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  • Articles  (48)
  • Temperature  (48)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (48)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • Emerald
  • 1995-1999  (48)
  • 1997  (48)
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  • Articles  (48)
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Keywords
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (48)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • Emerald
  • Springer  (15)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (1)
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  • 1995-1999  (48)
Year
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  • 1
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    Photochemically driven collapse of Titan's atmosphere (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-31
    Description: Saturn's giant moon Titan has a thick (1.5 bar) nitrogen atmosphere, which has a temperature structure that is controlled by the absorption of solar and thermal radiation by methane, hydrogen, and organic aerosols into which methane is irreversibly converted by photolysis. Previous studies of Titan's climate evolution have been done with the assumption that the methane abundance was maintained against photolytic depletion throughout Titan's history, either by continuous supply from the interior or by buffering by a surface or near surface reservoir. Radiative-convective and radiative-saturated equilibrium models of Titan's atmosphere show that methane depletion may have allowed Titan's atmosphere to cool so that nitrogen, its main constituent, condenses onto the surface, collapsing Titan into a Triton-like frozen state with a thin atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lorenz, R D -- McKay, C P -- Lunine, J I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 31;275(5300):642-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Planetary Sciences, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.rlorenz@pl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Evolution, Planetary ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Methane ; *Nitrogen ; Photolysis ; *Saturn ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Activated acetic acid by carbon fixation on (Fe,Ni)S under primordial conditions (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-11
    Description: In experiments modeling the reactions of the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A pathway at hydrothermal temperatures, it was found that an aqueous slurry of coprecipitated NiS and FeS converted CO and CH3SH into the activated thioester CH3-CO-SCH3, which hydrolyzed to acetic acid. In the presence of aniline, acetanilide was formed. When NiS-FeS was modified with catalytic amounts of selenium, acetic acid and CH3SH were formed from CO and H2S alone. The reaction can be considered as the primordial initiation reaction for a chemoautotrophic origin of life.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huber, C -- Wachtershauser, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 11;276(5310):245-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universitat Munchen, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9092471" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetic Acid/*chemistry ; Carbon Monoxide/*chemistry ; Catalysis ; Cobalt/chemistry ; *Evolution, Chemical ; Ferrous Compounds/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Sulfide/chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrolysis ; Nickel/*chemistry ; *Origin of Life ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Sulfhydryl Compounds/chemistry ; Temperature
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  • 3
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    Prebiotic chemistry. Where smokers rule (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crabtree, R H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 11;276(5310):222.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Yale University Chemistry Department, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9132945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetate-CoA Ligase/metabolism ; Acetates/*chemistry ; Acetyl Coenzyme A/chemistry ; Carbon Monoxide/chemistry ; Catalysis ; *Evolution, Chemical ; Ferrous Compounds/chemistry ; Nickel/chemistry ; *Origin of Life ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 4
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    Requirement of guanosine triphosphate-bound ran for signal-mediated nuclear protein export (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-06-20
    Description: A leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) allows rapid export of proteins from cell nuclei. Microinjection studies revealed a role for the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Ran in NES-mediated export. Nuclear injection of a Ran mutant (Thr24 --〉 Asn) blocked protein export but not import, whereas depletion of the Ran nucleotide exchange factor RCC1 blocked protein import but not export. However, injection of Ran GTPase-activating protein (RanGAP) into RCC1-depleted cell nuclei inhibited export. Coinjection with Ran mutants insensitive to RanGAP prevented this inhibition. Therefore, NES-mediated protein export appears to require a Ran-GTP complex but does not require Ran-dependent GTP hydrolysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Richards, S A -- Carey, K L -- Macara, I G -- EST3207122/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- GM 50526/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 20;276(5320):1842-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9188526" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Cytoplasm ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; *GTPase-Activating Proteins ; Glutathione Transferase/metabolism ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; *Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; Guanosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Luminescent Proteins/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nuclear Envelope/metabolism ; Nuclear Localization Signals ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Glucocorticoid/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Temperature ; ran GTP-Binding Protein
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 5
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    Neurospora wc-1 and wc-2: transcription, photoresponses, and the origins of circadian rhythmicity (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: Circadian rhythmicity is universally associated with the ability to perceive light, and the oscillators ("clocks") giving rise to these rhythms, which are feedback loops based on transcription and translation, are reset by light. Although such loops must contain elements of positive and negative regulation, the clock genes analyzed to date-frq in Neurospora and per and tim in Drosophila-are associated only with negative feedback and their biochemical functions are largely inferred. The white collar-1 and white collar-2 genes, both global regulators of photoresponses in Neurospora, encode DNA binding proteins that contain PAS domains and are believed to act as transcriptional activators. Data shown here suggest that wc-1 is a clock-associated gene and wc-2 is a clock component; both play essential roles in the assembly or operation of the Neurospora circadian oscillator. Thus DNA binding and transcriptional activation can now be associated with a clock gene that may provide a positive element in the feedback loop. In addition, similarities between the PAS-domain regions of molecules involved in light perception and circadian rhythmicity in several organisms suggest an evolutionary link between ancient photoreceptor proteins and more modern proteins required for circadian oscillation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crosthwaite, S K -- Dunlap, J C -- Loros, J J -- GM 34985/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- MH01186/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH44651/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):763-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755-3844, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Biological Clocks/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; DNA, Fungal/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Feedback ; Fungal Proteins/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Genes, Fungal ; Light ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neurospora crassa/genetics/*physiology ; Phytochrome/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; *Transcriptional Activation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    Paleomagnetic evidence of a low-temperature origin of carbonate in the Martian meteorite ALH84001 (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-14
    Description: Indirect evidence for life on Mars has been reported from the study of meteorite ALH84001. The formation temperature of the carbonates is controversial; some estimates suggest 20 degrees to 80 degrees C, whereas others exceed 650 degrees C. Paleomagnetism can be used to distinguish between these possibilities because heating can remagnetize ferrimagnetic minerals. Study of two adjacent pyroxene grains from the crushed zone of ALH84001 shows that each possesses a stable natural remanent magnetization (NRM), implying that Mars had a substantial magnetic field when the grains cooled. However, NRM directions from these particles differ, implying that the meteorite has not been heated significantly since the formation of the internal crushed zone about 4 billion years ago. The carbonate globules postdate this brecciation, and thus formed at low temperatures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kirschvink, J L -- Maine, A T -- Vali, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 14;275(5306):1629-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 170-25, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9054354" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbonates/*chemistry ; Magnetics ; *Mars ; *Meteoroids ; Minerals/*chemistry ; Temperature
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  • 7
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    Selective colorimetric detection of polynucleotides based on the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: A highly selective, colorimetric polynucleotide detection method based on mercaptoalkyloligonucleotide-modified gold nanoparticle probes is reported. Introduction of a single-stranded target oligonucleotide (30 bases) into a solution containing the appropriate probes resulted in the formation of a polymeric network of nanoparticles with a concomitant red-to-pinkish/purple color change. Hybridization was facilitated by freezing and thawing of the solutions, and the denaturation of these hybrid materials showed transition temperatures over a narrow range that allowed differentiation of a variety of imperfect targets. Transfer of the hybridization mixture to a reverse-phase silica plate resulted in a blue color upon drying that could be detected visually. The unoptimized system can detect about 10 femtomoles of an oligonucleotide.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elghanian, R -- Storhoff, J J -- Mucic, R C -- Letsinger, R L -- Mirkin, C A -- GM 10265/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1078-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9262471" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biosensing Techniques ; Colorimetry ; *Gold ; Microchemistry ; *Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Oligonucleotide Probes ; Polydeoxyribonucleotides/*analysis ; Spectrophotometry ; Temperature
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  • 8
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    Microbiology's scarred revolutionary (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):699-702.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9157549" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaea/*classification/genetics/physiology ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; History, 20th Century ; Origin of Life ; *Phylogeny ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, RNA ; Temperature ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    The early Mars climate question heats up (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kasting, J F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1245.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geoscience, Pennsylvania State University, State College 16802, USA. kasting@essc.psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9411751" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; Exobiology ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Greenhouse Effect ; Ice ; Infrared Rays ; *Mars ; Scattering, Radiation ; Temperature ; Water
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  • 10
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    Conversion by Peyer's patch lymphocytes of human enterocytes into M cells that transport bacteria (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-15
    Description: The epithelium that lines the gut is impermeable to macromolecules and microorganisms, except in Peyer's patches (PPs), where the lymphoid follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) contains M cells that transport antigens and microorganisms. A cultured system that reproduces the main characteristics of FAE and M cells was established by cultivation of PP lymphocytes with the differentiated human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Lymphocytes settled into the epithelial monolayer, inducing reorganization of the brush border and a temperature-dependent transport of particles and Vibrio cholerae. This model system could prove useful for intestinal physiology, vaccine research, and drug delivery studies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerneis, S -- Bogdanova, A -- Kraehenbuhl, J P -- Pringault, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):949-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, and Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9252325" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; *Bacterial Translocation ; Caco-2 Cells ; Carrier Proteins/analysis ; Cell Polarity ; Coculture Techniques ; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate ; Humans ; *Immunity, Mucosal ; Intestinal Mucosa/*cytology/*immunology/microbiology ; Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Microfilament Proteins/analysis ; Microspheres ; Microvilli/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Peyer's Patches/cytology/*immunology ; Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex/analysis ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Temperature ; Vibrio cholerae/*metabolism
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  • 11
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    Direct observation of cooling of heme upon photodissociation of carbonmonoxy myoglobin (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-23
    Description: The formation of vibrationally excited heme upon photodissociation of carbonmonoxy myoglobin and its subsequent vibrational energy relaxation was monitored by picosecond anti-Stokes resonance Raman spectroscopy. The anti-Stokes intensity of the nu4 band showed immediate generation of vibrationally excited hemes and biphasic decay of the excited populations. The best fit to double exponentials gave time constants of 1.9 +/- 0.6 and 16 +/- 9 picoseconds for vibrational population decay and 3.0 +/- 1.0 and 25 +/- 14 picoseconds for temperature relaxation of the photolyzed heme when a Boltzmann distribution was assumed. The decay of the nu4 anti-Stokes intensity was accompanied by narrowing and frequency upshift of the Stokes counterpart. This direct monitoring of the cooling dynamics of the heme cofactor within the globin matrix allows the characterization of the vibrational energy flow through the protein moiety and to the water bath.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mizutani, Y -- Kitagawa, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 17;278(5337):443-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki National Research Institutes, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9334299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Monoxide/chemistry ; Heme/*chemistry ; Myoglobin/*chemistry ; Photolysis ; Photons ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
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  • 12
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    Cdc25 mitotic inducer targeted by chk1 DNA damage checkpoint kinase (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-05
    Description: Arrest of the cell cycle at the G2 checkpoint, induced by DNA damage, requires inhibitory phosphorylation of the kinase Cdc2 in both fission yeast and human cells. The kinase Wee1 and the phosphatase Cdc25, which regulate Cdc2 phosphorylation, were evaluated as targets of Chk1, a kinase essential for the checkpoint. Fission yeast cdc2-3w Deltacdc25 cells, which express activated Cdc2 and lack Cdc25, were responsive to Wee1 but insensitive to Chk1 and irradiation. Expression of large amounts of Chk1 produced the same phenotype as did loss of the cdc25 gene in cdc2-3w cells. Cdc25 associated with Chk1 in vivo and was phosphorylated when copurified in Chk1 complexes. These findings identify Cdc25, but not Wee1, as a target of the DNA damage checkpoint.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Furnari, B -- Rhind, N -- Russell, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1495-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278510" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/*metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Division ; *DNA Damage ; DNA Helicases/metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/*metabolism ; G2 Phase ; Gamma Rays ; Genes, Fungal ; *Mitosis ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Schizosaccharomyces/cytology/genetics/*metabolism/radiation effects ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; *ras-GRF1
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  • 13
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    Detection of soft X-rays and a sensitive search for noble gases in comet Hale-Bopp (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-05
    Description: An image of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) in soft x-rays reveals a central emission offset from the nucleus, as well as an extended emission feature that does not correlate with the dust jets seen at optical wavelengths. Neon was found to be depleted in the cometary ice by more than a factor of 25 relative to solar abundance, which suggests that ices in Hale-Bopp formed at (or later experienced) temperatures higher than 25 kelvin. A helium line emission at a wavelength of 584 angstroms was detected and may be attributable to charge transfer of solar wind alpha particles in the cometary coma. Ionized oxygen and another helium line contribute to an emission observed at 538 angstroms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krasnopolsky, V A -- Mumma, M J -- Abbott, M -- Flynn, B C -- Meech, K J -- Yeomans, D K -- Feldman, P D -- Cosmovici, C B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1488-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA. ys2VK@lepvax.gsfc.nasa.gov 20771, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9278508" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cosmic Dust ; Helium/*analysis ; Ice ; *Meteoroids ; Neon/*analysis ; Oxygen/*analysis ; Temperature ; X-Rays
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  • 14
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    Water on the sun: line assignments based on variational calculations (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: The infrared spectrum of hot water observed in a sunspot has been assigned. The high temperature of the sunspot (3200 K) gave rise to a highly congested pure rotational spectrum in the 10-micrometer region that involved energy levels at least halfway to dissociation. Traditional spectroscopy, based on perturbation theory, is inadequate for this problem. Instead, accurate variational solutions of the vibration-rotation Schrodinger equation were used to make assignments, revealing unexpected features, including rotational difference bands and fewer degeneracies than anticipated. These results indicate that a shift away from perturbation theory to first principles calculations is necessary in order to assign spectra of hot polyatomic molecules such as water.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Polyansky, O L -- Zobov, N F -- Viti, S -- Tennyson, J -- Bernath, P F -- Wallace, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):346-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9219686" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Solar Activity ; *Solar System ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Temperature ; Water/*analysis/chemistry
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    Ground-based thermal infrared observations of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) during 1996 (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-03-28
    Description: Thermal infrared (IR) imaging and spectroscopy of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) during June, August, and September 1996 traced the development of the dust coma several months before perihelion. Images revealed nightly variations in the brightness of the inner coma from 1 to 12 June that were correlated with the appearance of a northward-pointing jet. The central IR flux increased by a factor of 8 between 1 June and 30 September, and the September data showed IR jets that corresponded to similar structures that were visible in reflected sunlight at shorter wavelengths. At all epochs, 8- to 13-micrometer spectra of the central coma revealed a strong silicate emission feature, including an 11.2-micrometer feature indicative of crystalline olivine, even when the comet was at a heliocentric distance of 4.1 astronomical units.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hayward, T L -- Hanner, M S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 28;275(5308):1907-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Radiophysics and Space Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. hayward@astrosun.tn.cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072961" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cosmic Dust ; Iron Compounds/analysis ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; *Meteoroids ; Silicates/analysis ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Low-temperature carbonate concretions in the Martian meteorite ALH84001: evidence from stable isotopes and mineralogy (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-03-14
    Description: The martian meteorite ALH84001 contains small, disk-shaped concretions of carbonate with concentric chemical and mineralogical zonation. Oxygen isotope compositions of these concretions, measured by ion microprobe, range from delta18O = +9.5 to +20.5 per thousand. Most of the core of one concretion is homogeneous (16.7 +/- 1.2 per thousand) and over 5 per thousand higher in delta18O than a second concretion. Orthopyroxene that hosts the secondary carbonates is isotopically homogeneous (delta18O = 4.6 +/- 1.2 per thousand). Secondary SiO2 has delta18O = 20.4 per thousand. Carbon isotope ratios measured from the core of one concretion average delta13C = 46 +/- 8 per thousand, consistent with formation on Mars. The isotopic variations and mineral compositions offer no evidence for high temperature (〉650 degrees C) carbonate precipitation and suggest non-equilibrium processes at low temperatures (〈 approximately 300 degrees C).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Valley, J W -- Eiler, J M -- Graham, C M -- Gibson, E K -- Romanek, C S -- Stolper, E M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 14;275(5306):1633-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9054355" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Isotopes ; Carbonates/*chemistry ; Chemical Precipitation ; *Mars ; *Meteoroids ; Minerals/chemistry ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; Temperature
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    Oxygen on Ganymede: laboratory studies (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-06-20
    Description: To test proposals for the origin of oxygen absorption bands in the visible reflectance spectrum of Ganymede, the reflectance of condensed films of pure oxygen (O2) and O2-water mixtures and the evolution of O2 from the films as a function of temperature were determined. Absorption band shapes and positions for oxygen at 26 kelvin were similar to those reported for Ganymede, whereas those for the mixtures were slightly shifted. The band intensity dropped by more than two orders of magnitude when the ice mixture was warmed to 100 kelvin, although about 20 percent of the O2 remained trapped in the ice, which suggested that at these temperatures O2 molecules dissolve in the ice rather than aggregate in clusters or bubbles. The experiments suggest that the absorption bands in Ganymede's spectrum were not produced in the relatively warm surface of the satellite but in a much colder source. Solid O2 may exist in a cold subsurface layer or in an atmospheric haze.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vidal, R A -- Bahr, D -- Baragiola, R A -- Peters, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 20;276(5320):1839-42.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Atomic and Surface Physics, University of Virginia, Thornton Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9188525" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; Oxygen/*analysis ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature
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    Triton's distorted atmosphere (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-10-23
    Description: A stellar-occultation light curve for Triton shows asymmetry that can be understood if Triton's middle atmosphere is distorted from spherical symmetry. Although a globally oblate model can explain the data, the inferred atmospheric flattening is so large that it could be caused only by an unrealistic internal mass distribution or highly supersonic zonal winds. Cyclostrophic winds confined to a jet near Triton's northern or southern limbs (or both) could also be responsible for the details of the light curve, but such winds are required to be slightly supersonic. Hazes and clouds in the atmosphere are unlikely to have caused the asymmetry in the light curve.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Elliot, J L -- Stansberry, J A -- Olkin, C B -- Agner, M A -- Davies, M E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 17;278(5337):436-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences and Department of Physics, Building 54-422, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA. jle@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9334297" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Gravitation ; *Neptune ; Optics and Photonics ; Temperature
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    The Mars Pathfinder atmospheric structure investigation/meteorology (ASI/MET) experiment (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: The Mars Pathfinder atmospheric structure investigation/meteorology (ASI/MET) experiment measured the vertical density, pressure, and temperature structure of the martian atmosphere from the surface to 160 km, and monitored surface meteorology and climate for 83 sols (1 sol = 1 martian day = 24.7 hours). The atmospheric structure and the weather record are similar to those observed by the Viking 1 lander (VL-1) at the same latitude, altitude, and season 21 years ago, but there are differences related to diurnal effects and the surface properties of the landing site. These include a cold nighttime upper atmosphere; atmospheric temperatures that are 10 to 12 degrees kelvin warmer near the surface; light slope-controlled winds; and dust devils, identified by their pressure, wind, and temperature signatures. The results are consistent with the warm, moderately dusty atmosphere seen by VL-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schofield, J T -- Barnes, J R -- Crisp, D -- Haberle, R M -- Larsen, S -- Magalhaes, J A -- Murphy, J R -- Seiff, A -- Wilson, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Dec 5;278(5344):1752-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. T. Schofield and D. Crisp, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9388169" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Mars ; Pressure ; Temperature ; Wind
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    Martian 'microbes' cover their tracks (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-04-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):30-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9122703" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria ; *Carbonates/analysis/chemistry ; *Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferrosoferric Oxide ; Fossils ; *Iron/analysis/chemistry ; *Mars ; *Meteoroids ; *Oxides/analysis/chemistry ; Temperature
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    Control of filament formation in Candida albicans by the transcriptional repressor TUP1 (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-04
    Description: The pathogenic yeast Candida albicans regulates its cellular morphology in response to environmental conditions. Ellipsoidal, single cells (blastospores) predominate in rich media, whereas filaments composed of elongated cells that are attached end-to-end form in response to starvation, serum, and other conditions. The TUP1 gene, which encodes a general transcriptional repressor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was isolated from C. albicans and disrupted. The resulting tup1 mutant strain of C. albicans grew exclusively as filaments under all conditions tested. TUP1 was epistatic to the transcriptional activator CPH1, previously found to promote filamentous growth. The results suggest a model where TUP1 represses genes responsible for initiating filamentous growth and this repression is lifted under inducing environmental conditions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Braun, B R -- Johnson, A D -- GM37049/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 4;277(5322):105-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9204892" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Candida albicans/*cytology/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Culture Media ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Epistasis, Genetic ; Fungal Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Deletion ; Genes, Fungal ; Glycerol/metabolism ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phenotype ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Sequence Alignment ; Temperature ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Disordered biopyriboles, amphibole, and talc in the Allende meteorite: products of nebular or parent body aqueous alteration? (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-05-16
    Description: Transmission electron microscope observations of the Allende carbonaceous chondrite provided evidence of widespread hydrous phases replacing enstatite in chondrules. Calcic amphibole and talc occur in thin (less than 0.3 micrometer) crosscutting veins and as alteration products of primary chondrule glass in contraction cracks within the enstatite. In addition, talc and disordered biopyriboles were found replacing enstatite grains along cracks and fractures. Although rare hydrous phases have been reported in calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusions in the Allende meteorite, these observations suggest that aqueous fluids played a much more significant role in the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of Allende than has previously been thought.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brearley, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 16;276(5315):1103-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Meteoritics, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9148802" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum/analysis ; Asbestos, Amphibole/analysis ; Calcium/analysis ; Iron Compounds/analysis ; Magnesium Compounds/analysis ; *Meteoroids ; Microscopy, Electron ; Pressure ; Silicates/analysis ; Talc/analysis ; Temperature ; *Water
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    Experimental simulations of sulfide formation in the solar nebula (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: Sulfurization of meteoritic metal in H2S-H2 gas produced three different sulfides: monosulfide solid solution [(Fe,Ni)1-xS], pentlandite [(Fe,Ni)9-xS8], and a phosphorus-rich sulfide. The composition of the remnant metal was unchanged. These results are contrary to theoretical predictions that sulfide formation in the solar nebula produced troilite (FeS) and enriched the remaining metal in nickel. The experimental sulfides are chemically and morphologically similar to sulfide grains in the matrix of the Alais (class CI) carbonaceous chondrite, suggesting that these meteoritic sulfides may be condensates from the solar nebula.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lauretta, D S -- Lodders, K -- Fegley, B Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):358-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Planetary Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Campus Box 1169, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA. lauretta@wunder.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9219690" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ferrous Compounds/chemistry ; Hydrogen/chemistry ; Iron/chemistry ; *Meteoroids ; Nickel/chemistry ; *Solar System ; Sulfides/*chemistry ; Temperature
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    Strontianite in coral skeletal aragonite (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-03-07
    Description: An x-ray spectroscopic study of scleractinian coral skeletons indicated that, although some strontium substitutes for calcium in the aragonite structure, at concentrations of about 7500 parts per million, as much as 40 percent of the strontium resides in strontianite (SrCO3). A doublet peak in the Fourier transform of the extended x-ray absorption fine structure of the coral corresponded to six metal and 13 oxygen neighbors surrounding strontium at about 4.05 angstroms in strontium-substituted aragonite and at about 4.21 angstroms in strontianite. Thus, the mechanism of the temperature-sensitive partitioning of strontium between seawater and coral skeleton used for paleothermometry is unexpectedly complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Greegor, R B -- Pingitore, N E Jr -- Lytle, F W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 7;275(5305):1452-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Boeing Company, Seattle, WA 98124, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072808" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/analysis ; Calcium Carbonate/*analysis ; Carbonates/*analysis ; Cnidaria/*chemistry ; Fourier Analysis ; Spectrum Analysis ; Strontium/*analysis ; Temperature
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    Honeybee thermoregulation (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stevenson, R D -- Woods, W A Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 16;276(5315):1015-6; author reply 1016-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9173533" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Body Temperature Regulation/*physiology ; Energy Metabolism ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Temperature
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    Cysteine and glutathione secretion in response to protein disulfide bond formation in the ER (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-09-12
    Description: Protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) often involves the formation of disulfide bonds. The oxidizing conditions required within this organelle were shown to be maintained through the release of small thiols, mainly cysteine and glutathione. Thiol secretion was stimulated when proteins rich in disulfide bonds were translocated into the ER, and secretion was prevented by the inhibition of protein synthesis. Endogenously generated cysteine and glutathione counteracted thiol-mediated retention in the ER and altered the extracellular redox. The secretion of thiols might link disulfide bond formation in the ER to intra- and intercellular redox signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carelli, S -- Ceriotti, A -- Cabibbo, A -- Fassina, G -- Ruvo, M -- Sitia, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 12;277(5332):1681-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉DIBIT, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milano, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9287224" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Benzopyrans/metabolism ; Brefeldin A ; Cycloheximide/pharmacology ; Cyclopentanes/pharmacology ; Cysteine/*secretion ; Cystine/secretion ; Disulfides/*metabolism ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Exocytosis ; Glutathione/analogs & derivatives/*secretion ; Glutathione Disulfide ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/biosynthesis ; Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis ; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/metabolism ; Oocytes ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Proteins/*metabolism ; Temperature ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Xenopus laevis
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    Light-induced structural changes in photosynthetic reaction center: implications for mechanism of electron-proton transfer (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: High resolution x-ray diffraction data from crystals of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides photosynthetic reaction center (RC) have been collected at cryogenic temperature in the dark and under illumination, and the structures were refined at 2.2 and 2.6 angstrom resolution, respectively. In the charge-separated D+QAQB- state (where D is the primary electron donor (a bacteriochlorophyll dimer), and QA and QB are the primary and secondary quinone acceptors, respectively), QB- is located approximately 5 angstroms from the QB position in the charge-neutral (DQAQB) state, and has undergone a 180 degrees propeller twist around the isoprene chain. A model based on the difference between the two structures is proposed to explain the observed kinetics of electron transfer from QA-QB to QAQB- and the relative binding affinities of the different ubiquinone species in the QB pocket. In addition, several water channels (putative proton pathways) leading from the QB pocket to the surface of the RC were delineated, one of which leads directly to the membrane surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stowell, M H -- McPhillips, T M -- Rees, D C -- Soltis, S M -- Abresch, E -- Feher, G -- GM13191/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM45162/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):812-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 147-75CH, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115209" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Cell Membrane/chemistry ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Darkness ; Electron Transport ; Freezing ; Hydrogen Bonding ; *Light ; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes ; Models, Molecular ; Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Protein Conformation ; *Protons ; Rhodobacter sphaeroides/*chemistry ; Temperature ; Ubiquinone/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 28
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    Phylogenetic analysis of glycolytic enzyme expression (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1997-04-11
    Description: Although differences among species in enzyme maximal activity or concentration are often interpreted as adaptive and important for regulating metabolism, these differences may simply reflect phylogenetic divergence. Phylogenetic analysis of the expression of the glycolytic enzymes among 15 taxa of a North American fish genus (Fundulus) indicated that most variation in enzyme concentration is due to evolutionary distance and may be nonadaptive. However, three enzymes' maximal activities covary with environmental temperature and have adaptive value. Additionally, two pairs of enzymes covary, indicating coevolution. Thus, metabolic flux may be modulated by many different enzymes rather than by a single rate-limiting enzyme.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pierce, V A -- Crawford, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 11;276(5310):256-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57 Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9092475" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/*metabolism ; *Glycolysis ; Killifishes/*metabolism ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/*metabolism ; *Phylogeny ; Pyruvate Kinase/*metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Temperature
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    Fishing for answers to whirling disease (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Potera, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 10;278(5336):225-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9340769" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Eukaryota/*growth & development/isolation & purification ; Fish Diseases/diagnosis/*parasitology ; Fisheries ; Montana ; Oligochaeta/parasitology ; Oncorhynchus mykiss/*parasitology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Protozoan Infections/diagnosis/parasitology ; *Protozoan Infections, Animal ; RNA, Protozoan/genetics ; RNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Spores/physiology ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Honeybee thermoregulation (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heinrich, B -- Esch, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 16;276(5315):1015; author reply 1016-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9173532" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Body Temperature Regulation/*physiology ; Energy Metabolism ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    "Killer" impacts and life's origins (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tiedemann, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 12;277(5332):1687-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9287226" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Earth (Planet) ; *Evolution, Chemical ; Hydrogen Cyanide/chemistry ; *Meteoroids ; *Origin of Life ; Polyphosphates/*chemistry ; Ribonucleotides/chemistry ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
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    Natural (Mg,Fe)SiO3-ilmenite and -perovskite in the Tenham meteorite (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: The minerals (Mg,Fe)SiO3-ilmenite and -perovskite were identified in the shock-induced veins in the Tenham chondritic meteorite. Both phases are inferred to have transformed from pyroxene at high pressures and temperatures by shock metamorphism. Columnar-shaped ilmenite grains, one of two types of morphologies, have a topotaxial relationship with neighboring pyroxene grains, indicating shear transformation. Granular-shaped perovskite grains showed a diffraction pattern consistent with orthorhombic perovskite, but these grains were not stable under the electron beam irradiation and became amorphous. The higher iron concentration in both phases compared with those experimentally reported may suggest their metastable transition from enstatite because of shock compression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tomioka, N -- Fujino, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1084-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan. tomioka@epms.hokuda i.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9262473" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Calcium Compounds/*analysis/chemistry ; Iron/*analysis/chemistry ; Iron Compounds/*analysis/chemistry ; Magnesium Compounds/*analysis/chemistry ; *Meteoroids ; Microscopy, Electron ; Oxides/*analysis/chemistry ; Pressure ; Silicates/*analysis/chemistry ; Temperature ; Titanium/*analysis/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Enhancement of protein crystal nucleation by critical density fluctuations (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-26
    Description: Numerical simulations of homogeneous crystal nucleation with a model for globular proteins with short-range attractive interactions showed that the presence of a metastable fluid-fluid critical point drastically changes the pathway for the formation of a crystal nucleus. Close to this critical point, the free-energy barrier for crystal nucleation is strongly reduced and hence, the crystal nucleation rate increases by many orders of magnitude. Because the location of the metastable critical point can be controlled by changing the composition of the solvent, the present work suggests a systematic approach to promote protein crystallization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉ten Wolde, P R -- Frenkel, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 26;277(5334):1975-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9302288" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Colloids ; Computer Simulation ; Crystallization ; Monte Carlo Method ; Proteins/*chemistry ; Solvents ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
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    Thermoregulation in the mouths of feeding gray whales (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-14
    Description: Vascular structures for heat conservation in the tongue of the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) are reported here. Numerous individual countercurrent heat exchangers are found throughout the massive tongue. These converge at the base of the tongue to form a bilateral pair of retia. Temperature measurements from the oral cavity of a live gray whale indicate that more heat may be lost through the blubber layer over the body than through the tongue, despite the fact that the tongue is far more vascularized and has much less insulation. These heat exchangers substantially reduce heat loss when these whales feed in cold waters.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heyning, J E -- Mead, J G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 7;278(5340):1138-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Vertebrates, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA. heyning@bcf.usc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue/physiology ; Animals ; Body Temperature ; Body Temperature Regulation/*physiology ; Regional Blood Flow ; Temperature ; Tongue/*blood supply/*physiology ; Whales/anatomy & histology/*physiology
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    Optical observations of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) at large heliocentric distances before perihelion (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-28
    Description: The activity of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) was monitored monthly by optical imaging and long-slit spectroscopy of its dust and gas distribution over heliocentric distances of 4.6 to 2.9 astronomical units. The observed band intensities of the NH2 radical and the H2O+ ion cannot be explained by existing models of fluorescence excitation, warranting a reexamination of the corresponding production rates, at least at large heliocentric distances. Comparing the production rate of the CN radical to its proposed parent, HCN, shows no evidence for the need of a major additional source for CN in Hale-Bopp at large heliocentric distances. The dust and CN production rates are consistent with a significant amount of sublimation occurring from icy dust grains surrounding Hale-Bopp.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rauer, H -- Arpigny, C -- Boehnhardt, H -- Colas, F -- Crovisier, J -- Jorda, L -- Kuppers, M -- Manfroid, J -- Rembor, K -- Thomas, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 28;275(5308):1909-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, 5, Place Jules Janssen, F-92190 Meudon, France. rauer@mesiob.obspm.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072962" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia/analysis ; Carbon Monoxide/analysis ; Cosmic Dust ; Gases ; Ice ; *Meteoroids ; Nitriles/analysis ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; Water
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    Observations of emission bands in comet Hale-Bopp (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rauer, H -- Arpigny, C -- Boehnhardt, H -- Colas, F -- Crovisier, J -- Jorda, L -- Kuppers, M -- Manfroid, J -- Rembor, K -- Thomas, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1526-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9304217" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Meteoroids ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/*analysis ; Temperature ; Water/*analysis
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    Dissociation of methane into hydrocarbons at extreme (planetary) pressure and temperature (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-02-28
    Description: Constant-pressure, first-principles molecular dynamic simulations were used to investigate the behavior of methane at high pressure and temperature. Contrary to the current interpretation of shock-wave experiments, the simulations suggest that, below 100 gigapascals, methane dissociates into a mixture of hydrocarbons, and it separates into hydrogen and carbon only above 300 gigapascals. The simulation conditions (100 to 300 gigapascals; 4000 to 5000 kelvin) were chosen to follow the isentrope in the middle ice layers of Neptune and Uranus. Implications on the physics of these planets are discussed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ancilotto, F -- Chiarotti, G L -- Scandolo, S -- Tosatti, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 28;275(5304):1288-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dipartimento di Fisica "G. Galilei," Universita di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9036849" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Butanes/chemistry ; Computer Simulation ; Ethane/chemistry ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrocarbons/*chemistry ; Hydrogen/chemistry ; Methane/*chemistry ; *Neptune ; Pressure ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; *Uranus
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    Neandertal genetics (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cooper, A -- Poinar, H N -- Paabo, S -- Radovcic, J -- Debenath, A -- Caparros, M -- Barroso-Ruiz, C -- Bertranpetit, J -- Nielsen-Marsh, C -- Hedges, R E -- Sykes, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1021-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9289843" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA Primers ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Europe ; Haplotypes ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Temperature
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    Sulfur and hydrogen isotope anomalies in meteorite sulfonic acids (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: Intramolecular carbon, hydrogen, and sulfur isotope ratios were measured on a homologous series of organic sulfonic acids discovered in the Murchison meteorite. Mass-independent sulfur isotope fractionations were observed along with high deuterium/hydrogen ratios. The deuterium enrichments indicate formation of the hydrocarbon portion of these compounds in a low-temperature environment that is consistent with that of interstellar clouds. Sulfur-33 enrichments observed in methanesulfonic acid could have resulted from gas-phase ultraviolet irradiation of a precursor, carbon disulfide. The source of the sulfonic acid precursors may have been the reactive interstellar molecule carbon monosulfide.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cooper, G W -- Thiemens, M H -- Jackson, T L -- Chang, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1072-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉SETI Institute and NASA Ames Research Center, MS 239-4, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9262469" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkanesulfonic Acids/*chemistry ; Carbon/chemistry ; *Carbon Compounds, Inorganic ; Deuterium/*analysis ; Hydrogen/*analysis ; Mesylates/chemistry ; *Meteoroids ; Sulfides/chemistry ; *Sulfur Isotopes ; Temperature
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    Io and the plasma torus (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGrath, M A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 10;278(5336):237-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. mcgrath@stci.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9340770" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Jupiter ; Temperature
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    A low-barrier hydrogen bond in the catalytic triad of serine proteases? Theory versus experiment (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-14
    Description: Cleland and Kreevoy recently advanced the idea that a special type of hydrogen bond (H-bond), termed a low-barrier hydrogen bond (LBHB), may account for the "missing" transition state stabilization underlying the catalytic power of many enzymes, and Frey et al. have proposed that the H-bond between aspartic acid 102 and histidine 57 in the catalytic triad of serine proteases is an example of a catalytically important LBHB. Experimental facts are here considered regarding the aspartic acid-histidine and cis-urocanic H-bonds that are inconsistent with fundamental tenets of the LBHB hypothesis. The inconsistencies between theory and experiment in these paradigm systems cast doubt on the existence of LBHBs, as currently defined, within enzyme active sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ash, E L -- Sudmeier, J L -- De Fabo, E C -- Bachovchin, W W -- GM27927/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 7;278(5340):1128-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aspartic Acid/chemistry ; Binding Sites ; Boronic Acids/metabolism ; Catalysis ; Histidine/chemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Oligopeptides/metabolism ; Protons ; Serine Endopeptidases/*chemistry/metabolism ; Serine Proteinase Inhibitors/metabolism ; Subtilisins/chemistry ; Temperature ; Urocanic Acid/chemistry
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    Life goes to extremes in the deep earth--and elsewhere? (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):703-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9157550" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/*isolation & purification ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Environmental Microbiology ; *Geologic Sediments ; Temperature ; Water Microbiology
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    Solvophobically driven folding of nonbiological oligomers (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-09-20
    Description: In solution, biopolymers commonly fold into well-defined three-dimensional structures, but only recently has analogous behavior been explored in synthetic chain molecules. An aromatic hydrocarbon backbone is described that spontaneously acquires a stable helical conformation having a large cavity. The chain does not form intramolecular hydrogen bonds, and solvophobic interactions drive the folding transition, which is sensitive to chain length, solvent quality, and temperature.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nelson, J C -- Saven, J G -- Moore, J S -- Wolynes, P G -- PHS 1 S10 RR10444-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 19;277(5333):1793-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9295264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetonitriles ; Acetylene/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Chloroform ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Models, Molecular ; *Molecular Conformation ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Polymers/*chemistry ; Solubility ; Solvents ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
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    Interior structure and seasonal mass redistribution of Mars from radio tracking of Mars Pathfinder (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: Doppler and range measurements to the Mars Pathfinder lander made using its radio communications system have been combined with similar measurements from the Viking landers to estimate improved values of the precession of Mars' pole of rotation and the variation in Mars' rotation rate. The observed precession of -7576 +/- 35 milliarc seconds of angle per year implies a dense core and constrains possible models of interior composition. The estimated annual variation in rotation is in good agreement with a model of seasonal mass exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and ice caps.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Folkner, W M -- Yoder, C F -- Yuan, D N -- Standish, E M -- Preston, R A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Dec 5;278(5344):1749-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. william.folkner@jp.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9388168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ferrous Compounds ; Ice ; Iron ; *Mars ; Pressure ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Warming early Mars with carbon dioxide clouds that scatter infrared radiation (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-11-21
    Description: Geomorphic evidence that Mars was warm enough to support flowing water about 3.8 billion years ago presents a continuing enigma that cannot be explained by conventional greenhouse warming mechanisms. Model calculations show that the surface of early Mars could have been warmed through a scattering variant of the greenhouse effect, resulting from the ability of the carbon dioxide ice clouds to reflect the outgoing thermal radiation back to the surface. This process could also explain how Earth avoided an early irreversible glaciation and could extend the size of the habitable zone on extrasolar planets around stars.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Forget, F -- Pierrehumbert, R T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1273-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique du CNRS, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Boite Postale 99, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France. forget@lmd.jussieu.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9360920" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Greenhouse Effect ; Ice ; *Infrared Rays ; *Mars ; Scattering, Radiation ; Temperature ; Water
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    The ionosphere of Europa from Galileo radio occultations (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: The Galileo spacecraft performed six radio occultation observations of Jupiter's Galilean satellite Europa during its tour of the jovian system. In five of the six instances, these occultations revealed the presence of a tenuous ionosphere on Europa, with an average maximum electron density of nearly 10(4) per cubic centimeter near the surface and a plasma scale height of about 240 +/- 40 kilometers from the surface to 300 kilometers and of 440 +/- 60 kilometers above 300 kilometers. Such an ionosphere could be produced by solar photoionization and jovian magnetospheric particle impact in an atmosphere having a surface density of about 10(8) electrons per cubic centimeter. If this atmosphere is composed primarily of O2, then the principal ion is O2+ and the neutral atmosphere temperature implied by the 240-kilometer scale height is about 600 kelvin. If it is composed of H2O, the principal ion is H3O+ and the neutral temperature is about 340 kelvin. In either case, these temperatures are much higher than those observed on Europa's surface, and an external heating source from the jovian magnetosphere is required.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kliore, A J -- Hinson, D P -- Flasar, F M -- Nagy, A F -- Cravens, T E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):355-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9219689" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Hydrogen ; *Jupiter ; Magnetics ; *Oxygen ; Temperature ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 47
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    Water on the sun: molecules everywhere (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oka, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):328-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA. t-oka@uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9518362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Solar Activity ; *Solar System ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Temperature ; Water/*analysis/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Evolution of the outgassing of comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 O1) from radio observations (1997)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-03-28
    Description: Spectra obtained from ground-based radio telescopes show the progressive release of CO, CH3OH, HCN, H2O (from OH), H2S, CS, H2CO, CH3CN, and HNC as comet Hale-Bopp (C/1995 01) approached the sun from 6.9 to 1.4 astronomical units (AU). The more volatile species were relatively more abundant in the coma far from the sun, but there was no direct correlation between overabundance and volatility. Evidence for H2O sublimation from icy grains was seen beyond 3.5 AU from the sun. The change from a CO-driven coma to an H2O-driven coma occurred at about 3 AU. The gas outflow velocity and temperature increased as Hale-Bopp approached the sun.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Biver, N -- Bockelee-Morvan, D -- Colom, P -- Crovisier, J -- Davies, J K -- Dent, W R -- Despois, D -- Gerard, E -- Lellouch, E -- Rauer, H -- Moreno, R -- Paubert, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 28;275(5308):1915-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, F-92195 Meudon, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072964" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/analysis ; Carbon Monoxide/analysis ; Cosmic Dust ; Gases ; Hydrogen/analysis ; Ice ; *Meteoroids ; Methanol/analysis ; Nitrogen/analysis ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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