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  • Articles  (9,507)
  • Springer  (6,658)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantification of polydimethylsiloxane concentration in turbid samples using raman spectroscopy and the method of partial least squares (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 32-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Biomedical diagnostics ; Breast implant leakage ; Optical spectroscopy ; Partial least squares ; Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) ; Raman spectroscopy ; Silicone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a preliminary application of Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with the chemometric method of partial least squares to predict silicone concentrations in homogenous turbid samples. The chemometric technique is applied to Raman spectra to develop an empirical, linear model relating sample spectra to polydimethylsiloxane (silicone) concentration. This is done using a training set of samples having optical properties and known concentrations representative of those unknown samples to be predicted. Partial least squares, performed via cross-validation, was able to predict silicone concentrations in good agreement with true values. The detection limit obtained for this preliminary investigation is similar to that reported in the magnetic resonance spectroscopy literature. The data acquisition time for this Raman-based method is 200 s which compares favourably with the 17 h acquisition required for magnetic resonance spectroscopy to obtain a similar sensitivity. The combination of Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics shows promise as a tool for quantification of silicone concentrations from turbid samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592958
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of radiometric surface temperature and integrated backscattered light intensity during feedback-controlled laser-assisted cartilage reshaping (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 66-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Cartilage ; Laser-induced reshaping ; Nd:YAG laser ; Plastic surgery ; Reconstructive surgery ; Stress relaxation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cartilage undergoes characteristic mechanical stress relaxation following laser irradiation below the ablation threshold. Porcine auricular cartilage (1–2 mm thickness) was irradiated with a Nd:YAG laser (λ=1.32 μm) at two power levels (W/cm2). Surface temperature (S c (t) (°C)) (monitored using a single element HgCdTe infrared detector, 10-14 μm spectral range), and integrated back scattered light intensityI(t) were measured during laser irradiation. A HeNe laser beam (λ=632.8 nm) was incident on the back surface of the cartilage specimen and fractional integrated backscattered light intensity was measured using an integrating sphere anda silicon photodiode. Laser irradiation (5.83 W/cm2, 50 Hz pulse repetition rate (PRR)) continued until surface temperature reached approximately 70°C, during which cartilage mechanical stress relaxation was observed. Integrated back scattered light intensity reached a plateau at about 70°C). At higher laser power (39.45 W/cm2, 50 Hz PRR), a feedback-controlled cryogen spray was used to maintain surface temperature below 50°C. A similar plateau response was noted in integrated backscattered light intensity. This signal may be used to optimise the process of stress relaxation in laser cartilage reshaping. Several clinical applications involving reconstructive surgery are proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592961
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical spectroscopy for the early diagnosis of gastrointestinal malignancy (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 3-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Biopsy ; Fluorescence ; Optical ; Raman ; Spectroscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The early diagnosis of gastrointestinal malignancy will allow eradication of the disease prior to invasive cancer. At present, fluorescence spectroscopy offers the most realistic prospect of an early clinical system and is currently under evaluation. Optical coherence tomography can differentiate the layers of the oesophageal wall and has greater reolution than ultrasound. Although complicated, Raman spectroscopy offers the greatest information with possible development of a molecular endoscope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592955
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design and Characterisation of a Tissue Phantom System for Optical Diagnostics (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 160-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Absorption; Fluorescence; Integrating sphere; Optical tissue phantom; Scattering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: We present an optical phantom system especially suited to investigating the generation and transport of laser-induced fluorescence in biological tissues. The phantom system consists of micrometre-sized particles of aluminium oxide, iron and coloured resin dispersed in a solid, transparent host (polyorganosiloxane), from which mechanically stable samples can be made. Mie theory is applied to predict the radiation transport parameters from the optical properties of the isolated components. The predictions are in good agreement with the results of integrating sphere measurements. The radiation transport parameters of the samples are reproducible and temporally stable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050070
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photosensitisation of red blood cell haemolysis by photodynamic agents (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 42-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Erythrocyte membranes ; Hemolysis ; Photosensitising agent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photosensitised haemolysis of red blood cells (RBC) by sodium hypericin, haematoporphyrin, protoporphyrin, Photofrin® and benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid ring A were investigated for broad spectrum near-ultraviolet (UVA)-visible light and monochromatic 630 nm irradiations. The delayed photohaemolysis rate (1/t 50) increased with the approximate square of the incident light dose, wheret 50 is the dark incubation time required for 50% haemolysis. The power dependence of 1/t 50 on the sensitiser concentration varied with the specific sensitiser and the irradiation conditions. Energy calculations for protoporphyrin show that the quantum efficiency of delayed photohaemolysis at 630 run is independent of the sensitiser concentration at constantt 50 and increases witht 50 The protective effects of water-soluble singlet oxygen quenchers are indicative of a Type II photosensitisation pathway for these agents. Pretreatment of RBC with hydrogen peroxide suppressed photosensitisation by protoporphyrin accompanied by lipid peroxidation and oxidation of haemoglobin. The photohaemolysis curves are analysed with a target theory model which postulates that haemolysis requires thermal activation of photochemical damage. The model calculations indicate that photosensitised haemolysis requires two photochemical hits and a highly cooperative thermal process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592959
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    132-hydroxy-bacteriopheophorbidea-methylester pharmacokinetics in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 78-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Lewis lung carcinoma ; Pharmacokinetics ; Spectroscopy ; 132-hydroxy bacteriopheophorbidea-methylester (132-OH-BPME)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The photosensitiser 132-hydroxy bacteriopheophorbide a-methylester (132-OH-BPME) is characterised by a high absorption coefficient at the far red wavelength 750 nm and a good singlet oxygen quantum yield. The pharmacokinetics of 132-OH-BPME was studied on the Lewis lung carcinoma in mice after i.v. administration of 5 mg/kg body weight at different incubation intervals. The accumulation dye was chemically extracted from selected tissues and the concentrations were measured by absorption spectroscopy. The parenchymatous organs, liver, spleen and kidney, showed maximum 132-OH-BPME concentrations after 2 h incubation (liver, spleen) and 4 h postinjection (kidney). A high uptake was detected in the lung with the maximum concentration at 2 h. The malignant tissue accumulated high 132-OH-BPME concentrations at 2–12 h postinjection with peaking at 8 h. The 132-OH-BPME concentrations in muscle tissue, representing the normal tumour surroundings, and in the skin were very low. The results of our study suggest that photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 132-OH-BPME could be effective at an incubation time of about 8 h postsensitiser injection, when the tumour 132-OH-BPME concentration has reached its maximum and the muscle and skin concentrations are at a minimum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592963
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temperature Feedback and Collagen Cross-Linking in Argon Laser Vascular Welding (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 98-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Collagen; Infrared thermometry; Radiometry; Temperature; Tissue fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. A preliminary single-animal study of in vivo argon laser vascular welding was conducted using a canine model. The effects of temperature feedback control and saline drip cooling on patency and collagen cross-linking were investigated. The surface temperature at the centre of the laser spot was monitored using a two-colour infrared thermometer. The surface temperature was limited by either a saline drip or feedback control of the laser. Acute patency was evaluated and collagen cross-link assays were performed. Though both protocols yielded successful tissue fusion, welds maintained at a surface temperature of 50°C using feedback control had an elevated cross-link count compared to controls, whereas tissues irradiated without feedback control experienced a cross-link decrease. Simulations using the LATIS (LAser-TISsue) computer code suggest that drip-cooled procedures achieve significantly higher temperatures beneath the tissue surface than temperature feedback-controlled procedures. Differences between the volumetric heating associated with drip-cooled and feedback-controlled protocols may account for the different effects on collagen cross-links. Covalent mechanisms may play a role in argon laser vascular fusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050061
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) of Gastrointestinal Tumours: A New Light Delivery System (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 137-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Colorectum; Intraluminal probe; Non-laser light source; Oesophagus; Paterson lamp; Photodynamic therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. The Paterson lamp is a convenient, low cost, portable, alternative light source to lasers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). A multiwavelength capability enables the clinician to vary the photosensitiser used. The Paterson lamp has been applied in the field of dermatology using a liquid light guide with distal optics for surface application. We now describe distal optics suitable for use with this light guide for intraluminal applications in the oesophagus and colorectum. The geometry of the site (oesophagus and colorectum) requires distal optics such as a cylindrical diffuser or a side-fire diffuser. We have designed new probes that diffuse light radially from the guide axis (cylindrical diffusion). The tips have a frosted glass surface that scatters and effectively couples light radially into the tissue. An acrylic spacer is placed over the diffuser to position the tissue at a constant diameter from the probe. This is held in position by a silicone sheath placed over the distal one metre. For use in the oesophagus, a channel, to facilitate intubation over a guide wire, is included. The diameter of the entire probe is 8.4 mm and the power output can be adjusted from 0–500 mW. Pilot PDT of tubulovillous adenomas of the rectum and Barrett's oesophagus using this light delivery system is currently underway and has shown good early response in the treated area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050067
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Real-Time Monitoring of Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption Induced by Ultraviolet Laser Irradiation (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 172-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Argon laser; Blood–brain barrier; Brain; Evans blue; Guinea-pig; Vasodilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Ultraviolet laser light of sufficient power can induce focal œdema in the brain. The formation of ultraviolet-induced vasogenic \kdema was monitored by observing real-time changes in the integrity of the blood–brain barrier. The brain surface of guinea-pigs injected with Evans blue was exposed to light from a continuous wave argon laser at 351 nm, delivered via an optical fibre. The integrity of the blood–brain barrier was evaluated by measuring surface reflectance using a separate probing light. The brain was then sectioned and examined using light and electron microscopy. Extravasation of Evans blue following vasodilatation was observed when the irradiation intensity was greater than 0.64 W/cm2. The extent of glial and vascular damage could be correlated with the laser power. Irradiated vascular endothelium exhibited lipping at the tight junction, vacuolation and mitichondrial swelling. These results suggest that disruption of the blood–brain barrier induced by ultraviolet light is preceded by vasodilatation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050071
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon Dioxide Laser Resurfacing of Rhytides and Photodamaged Skin (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 232-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: CO2 laser, Laser treatment; Rhytides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser resurfacing has been used as a method to treat rhytides and photodamaged skin. This laser offers several advantages over previously utilised modalities but its use has several inherent risks. This article will review important aspects of CO2 laser resurfacing including laser-skin interactions, patient selection, effective pre- and post-operative regimens and potential complications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050002
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Helium-Neon (He-Ne) Laser Irradiation Increases the Incidence of Unreduced Bovine Oocytes During the First Meiotic Division In Vitro (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 260-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Bovine; Cell proliferation; He-Ne laser; Oocyte; Photobiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Low power He-Ne laser irradiation was applied to immature bovine oocytes to investigate the incidence of unreduced oocytes (diploid oocytes) during the first meiotic division in vitro. Immature bovine oocytes from cows killed at a slaughterhouse were irradiated with He-Ne laser irradiation at 0.05 and 0.25 J/cm2 exposures. An oocyte group was left untreated serving as the control group. All oocytes were matured in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Unreduced oocyte percentages obtained in the irradiated oocytes group were significantly higher (p〈0.01 and p〈0.001, respectively) than those of the control group. Furthermore, the laser-treated oocytes showed a degeneration rate significantly higher (p〈0.01 and p〈0.001, respectively) than those observed in the control group. It is concluded that the application of He-Ne laser irradiation at 0.05 and 0.25 J/cm2 exposures increased the incidence of unreduced oocytes and the percentage of degenerated oocytes during the in vitro meiosis process of immature bovine oocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050005
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592953
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of tissue optical properties by steady-state spatial frequency-domain reflectometry (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 55-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Absorption coefficient ; Optical properties ; Reduced scattering coefficient ; Skin ; Spatial frequency-domain reflectometry ; Tissue optics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new non-invasive method to measure the optical properties of biological tissue is described. This method consists of illuminating the investigated sample with light which is spatially periodically modulated in intensity. The spatial modulation of the backscattered light and the diffuse reflectivity of the sample, both detected with an imaging technique, are used to deduce the absorption and reduced scattering coefficient from a table generated by Monte Carlo simulations. This principle has three major advantages: Firstly, it permits the immediate acquisition of the average values of the optical coefficients over a relatively large area (typ. 20 mm in diameter), thus avoiding the perturbations generated by small tissue heterogeneities; It also provides good flexibility for measuring the optical coefficients at various wavelengths and it does not require the use of a detector with a large dynamic range. The method was first validated on phantoms with known optical properties. Finally, we measured the optical properties of human skin at 400 nm, 500 nm, 633 nm and 700 nm in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592960
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Laser Literature (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 82-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00592964
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Imaging of Human Skin Lesions Using Multipixel Fourier Transform Spectroscopy Fourier Transform Spectral Imaging (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 112-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Acne; Aminolaevulinic acid; Autofluorescence; Basal cell carcinoma; Fluorescence; Fourier transform spectroscopy; Imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. A novel spectral image-analysis system based on Fourier transformed spectroscopy combined with image processing has been used for the in vivo study of porphyrin localisation in human skin lesions. Fluorescence measurements were performed on patients with basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and acne. BCC lesions were examined after a 16-hour topical application of aminolaevulinic acid (ALA); for acne lesions, autofluorescence was studied. The results of fluorescence microscopy of BCC lesions revealed red fluorescence in the stratum corneum, epidermis, pilosebaceous units and in the tumour sites. The in vivo macroscopic examination showed higher protoporphyrin IX (PP) fluorescence in BCC lesions and in acne as compared to the surrounding normal tissue. An enhanced demarcation of the lesions' borders was obtained using the spectral similarity-mapping function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050063
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental Studies on the Interaction of LW 10082 (Aprosulphate) with Other Antithrombotic Agents in Laser-Induced Thrombosis (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 132-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Antithrombotic agents; Laser-induced thromossis; LW 10082
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible interactions of LW 10082 with several other antithrombotic agents. The antithrombotic effects of all agents were studied in a thrombosis model in which rat mesenteric venules (diameter 20–30 μm) were injured by well-defined argon laser lesions. The number of laser injuries which were needed to induce a thrombus that intermittently occluded the vessel was used to quantify the results. LW 10082 was injected s.c. 2 h before testing. The minimal effective dose which significantly inhibited thrombus formation was 5 mg/kg−1. The minimal effective dose of Daltroban (orally 2 h before testing) was 10 mg/kg−1. At 30 min after i.v. injection of 0.1 mg/kg−1 Molsidomin, a significant antithrombotic activity was present. Ticlopidine inhibited thrombus formation if administered orally for 3 days at a dose of 2×10 mg/kg−1. A 5 mg/kg−1 dose of LW 10082 given together with Molsidomin produced a strong additive effect. The combination of LW 10082 and Daltroban also had a significant additive effect. There was a slight but not significant additive effect between LW 10082 and Ticlopidine. In conclusion, LW 10082 and some other antithrombotic agents show additive effects in the prevention of laser-induced thrombus formation in the rat microcirculation. The clinical use of such combinations seems possible in patients at high risk of thrombotic vascular occlusion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050066
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  • 17
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    Simultaneous Measurement of the Photoplethysmographic Signal Variability in the Right and Left Hands (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 189-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Autonomic nervous system; Hemiplegic patients; Photoplethysmography; Tissue blood volume variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: The photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal, which is a measure of the systolic oscillations in the tissue blood volume, spontaneously fluctuates in the respiration rate and in lower frequencies similar to the heart rate fluctuations. In the current study, the low frequency fluctuations, which are attributed to the sympathetic nervous system activity, were obtained from PPG examinations simultaneously performed on the right and the left hands of healthy subjects and hemiplegic patients. For normal subjects, the fluctuations in the two hands were found to be correlated, demonstrating their central origin. For some of the hemiplegic patients, the coefficient of correlation between the right and the left hands was significantly lower than the normal range. The simultaneous measurement of the PPG signal fluctuations in both hands provides information on the adequate function of the autonomic nervous system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050073
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultraviolet Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy Diagnosis of Human Stomach Malignant Tissues (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 209-213 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Cancer diagnosis; Laser-induced fluorescence; Spectra; Stomach; Tissue autofluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: To evaluate the potential of laser-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy for the detection of premalignant lesions of human stomach, fluorescence properties of stomach tissues have been investigated in vitro and in vivo. A specially made optical fibre probe and the multichannel fluorescence collection system have been used successfully in our research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050076
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser Resistance of Endotracheal Tubes I: Experimental Results of a Compound Tube in Comparison to a Metallic Tube (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 242-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Laser-induced ignition of endotracheal tubes; Laser safety; Laser surgery; Upper aerodigestive tract; Vaporisation cooling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Laser-induced ignition of endotracheal tubes is a serious problem in CO2 laser surgery of the upper aerodigestive tract. A new tube built of composite materials with a foam at its surface is protected by vaporisation of water from the wet foam. This tube and a flexible metallic tube of stainless steel were tested experimentally against the radiation of various lasers such as CO2, holmium/YAG, Nd/YAG, Nd/YAG frequency doubled in KD*P, argon and excimer. At laser power densities of 103 W/cm2, the shaft of the metallic tube was damaged within seconds whereas the compound tube was stable for more than 2 min; the damage threshold of the new tube was found to be at 3.2×106 W/cm2. While the compound tube was found to be sufficiently laser resistant, the metallic tube was found to exhibit functional damage, in particular the PVC inflation conduits inside of the tube were destroyed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050003
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phototransformation of Sensitisers: 3. Implications for Clinical Dosimetry (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 271-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Erythrocyte ghosts; Haematoporphyrin; Hepatoma 22; Human serum albumin; Photodynamic dose; Photoproduct; Photosan; Phototransformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Spectroscopic studies of aqueous solutions of haematoporphyrin-type sensitisers reveal that photobleaching during eposure to light is followed by the formation of stable red-absorbing photoproducts. Experiments in model systems (sensitisers bound to human serum albumin or in a suspension of resealed erythrocyte ‘ghosts’) and in tumour tissue show that similar photomodification takes place in all investigated environments. Loss of total absorption and emission intensities is accompanied by an increase of absorption in the red spectral region (630–650 nm) which is used for the treatment of tumours because of the deeper penetration of light into tissues. This should be taken into account when the duration of illumination is chosen to reach an appropriate photodynamic dose using Hp-type sensitisers in the photodynamic treatment of tumours.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050007
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the Bactericidal Activity on Oral Organisms of the Nd-YAP Laser In Vitro (1998)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 13 (1998), S. 288-292 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Dental root canal; Infection; Laser; Treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The bactericidal activity of a pulsed fibre-optic Nd-YAP laser on various strains of oral bacteria: Prevotella nigrescens, Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces viscosus (i), Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Peptostreptococcus micros (i) was evaluated. A 200-μm optical fibre was placed in Eppendorf tubes containing the different bacterial suspensions. At an energy of 170 mJ/30 Hz, 351 pulses of 150 μs were sufficient to kill the most resistant bacteria (i). The exposure time was 28 s. The temperature rise caused by the shots were measured in vitro at the surface of the roots of two groups of 10 single-rooted teeth. One group received 350 pulses; for the other the preparation time was fixed at 28 s. The temperature rose by 25.66°C for the first group and 25.25°C for the second.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050010
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  • 22
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    Microfabrication Technology for the Production of Capillary Array Electrophoresis Chips (1998)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1998), S. 7-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: DNA Analysis ; capillary array electrophoresis ; confocal fluorescence detection ; multiplex sample injection ; glass micromachining ; capillary electrophoresis chips
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Improvements in the fabrication, sample handling and electrical addressing of capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) chips have permitted the development of high density, high-throughput devices capable of analyzing 48 samples in about 20 minutes. The fabrication of high density capillary arrays on 10 cm diameter substrates required the characterization of glasses that yield high quality etches and the development of improved sacrificial etch masks. Using these improved fabrication techniques, high-quality, deep channel etches are routinely obtained. Methods for bonding large area substrates and for drilling arrays of 100 or more access holes have also been developed. For easier sample introduction, we use an array of sample wells fabricated from an elastomeric sheet. The practicality of these technologies is demonstrated through the analysis of 12 DNA samples in parallel on a microfabricated CAE chip, the development of methods for injecting multiple samples onto a single capillary without cross contamination, and the operation of a microfabricated array of 12 capillaries with 4 sample injections per capillary that can analyze 48 samples.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009922004301
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    Hemocompatible Polyethylene Glycol Films on Silicon (1998)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1998), S. 81-89 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: self-assembled ; surface modification ; silicon ; PEG ; ESCA ; hemocompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A simple hemocompatibility-enhancing technique for immobilizing a self-assembled polyethylene glycol multilayer onto silicon surfaces is introduced. It involves the functionalization of PEG by SiCl3 groups on its chain ends, and the reaction of the PEG organosilicon derivatives with hydroxylated groups on silicon surfaces. Surface properties of the treated surfaces were characterized by contact angle measurement, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, and ellipsometry. The coated PEG self-assembled molecular film showed effective suppression in both plasma protein adsorption and platelet adhesion to silicon surfaces.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009938507935
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    Epigenetic silencing of plant transgenes as a consequence of diverse cellular defence responses (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 94-103 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Cosuppression; DNA methylation; epigenetics; gene silencing; isochores; paramutation; trans-inactivation; transposable elements.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Linked and unlinked copies of transgenes and related endogenous genes in plants can be epigenetically silenced by homology-based mechanisms that operate at either the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level. Transcriptional inactivation is associated with promoter homology and meiotically heritable methylation. Post-transcriptional silencing requires homology in protein-coding regions and is fully reversed during meiosis. Recently, the notion that both of these processes reflect the action of different host defence systems has been strengthened: (i) Obvious parallels have emerged between promoter homology-dependent silencing/methylation of transgenes and paramutation of endogenous genes that contain transposable elements in their promoters; (ii) remarkable similarities have been observed between post-transcriptional silencing involving transgenes and natural forms of virus resistance in nontransgenic plants. These results and others implicate two distinct cellular defence responses in transgene silencing. One is active in the nucleus and is manifested by transgene methylation, a reaction that might have originated as a means to oppose the spread of transposable elements. A second line of defence resides in the cytoplasm and operates through enhanced RNA turnover, a process that might help plants overcome viral infection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000180050128
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    Linking histone acetylation to transcriptional regulation (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 6-20 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Transcription; chromatin; nucleosomes; histones; acetylation; acetyltransferases.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In eukaryotes, DNA is assembled with histones to form nucleosomes, the basic subunit of chromatin structure. The wrapping of DNA around histone octamers to form nucleosomal filaments and further folding of these filaments are necessary to contain eukaryotic genomes within nuclei. However, the dense packing of chromatin in nuclei and the association of DNA with histones restrict the access of proteins involved in gene transcription to DNA. Abundant biochemical data supports a long-standing correlation between histone acetylation and gene activation, suggesting that histone acetylation acts to enhance the access of transcription-associated proteins to DNA. However, despite this correlation, nuclear enzymes responsible for transcription-associated histone acetylation have been identified only recently. Here we review evidence suggesting that histone acetylation represents a major pathway for transcriptional regulation, and discuss possible roles for transcription-associated histone acetyltransferases in this regulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000180050121
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    Understanding the molecular basis of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1145-1153 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein; actin cytoskeleton; signal transduction; transmembrane signalling; T-cell activation; immunodeficiency.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked immunodeficiency disorder associated with lymphocytes and platelet abnormalities. The gene that encodes the Wiskott-Aldrich protein (WASP) was recently isolated, and shown to be defective in WAS patients. WASP contains multiple domains that interact with various signalling proteins, including the guanine triphosphatase (GTPase) Cdc42Hs and SH3 domain-containing proteins. Biochemical and genetic evidence strongly suggests that WASP is an important protein in the regulation of cell morphology. Recent progress in the identification of molecular partners for WASP suggests a molecular mechanism for the cellular abnormalities of WAS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000180050242
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    Regulation of B and T cell development by anterior pituitary hormones (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1076-1082 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Anterior pituitary; lymphopoiesis; thyroid hormones; growth hormone; insulin-like growth factor-I; prolactin; transgenic mice.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland have been implicated in the regulation of primary lymphocyte development. In order to identify endocrine factors involved in that process, several strains of mice with genetic defects resulting in a selective impairment in the production of one or more anterior pituitary-derived hormones have been analysed. This study has resulted in the classification of endocrine hormones into the following four categories (i) hormones such as prolactin with no apparent effects on primary lymphopoiesis; (ii) anabolic hormones such as growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I whose stimulatory effects on primary lymphopoiesis are non-lineage-specific and related to their actions as systemic mediators of growth and/or differentiation; (iii) hormones such as thyroid hormones that have an obligate role in primary B lymphopoiesis; and (iv) hormones such as oestrogens that act as negative regulators of lymphopoiesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000180050236
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    Natriuretic peptide hormones promote radial water movements from the xylem of Tradescantia shoots (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1161-1167 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Natriuretic peptides in plants; water channels; cGMP; HgCl2; 2H NMR.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Immunological evidence suggests that plants, like vertebrates, contain natriuretic peptides (NPs) and that rat atrial NP (rANP) binds specifically to plant membranes and promotes concentration and conformation-dependent stomatal opening. Stomatal opening and specific increases in cGMP levels were also observed in response to immunoreactive plant NP (irPNP). Here we report that both 1 μM rANP and irPNP (100 ng total protein/100 μL) significantly increase radial water movements out of the xylem of shoots of Tradescantia multiflora. Enhanced radial water movements are also observed in response to the cell permeant cGMP analogue 8-Br-cGMP (100 nM). The water channel inhibitor mercuric chloride (HgCl2) significantly inhibits radial water movements at concentrations of 50 μM, while the presence of 10 μM 2-hydroxyethylmercaptoethanol (ME) prevents the inhibitory effect of the mercurial. The guanylate cyclase inhibitor LY 83583 at a concentration of 20 μM and sodium azide (NaN3) at concentrations of ≥ 1 μM both also reduce radial water movements. We therefore conclude that the regulation of radial water movement out of the xylem involves modulation of cGMP levels, water channels and respiration-dependent processes. In addition, we propose that NPs have a critical role to play in radial water movements out of the xylem and speculate that as in vertebrates, NP effects might, at least in part, be mediated via the regulation of guanylate cyclases and water channels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000180050244
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    Enzymes and the supramolecular organization of the living cell. Information transfer within supramolecular edifices and imprinting effects (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1231-1248 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Information transfer; imprinting effects in proteins; multienzyme complexes.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Simple considerations of statistical mechanics show that the association of an enzyme with another protein or with an ‘inert’ surface results in a decrease of its information content and thus that it receives an ‘instruction’ from this protein or from the surface. As a consequence, the free energy stored in the enzyme increases, and this energy may be used to alter the intrinsic catalytic properties of the enzyme. This may imply, for instance, that an enzyme which is devoid of activity may have its activity enhanced when bound to another protein or to a membrane. A possible consequence of this communication between proteins is that, upon dissociation of the complex, one of these enzymes may transitorily retain an imprinting of the other protein and this imprinting may in turn alter the properties of the enzyme. Different enzyme systems may illustrate this view. A particular emphasis has been put on the study of a phosphoribulokinase-glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase complex from Chlamydomonas chloroplasts. Whereas the isolated oxidized phosphoribulokinase is almost completely inactive, it becomes active when bound to glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. Moreover, upon dissociation of the complex, the phosphoribulokinase retains for a while an imprinting exerted by glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. It then displays properties that are markedly different from those of the free stable enzyme. Thermodynamics allows us to calculate the amount of energy stored in this enzyme and used to facilitate substrate binding and catalysis. There is thus little doubt that information and instructions are transferred from protein to protein within enzyme complexes that result in a complete change of their biological function.
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    Oxygen consumption and biosynthetic function in perfused liver from rats at different stages of development (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1277-1282 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Liver perfusion; oxygen consumption; gluconeogenesis; ureogenesis; ketone bodies.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Changes in mitochondrial function were studied in perfused liver from rats aged 24 – 365 days. Oxygen consumption together with the rates of gluconeogenesis, urea synthesis and ketogenesis were determined. Basal mitochondrial respiration as well as the ability of the liver to synthesize glucose, urea and ketone bodies declined from 24- to 365-day-old rats. On the other hand, on transition from 24 to 60 days the liver oxidation rate of hexanoate, sorbitol and glycerol is enhanced, but not of ketone bodies or palmitate. Our results show that the transition from weaning to middle age is accompanied by defined changes in hepatic substrate oxidation. From the observed time course of the decrease in basal and substrate-stimulated oxygen consumption, it is concluded that in rat liver cells a decline in respiratory chain function, long-chain fatty acid and ketone body metabolism, gluconeogenesis and ureogenesis occurs at a relatively early life stage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000180050253
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    Growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1316-1329 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Growth hormone; GHRP; GHRH; SRIF; pituitary; hypothalamus; U-factor.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Growth hormone-releasing peptides and non-peptides (GHRPs, GHRP-GHS) are a new chemical class of GH secretagogues with a chemistry that ranges from small synthetic peptides to peptidomimetics. They release GH in animals and humans by a unique dual and complementary action on the hypothalamus and pituitary. Although the present GHRPs are of unnatural origin, evidence by a number of investigators is gradually accumulating to support that GHRP reflects the GH-releasing action of a new natural hypothalamic hormone yet to be isolated and identified. Despite the de novo origin of GHRP, a major reason for the persistent investigation is because of the possible practical diagnostic and therapeutic value in humans as well as the potential theoretical value of new insight into the physiological regulation of GH secretion.
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    Strategies for cloning unknown cellular flanking DNA sequences from foreign integrants (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1403-1411 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Boomerang DNA amplification (BDA); capture PCR (CPCR); inverse PCR (IPCR); novel Alu-PCR; panhandle PCR; polymerase chain reaction (PCR); restriction-site PCR (RS-PCR); splinkerette-PCR; targeted gene-walking PCR; vectorette-PCR.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Many virus and transposon DNAs can integrate into the host genome. In this review, techniques, including inverse polymerase chain reaction (IPCR), novel Alu-PCR and vectorette- or splinkerette-PCR are introduced as possible strategies for cloning flanking DNA regions of the integrants. Targeted gene-walking PCR, restriction-site PCR, capture PCR, and panhandle PCR and boomerang DNA amplification are also described. The principles, advantages and limitations of each approach are discussed.
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    Tumor necrosis factor as an antineoplastic agent: pitfalls and promises (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1291-1298 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Tumor necrosis factor; cytokines; endotoxin; cancer therapy; gene therapy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The discovery and cloning of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNF) gave rise to new hopes for a significant victory in the war against cancer. Preclinical in vitro studies in cell cultures and in vivo studies in animal models demonstrated the antitumor capacities of TNF. Although clinical studies were largely made possible by the availability of recombinant TNF, phase I and II clinical trials showed very quickly that the systemic administration of TNF induced severe side effects mainly due to its pleiotropic action on immunocompetent cells. The clinical manifestations of the side effects were similar to those observed during a severe infection and inflammation. Very recently, lessons from these clinical studies yielded refined approaches whereby the toxicity of TNF is limited through local administration, a combination with other therapeutic regimens and targeted gene therapy. These new approaches are slated for larger clinical trials and in the near future might demonstrate the limited but powerful usefulness of TNF as an antineoplastic agent for different types of cancer.
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    Relationship between steady-state activation and availability of cardiac sodium channel: evidence of uncoupling (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 148-151 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Sodium current availability and activation; patch clamp; rat ventricular cardiomyocytes.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The coupling between steady-state activation and availability from inactivation was characterized for the cardiac Na+ channel. To evaluate this coupling, we plotted the relationship between the conductance and availability curve midpoint potentials measured in 92 rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and applied a correlation analysis. We found a high correlation between the midpoints (correlation coefficient = 0.86, slope = 0.95) within the availability midpoint potential range positive to -100 mV. In contrast, the midpoints were not correlated in the myocytes (37 of 92 cells) having mid point potential negative to -100 mV, indicating an uncoupling between activation and availability.
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    Stimulation of uncoupling protein synthesis in white adipose tissue of mice treated with the β3-adrenergic agonist CGP-12177 (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 191-195 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. UCP; thermogenesis; CGP-12177; β3-adrenergic agonist; mice.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The effects of chronic treatment with the β3- adrenergic receptor agonist CGP-12177 on uncoupling protein (UCP) synthesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), various white fat depots and skeletal muscle have been examined in the mouse (daily injection for 15 days at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg). The treatment increased the IBAT UCP content and led to the expression of UCP in inguinal white adipose tissue. The increase in IBAT UCP content took place in the absence of tissue hypertrophy, and despite the increase in total body UCP content, no changes in body weight were observed after the treatment. The results confirm that ectopic expression of UCP in non-BAT tissues can be induced after chronic adrenergic stimulation.
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    Review¶Hormone action and chromatin remodelling (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 113-124 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Steroid receptor; nuclear receptor; coactivator; corepressor; transcriptional activation; nucleosome positioning; histone modification; transcriptional repression.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Current attention in transcriptional regulation is focused on the properties of coactivators and corepressors that mediate communication between sequence-specific transcription factors, the basal transcriptional machinery and the chromatin environment. Nuclear and steroid hormone receptors represent the best-understood transcription factors that utilize coactivators and corepressors. This review considers the access of these receptors to chromatin, the modifications of chromatin structure that the receptors instigate and the implications for transcriptional control. Nucleosome positioning and targeted histone modification emerge as central controlling elements for gene expression.
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    Stomatal guard cell responses to kinetin and natriuretic peptides are cGMP-dependent (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 272-276 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Natriuretic peptide; kinetin; abscisic acid; cGMP; stomata; guard cells.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Immunological evidence suggests that plants contain natriuretic peptides (NPs) and furthermore (3- [125I]iodotyrosol28) rat atrial NP (rANP) binds specifically to plant membranes. rANP and immunoaffinity-purified plant NP analogues also promote concentration-dependent stomatal opening. Here we report that kinetin, a synthetic cytokinin, and rANP induce stomatal opening in Tradescantia albiflora and that the effect of rANP is critically dependent on the secondary structure of the peptide hormone. The native circular molecule is active, whereas the linearized molecule shows no biological activity. Furthermore, kinetin- and rANP-induced stomatal opening is reversibly inhibited by two in hibitors of guanylate cyclase, LY 83583 and methylene blue. Stomatal opening is also induced in a concentration-dependent manner by the cell-permeant cyclic guanosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) analogue 8-Br-cGMP, and this effect is prevented by the stomatal closure promoting plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA). We conclude that in guard cells kinetin and rANP pathways operate via guanylate cyclase upregulation, and we propose that ABA-induced closure is not cGMP-dependent.
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    In pre-sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) in solution the leader peptide 1 – 20 is flexibly disordered, and residues 21 – 143 adopt the same globular fold as in mature SCP2 (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 751-759 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Sterol carrier protein 2; protein expression; protein structure; nuclear magnetic resonance; N-terminal leader peptide.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The preform of the rabbit sterol carrier protein 2 (pre-rSCP2) was cloned, the uniformly 15N-labelled protein expressed in Escherichia coli and studied by three-dimensional 15N-resolved nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In spite of its low solubility in aqueous solution of only ∼0.3 mM, sequential 15N and 1H backbone resonance assignments were obtained for 105 out of the 143 residues. From comparison of the sequential and medium-range nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) in the two proteins, all regular secondary structures previously determined in mature human SCP2 (hSCP2) [Szyperski et al. (1993) FEBS Lett. 335: 18–26] were also identified in pre-rSCP2. Near-identity of the backbone 15N and 1H chemical shifts and 1 : 1 correspondence of 24 long-range NOEs to backbone amide groups in the two proteins show that the residues 21 – 143 adopt the same globular fold in pre-rSCP2 and mature hSCP2. The N-terminal 20-residue leader peptide of pre-rSCP2 is flexibly disordered in solution and does not observably affect the conformation of the polypeptide segment 21 – 143.
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    Differential leaf resistance to insects of transgenic sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) expressing tobacco anionic peroxidase (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 712-720 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Plant resistance; tent caterpillar; fall webworm; corn earworm; gypsy moth; fall armyworm; cigarette beetle; Nicotiana.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Leaves of transgenic sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) trees that expressed tobacco anionic peroxidase were compared with leaves of L. styraciflua trees that did not express the tobacco enzyme. Leaves of the transgenic trees were generally more resistant to feeding by caterpillars and beetles than wild-type leaves. However, as for past studies with transgenic tobacco and tomato expressing the tobacco anionic peroxidase, the degree of relative resistance depended on the size of insect used and the maturity of the leaf. Decreased growth of gypsy moth larvae appeared mainly due to decreased consumption, and not changes in the nutritional quality of the foliage. Transgenic leaves were more susceptible to feeding by the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea. Thus, it appears the tobacco anionic peroxidase can contribute to insect resistance, but its effects are more predictable when it is expressed in plant species more closely related to the original gene source.
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    NMR structural studies of glutathione S-transferase (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 359-362 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Glutathione S-transferase; NMR; high resolution; phenylalanines; isotopic labelling; conformational changes; dynamics.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for the structure determination of small proteins is now widely recognized; what is less frequently reported is the application of NMR techniques for high-resolution studies of large proteins (M r larger than 30 kD). We demonstrate here how an integrated approach, using heteronuclear NMR and X-ray crystallography, can provide useful and biologically important information for large protein systems. The dynamic features of the human A1-1 glutathione S-tranferase and the role of the C-terminal region are being probed by NMR; in the X-ray crystal structure, the electron densities for this region of the protein are uninterpretable.
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    Screening of conformationally constrained random polypeptide libraries displayed on a protein scaffold (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 394-404 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words.Escherichia coli RNase HI; evolutionary molecular engineering; insertional mutagenesis; protein evolution; protein folding; random sequence protein.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The selection of novel proteins or enzymes from random protein libraries has come to be a major objective in current biology, and these enzymes should prove useful in various biological and biomedical fields. New technologies such as in vitro selection of proteins in cell-free systems have high potential to realize evolu tionary molecular engineering of proteins. This review highlights an application of insertional mutagenesis of proteins to evolutionary molecular engineering. Random sequence proteins are inserted into the surface of a host enzyme which serves as a scaffold to display random protein libraries. Constraints on random polypeptide conformations owing to the proximity of N- and C-termini on the scaffold would result in greater screening efficiency of libraries. The scaffold enzyme is also used as a probe for monitoring the hill climbing of random sequence proteins on a fitness landscape and navigating rapid protein folding in the sequence space.
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    Regulation of rhythmic melatonin production in pineal cells of chick embryo by cyclic AMP (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 461-466 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Chick embryo; circadian rhythms; cAMP; melatonin; forskolin; IBMX; pineal cells.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The pineal cells of chick embryos incubated in vitro exhibited a daily rhythm of melatonin synthesis under a 1212 lightdark (LD) cycle at the embryonic days 16 and 19. In order to elucidate whether cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) – a component of the melatonin generating system – is already at work in the embryonic period, we measured the effects of forskolin and isobuthylmethylxantine (IBMX) on melatonin production, cAMP efflux and accumulation. Forskolin (after 10, 20, 30, 45, 60 and 90 min of administration) and IBMX (6 h), when applied during the light phase of LD cycle, stimulated melatonin production and cAMP efflux and accumulation during the embryonic period (at days 16 and 19 of development). Our results suggest that the biochemical pathway involving cAMP, which controls melatonin production in the postnatal period, is developed before hatching and already on embryonic day 19 works in a way similar to that in post-hatched chicks. Differences in response to cAMP stimulation between 16- and 19-day-old pinealo cytes seem to be mostly quantitative.
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    Mechanisms controlling cellular suicide: role of Bcl-2 and caspases (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 427-445 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Apoptosis; Bcl-2; caspases; smooth muscle cell; Fas; apoptosis protease activating factor; Caenorhabditis elegans; retinoblastoma; interleukin-1β converting enzyme proteases.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Apoptosis is an essential and highly conserved mode of cell death that is important for normal development, host defense and suppression of oncogenesis. Faulty regulation of apoptosis has been implicated in degenerative conditions, vascular diseases, AIDS and cancer. Among the numerous proteins and genes involved, members of the Bcl-2 family play a central role to inhibit or promote apoptosis. In this article, we present up-to-date information and recent discoveries regarding biochemical functions of Bcl-2 family proteins, positive and negative interactions between these proteins, and their modification and regulation by either proteolytic cleavage or by cytosolic kinases, such as Raf-1 and stress-activated protein kinases. We have critically reviewed the functional role of caspases and the consequences of cleaving key substrates, including lamins, poly(ADP ribose) polymerase and the Rb protein. In addition, we have presented the latest Fas-induced signalling mechanism as a model for receptor-linked caspase regulation. Finally, the structural and functional interactions of Ced-4 and its partial mam malian homologue, apoptosis protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), are presented in a model which includes other Apafs. This model culminates in a caspase/Apaf regulatory cascade to activate the executioners of programmed cell death following cytochrome c release from the mitochondria of mammalian cells. The importance of these pathways in the treatment of disease is highly dependent on further characterization of genes and other regulatory molecules in mammals.
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    Receptor-mediated induction of human dermal fibroblast ectoaminopeptidase N by glucocorticoids (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 614-617 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Dermal fibroblasts; aminopeptidase N; ectoenzyme; glucocorticoids.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. Aminopeptidase N was demonstrated in human dermal fibroblasts as an ectoenzyme. The enzyme has wide substrate specificity, with a K m of 0.63 mM and V max of 338 nmol min−1 mg−1. Addition of fetal calf serum to the culture medium increased aminopeptidase N activity up to 63% by 10% serum in a 48-h culture. Treatment of fibroblasts by dexamethasone increased ectoaminopeptidase N activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Maximal increase of aminopeptidase N occurred after treatment with 1 μM dexamethasone for 3 days. Actinomycin D, a blocker of RNA synthesis, and cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, did not alter basal aminopeptidase N activity. However, they prevented stimulation by dexamethasone. RU 38486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, suppressed the dexamethasone-induced increase in aminopeptidase N activity. This study shows that human dermal fibroblasts contain ectoaminopeptidase N controlled by glucocorticoids through a receptor-mediated mechanism.
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    What have snakes taught us about integrins? (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 527-540 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Snake venom disintegrin; metalloprotease; ADAMs; integrin αIIb β3 , α2 β1 , αV β 3 ; platelet aggregation; haemorrhage; cell-matrix interaction; cell fusion.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. Snake venoms contain unique components that affect cell-matrix interactions. Disintegrins represent a class of low molecular weight, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing, cysteine-rich peptides purified from the venom of various snakes among the Viperidae and Crotalidae. They bind with various degrees of specificity to integrins α IIb  β 3 , α 5  β 1 and α V  β 3 expressed on cells. Snake venom metalloproteases (high molecular mass haemorrhagins) also contain disintegrin-like domains, in addition to zinc-chelating sequences. Membrane-anchored ADAMs (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease domain), multidomain molecules consisting of metalloprotease, disintegrin-like, cysteine-rich, and epidermal growth factor domains, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic tail, are a new family of proteins. In the light of the large number and wide distribution of ADAMs, they may participate in cell-cell fusion events, including sperm-egg binding and fusion, myoblast fusion and other cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The structure-function relationship of these molecules is discussed.
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    Ligand recognition by the I domain-containing integrins (1998)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 556-566 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Adhesion; integrin; I domain; divalent cation; ligand recognition.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. Seven of the integrin α subunits described to date, α 1 , α 2 , α L , α X , α d , α M and α E , contain a highly conserved I (or A) domain of approximately 200 amino acid residues inserted near the amino-terminus of the subunit. As the result of a variety of independent experimental approaches, a large body of data has recently accumulated that indicates that the I domains are independent, autonomously folding domains capable of directly binding ligands that play a necessary and important role in ligand binding by the intact integrins. Recent crystallographic studies have elucidated the structures of recombinant α M and α L I domains and also delineated a novel divalent cation-binding motif within the I domains (metal ion-dependent adhesion site, MIDAS) that appears to mediate the divalent cation binding of the I domains and the I domain-containing integrins to their ligands.
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    Tailored substrates for studies of attached cell culture (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 653-662 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Self-assembled monolayer; surface chemistry; biosurface; cell adhesion.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. Substrates for studies of the interactions of attached cells with extracellular matrix components are often prepared by allowing a protein to adsorb from solution onto a glass or polystyrene substrate. This method is simple and effective for many studies, but it can fail in cases that require rigorous control over the structure and composition of adsorbed protein. Self-assembled monolayers formed by the spontaneous ordering of terminally functionalized alkanethiols onto a gold substrate are a class of well-ordered substrates and provide a convenient method for tailoring substrates with ligands, proteins and other groups. Methods that can pattern the monolayers provide a general strategy to create substrates that control the size, shape and spacing of attached cells. This review illustrates recent work that has used these methods of surface chemistry to create tailored substrates for studies in cell biology.
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    The catalytic mechanism of DD-peptidases: unexpected importance of tyrosine 280 in the transpeptidation reaction catalysed by the Streptomyces R61 DD-peptidase (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 726-732 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Penicillin-binding proteins; penicillin-recognizing enzymes; β-lactamase; site-directed mutagenesis; antibiotics; aminolysis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. The study of the interactions between the Tyr280Phe mutant of the Streptomyces R61 DD-peptidase, various substrates and β-lactam antibiotics shows that Tyr280 is involved not only in the formation of the acylenzyme with the peptide substrate and β-lactam antibiotics, but also and specifically in the catalysis of the transpeptidation reaction. Surprisingly, this residue does not belong to the conserved structural and functional elements which characterise the penicillin-recognising enzymes.
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    Time out: developmental regulation of heterochromatic silencing in Drosophila (1998)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 50-59 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Heterochromatin; position-effect variegation; Drosophila; epigenetic; silencing; development.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. Transcriptional silencing by heterochromatin represents a model for developmental gene silencing. Current models of heterochromatin envision DNA-protein complexes that prevent access by euchromatic transcription factors. Here, we summarize the evidence that heterochromatin acts at the chromatin level to silence genes and the status of current models of heterochromatin silencing, and we highlight some recent progress in understanding the composition and regulation of heterochromatin in Drosophila.
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    Cytogenetic studies of Hynobiidae (Urodela). XIV. Analysis of the chromosome of a Chinese salamander, Batrachuperus pinchonii (David) (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 152-157 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Batrachuperus pinchonii; chromosome number; 2n = 66; C-banding patterns; homology; hynobiid salamanders; Hynobiidae; Urodela.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. The chromosome number of a Chinese salamander, Batrachuperus pinchonii, was re-examined. Adults and embryonic specimens had a diploid number of 66, with 33 bivalents during meiosis, in contrast to previous reported results. Furthermore, when C-banding analysis was performed with embryos, chromosomes with banding patterns homoeologous to those of Salamandrella keyserlingii and Hynobius species were found. It appears, therefore, that Batrachuperus, Salamandrella and Hynobius might be derived from a common ancestral species in eastern Asia.
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    Structural studies of a phosphatidyl serine-amorphous calcium phosphate complex (1998)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 196-202 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Phosphatidyl serine; biomineralization; membrane structure; EXAFS; calcium binding.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. A phosphatidyl serine-amorphous calcium phosphate complex has been synthesized as a model of the matrix vesicle system that is associated with the induction of mineral deposition in bone, cartilage and dentine. The complex has been studied using a novel technique of subtractive extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). This enables spectra of the components of the molecules to be subtracted from the complex so as to identify the sites of interaction. The results suggest there is a movement in the nitrogen atom of the phosphatidyl serine which approaches the calcium atom in the mineral phase. This interpretation would link the membrane structure of the vesicle to the structure of the mineral in a way that could explain some of its roles in biomineralization.
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    Bioassay for hamster macrophage chemotaxis: application to study particle-lung interactions (1998)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 179-185 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Bioassay; chemotaxis; complement; hamster; lung; macrophages; polystyrene particles.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. Attraction of lung macrophages to particle deposition sites has been demonstrated in different animal species. We reported a threefold increase of the number of macrophages to occur within 40 min after polystyrene particle deposition in hamster airways [Geiser et al. (1994) Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 160: 594–603]. Complement-derived chemotactic activity is one of the mechanisms postulated for macrophage recruitment. It was the aim of this study to test whether complement-derived chemotactic activity is involved in the rapid recruitment of macrophages to the site of deposited polystyrene particles in hamster airways. We first developed an in vitro cell migration assay for hamster macrophages to assess complement-derived chemotaxis. Second, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) of four hamsters that had inhaled aerosols of polystyrene microspheres were tested for chemotactic activity by this bioassay and compared with BALF of four sham-exposed hamsters. Chemotactic response of macrophages was found toward complement-activated hamster serum, whereas macrophage migration was not increased toward BALF of particle and sham-exposed hamsters. In contrast, macrophage migration to BALF of both groups was reduced by 1.6-fold. Thus, the stimulus for macrophage recruitment to the site of deposited polystyrene particles in hamster airways could not be demonstrated using this bioassay.
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    Production of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding proteins by rat intestinal stromal cells in vitro (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 158-166 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Insulin-like growth factors; IGFs; IGFBP; stroma; epithelium; stromal-epithelial interactions.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract. To determine if intestinal stromal cells secrete diffusible factors such as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) capable of regulating epithelial cell growth in vitro, stromal cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion of rat intestine. Incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA and [14C]leucine into protein of IEC-6 cells, a model intestinal epithelial cell line, was significantly increased (two- to threefold) when the IEC-6 cells were co-cultured with stromal cells, relative to IEC-6 cells grown alone. Medium conditioned by stromal cells stimulated DNA synthesis of IEC-6 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of the conditioned medium revealed that intestinal stromal cells secreted IGF-I, but little IGF-II, in addition to an M r 32,000 IGF-binding protein (IGFBP-2) and an IGFBP having M r∼ 24,000. We conclude that rat intestinal stromal cells secrete one or more diffusible factors, which may include IGF-I and IGFBPs, capable of stimulating proliferation of IEC-6 cells in vitro.
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    Gonadotrophin-releasing activity of histones H2A and H2B (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 288-294 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Histones; pituitary cells; FSH; LH; MB35; calcium; diacylglycerol.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We report that histones H2A and H2B possess gonadotrophin-releasing activity in vitro and assess the signal transduction pathways involved in these effects. Perifused and incubated rat anterior pituitary (AP) cells were used, and luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured by RIA. Perifusion of cells with histone H2A (30 μM) or histone H2B (30 μM), markedly stimulated LH release but failed to elicit any FSH response. Cells incubated with 6 or 30 μM histone H2A showed a dose- and time-dependent stimulatory effect on both LH and FSH release which was blocked by 1 μM peptide MB35, an 86–120 amino acid fragment of histone H2A. Incubation of pituitary cells with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and histones H2A or H2B showed a stimulatory effect on LH and FSH release which was similar to the sum of the separate effects. Trifluoperazine, as well as ethylene glycol bis(b-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), alone or in the presence of the calcium ionophore A23187, significantly reduced the response of AP cells to histones. Various cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) enhancers had no effect on histone-stimulated release of gonadotrophins in incubated AP cells. Our results confirm previous evidence that histones may act as hypophysiotrophic signals. Calcium- and diacylglycerol-associated pathways, but not cAMP, appear to participate in these effects.
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    Introduction: integrins, dynamic cell receptors (1998)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 499-501 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Integrins; inhibitors; signal transduction; disintegrins; I-domain; cancer; inflammation; cardiovascular.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Integrins are a family of adhesive receptors consisting of α- and β-subunits which attach cells together via adhesive protein ligands or bind cells to extracellular matrix. They are found on virtually all cell types and link the external ligand to the cytoskeleton of the cell. Integrins also act as signal transducers both from the outside of the cell to the interior and also inside-out. Their main functions are in recognition and in tight but regulated binding. The series of reviews presented here cover both basic aspects of integrin function, including signal transduction, snake disintegrins and structure and function of I-domains in some integrin α-subunits, as well as the role of integrins in diseases, cancer, inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. The search for suitable inhibitors of integrins for treatment of these diseases and future prospects for their use are also discussed.
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    Recent advances in mammalian RNA editing (1998)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 946-964 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. RNA editing; apolipoprotein B; glutamate receptor; serotonin receptor; hepatitis delta virus; APOBEC-1; ADAR.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. RNA editing is a posttranscriptional modification that results in the generation of nucleotides within an RNA transcript that do not match the bases present within the genome. Mammalian RNA editing events, often represented by cytidine-to-uridine and adenosine-to-inosine conversions, are predominantly mediated by base deamination. In the past decade, important advances have been made in the understanding of editing mechanisms, the identification of RNA sequences and structures necessary for editing regulation, and the cloning and characterization of editing enzymes. It has also recently been appreciated that RNA editing within mammalian substrates can have profound functional consequences in protein function, implicating this posttranscriptional modification as important in the production of molecular diversity.
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    Monogenic determinants of familial Alzheimer's disease: presenilin-2 mutations (1998)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 910-919 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Alzheimer's disease; presenilin-2; presenilin-1; APP; Aβ; sel-12; apoptosis.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Presenilin-2 (PS2) is one of three genes [amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PS1) and PS2] shown to cause familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), and is highly homologous to PS1. Currently demonstrated functions of PS2 include interactions with APP and Aβ, and participation in apoptotic pathways. PS2 FAD mutations influence APP processing in a manner predicted to promote amyloid formation and also enhance the proapoptotic effect of wild-type PS2. Other possible functions of PS2 are related to its homology to Notch pathway genes in Caenorhabditis elegans, suggesting it may have a developmental role. PS2-associated AD is the most reminiscent of the sporadic form of the disease in terms of older age of onset and longer disease duration. Since PS2 mutations are incompletely penetrant and age of onset in carriers is highly variable (40 – 88 years), elucidation of PS2 mechanisms may reveal factors which modify AD and are therapeutically relevant to sporadic AD.
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    Evolution of myoglobin (1998)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 979-1004 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Myoglobin; amino acid sequence; gene structure; evolution.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The distribution, physiological function, amino acid sequence and gene structure of myoglobin and myoglobin-like proteins from various taxa are summarized, and their evolution is discussed. Although it has long been thought that all haemoglobins and myoglobins have evolved from a common ancestral gene, the knowledge presently accumulated about the structures of these proteins suggests that there may be three distinct origins a ‘universal globin’, a ‘compact globin’ and an ‘IDO-like globin’.
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    Primary culture of dispersed skin epidermal cells of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1042-1051 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Epidermis; primary cell culture; rainbow trout; growth curve; histology; immunofluorescence; electron microscopy.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. This is the first report on a primary culture of dispersed skin epidermal cells of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum. These primary cells revealed a low seeding efficiency after 3 days (11.6 ± 4.6%), whereas subcultured cells had a higher seeding efficiency at the same time point (75.5 ± 34.0%) and increased in cell number (150 – 200% of seeded cells after 20 to 30 days). The cells were characterized applying histological, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural methods. The culture consisted of undifferentiated keratinocytes. Mucous cells as well as differentiated epithelial cells were absent. To date the cells were cultured for maximally 9 passages and 402 days and therefore provide the possibility for long-term studies.
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    Proinsulin: recent observations and controversies (1998)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 696-702 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Proinsulin; protein sorting; secretory granule; posttranslational processing; diabetes mellitus; C peptide.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Proinsulin has generally been regarded as an inert precursor to insulin. However, over the past few years, proinsulin has established itself as a useful research tool for understanding how cells synthesize and secrete peptide hormones. Last year, proinsulin attracted renewed interest for its role as the precursor to C peptide, which may prove useful in the treatment of patients suffering from insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. This mini-review focuses on three aspects of proinsulin, each of which attracted attention in 1997. These three aspects illustrate how this peptide hormone precursor may yet prove to be more important than its primary role as a prohormone, with only one bioactive product, would suggest.
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    The effect of monensin and chloroquine on the endocytosis and toxicity of chimeric toxins (1998)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 866-875 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Ricin; transferrin; monensin; chloroquine; endocytosis; chimeras; cancer.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The toxicity of two conjugates containing ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs, i.e. saporin and ricin-A chain x-linked to transferrin) has been measured on a prostatic cancer line (PC3) naturally overexpressing the transferrin receptor, in the presence of monensin and chloroquine. This paper investigates whether the increased toxicity of Tf-RIPs induced by monensin and chloroquine may be due to alterations of the normal endocytotic pathway of the complexes mediated by the transferrin receptor. Monensin, besides inducing alkalinization of normally acid intracellular compartments, causes an accumulation of the receptor-bound Tf-RIP in a perinuclear region contiguous to the cisternae of the trans-Golgi network. Chloroquine, though increasing the intracellular pH, seems not to modify the endocytotic pathway of these chimeric molecules. We believe that the enhanced toxicity of the Tf-RIPs may be related to intracellular alkalinization (i.e. endosomal or lysosomal pH) rather than to the effects on the recycling of transferrin receptor-bound toxins. We conclude that the efficacy of chimeric toxins may be modulated not only by the carrier used for their engineering but also by addition of drugs able to influence the stability and activation of the toxins inside the cell.
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    Introduction: the ribonuclease A superfamily (1998)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 763-765 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Orthology; paralogy; ribonuclease A.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In this multi-author issue several aspects of the ribonuclease A superfamily are reviewed. This superfamily can be subdivided in a number of mammalian and other vertebrate ribonuclease families. In the introduction chapter the titles of the other contributions are presented. There is little uniformity in the nomenclature of ribonucleases, caused in part by gene duplications, which have occurred independently in several mammalian lineages, and which are nice examples for explaining orthology and paralogy in molecular evolution.
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    Biochemistry of frog ribonucleases (1998)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 775-784 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Frog RNase; lectin activity; antitumour activity; pyrimidine base-specific RNase; amphibian RNase.
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Frogs have unique pyrimidine base-specific RNases, with structures similar to those of turtle, iguana and chicken RNases. Among the four frog RNases discussed here, three from Rana pipiens, R. catesbeiana and R. japonica oocyte cells show anti-tumour activity, and the latter two show lectin activity towards sialic acid-rich glycoproteins. In this review, (i) we compare their unique primary structures with respect to the locations of their disulphide bridges, three-dimensional structure, base specificity and heat stability as compared with RNase A, and (ii) we summarize current knowledge about the mode of action of lectin and the antitumour activities of the three frog RNases.
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    The role of caspases in T cell development and the control of immune responses (1998)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 1005-1019 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Apoptosis; glucocorticoids; Nur77; SAPK; ceramide; Fas; substrates.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Apoptosis is responsible for the removal of potentially autoreactive or useless T cells during thymic selection and activated T cells in the periphery. Specific families of receptors, kinases, transcription factors, and cysteine proteases, termed caspases, are involved in the apoptotic cascade leading to proteolysis of specific substrates and to morphological changes associated with programmed cell death. Although common members of the apoptotic cascade are shared between different cell types, it appears that cell-specific factors can influence the response to a given apoptotic stimuli. Characterization and understanding of the basic mechanisms involved in the different pathways protecting or leading to cell death may provide novel ways to control inappropriate apoptosis involved in several diseases.
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    Chromosome 17-linked dementias (1998)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 920-924 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Frontotemporal dementia; pallido-ponto-nigral-degeneration; familial multisystem tauopathy; chromosome 17.
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Chromosome 17-linked dementias have been defined by linkage analysis. The most common of these syndromes has been estimated to be the cause of between 2 and 20% of all dementia and has alternately been called frontotemporal dementia, Pick's disease (without Pick bodies) and dementia lacking distinctive features [1 – 3]. The identification of the mutation responsible for these conditions in a group of clinically and pathologically heterogeneous disorders may allow us to gain broad insight into the processes of neurodegeneration.
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    Chromosome 3-linked frontotemporal dementia (1998)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 925-927 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Frontotemporal dementia; Pick's disease; chromosome 3.
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Frontotemporal dementia accounts for a significant minority of all cases of presenile dementia. Many pedigrees have been described in which frontotemporal dementia is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Frontotemporal dementia is genetically heterogeneous with loci identified on chromosome 17 and chromosome 3. Clinical, pathological and genetic findings are described in a large Danish family in which the disease gene lies in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 3.
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    Endothelial cells as antigen-presenting cells: role in human transplant rejection (1998)
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 54 (1998), S. 965-978 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Key words. Endothelial cells; transplantation; rejection; antigen presentation.
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The immunological properties of human endothelial cells suggest they perform a pivotal role in acute and chronic rejection following solid organ transplantation. In this review the basic features of acute and chronic rejection are described as are the cellular and molecular requirements for antigen presentation. Traditionally, antigen-presenting cells are considered to be bone marrow-derived cells. However, these conclusions have been derived from rodent models of allograft rejection where bone marrow-derived passenger leukocytes are the only source of donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II in the grafted organ. In contrast, in humans, virtually all the microvascular and small vessel endothelial cells are ‘constitutively’ positive for MHC class II antigens. The phenotypic properties of human endothelial cells, their response to cytokines and their ability to stimulate resting T cells are described. Unlike bone marrow-derived antigen presenting cells (APCs), which utilise B7/CD28 interactions, human endothelial cells utilise lymphocyte function antigen 3 (LFA3)/CD2 pathways to stimulate T cells. They activate a CD45RO + B7-independent subpopulation of T cells. Their effect on allogeneic T cells is compared with other non-bone marrow-derived cells such as fibroblasts, epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells, which are unable to stimulate resting T cells. Evidence is presented suggesting that release of MHC and non-human leukocyte antigens (HLA) from endothelial cells stimulates an alloantibody and autoimmune response leading to chronic rejection.
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    From the Editor in Chief (1998)
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    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1998), S. 5-6 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009963403392
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    Multiple Separations in Microfabricated Channels: From Biological Microenvironments to DNA (1998)
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    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1998), S. 27-37 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: continuous separations ; microfabricated ; channel electrophoresis ; review ; DNA
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    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A continuous sample introduction and separation scheme is presented as an alternative to the current slab gel and microfabricated chip technologies for biological separations. This new technique involves continuous sample introduction via a conventional small bore capillary coupled to a small dimension rectangular channel. Both free zone and size based separations have been carried out in the rectangular channel. Laser induced fluorescence and electrochemical detection schemes have been employed with this technique. Some of the areas this technology has been used to investigate include monitoring dynamic events from microenvironments, monitoring analytes over long periods of time, and performing DNA separations.
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    Toward Next Generation Clinical Diagnostic Instruments: Scaling and New Processing Paradigms (1998)
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    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1998), S. 71-79 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: diagnostics ; micromachining ; sample processing or purification ; nucleic acids or DNA ; instrumentation ; clinical
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    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Looking toward future clinical diagnostic instruments, there is little debate as to the features that need improvement over the current state-of-the-art. Increasing the speed and sensitivity of the assays, while reducing costs are clear goals. Recently, it has become possible to microminiaturize fluidic and sensing components using micromachining and precision injection molding. There has been a large amount of interest and effort in the area of miniaturization of such systems, yet not all of the properties of fluidics and sensing methods improve as they are drastically reduced in size. It is clear that implementing miniaturized diagnostic instruments is not a matter of simply “shrinking” their conventional counterparts, nor of automating existing manual procedures. What is required to harness the full potential of scaling technologies is the use of design methods that take into account scaling effects and the development of completely new processing approaches. Beginning with a general overview of the relevant scaling principles, sample preparation and detection approaches are addressed in this context.
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    Activation and Sorting of Human White Blood Cells (1998)
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    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1998), S. 39-47 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: microfabrication ; array ; blood ; white blood cells ; sorting ; activation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We demonstrate a novel activation behavior of human leucocyte adhesion under physiological flow conditions in a microfabricated silicon array of channels with length scales similar to those of human capillaries. Vital nuclei stains and cell specific, flourochrome labeled antibodies reveal that the equilibrium distribution of stuck cells in the arrays displays a strong dependence on cell type and nuclear morphology, and there is eventual separation of the two cell types in the array. The distortion of the cells is the same as they experience in vivo and the response of the granulocytes is consistent with a model describing adhesion as a function of the distortion of the cell by its environment; in other words, activated adhesion. We propose that this complex non-random behavior is due to a deformation activated change in the cells relevant to observed in vivo behavior.
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    Chemical and Topographical Surface Modification for Control of Central Nervous System Cell Adhesion (1998)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1998), S. 49-64 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: surface texturing ; chemical patterning ; nanostructures ; self-assembled monolayers ; cell attachment ; lithography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe methods of fine scale chemical and topographical patterning of silicon substrates and the selected attachment and growth of central nervous system cells in culture. We have used lithography and microcontact printing to pattern surfaces with self-assembled monolayers and proteins. Chemical patterns can be created that localize and guide the growth of cells on the surfaces. Self-assembled surface texturing with structures at the tens of nanometers scale and lithographic based methods at the micrometer scale have been used to produce a variety of surface topographical features. These experiments suggest that surface texture at the scale of tens of nanometers to micrometers can influence the attachment of these cells to a surface and can be used as a mechanism of isolating cells to a particular area on a silicon substrate.
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    Process Control for Optimal PCR Performance in Glass Microstructures (1998)
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    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1998), S. 65-70 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: PCR ; microstructures ; surface analysis
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    Notes: Abstract Miniaturization has the potential to impart cost, performance, size, throughput, and ease-of-use benefits to many fields of analysis. We have demonstrated the ability to perform real-time fluorescence detection of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products in various fabricated microstructures. Utilizing surface chemical analysis, we have optimized the fabrication process method for glass microstructures for PCR. Chemical “cleanliness” supersedes particle issues for these bioanalytical microdevices, a distinct deviation from integrated circuit development from which the microfabrication processes were derived.
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    A pro-B-cell stage characterized by germline Ig transcription without surrogate light chain expression (1998)
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    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 305-311 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words B lymphocytes ; Germline transcription ; Immunoglobulin ; Human B-cell development ; Surrogate light chain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  B-cell commitment is characterized by the expression of specific membrane proteins and the rearrangement and expression of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) and light (L) chain genes. At early stages of B-cell development, unrearranged Ig loci are transcribed, which correlates with these regions becoming accessible for Ig gene rearrangement. Some germline transcripts can be translated into protein and potentially play a role in cell signaling during B-cell development. In this report an early stage in human B-cell development is characterized using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed cell lines from patients with a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). These lines were shown to produce germline constant (C) gene transcripts from the IGH and IGK loci. We demonstrate here that these cells are committed to the B-cell lineage as substantiated by expression of CD79a and CD79b. No surrogate light chain (SLC) gene transcription was detected, indicative of a very early differentiation stage. From these cell lines two types of germline IgV gene transcripts were isolated: a transcript containing the IGKV4-1 gene and a germline IGHV-1 transcript nearly identical to IGHV1/OR15-1 (HC15-1, DP-1), an orphon V H gene on chromosome 15. Germline V H transcripts originating from the V H locus on chromosome 14 could not be detected. It is of interest that, apart from Ig V and C genes (non-functional), V genes that reside outside the Ig locus are a target for the transcription factors that are postulated to initiate Ig gene rearrangement early in B-cell development.
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    Sequence analysis of DA and Sprague Dawley rat T-cell receptor β-chain promoters (1998)
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    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 356-358 
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    Keywords: Key words Rat ; T-cell receptor ; Gene ; Promoter ; Polymorphism
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    Molecular cloning of rat and mouse membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46): preferential expression in testis and close linkage between the mouse Mcp and Cr2 genes on distal chromosome 1 (1998)
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 363-371 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Membrane cofactor protein ; Testis ; Chromosome 1 ; Complement ; Alternative splicing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Human membrane cofactor protein (MCP, CD46) is widely distributed and is one of the plasma membrane complement inhibitors. We isolated cDNA clones encoding genetic homologues of human MCP from a rat testis cDNA library. Northern blot analysis indicated that rat MCP is preferentially expressed in testis, similar to what is found with guinea pig MCP. We identified several different cDNAs, which were presumably generated by alternative splicing from a single-copy gene. The most prevalent isoform corresponded to the Ser/Thr/Pro-rich C type of human MCP. Mouse MCP cDNA was cloned by polymerase chain reaction based on the nucleotide sequence of rat MCP. The deduced amino acid sequence showed 77.8% identity to rat MCP. Mouse MCP was also preferentially expressed in testis. Unique expression in testis in rat and mouse as well as guinea pig suggests that MCPs in these species not only act as complement regulatory proteins but may also have more specialized functions in fertilization or reproduction. Genetic mapping by linkage analysis indicated that the mouse Mcp gene is located on distal chromosome 1, closely linked to the complement receptor 2 (Cr2) gene.
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    The mouse Cd83 gene: structure, domain organization, and chromosome localization (1998)
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    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 383-393 
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    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words CD83 ; Dendritic cells ; Cloning ; Chromosome localization ; Gene structure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Human CD83 (hCD83) is a 45 000 M r cell-surface protein expressed predominantly by dendritic lineage cells. In this report, the genomic locus encoding mouse CD83 (Cd83) was isolated and the gene structure determined. The Cd83 gene spans ∼19 kilobases (kb) and is composed of five exons, with two exons encoding a single extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain. Mouse CD83 (mCD83) cDNAs were isolated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction of mouse RNA. Sequence determination revealed substantial conservation, with mCD83 and hCD83 sharing 63% amino acid identity. The transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of CD83 were most highly conserved. Mouse CD83 mRNA of 2.4 kb was abundantly expressed in spleen and brain, but could also be detected in most tissues analyzed. These results suggest that in the mouse, as in humans, widely distributed dendritic cells may express mCD83. Chromosome localization revealed that the Cd83 gene is present on mouse chromosome 13 band A5, while the locus for the human gene (CD83) is located within a homologous region of human chromosome 6p23. Thus, the CD83 protein and gene appear to be well conserved during recent mammalian evolution. The isolation and characterization of the mCD83 cDNA and gene provides important information and tools that will facilitate the study of CD83 and dendritic cell function in a mouse model system.
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    Characterization of a harbor seal class I major histocompatability complex cDNA clone (1998)
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    Immunogenetics 48 (1998), S. 422-424 
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    Keywords: Key words MHC ; Harbor seal ; Polymorphism
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    Lead Uptake and Effects on Seed Germination and Plant Growth in a Pb Hyperaccumulator Brassica pekinensis Rupr. (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 285-291 
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
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    Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments from Pueblo Viejo, Tamiahua, and Tampamachoco Lagoons in the Southern Gulf of Mexico (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 96-103 
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    Toxicological Impact of BHC on the Ovary of the Air-Breathing Catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 16-21 
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    Distribution of VAM Fungi in Tannery Effluent Polluted Soils of Tamil Nadu, India (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 142-150 
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    Elevated Levels of Cerium in Tubers from Regions Endemic for Endomyocardial Fibrosis (EMF) (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 168-170 
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    Azinphosmethyl Exposure to Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) Life Stages with Emphasis on Larval Acetylcholinesterase Activity (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 645-650 
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    Residues of Organohalogen Compounds in Various Dolphin Tissues (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 216-224 
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    Selective Growth Inhibition of the Musty-Odor Producing Cyanobacterium Oscillatoria cf. chalybea by Natural Compounds (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 651-658 
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    Effect of Subacute Exposure to Lead on Responses to Estrogen in the Immature Rat Uterus (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 759-765 
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    Histopathological Changes Within the Testis Caused by Allyl Chloride Exposure in Mice (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 494-501 
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    Empirical Investigation of Hand-to-Mouth Transfer of Soil (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 379-386 
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    Effects of Trifluoroacetate, an Atmospheric Breakdown Product of Hydrofluorocarbon Refrigerants, on Acetate Metabolism by Freshwater Benthic Microbial Communities (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 472-479 
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    Shaker Bath Adaptation to the Environmental Protection Agency's Cadmium Column Reduction Method (Method 353.3) for the Determination of Nitrate in Water Samples (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 519-524 
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    Avian Exposure to Pesticides in Costa Rican Banana Plantations (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 562-568 
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    Acute Administration of Methylmercury Changes In Vivo Dopamine Release from Rat Striatum (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 632-638 
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    Effects of Monitor Well Purging Technique on Selected Chemical Properties of Surficial Groundwater (1998)
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    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 525-530 
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    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900657
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    Removal of Malathion Residues on Lettuce by Washing (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 592-595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900666
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    Mutagenicity of River Water in Korea (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 615-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900670
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    Exposure of Juvenile Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Methoxychlor Results in a Dose-Dependent Decrease in Growth and Survival But Does Not Alter Male Sexual Differentiation (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 659-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900677
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    Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides Residues in Milk of Urban Mothers in Kenya (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 732-738 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900687
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    Sublethal Bioconcentration of Fenitrothion in the Blood and Brain of the European Eel (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 809-815 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900699
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    Effect of Selenium Supplementation on the Uptake and Translocation of Chromium by Spinach (Spinacea oleracea) (1998)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 60 (1998), S. 750-758 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001289900690
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