (v/v) CH3CN:CH3OH with Cd(NO3)2·4H2O followed by slow evaporation produces [Cd(NO3)2(15-crown-5)] or [Cd(NO3)2(18-crown-6)]. Crystals of [Cd(NO3)2(15-crown-5)] are orthorhombic with space group Pbca and cell parameters a = 13.562(5), b = 15.941(9), and c = 15.011(7) Å at 295 K. [Cd(NO3)2(18-crown-6)] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 11.235(2), b = 11.196(5), c = 15.385(3) Å, and β = 99.89(2)° at 295 K. The metal center in [Cd(NO3)2(15-crown-5)] rests atop the macrocyclic donor array with two cis-bound nitrate anions and adopts a distorted tricapped trigonal prismatic geometry. [Cd(NO3)2(18-crown-6)] resides on an equatorial two-fold rotation axis with Cd2+ coordinated in the 18-crown-6 cavity and the nitrate anions oriented in twisted trans positions.
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