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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polarization measurement and vertical aperture optimization for obtaining circularly polarized bend-magnet radiation : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3363-3363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Using multilayer linear polarizers, we have characterized the polarization state of radiation from bend-magnet beamline 9.3.2 at the Advanced Light Source as a function of vertical opening angle at photon energies of 367 and 722 eV. Both a fine slit and a coarse semi-aperture were stepped across the beam to accept different portions of the vertical radiation fan. Polarimetry yields the degree of linear polarization directly and the degree of circular polarization indirectly assuming an immeasurably small amount of unpolarized radiation based on the close agreement of the theoretical and experimental results for linear polarization. The results are in good agreement with theoretical calculations, with departures from theory resulting from uncertainty in the effective aperture of the measured beam. The narrow 0.037-mrad aperture on the orbit plane transmits a beam whose degree of linear polarization exceeds 0.99 at these energies. The wide semi-aperture blocking the beam from above and below transmits a beam with a maximum figure of merit, given by the square root of flux times the degree of circular polarization, when the aperture edge is on the orbit plane thus blocking only half of the total available flux. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147471
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anomalous small angle x-ray scattering study of layered silicate clays containing Ni(II) and Er(III) : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3364-3364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: These studies concern the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysts and the incorporation of heavy metals in trapping media. The Ni(II) containing clays were synthesized at 200 °C whereas those containing Er(III) were ion-exchanged natural clays. For the first system, ASAXS data were measured at 5 different energies near the Kα edge of Ni at three different reaction times: unreacted, 4 hrs, and 15 hrs when the crystallization is essentially complete. The data for the unreacted sample showed no correlations for a lamellar particle, while that reacted for 4 hrs indicated the evolution of lamella, and the crystallized sample (15 hrs) exhibited much larger lamellar correlations. Systematic variations are seen in the data for the 4 hr and 15 hr samples that are due to the anomalous scattering from the ordered Ni atoms in the layered silicates. The erbium study provides the first scattering measurements of heavy metal ion solvation and migration in clays, which has implications for both catalysis and environmental issues. Systematic energy-dependent variations in the signals near the LIII edge of Er are observed for the hydrated sample but not for the "dry'' as-prepared sample. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147355
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A diamond-window XAFS cell for studies of high-temperature, high-pressure aqueous solutions : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3364-3365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a method to collect x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra of ions in a supercritical water solvent. Supercritical water (SCW), at temperatures above water's critical point of 374 °C, is an interesting solvent for chemical reactions and hazardous waste destruction due to the high solubility of organics and the aggressive oxidizing environment. XAFS may provide a better understanding of the solvent environment in SCW. The XAFS cell used in these studies was composed of a block of high-nickel alloy, Hastelloy C-22, containing two windows for transmission of the x-ray beam and a single optical view window. All internal wetted surfaces were platinum plated. The maximum operating conditions for this design were 500 °C and 700 bar. The x-ray transmission windows consisted of CVD (chemical vapor deposition) diamond windows (3 mm diameter ×0.5 mm thick) that were brazed to the tip of a standard 1/4-in. high-pressure, coned-shape fitting. Spectra are reported for strontium and rubidium ions in a supercritical water solvent. This cell design could be used for a variety of other solvent systems at high temperatures and high pressures. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147357
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    A simple pressure cell and delivery system for the preparation of Xe derivatives for protein crystallography : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3365-3365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have developed a simple device for preparing Xe derivatives under moderate gaseous pressure (1–100 atm). The device employs a Cajon ultra-torr fitting to ensure a gas-tight seal around a standard x-ray capillary. As such, the cell can accommodate standard x-ray capillaries up to 1.5 mm in diameter without any modification. The device is straightforward to utilize, and samples can be mounted and pressurized in a matter of seconds. In addition, a simple and safe purging and pressurization system has been designed and constructed for the use at beamline 7-1 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL). We describe the construction of both the pressure cell and the delivery system and present results on the cells use in the preparation of xenon derivatives. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147473
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    Coherent grating x-ray diffraction (CGXD) and its applications : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3366-3366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We show that an x-ray interference phenomenon, coherent grating x-ray diffraction (CGXD), can be used to study lateral nanostructure arrays on crystal surfaces and interfaces. Compared to Fraunhofer grating diffraction of visible light, x-ray grating diffraction contains information not only about geometric profiles of the surface but also about the internal crystalline structures and lattice strain distributions in the grating features. The grating diffraction pattern can also be measured in a white-beam Laue method using highly collimated polychromatic synchrotron radiation, which provides a parallel data collection scheme and may be useful in in situ studies on evolution of nanostructure arrays. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147362
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Performance of the beam position monitor for the Advanced Photon Source : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3366-3367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Performance measurement and analysis of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) beam position monitor (BPM) electronics are reported. The results indicate a BPM resolution of 0.16 μm⋅mA/(square root of)Hz in terms of the single-bunch current and BPM bandwidth. For the miniature insertion device (ID) BPM, the result was 0.1 μm⋅mA/(square root of)Hz. The improvement is due to the 3.6 times higher position sensitivity (in the vertical plane), which is partially canceled by the lower button signal by a factor of 2.3. The minimum single-bunch current required was roughly 0.03 mA. The long-term drift of the BPM electronics independent of the actual beam motion has measured at 2 μm/hr, which settled after approximately 1.5 hours. This drift can be attributed mainly to the temperature effect. Implications of the BPM resolution limit on the global and local orbit feedback systems for the APS storage ring will also be discussed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146860
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    On the discrimination of dipole background from four blade photon BPMs for insertion devices : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3367-3367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The position response of blade monitors is mainly determined by their spectral sensitivity for low energy photoelectrons. For insertion devices with high energy first harmonics, the signals are contaminated by the light from the upstream and downstream bending magnets. A blade monitor design using energy selective detection of the photoelectrons from the blades will be presented. This way the background signals from the dipoles can be supressed and only position information from the insertion device beam can be obtained. A simulation code and experimental results at BESSY I will be presented. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147365
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Smart x-ray beam position monitor system for the Advanced Photon Source : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3367-3367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In third-generation synchrotron radiation sources, such as the Advanced Photon Source (APS), the sensitivity and reliability requirements for the x-ray beam position monitors (XBPMs) are much higher than for earlier systems. Noise and contamination signals caused by radiation emitted from the bending magnet become a major problem. The regular XBPM calibration process can only provide signal correction for one set of conditions for the insertion devices (ID). During normal operation, parameters affecting the ID-emitted beam, such as the gap of the ID magnets and the beam current, are the variables. A new smart x-ray beam position monitor system (SBPM) has been conceived and designed for the APS. It has a built in self-learning structure with EEPROM memory that is large enough to "remember'' a complete set of calibration data covering all the possible operating conditions. During the self-learning mode, the monitor system initializes a series of automatic scan motions with information for different ID setups and records them into the database array. During normal operation, the SBPM corrects the normalized output according to the ID setup information and the calibration database. So that, with this novel system, the SBPM is always calibrating itself with the changing ID set up conditions. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147367
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  • 9
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    Beam size measurement of the stored electron beam at the APS storage ring using pinhole optics : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3368-3368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Beam sizes of the stored electron beam at the APS storage ring were measured using pinhole optics and bending magnet x-rays in single-bunch and low-current mode. A white-beam pinhole of 25 μm and a fast x-ray imaging system were located 23.8 m and 35.4 m from the source, respectively. The x-ray imaging system consists of a CdWO4 scintillation crystal 60 μm thick, an optical imaging system, and a CCD detector. A measurement time of a few tenths of a second was obtained on a photon beam of E(approximately-greater-than)30 keV produced from a 7-GeV electron beam of 2-mA current. The resolution of the pinhole imaging system was evaluated to be 16 μm. The measured vertical and horizontal sizes of the electron beam were in reasonable agreement with the expected values. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147370
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    3-D x-ray mirror metrology with a vertical scanning long trace profiler : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3368-3369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The long trace profiler (LTP) was originally developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory for the specific purpose of measuring the surface figure of large cylindrical mirrors used at grazing incidence in synchrotron radiation (SR) beamlines. In its original configuration, it could measure only along one line down the center of the cylinder. A single linear profile is often sufficient to gauge the quality of the optical surface on these kinds of mirrors. For some applications it is necessary to measure the topography of the entire surface, not just along one line but over a grid that covers the entire surface area. We have modified a standard LTP to enable measurement of the complete surface of Wolter telescope optics in a vertical configuration. The vertical scanning LTP (VSLTP) is capable of producing a complete 3-D map of the surface topography errors relative to the ideal desired surface on complete segments of paraboloids and hyperboloids. The instrument uses a penta prism assembly to scan the probe beam in the longitudinal direction parallel to the mirror symmetry axis and uses a precision rotary stage to provide scans in the azimuthal direction. A Risley prism pair and a dove prism are used to orient the probe beam in the proper direction for the azimuthal scans. The repeatability of the prototype instrument is better than 20 nm over trace lengths of 35 mm with a slope measurement accuracy of about 1 microradian. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146917
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  • 11
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    The Advanced Photon Source Metrology Laboratory : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3369-3369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The Advanced Photon Source (APS) Metrology Laboratory is now operational in its permanent location in a cleanroom environment on the Experiment Hall floor of the APS site. The Metrology Laboratory will provide characterization of the figure and finish of x-ray optical surfaces for the user community using visible light instrumentation. Three noncontact instruments are now available for measuring surface features with lateral resolution from less than a micron to lengths of 2 meters and with a vertical resolution as small as an Angstrom. This paper gives a brief description of the three instruments used to cover this spatial frequency range and other associated issues, such as the environment and cleanliness of the laboratory. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147326
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  • 12
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    Modular data acquisition system and its use in gas-filled detector readout at ESRF : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3370-3370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Since 1992, 18 ESRF beamlines are open to users. Although the data acquisition requirements vary a lot from one beamline to another, we are trying to implement a modular data acquisition system architecture that would fit with the maximum number of acquisition projects at ESRF. Common to all of these systems are large acquisition memories and the requirement to visualize the data during an acquisition run and to transfer them quickly after the run to safe storage. We developed a general memory API handling the acquisition memory and its organization and another library that provides calls for transferring the data over TCP/IP sockets. Interesting utility programs using these libraries are the ‘online display' program and the ‘data transfer' program. The data transfer program as well as an acquisition control program rely on our well-established ‘device server model', which was originally designed for the machine control system and then successfully reused in beamline control systems. In the second half of this paper, the acquisition system for a 2D gas-filled detector is presented, which is one of the first concrete examples using the proposed modular data acquisition architecture. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147329
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  • 13
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    Design criteria for beamline protection systems at the Advanced Photon Source : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3370-3370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Designing and building beamlines at third-generation sources force beamline designers to place a high emphasis on the beamline equipment protection system (EPS). This work presents a set of design criteria as well as a prototype system that UNI-CAT and DND-CAT will use for the basis of their EPSs at the Advanced Photon Source. These criteria balance hardware and manpower costs in the design as well as the reusability of already existing software protocols (e.g., World Wide Web and EPICS) to report conditions to the beamline staff. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147478
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  • 14
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    A review of methods for experimentally determining linear optics in storage rings : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3371-3371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In order to maximize the brightness and provide sufficient dynamic aperture in synchrotron radiation storage rings, one must understand and control the linear optics. Control of the horizontal beta function and dispersion is important for minimizing the horizontal beam size. Control of the skew gradient distribution is important for minimizing the vertical size. In this paper, various methods for experimentally determining the optics in a storage ring will be reviewed. Recent work at the National Synchrotron Light Source X-Ray Ring will be presented, as well as work done at laboratories worldwide. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147332
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  • 15
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    Digital x-ray processing electronics for fluorescence EXAFS and spectroscopy : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3371-3371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have developed a digital x-ray processor (DXP) for x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, implemented in a 4-channel CAMAC module, which accepts inputs of either polarity from reset or tail preamplifiers, and outputs one spectrum per channel. Digital trapezoidal shaping and efficient pileup rejection are implemented in dedicated logic, with programmable peaking times from 0.5 to 20 msec. The energy resolution is comparable to good analog units at equivalent peaking times. A maximum input count rate (ICR) of 500,000 cps per channel can be accomodated at a peaking time of 0.5 msec. A digital signal processor on each channel is used to collect the data, apply corrections, and update the spectrum. The capabilities of the DXP prototype at high rates was tested at SSRL. Using an Ortec single-element germanium detector, the resolution was seen to degrade somewhat with increasing ICR above 150,000 cps, due to effects that we are still investigating. Collaborating with Hewlett-Packard and SSRL, the DXP was also used with a Kevex Si(Li) detector for trace element detection on silicon wafers in comparison with Kevex readout electronics. At 4 msec peaking time, DXP's resolution was slightly worse (10–15 eV) due to some excess noise pickup, though the background levels in the spectra were essentially identical in the two systems and the DXP's maximum count rate was several times higher. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147335
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  • 16
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    Elliptically polarizing undulator beamlines at the Advanced Light Source : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3372-3372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Circular polarization insertion devices and beamlines at the Advanced Light Source are described. The facility will consist of multiple undulators feeding two independent beamlines, one optimized for microscopy and the other for spectroscopy. The energy range of the beamlines will go from below 100 eV to 1800 eV, enabling studies of the magnetically important L2,3 edges of transition metals and the M4,5 edges of rare earths. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147337
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  • 17
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    A beamline for 1–4 keV microscopy and coherence experiments at the Advanced Photon Source : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3372-3372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The third-generation Advanced Photon Source will open up dramatic new opportunities for experiments requiring coherent x-rays, such as scanning x-ray microscopy, interferometry, and coherent scattering. We are building a beamline at the Advanced Photon Source to exploit the potential of coherent x-ray applications in the 1–4 keV energy region. A high brightness 5.5-cm-period undulator supplies the coherent x-rays. The beamline uses horizontally deflecting grazing-incidence optical elements to preserve the coherence of the undulator beam. The optics have multilayer coatings for operation at energies above 1.5 keV. This paper discusses the beamline design and its expected performance. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147339
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  • 18
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    Design of the Structural Biology Center beamlines at the APS : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3373-3373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The Structural Biology Center-CAT will develop and operate a sector of the APS as a user facility for studies in macromolecular crystallography. The techniques applied will include multiple-energy anomalous dispersion (MAD) phasing and polychromatic (Laue) data collection. Data will be recorded on a high resolution CCD-area detector. The SBC is constructing two beamlines, one for radiation from an undulator and one for radiation from a bending magnet. The x ray optics of both beamlines are designed to produce a highly demagnified image of the source in order to match the focal size with the sizes of the sample and the resolution element of the detector. Vertical focusing is achieved by a flat, cylindrically bent mirror. Horizontal focusing is achieved by sagittally bending the second crystal of a double crystal-monochromator. The double-crystal monochromators of both beamlines have a constant exit height output beam. On the undulator beamline, two double-crystal monochromators are installed in series—one with Si-111 crystals and the second with Si-220 crystals—in order to facilitate quick change between high flux and narrow bandwidth. For the heat-loaded first crystals, the liquid-nitrogen-cooled, thin-web design being developed by the APS has been adopted. On the bending magnet beamline, three crystals (Si-111, Si-220, Si-400) are mounted side-by-side on the first crystal stage and translated into the beam is required. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147506
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  • 19
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    Earth, soil and environmental science research facility at sector 13 of the Advanced Photon Source. II. Scientific program and experimental instrumentation : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3373-3373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The GSECARS (APS sector 13) scientific program will provide fundamental new information on the deep structure and composition of the Earth and other planets, the formation of economic mineral deposits, the cycles and fate of toxic metals in the environment, and the mechanisms of nutrient uptake and disease in plants. In the four experimental stations (2 per beamline), scientists will have access to three main x-ray techniques: diffraction (microcrystal, powder, diamond anvil cell, and large volume press), fluorescence microprobe, and spectroscopy (conventional, microbeam, liquid and solid surfaces). The high pressure facilities will be capable of x-ray crystallography at P(approximately-greater-than)360 GPa and T∼6000 K with the diamond anvil cell and P∼25 GPa and T∼2500 °C with the large volume press. Diffractometers will allow study of 1 micrometer crystals and micro-powders. The microprobe (1 micrometer focused beam) will be capable of chemical analyses in the sub-ppm range using wavelength and energy dispersive detectors. Spectroscopy instrumentation will be available for XANES and EXAFS with microbeams as well as high sensitivity conventional XAS and studies of liquid and solid interfaces. Visiting scientists will be able to setup, calibrate, and test experiments in off-line laboratories with equipment such as micromanipulators, optical microscopes, clean bench, glove boxes, high powered optical and Raman spectrometers. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146859
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  • 20
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    First results from the high brightness x-ray spectroscopy beamline 9.3.1 at ALS : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3374-3374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Beamline 9.3.1 at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) is a windowless beamline, covering the 1–6 keV photon energy range. This beamline is designed to achieve the goal of high brightness at the sample for use in the x-ray atomic and molecular spectroscopy (XAMS) science, surface and interface science, biology and x-ray optical development programs at ALS. X-ray absorption and time-of-flight photoemission measurements in 2–5 keV photon energy range along with the flux, resolution, spot size and stability of the beamline will be discussed. Prospects for future XAMS measurements will also be presented. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147482
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  • 21
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    Design of a dedicated beamline for x-ray microfocusing- and coherence-based techniques at the Advanced Photon Source : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3373-3373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A dedicated insertion-device beamline has been designed and is being constructed at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) for development of x-ray microfocusing- and coherence-based techniques and applications. Important parameters considered in this design include preservation of source brilliance and coherence, selectable transverse coherence length and energy bandwidth, high beam angular stability, high order harmonic suppression, quick x-ray energy scan, and accurate and stable x-ray energy. The overall design of this beamline layout and the major beamline components are described. The use of a horizontally deflecting mirror as the first optical component is one of the main features of this beamline design, and the resulting advantages are briefly discussed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147340
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    SINBAD: A synchrotron infrared beamline at DAFNE : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3374-3374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Different optical layouts for a beamline that extracts infrared synchrotron radiation from a bending magnet are discussed, and their performances are compared by use of ray-tracing simulations. Specific results are presented for SINBAD, the beamline to be mounted on the new Frascati collider DAΦNE. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147481
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    Design of the commissioning filter/mask/window assembly for undulator beamline front ends at the Advanced Photon Source : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3374-3375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A compact filter/mask/window assembly has been designed for undulator beamline commissioning activity at the Advanced Photon Source beamlines. The assembly consists of one 300-μm graphite filter, one 127-μm CVD diamond filter and two 250-μm beryllium windows. A water-cooled Glidcop fixed mask with a 4.5 mm×4.5 mm output optical aperture and a 0.96 mrad×1.6 mrad beam missteering acceptance is a major part in the assembly. The CVD diamond filter, which is mounted on the downstream side of the fixed mask, is designed to also function as a transmitting x-ray beam position monitor. The sum signal from the latter can be used to monitor the physical condition of the graphite filter and prevent any possible chain reaction damage to the beryllium windows downstream. In this paper, the design concept as well as the detailed structural design of the commissioning window are presented. Further applications of the commissioning window components are also discussed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147345
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    Redesigned front end for the upgrade at CHESS : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3375-3375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We will report on beamline front-end upgrades for the 24-pole wiggler beamlines at CHESS. A new design for primary x-ray beamstops based on a tapered, water-cooled copper block has been implemented and installed in the CHESS F beamline. The design uses a horizontally tapered "V'' shape to reduce the power density on the internal surfaces and internal water channels in the block to provide efficient water cooling. Upstream of the beam stops, we have installed a new photoelectron style beam position monitor with separate monitoring of the wiggler and dipole vertical beam positions and with micron-level sensitivity. The monitor's internal surfaces are designed to absorb the full x-ray power in case of beam missteering, and the uncooled photoelectron collecting plates are not visible to the x-ray beam. A graphite prefilter has been installed to protect the beryllium windows that separate the front end from the x-ray optics downstream. The redesigned front end is required by the upgrade of the Cornell storage ring, now in progress, which will allow stored electron and positron currents of 300 mA by 1996, and 500 mA by 1998. At 500 mA, the wiggler power output will be over 32 kW. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147346
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    Performance analysis of the commissioning filter and window assembly for insertion device beamlines at the Advanced Photon Source : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3375-3376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Although the Advanced Photon Source (APS) undulator beamlines are designed for windowless operation, a special window assembly will be used during the commissioning phase of the beamlines until sufficient operational experience is gained with the powerful undulator A photon beam. This assembly is called a "commissioning window.'' The commissioning window assembly as designed consists of a 300-μm-thick filter (made of graphite), a fixed mask (made of Glidcop), a multipurpose transmitting filter/BPM disk (made of 127-μm-thick CVD diamond), and set of a double windows (made of 250-μm-thick beryllium). Due to the high total power and power density, the filter/window assembly must be carefully designed to guarantee longevity and satisfactory performance throughout its service. Hence extensive analytical work has been conducted on various thermal and structural aspects of the commissioning window assembly. This paper summarizes the analytical results and presents the expected performance characteristics of the as-designed commissioning window. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147516
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    On filter design and critical thickness of synchrotron x-ray filters : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3376-3376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A "critical thickness'' for a synchrotron radiation x-ray filter exists. Because x-ray absorption in media is an exponential function of depth and because radiation and conduction both play a role in the cooling of the filter assembly, the heat transfer mechanism changes from radiation dominant to conduction dominant as the thickness increases. For a thin filter, radiative heat transfer is the main mechanism. The maximum temperature in the filter increases as the thickness increases due to the fact that the total heat load increases while the total area for radiative heat transfer remains the same. For a thick filter, conductive heat transfer is the main cooling mechanism. When the filter thickness increases, the heat absorption per unit thickness decreases and so does the maximum temperature. At a certain thickness, the temperature in the filter is the maximum. This is the critical thickness. For third-generation synchrotron radiation facilities, the maximum temperature and thermal stresses in a filter are the main factors considered in a filter assembly design. It is very important to avoid designing a filter inside the critical thickness range. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146921
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    Closed-form solutions for a disk, a filter, and a window for an x-ray beamline at the Advanced Photon Source : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3377-3377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Several temperature closed-form solutions are developed and presented in this paper. The heating on a one-dimensional thin disk and a two-dimensional thin plate are analyzed. Parametric studies are also included to determine the optimized temperature for the designs. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146926
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    Mechanical design of a missteered beam safety monitor at the Advanced Photon Source : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3377-3377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A missteered beam safety monitor (MBSM) has been designed to protect the accelerator ring of the Advanced Photon Source against incursions of the missteered synchrotron radiation. When the orbit of the particle beam in the accelerator shifts out of its safety limits, the photon beam from the bending magnet will pass through the square apertures on the cooled mask of the MBSM and will heat up a very thin tungsten wire (0.025 mm in diameter) behind the mask. Acting as a resistance thermometer, the electrical resistance of the tungsten wire increases proportionally with temperature rise. As soon as the electrical resistance of the tungsten wire reaches a preset point, a signal is triggered immediately to dump the particle beam in the accelerator. The tungsten wire is inclined to the photon beam at 4.5 degrees in the vertical direction to prevent it from being overheated by the high power photon beam. Detailed mechanical design and thermal analysis are presented. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147324
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    Workshop on performance optimization of synchrotron radiation storage rings : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3379-3379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this workshop was to provide a forum, with user participation, for accelerator physicists working in the synchrotron light source field to discuss current and planned state-of-the-art techniques to optimize storage ring performance. The scope of the workshop focused on two areas: lattice characterization and measurement, and fundamental limitations on low frequency beam stability. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147313
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    Innovations in the design of mechanical components for a beamline—The SRI'95 Workshop 2 Summary : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3378-3379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation 1995 Conference (SRI'95) was hosted by the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). Of the many workshops within the conference, the SRI'95 Workshop 2 was "Innovations in the Design of Mechanical Components of a Beamline.'' The workshop was well attended with over 140 registrants. The following topics were discussed. Industry's perspective on the status and future was provided by Huber Diffraktionstechnik GMBH on goniometers/diffractometers, Oxford Instruments on advanced manufacturing technique of high heat load components, such as the APS photon shutter, and Kohzu Seiki Co. Ltd. on the specialties of monochromators provided to the third-generation synchrotrons. This was followed by a description of the engineering of a dual function monochromator design for water-cooled diamond or cryogenically cooled silicon monochromators by CMC CAT/APS. Another category was the nagging problem of sensitivity of the photon beam position monitors (XBPM) to bending magnet radiation ("BM contamination'') and the undulator magnet gap changes. Problem descriptions and suggested solutions were provided by both the Advanced Light Source (ALS) and the APS. Other innovative ideas were the cooling schemes (enhanced cooling of beamline components using metallic porous meshes including cryo-cooled applications); Glidcop photon shutter design using microchannels at the ALS; and window/filter design, manufacture and operational experiences at CHESS and PETRA/HASYLAB. Additional discussions were held on designing for micromotions and precision in the optical support systems and smart user filter schemes. This is a summary of the presentations at the Workshop. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    Experience with ray-tracing simulations at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3380-3380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The ESRF is the first operational third-generation synchrotron radiation hard-x-ray source. Since the beginning of its construction (1988), the ray-tracing technique proved to be an essential computer tool for beamline optics design. The optical systems of most beamlines have been simulated by ray tracing in order to optimize the optics, fully understand their properties, and check if operation performances were as expected. In this paper, a short compilation of the experience with ray tracing and optics simulation codes at the ESRF, as well as some other in-house developments, is presented. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147317
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    Ray tracing: Experience at SRC : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3380-3380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: SHADOW [B. Lai and F. Cerrina, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 246, 337 (1986)] is the primary ray-tracing program used at SRC. Ray tracing provides a tremendous amount of information regarding beamline layout, mirror sizes, resolution, alignment tolerances, and beam size at various locations. It also provides a way to check the beamline design for errors. Two recent designs have been ray traced extensively: an undulator-based, 4-meter, normal-incidence monochromator (NIM) [R. Reininger, M.C. Severson, R.W.C. Hansen, W.R. Winter, M.A. Green, and W.S. Trzeciak, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66, 2194 (1995)] and an undulator-based, plane-grating monochromator (PGM) [R. Reininger, S.L. Crossley, M.A. Lagergren, M.C. Severson, and R.W.C. Hansen, Nucl. Instrum. Methods A 347, 304 (1994)]. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    Photon beam diagnostics and characterization tools : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3380-3380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Photon beam diagnostics and characterization are very important to the production and effective use of synchrotron x-ray beams. Proper diagnostic tools, techniques, and procedures are useful not only for initial commissioning of a beamline but also for its maintenance. In some cases, it is essential to have some beam diagnostic and characterization capabilities as an integral part of the overall beamline design. On-line characterization tools can also assist the user in specimen alignment and in setting up experiments. Important parameters of a photon beam include absolute flux, energy spectrum, coherence properties, spatial and angular distribution, polarization state, timing structure, and position and angular stability. A separate workshop focuses on the timing structure, and the conference has an invited talk on polarization characterization. Consequently, this workshop concentrated on the following two topics: • Measurement of the insertion-device and bending-magnet source characteristics: particle beam emittance, spectrum, and angular distribution. • Characterization of the radiation at the end of a beamline: absolute flux, resolution, spot size, and higher-order content. Simple, inexpensive techniques for photon beam characterization were emphasized. The workshop format included presentations by invited speakers with extensive experience at various synchrotron facilities, invited presentations, and general discussion. Time was also available for general discussion. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    Long-term stabilization of the frequency and power of a laser diode (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2671-2674 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We report a method to stabilize the frequency of a laser diode for a long time by means of four feedback loops including a digital feedback circuit. The laser frequency was locked at a saturated absorption peak of cesium atoms. In addition, by feeding back the frequency error signal to the temperature controller of the laser diode, the power as well as the frequency was stabilized at the same time. The power stability of 0.03% was obtained, which was 260 times better than that obtained without the feedback. The frequency stabilization continued for over 1 week and the fluctuation width was about ±0.5 MHz around the locking point. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147091
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    Very high Q frequency-locked Fabry–Perot cavity (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2680-2684 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We report measurements on a 1.75 m long Fabry–Perot cavity locked to a Nd:YAG tunable laser using the Pound–Drever technique. The cavity decay time was measured to be about 291 μs corresponding to a quality factor Q of about 5×1011, the highest value ever reported for an optical resonant cavity. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147094
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    Effect of coupling condition on vibration-induced noise in fiber lead used in an optical current measurement system (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2698-2701 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: When using a multimode fiber lead in an optical current measurement system, the optical power in the guided modes is often determined by the coupling conditions at the input end of the fiber. If only the skew rays are excited in the fiber lead—under appropriate coupling conditions—the vibration-induced noise normally experienced in the fiber lead in such an optical current measurement system can be effectively suppressed, especially when a low coherence source and a long length of multimode fiber is used. The experimental conditions for this are considered and discussed in this article. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147097
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    Improved apparatus for picosecond pump-and-probe optical measurements (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2720-2726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present an improved method for making pump-and-probe optical measurements in the picosecond to nanosecond time range. In this type of measurement, a pump light pulse is used to excite the sample and the resulting changes in the optical properties are investigated by means of a probe pulse that is time-delayed relative to the pump pulse. In most measurements of this type, a mechanical stage is used to introduce the variable time delay of the probe pulse. As a result of imperfections in the stage motion, alignment problems, and divergence of the probe beam, it has been difficult to make accurate measurements when the time delay of the probe relative to the pump is in the range above a few hundred picoseconds. To overcome these difficulties, we have developed an apparatus that utilizes a single-mode optical fiber. In order to demonstrate the performance of this system, we present results of experiments in which the flow of heat from a thin film into a substrate has been measured. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147100
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    High-current-density gun with a LaB6 cathode (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2765-2769 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: To develop a high-current electron gun for an induction linac, a prototype of a Pierce-type electron gun using planar 12-mm-diam lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) is studied as a thermionic emitter at high current densities. The cathode is heated up to temperatures of 1750 °C by electron bombardment and thermal radiation from a tungsten heater. The heater that has the highest temperature in the gun is thermally isolated from the outer vacuum chamber with heat shields. The bombardment voltage of ∼1 kV is typically applied to a gap between the cathode and the heater. The gun has been operated up to voltages of 55 kV, obtaining a maximum current density of 20 A/cm2 with a pulse width of 250 ns at a cathode temperature of 1600 °C. High-voltage pulsing results show that the gun, with applied voltages of over 40 kV, is operated in space-charge-limited region at temperatures of over 1600 °C; also it is operated in a temperature-limited region at temperatures of less than 1500 °C. An effective work function of 2.68 eV is obtained. The cathode, when heated up to 1600 °C, emits over 7 A of electrons with a ∼20% reduction after 850 h of continuous operation. These measurements were made between vacuum pressures of 10−6 and 10−7 Torr. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    Scintillating fiber hodoscope for a bremsstrahlung luminosity monitor at an electron–positron collider (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2780-2787 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The performance of a scintillating fiber (2 mm diameter) position sensitive detector (4.8×4.8 cm2 active area) for the single bremsstrahlung luminosity monitor at the VEPP-2M electron-positron collider in Novosibirsk, Russia is described. Custom electronics is triggered by coincident hits in the Y and Y planes of 24 fibers each, and reduces 64 photomultiplier signals to a 10-bit (X,Y) address. Hits are accumulated (10 kHz) in memory and display (few Hz) the VEPP-2M collision vertex. Fitting the strongly peaked distribution (∼3–4 mm at 1.6 m from the collision vertex of VEPP-2M) to the expected QED angular distribution yields a background in agreement with an independent determination of the VEPP-2M luminosity. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    Design studies on a vacuum bellows assembly with radio frequency shield for the KEK B factory (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2796-2811 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A bellows assembly with a radio frequency (rf) shield has been designed and developed for the KEK B factory (KEKB). The rf shield is the usual finger type but has a special spring finger to press contact fingers onto the beam tube. A test of the mechanical performance using a trial model shows good results. Further experimental studies are focused on the two key points of the finger-type rf shield, that is, the contact force of fingers and the length of slits between adjacent fingers. First, to reduce the excess abrasion at contact points, the necessary contact force is studied experimentally utilizing microwaves. Abnormal heating is checked by transmitting a 508 MHz cw microwave through a trial model in a coaxial line. Arcing at the contact point in vacuum is observed by transmitting a 2856 MHz pulse microwave in a rectangular waveguide equipped with a model piece of the rf shield. A contact force of 50 g/finger is found to be necessary. Second, the optimum slit length is studied with a strategy to minimize the higher order mode (HOM) power leaked from the beam tube into the inside of the bellows while keeping a sufficient sliding stroke. The coupling coefficient, β, of the rf shield is measured experimentally from the Q value of a TE mode resonance in a cylindrical cavity connected to the bellows assembly. Using the measured dependence of β on the slit length, a rough estimation of leaked HOM power is tried for the KEKB. The expected leaked power is about 6–18 W for a slit length of 20 mm, which is in the allowable range. The results obtained through these experiments are reflected to the design for the KEKB: the contact force of 80–100 g/finger will be adopted finally considering the manufacturing error of typically ±10 g/finger in our test and leaving a margin for higher frequencies. The nominal slit length will be set to be 20 mm, keeping the expansion/contraction of ±10 mm. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    Operational experience at the Advanced Light Source : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3345-3345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The Advanced Light Source (ALS) has been operational for users since October 1993 when white light from a bend magnet was delivered to the Center for X-Ray Optic's (CXRO) x-ray microprobe end station. Since then, the ALS has installed and commissioned three undulators and their beamlines (including monochromators and post-monochromator focusing optics), and eight bend-magnet beamlines, including one dedicated to machine diagnostics. Apart from one serious outage, when scheduled beam was not available to users for 17 days, the ALS has enjoyed remarkable operating statistics, with typically 95% of scheduled beam time delivered to the users. Beam quality has also been very good. With a vertical emittance measured at 0.06 nm-rad, the electron beam is kept stable to about one-tenth of its transverse dimensions, in the face of changing error fields in the insertion devices (as their main fields are varied), temperature variations, and floor vibration. The longitudinal motion of the beam, which leads to an increase in the electron beam energy spread and thence to a degradation of the undulator spectra, has recently been brought under control by the addition of an innovative feedback system. This paper focuses on those aspects of electron beam stability that we find most affect the ALS users: beam size and position, and energy spread. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147451
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    Use of transport delay to avoid compensatory effects in sonic orifice-based gas concentration probes (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2837-2842 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: As part of a mixing test, an instrument to measure transient concentration of several different binary gas mixtures was required. A combination sonic nozzle/hot film instrument was selected for this measurement, but for certain gas mixtures the output from this device was unexpectedly small. A study of the dynamics of the instrument reveals that this is caused by the compensatory nature of the two principal contributors to convection: change in constant velocity convection coefficient and change in sonic velocity. The problem is addressed by introducing a physical delay line between the hot film element and the sonic nozzle. Results show that a finite interval of constant velocity thermal convection data can be taken before sonic velocity effects are introduced. A second variation is proposed where the hot film sensor is replaced by a simple orifice flowmeter. Orifice pressure drop and sonic velocity effects, normally strongly compensatory, are also separated by a delay line such that nearly constant velocity orifice discharge coefficient data can be taken over a finite time interval. Results show that this instrument design has higher sensitivity and lower cost than the hot film variant, albeit with slower time response. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147114
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    A fully automated precise electrical resistance measurement system (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2867-2870 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A fully automated precise electrical resistance measurement system for more than one sample has been constructed. Conventional four-probe measurements with van der Pauw and Montgomery configurations are possible with this system. Resistance measurements in the range of a few μΩ to a few GΩ are possible for six samples at a time from room temperature down to liquid-helium or liquid-nitrogen temperatures with a temperature control accuracy of better than 10 mK. The design features of the system with special reference to the low-noise switching methods of currents and voltages are described in detail. Precision of the results thus obtained using this system are highlighted for a few superconducting and semiconducting samples. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147118
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    Direct current superconducting quantum interference device spectrometer for pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance and nuclear quadrupole resonance at frequencies up to 5 MHz (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2890-2893 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A spectrometer based on a dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) has been developed for the direct detection of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) at frequencies up to 5 MHz. The sample is coupled to the input coil of the niobium-based SQUID via a nonresonant superconducting circuit. The flux locked loop involves the direct offset integration technique with additional positive feedback in which the output of the SQUID is coupled directly to a low-noise preamplifier. Precession of the nuclear quadrupole spins is induced by a magnetic field pulse with the feedback circuit disabled; subsequently, flux locked operation is restored and the SQUID amplifies the signal produced by the nuclear free induction signal. The spectrometer has been used to detect 27Al NQR signals in ruby (Al2O3[Cr3+]) at 359 and 714 kHz. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147122
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    Corundum-filled resonator systems for high-pressure and low-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance studies (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2894-2898 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A cylindrical corundum-filled resonator of the TE112-type in the microwave X band, coupled to a coaxial line, is used in two systems designed for the high-pressure, low-temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies. The first one is used up to 800 MPa and over a temperature range of 80–400 K. The second permits EPR measurements down to 4 K in the pressure range below 400 MPa. Pressure and temperature can be simultaneously varied and controlled with the high accuracy needed to study spectral anomalies in the vicinity of the phase transitions in solids. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147123
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    Measuring the regression of a burning solid propellant (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2903-2909 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new instrument is presented that measures the regression of a burning solid propellant surface. The system extracted the diffuse reflection of a laser beam from the burning surface using synchronous detection. The incoming beam had a 4000 Hz angular modulation that served as the basis of a synchronous detection scheme. A galvanometer kept the beam spot centered under a sensor as the burn surface regressed. Theoretical analysis of the system using the component response properties resulted in the design of a controller for optimal bandwidth and stability. Laboratory evaluation on diffuse surfaces revealed a system bandwidth of 200 Hz, a range of 50 mm, and a resolution of 0.03 mm. Experiments conducted on burning propellants showed that the instrument successfully tracked the position of the surface at combustion pressures up to 17 atm. Under these conditions, the combustion environment reduced the beam transmission by up to 24 dB. This lowered the system bandwidth to 20 Hz and the resolution to 0.08 mm. The instrument demonstrated the first tracking of a local area on a burning propellant with a laser device. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147070
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    In situ Kerr microscopy for ultrahigh vacuum applications (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2937-2939 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A simple Kerr microscope designed for in situ investigation of magnetic ultrathin films in ultrahigh vacuum environment is described. The system permits quick visualization of domain patterns with 10 μm lateral resolution. Simultaneous optical magnetometry is also possible. The performance of the system is illustrated with domain images in a few layers thick Fe films on Cu(001) and W(110). © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147075
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    Near-field scanning optical microscopy in reflection: A study of far-field collection geometry effects (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2924-2929 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have designed and demonstrated two simple and versatile reflection mode near-field scanning optical microscopes (NSOMs). In one scanner far-field collection is coaxial with the NSOM tip, and in the other scanner, the far-field collection is at a 45° angle to the NSOM tip. We quantitatively compare images obtained with the two scanners. While off-axis collection offers a significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio, it also introduces tip shadowing in samples with topographic features larger than approximately 40 nm. The additional contrast from the shadowing further complicates image interpretation and must be considered when performing NSOM in reflection with off-axis collection. In addition, we discuss some general issues that should be considered when designing a reflection NSOM. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147073
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    A simple low-current scanning tunneling microscope (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2953-2956 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A rigid scanning tunneling microscope design with an easily implemented two-dimensional approach is presented. Also described is a simple current–voltage converter optimized for low-current (pA) applications. Capabilities of the microscope include atomic resolution on Au(111) and molecular resolution of poorly conducting self-assembled monolayers. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147078
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    A simple low-temperature ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscope capable of atomic manipulation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2960-2965 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The design of a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope is described. The microscope can be operated in ultrahigh vacuum in the temperature range between 15 and 300 K. The main features are a scanner which is based on the Besocke "beetle'' design principle combined with a spring suspension of the microscope and complete surrounding of the whole microscope by a 4 K radiation shield. The microscope can be extended to work as a force microscope using the optical lever detection technique for force measurement. It is demonstrated that this comparatively small and reliable setup is well suited to study the adsorption of single atoms and molecules at low temperatures. Moreover, examples of lateral and vertical manipulation of atoms and molecules are shown to demonstrate the performance of the system. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147080
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    Performance of Advanced Photon Source insertion devices at high photon energies (50–300 keV) : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3346-3347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Since high-energy photons ((approximately-greater-than)50 keV) are well suited for certain types of x-ray scattering experiments, we present calculated results for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) Undulator A and APS Wiggler A at high energies. The undulator calculations include the effect of magnetic field errors, which is to smear the high-order spectral harmonics. At their anticipated initial minimum gap settings, Undulator A should perform better than Wiggler A from the point of view of most high energy experiments up to at least ∼280 keV. A comparison of APS insertion devices to high energy insertion devices in other synchrotron radiation laboratories is also provided. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146617
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    Fiber-optic high-temperature thermal source (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2987-2988 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A novel heating element powered by laser radiation via an optical fiber has been demonstrated. Temperatures approaching 2000 °C can be obtained with only a few watts of absorbed power. A prototype device has been used to join gold wires. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147086
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    A long-pulse 300 keV electron gun with a plasma cathode for high-pressure gas lasers (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2449-2452 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The design and main features of a plasma cathode electron gun for high-pressure gas lasers are discussed. The mesh plasma cathode in combination with a low-pressure gas discharge was used for the formation of a large cross-section (55×4 cm2) electron beam with emission current densities up to 1.7 A/cm2, accelerating voltages up to 300 kV, and a pulse length of 20 μs (full width at half maximum). © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147195
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    An optical heterodyne mixer based on a patterned YBa2Cu3O7−δ thin film (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2477-2480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An optical heterodyne mixing technique was developed to study the photoresponse in patterned YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) thin film. Our mixing system is composed of two identical 1.54 μm wavelength laser diodes and the laser light is introduced without optical fibers onto the YBCO thin film. We succeeded in detecting the optical signals in a YBCO thin film up to 10 GHz, which could not be achieved by the conventional direct amplitude modulated method. The YBCO photodetector has a sensitivity of D*=5.0×108 cm W−1 Hz−1/2 at 77 K. This experiment enables the observation of the fast photoresponse in the resistive state. The response can be attributed to the electron heating model. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147200
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    Advances in undulator technology at STI Optronics : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3347-3347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Undulator and wigglers are an essential basis for synchrotron radiation and free-electron laser systems. Wiggler and undulator design concepts for producing higher magnetic field strength with improved field quality are reviewed. Shim tuning methods have permitted magnetic field tolerances, including pole-to-pole field uniformity, trajectory straightness, and higher order moments, to be controlled to low levels as needed for various applications. A key figure of merit is the optical phase error, which determines the coherence of the light generated in the device. Coherence is a strict requirement for maintaining spectral intensity in synchrotron radiation sources with low emittance and maximizing gain in free-electron lasers. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147052
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    Simple interferometric microscopy for in situ real-time two-dimensional observation of crystal growth (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2584-2587 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have developed a simple interferometric microscope suitable for in situ observation of crystal growth. The device consists of a light emitting diode (LED) light source, a slightly modified microscope, and a charge coupled device (CCD) camera, all of which are inexpensive and commercially available. In addition to information on a standard 2D image from a CCD camera, this system displays interference fringes that enable one to map the temporal evolution of the distribution of thickness in real time, practically allowing 3D observation of growing crystals. LED light of a relatively low coherence can preferentially project a depth distribution of thin growing crystals as a fringe pattern, effectively suppressing parasitic interference induced by stray beams reflected off optical components. This device is as easy to use as a conventional microscope and can be routinely applied to observe a growth of zeolite crystals in a pressurized hot solution cell. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147190
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    Dynamic characterization of temperature sensors by laser excitation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2595-2601 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this article, a new dynamic calibration technique for sensors used to measure flow temperature is developed. The technique is based on laser heating of the sensor and allows one to operate in situ when optical access to the sensor is provided and the flow is transparent to laser light. It is possible to obtain both the time constant of the sensor and the convective heat exchange coefficient. Laboratory tests performed inside a wind tunnel, have shown the reliability and the advantage of such a technique. It is also possible to reduce the uncertainty on thermal exchange coefficient estimation (and therefore on the time constant) in order to obtain a more accurate model of the dynamic characteristics of the probes which are used for flow temperature measurements. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147220
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    Design and performance of a new ophthalmic instrument for dynamic light-scattering measurements in the human eye (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2615-2620 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A new optical instrument for in vivo dynamic light-scattering measurements in the human eye is described. The instrument is based on the well-known dynamic light-scattering technique. Results can be obtained from the anterior as well as the posterior segment with high spatial resolution and sensitivity. This instrument allows, to our knowledge for the first time, in vivo measurements of dynamic light scattering to be performed in the vitreous. Interesting performance is obtained using single-mode optical fibers to guide the excitation and the scattered light resulting in a modular, compact system with high-beam quality and electrical insulation of the patient. The instrument demonstrates good safety characteristics (the optical power impinging the patient's eye is 36 times below the maximum laser power at the cornea, recommended for intrapupil exposure by ANSI standard). To demonstrate the possible clinical use of this technique, in vivo measurements were made and the results compared with the known eye pathologies. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147224
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    Fabrication of mm-wave undulator cavities using deep x-ray lithography : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3348-3348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The possibility of fabricating mm-wave radio frequency cavities (100–300 GHz) using deep x-ray lithography (DXRL) is being investigated. The fabrication process includes manufacture of precision x-ray masks, exposure of positive resist by x-ray through the mask, resist development, and electroforming of the final microstructure. Highly precise, two-dimensional features can be machined onto wafers using DXRL. Major challenges are: fabrication of the wafers into three-dimensional rf structures; alignment and overlay accuracy of structures; adhesion of the PMMA on the copper substrate; and selection of a developer to obtain high resolution. Rectangular cavity geometry is best suited to this fabrication technique. A 30- or 84-cell 108-GHz mm-wave structure can serve as an electromagnetic undulator. A mm-wave undulator, which will be discussed later, may have special features compared to the conventional undulator. First harmonic undulator radiation at 5.2 keV would be possible using the Advanced Photon Source (APS) linac system, which provides a low-emittance electron beam by using an rf thermionic gun with an energy as high as 750 MeV. More detailed rf simulation, heat extraction analysis, beam dynamics using a mm-wave structure, and measurements on 10x larger scale models can be found in these proceedings [Y.W. Kang et al., "Design and Construction of Planar mm-wave Accelerating Cavity Structures''] © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    Multipole and phase tuning methods for insertion devices : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3347-3347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Multipole and phase tuning of insertion devices is important for maintaining beam dynamics and reaching the high brightness goals of the Advanced Photon Source. Several general approaches are described: mechanical adjustments, end-pole shaping, and magnetic shimming. Off-axis Hall probe measurements after assembly guide magnet exchanges and local mechanical adjustments. A recent development has been the use of potential theory applied to end-pole shaping. The wide gap tuning range of the APS devices requires careful matching of device errors and correct gap dependencies in the gap/period range of 0.18 to 0.6. Shims are especially sensitive at small gaps. We describe signatures, gap dependencies, algorithms, modeling, and experimental results for these techniques. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    Design and construction of planar mm-wave accelerating cavity structures : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3348-3348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Feasibility studies on planar millimeter-wave cavity structures have been made. The structures could be used for linear accelerators, free-electron lasers, mm-wave amplifiers, or mm-wave undulators. The cavity structures are intended to be manufactured by using DXL (deep x-ray lithography) microfabrication technology. The frequency of operation can be about 30 GHz to 300 GHz. For most applications, a complete structure consists of two identical planar half structures put together face-to-face. Construction and properties of the constant gradient structures that have been investigated so far will be discussed. These cavity structures have been designed for 120 GHz 2π/3-mode operation. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    Spatial imaging of monochromatic hard x-rays from an APS undulator by the Kohzu double-crystal monochromator : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3348-3348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The spatial distribution of monochromatic x-rays produced by an APS undulator was imaged on a fluorescent screen and recorded with a video camera while commissioning the Kohzu double-crystal monochromator (DCM). Two sets of images were recorded: Case 1 in which the spectral output of the undulator is fixed (constant magnetic gap) and the monochromator is scanned in energy, and Case 2 in which the monochromator energy is held fixed and the spectral output of the undulator is varied by changing the magnetic gap of the insertion device. Because of the performance of the Kohzu monochromator, the mechanical conditions required to maintain the twice-diffracted beam could be preserved as the DCM was scanned in energy, allowing the evolution as a function of energy. The images are compared with the calculated spatial distributions of monochromatic undulator radiation. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    APS undulator radiation—first results : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3348-3348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The first undulator radiation has been extracted from the Advanced Photon Source (APS). The results from the characterization of this radiation are very satisfactory. With the undulator set at a gap of 15.8 mm (K=1.61), harmonics as high as the 17th were observed using a crystal spectrometer. The angular distribution of the third-harmonic radiation was measured, and the source was imaged using a zone plate to determine the particle beam emittance. The horizontal beam emittance was found to be 6.9±1.0 nm-rad, and the vertical emittance coupling was found to be less than 3%. The absolute spectral flux was measured over a wide range of photon energies, and it agrees remarkably well with the theoretical calculations based on the measured undulator magnetic field profile and the measured beam emittance. These results indicate that both the emittance of the electron beam and the undulator magnetic field quality exceed the original specifications. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    Optics for high energy x-ray scattering applications : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3349-3349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: High energy photons in the range from 80 to 500 keV are a relatively new tool, which is provided with sufficient fluxes only by the latest generation of synchrotron sources. Due to the high energies and, respectively, very short wavelengths, new arrangements for monochromators or mirrors have to be investigated in addition to standard monochromator concepts. An overview of possible monochromator setups is given and the need for experiments to be performed at these energies is evaluated. Low absorption enables the use of rather thick absorbers in order to reduce the heat load problem, which is due to the high power synchrotron beam. Even monochromator crystals become semitransparent, thus giving the possibility of operating more than one experimental station using the same synchrotron beam. Focusing techniques may be applied, and monochromators with an increased bandwidth are of interest for providing sufficient monochromatic flux. The optical concept of the High Energy beamline ID15 at the ESRF is presented, where two different insertion devices can be used alternatingly. Monochromatic beam in the range from 30 to 80 keV is provided by the use of bent cooled Si monochromators and the results of the performance tests are shown. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    A cryogenic monochromator for third-generation synchrotrons : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3349-3349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A double-crystal monochromator has been developed based upon the cooling of a pair of silicon (111) crystals using liquid nitrogen. This monochromator features Bragg angle accuracy and a resolution of 0.36 arc seconds and is also compatible with sagittal focusing of the second crystal. The design of this monochromator is described, and performance data are presented. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147489
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    Cryogenically cooled monochromators for the Advanced Photon Source : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3348-3349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The use of cryogenically cooled monochromators looks to be a very promising possibility for the Advanced Photon Source. This position has recently been bolstered by several experiments performed on beamlines at the ESRF and CHESS. At the ESRF, several crystal geometries have been tested that were designed for high power densities ((approximately-greater-than)150 W/mm2) and moderate total absorbed powers (〈200 W). These geometries have proven to be very successful at handling these power parameters with measured strains on the arc-second level. The experiments performed at CHESS were focused on high total power ((approximately-greater-than)1000 W) but moderate power densities. As with the previously mentioned experiments, the crystals designed for this application performed superbly with no measurable broadening of the rocking curves on the arc-second level. These experiments will be summarized and, based on these results, the performance of cryogenic monochromators for the APS will be assessed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147509
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    Design and analysis of a high heat load pin-post monochromator crystal with an integral water manifold : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3349-3349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Conventional minichannel water cooling geometry will not perform satisfactorily for x-radiation from a wiggler source at the Advanced Photon Source. For closed-gap wiggler operation, cryogenic silicon appears to be the only option for crystals in Bragg-Bragg geometry. For operation of the wiggler at more modest critical energies (〈17 keV), the first crystal can be cooled by a pin-post cooling scheme, using water at room temperature as a coolant. In order to limit the water consumption to 4 gpm and hence the risk of introducing vibrations to the crystal, the intensely cooled area of the crystal was matched to the footprint of the beam, leaving a less cooled area of the crystal subject to survival in a missteered beam but not to perform as a monochromator. The manifold design avoids large areas of high water pressure that would bow the crystal. We present here the design of a pin-post monochromator consisting of a four-layer silicon manifold system and an integrally bonded 39% nickel-iron alloy base plate. A transparent prototype of the design will be exhibited. Fabrication techniques and design advantages will be discussed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147488
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    A diamond double-crystal transmission monochromator for the TROIKA II station at ESRF : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3349-3349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The performance of a diamond double-crystal monochromator for the TROIKA II station at the ESRF was studied. Two (111) oriented diamond crystals for Bragg geometry (120 mm and 500 mm thick) were combined in a nondispersive horizontal scattering geometry and characterized in the white Troika undulator beam. The observed rocking curves were slightly broadened due to nonuniform defect distributions present in the crystals. No heat-load-induced broadening was found. The measured reflectivities compared well to the calculated values, and it was shown that a double-crystal Bragg monochromator can replace a single-reflection Laue monochromator without loss in flux. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147490
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    Liquid-metal-cooled curved-crystal monochromator for Advanced Photon Source bending-magnet beamline 1-BM : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3349-3349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We describe a horizontally focusing curved-crystal monochromator that invokes a 4-point bending scheme and a liquid-metal cooling bath. The device has been designed for dispersive diffraction and spectroscopy in the 5–20 keV range, with a predicted focal spot size of ≤100 μm. To minimize thermal distortions and thermal equilibration time, the 355×32×0.8 mm crystal will be nearly half submerged in a bath of Ga-In-Sn-Zn alloy. The liquid metal thermally couples the crystal to the water-cooled Cu frame, while permitting the required crystal bending. Calculated thermal profiles and anticipated focusing properties are discussed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147491
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    Further tests on liquid-nitrogen-cooled, thin silicon-crystal monochromators using a focused wiggler synchrotron beam : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3350-3350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A newly designed, cryogenically cooled, thin Si crystal monochromator was tested at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) beamline BL3. It exhibited less than 1 arcsec of thermal strain up to a maximum incident power of 186 W and average power density of 521 W/mm2. Data were collected for the thin (0.7 mm) portion of the crystal and for the thick ((approximately-greater-than)25 mm) part. Rocking curves were measured as a function of incident power. With a low power beam, the Si(333) rocking curve at 30 keV for the thin and thick sections was 〈1 arcsec FWHM at room temperature. The rocking curve of the thin section increased to 2.0 arcsec when cooled to 78 K, while the thick part was unaffected by the reduction in temperature. The rocking curve of the thin section broadened to 2.5 arcsec FWHM and that of the thick section broadened to 1.7 arcsec at the highest incident power. The proven range of performance for this monochromator has been extended to the power density, but not the absorbed power, expected for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) undulator A in closed-gap operation (first harmonic at 3.27 keV) at a storage-ring current of 300 mA. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147264
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    Performance of cryogenically cooled, high-heat-load silicon crystal monochromators with porous media augmentation : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3350-3350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The performance of two Si crystal x-ray monochromators internally cooled with liquid nitrogen was tested on the F2-wiggler beamline at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS). Both crystals were (111)-oriented blocks of rectangular cross section having identical dimensions. Seven 6.4-mm-diameter coolant channels were drilled through the crystals along the beam direction. In one of the crystals, porous Cu mesh inserts were bonded into the channels to enhance the heat transfer. The channels of the second crystal were left as drilled. Symmetric, double-crystal rocking curves were recorded simultaneously for both the first and third order reflections at 8 and 24 keV. The power load on the cooled crystal was adjusted by varying the horizontal beam size using slits. The measured Si(333) rocking curve of the unenhanced crystal at 24 keV at low power was 1.9 arcsec FWHM. The theoretical width is 0.63 arcsec. The difference is due to residual fabrication and mounting strain. For a maximum incident power of 601 W and an average power density of about 10 W/mm2, the rocking curve was 2.7 arcsec. The rocking curve width for the enhanced crystal at low power was 2.4 arcsec. At a maximum incident power of 1803 W and an average power density of about 19 W/mm2, the rocking curve width was 2.2 arcsec FWHM. The use of porous mesh augmentation is a simple, but very effective, means to improve the performance of cryogenically cooled Si monochromators exposed to high power x-ray beams. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147265
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    Replica grating radiation damage in a normal incidence monochromator : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3350-3350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Experience with the Synchrotron Radiation Center 4 meter normal incidence monochromator has revealed short operational life for the high energy gratings. Within periods as short as 6 months, the resolution of the gratings degraded sufficiently to limit the resolution to values expected with 80 micron slits. This decrease in resolution occurs without any noticeable changes in the efficiency or throughput of the grating. The resolution degradation has been shown to have been caused by light between 100 and 200 eV, which was transmitted through the gold layer of the replica grating and caused shrinkage of the epoxy. This resulted in distortion of the surface. The problem was solved by ordering a special replica grating with a double layer of gold. Calculations indicate that a thicker gold layer should decrease the flux penetrating the epoxy layer by a factor of ten slowing down the deterioration of the grating figure. A grating with a double thickness gold layer has been operating in the monochromator for more than one year with no noticeable decrease in the resolution. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147510
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    Performance analysis of a novel monochromator design for the APS SRI-CAT beamline 2-ID-E : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3350-3350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Third-generation synchrotron x-ray facilities, such as the Advanced Photon Source, produce x-ray beams that generate a very high heat flux in a very small area. In order to preserve the brilliance of the source, optical components have to be designed to undergo very small thermal deformation (or a change of slope of a flat surface). When an optical component is subjected to a heat load, there will be thermal deformation caused by a temperature increase from the initial state. For a plate-like structure, the temperature difference over the thickness causes bending, and the average temperature increment causes axial deformation. For an optical element, the slope change due to bending is the main reason for the degradation of the performance of the optical component. The change of slope should be limited to a few microradians. There are many ways to control the thermal deformation, such as cryogenic cooling, inclined geometry, liquid-metal cooling, pin-posts or microchannels, using a high-heat-conductivity material, such as diamond, etc. In an accompanying conference paper, an adaptive design technique has been proposed to make use of a novel self-adapted smart structure. Its performance is essentially independent of the heat-load intensity. When such a device is exposed to a heat load, the flat surface remains flat in the area of interest. Therefore this technique can potentially be used to achieve a high precision optical component. Application of the proposed design technique to the monochromator for the SRI-CAT Sector 2 insertion device beamline (Sector 2-ID-E) is explained, and initial analytical results are presented on its performance. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147266
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    A new double-crystal monochromator for UHV operation in the low to medium photon energy range : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3350-3351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The University of Wisconsin-Madison Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) has developed a new concept patented double-crystal monochromator for instruments operating in the low to medium photon energy range. Presently PSL is engaged in a collaborative project with the Pohang Light Source in South Korea to provide the internal mechanism for such a DCM; Pohang will supply the vacuum chamber and scan drive. The concept utilizes a straight arm linear rotating link called the "broomstick'' that is a cotangent generator. Coupled to the broomstick is a pair of unique half angle mechanisms that rotate the crystals at half the angle of the broomstick while maintaining crystal parallelism during the scan rotation. An external linear drive to one crystal through a bellows assembly provides the only required input for operation of the monochromator other than crystal angular adjustments by manual or piezoelectric means. The instrument is capable of operating at Bragg angles from 8° to 80°. This results in an energy range of 2 keV to 14.2 keV for Si(111) crystals. The instrument is also capable of UHV operation in the 1.0E−10 Torr range. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147499
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    Improvement of interferometric measurements on far-infrared polarimeter interferometer systems (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1814-1817 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: On many tokamaks the reconstruction of the magnetic field structure in the plasma is supported by polarimetric measurements. Recent proposed and realized methods are based on a far-infrared laser beam with a rotating polarization ellipse. The same instrument usually performs as an interferometer measuring the line integrated plasma density. It has been shown that the rotating polarization ellipse disturbs the interferometric measurements. A method based on the principle of a rotating polarization in which the interferometric measurement is unaffected is proposed. Bench test results are presented which show the feasibility of this method. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146979
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    High-speed repeating hydrogen pellet injector for long-pulse magnetic confinement fusion experiments (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1834-1841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The projected fueling requirements of future magnetic confinement fusion devices [e.g., the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)] indicate the need for a flexible plasma fueling capability, including both gas puffing and low- and high-speed pellet injection. Conventional injectors, based on single-stage pneumatic guns or centrifuges, can reliably provide frozen pellets (1- to 6-mm-diam sizes) at speeds up to 1.3 km/s and at suitable repetition rates (1 to 10 Hz or greater). Injectors based on two-stage pneumatic guns and "in situ'' condensation of hydrogen pellets can reliably achieve velocities over 3 km/s; however, they are not suitable for long-pulse repetitive operations. An experiment in collaboration between Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and ENEA Frascati is under way to demonstrate the feasibility of a high-speed ((approximately-greater-than)2 km/s) repeating (∼1 Hz) pneumatic pellet injector for long-pulse operation. A test facility has been assembled at ORNL, combining a Frascati repeating two-stage light-gas gun and an ORNL deuterium extruder, equipped with a pellet chambering mechanism/gun barrel assembly. The main issues to be investigated were the strength of extruded deuterium ice as opposed to that produced by in situ condensation in pipe guns (hence the highest acceleration which can be given to the pellet without fracturing it), and the maximum repetition rate at which the system can operate without degradation in performance. Pellet velocities of up to 2.55 km/s have been achieved in joint experiments at ORNL. A new pressure tailoring valve was developed by the Frascati group for this application and proved to be a crucial component for good performance. Tests carried out in repeating mode, at frequencies of 0.2–0.5 Hz and speeds up to 2.2 km/s, indicate no significant degradation in performance with increasing repetition rate. Some preliminary tests using 3.7 mm pellets gave very encouraging results. The equipment and the experimental results are described in this article. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    Greenspan acoustic viscometer for gases (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1850-1857 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Double Helmholtz acoustic resonators, first proposed by Greenspan for measuring the viscosity of gases, were tested with helium, argon, and propane. Two different resonators were tested extensively with all three gases. For each of these instruments, the results for the viscosities of the three gases were consistent within ±0.5% at pressures spanning the range 25–1000 kPa. Without calibration, the viscosities deduced from one viscometer were systematically 1% larger than data from the literature; the viscosities from the second viscometer were systematically 3% larger than data from the literature. If the systematic differences were removed for each viscometer by calibration with a single gas at a single temperature and pressure, then nearly all the results for both instruments would have fallen within ±0.5% of the data from the literature. In these viscometers, the test gases are in contact with robust metal parts only; thus, these instruments are applicable to a very wide variety of gases over a very wide range of temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146989
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    Laser Doppler anemometry measurements in an axisymmetric turbulent jet (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1842-1849 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The present study was performed to investigate experimentally some aspects related to the characteristics of turbulent jet flow using laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) as a measuring technique. It includes the following: (1) investigation of the effect of the velocity bias on the experimental results of the mean and fluctuating velocities, (2) study of the effect of upstream conditions on the mean and turbulent velocity profiles at the jet exit plane, (3) measurement of the decay rate of the center line longitudinal mean velocity and compared results with empirical correlations, (4) examination of the achievement of self-preservation of the jet flow, (5) investigation of whether the flow is approaching isotropy, (6) measurement and documentation of the distribution of the radial mean as well as turbulent velocity profiles. The axial and radial velocity components were measured simultaneously at the same location of the flow using a 5 W argon-ion laser Doppler anemometry. The LDA operated in the fringe Pattern mode, in two-component colors, and in the backscattering detection mode. The present study was carried out for the Reynolds number Ree=104 (based on the nozzle exit diameter D and the center line longitudinal mean velocity at the nozzle exit diameter Ue) up to an axial distance of 45D. In addition, seven cases of initial upstream conditions were investigated. The obtained results revealed that no correction for the velocity bias is needed when the turbulence intensity is low (below 15%). Further, the mean velocity profiles cannot uniquely identify the state of a jet flow. In addition, the effect of the upstream conditions is pronounced mainly in the near field region. Meanwhile the jet flow approaches a certain degree of isotropy in the far field. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146966
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    Momentum rate probe for use with two-phase flows (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1878-1885 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An instrument for measuring the momentum rate of two-phase flows is described, and design and construction details are provided. The device utilizes a conelike body to turn the flow from the axial to the radial direction. The force resulting from the change in momentum rate of the turning flow is measured using a strain-gage-instrumented cantilevered beam. The instrument is applicable to a wide range of flows including nuclear reactor coolant streams, refrigerants in heating-ventilating air-conditioning equipment, impingement cooling of small scale electronic hardware (computer chips are one example), supercritical fuel injection (in Diesel engines, for instance), and consumer product sprays (such as hair-care product sprays produced using effervescent atomizers). The latter application is discussed here. Features of the instrument include sensitivity to a wide range of forces and the ability to damp oscillations of the deflection cone. Instrument sensitivity allows measurement of momentum rates considerably lower (below 0.01 N) than those that could be obtained using previous devices. This feature is a direct result of our use of precision strain gages, capable of sensing strains below 20 μm/m, and the damping of oscillations which can overwhelm the force measurements. Oscillation damping results from a viscous fluid damper whose resistance is easily varied by changing fluids. Data used to calibrate the instrument are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique. As an example of the instrument's utility, momentum rate data obtained using it will be valuable in efforts to explain entrainment of surrounding air into effervescent atomizer-produced sprays and also to model the effervescent atomization process. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146992
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    An easy-to-use non-optical shear-force distance control for near-field optical microscopes (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1912-1916 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present an easy-to-use non-optical shear-force detection system for tip–sample distance control in scanning near-field optical microscopes. The fibre tip is fixed in a four-segmented piezo-tube by a polymer, Polyisobutylene, which couples the tip stiffly to the piezo at frequencies of 10 kHz or more at room temperature. One segment of the piezo-tube excites the fibre tip in resonance, while the other three segments detect the tip vibration in the manner of a piezo-microphone. When the tip is damped by shear forces the induced voltage at the three segments changes and can easily be detected with a lock-in amplifier. Further our method allows a fast and reproducible tip exchange with minor adjustments of mechanical or electrical components. We demonstrate the performance of our distance control on a holographically fabricated line pattern with 417 nm lattice spacing and 10 nm height. A height resolution of better than 1 nm is demonstrated. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146995
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    Piezoelectrically driven rotary stage for use in ultrahigh vacuum (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1930-1934 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We have developed a compact high-precision rotary stage for use in ultrahigh vacuum. Its drive mechanism incorporates along its circumference two sets of diametrically opposed piezoelectric devices with combined clamping and pushing action. The maximum torque load is 0.7 Nm. The rotation is bidirectional over 360° and proceeds in steps down to 1 mdeg at a maximum speed of one revolution per 2 min. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146999
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    Polarization modulated transmission spectro-ellipsometry (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1951-1955 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A polarization modulated transmission spectro-ellipsometer (PMTSE) features high sensitivity for retardation and high-speed data acquisition. Although optical servo control of a photoelastic modulator (PEM) has improved the accuracy of the system, the residual birefringence mainly of the PEM hinders detection of minute retardation. We have installed a compensator in order to cancel out the residual birefringence and realized base line shift that is within 0.2% of full scale. Optical anisotropies are formulated in the Mueller matrices. Accuracy for a large signal was verified from measurements of a sheet polarizer and a quartz rotator. Detectability was ascertained from the retardation spectrum, 〈1 nm, of a amorphous poly-olefin film and aqueous solution of a chiral metal complex, Δ−[Co(en)3]3+, whose peak signal magnitude is 〈1% of full scale. A time resolution of 1 ms was utilized in the dynamic response measurement of a liquid crystal, 5CB, that had a response time of 3–4 ms. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146949
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    Thermopower measurements in magnetic fields up to 17 tesla using the toggled heating method (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1970-1975 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A dc method for thermopower (TP) measurements in magnetic fields up to 17 T in the temperature range from 3 K to 300 K is introduced. A special heating technique named "seesaw heating,'' a method similar to ac methods, was developed and resulted in good thermal stability, better accuracy and a faster procedure. Chromel–constantan thermocouples were utilized for measuring probes because of small and simple temperature dependence of magnetic field effect. Finding an empirical formula for all the calibration curves of TP of Chromel enable us to measure TP at any field and at any temperature. Finally, the experimental results on ErCo2 and LaRu2 are presented as test examples to demonstrate the possibilities and accuracy of our setup. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146953
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    Development of chemical vapor deposition diamond burrs using hot filament (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1993-1995 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The fabrication of boring tools (burrs) for dentistry with the use of a hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system, to form the diamond abrading structure, is reported here. The diamond was synthesized from a methane/freon gas mixture diluted in hydrogen. Comparative drilling tests with conventional diamond burrs and the CVD diamond burrs in borosilicate glasses demonstrated a lifetime more than 20 times larger for the CVD diamond burrs. Also, heat flow experiments in dentine showed that the CVD diamond burrs induce temperature gradients of the same order as the conventional ones. These characteristics of the CVD diamond burrs are highly desirable for odontological applications where the burrs' lifetime and the low temperature processing are essential to the quality and comfort of the treatment. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147519
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  • 85
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    Phase locking of high power microwave oscillators with large injection power ratios (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2010-2013 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An analysis of phase locking between two high power microwave oscillators with large injection power ratios has been developed by making use of the concept of a lumped circuit, which makes it possible to predict the locked relative phases more accurately and provides a more suitable phase-locking condition for most practical cases. Sample phase calculations starting from different initial conditions are presented, which show that the conventional phase-locking theory is sufficient only when the frequency difference between the oscillators is small enough, however, it must be modified when the frequency difference and the power ratios are both large. Moreover, it has also been found that a longer locked time and a wider locking bandwidth are expected by the new results than those obtained by the conventional phase-locking theory. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146960
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  • 86
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    High-G accelerometer dynamic calibration by a laser differential Doppler technique (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 2022-2025 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An operational system was developed for dynamic and absolute calibration of the high-G accelerometers. A test accelerometer, mounted on the end of an anvil which can be moved along a sliding guideway, experiences a high-G acceleration when a hammer impacts the anvil. Its half-sine acceleration pulse can be obtained by itself. At the same time, using the differential Doppler technique, the velocity change during the period of impacting can be independently measured. Comparing both, the calibrated sensitivity of the test accelerometer can be obtained. The working system and its principle are described. Experimental results are given, which verify the validity of the principle and the method. The maximum acceleration calibrated is now up to 100 000 G, limited by the test accelerometer, with a total uncertainty of ±5%. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146963
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  • 87
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    Isotope separation in a magneto-optical trap (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1431-1433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We demonstrate simultaneous trapping and spatial separation of the two stable rubidium isotopes in a magneto-optical trap. To realize this novel type of isotope separation, we have built a compact diode laser which is frequency-stabilized by optical feedback from a diffraction grating, and frequency-modulated by a direct microwave modulation of the bias current from a yittrium iron garnet tuned oscillator. Use of the single diode laser with microwave sidebands provides much ease and flexibility in the applications of a magneto-optical trap. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146869
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  • 88
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    Examining deep holes by rocking the beam in the scanning electron microscope (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1458-1462 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The beam-rocking method in the scanning electron microscope can show either the inner surface of a deep hole or the outer surface of a parallel-sided pillar in ways that are not possible when scanning in the usual way. This has been demonstrated using test samples of both kinds. It is believed that this method can be successfully applied to examine deep holes and narrow pillars of micrometer dimensions by applying computer control and data analysis techniques of the kind that are used in automated semiconductor fabrication and/or metrology systems. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146873
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  • 89
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    A three-axis micropositioner for ultrahigh vacuum use based on the inertial slider principle (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1472-1474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present a three-dimensional micropositioner using the inertial slider principle which is used to position an optical fiber in an atomic force microscope. It uses only two moving parts as the sideways and vertical motions are realized by either moving a cylinder along its axis or rotating it around its axis and translating the rotation into an approximately vertical motion. The device operates reliably in a baked ultrahigh vacuum system, allows positioning with sub-μm accuracy, and has a forward range of 11.3 mm, a sideways range of 5 mm, and a vertical range of approximately 5 mm. The measured speeds without extra load fall in the range between 1.6 and 3.3 mm/min, in good agreement with the amplitude and curve shape of the applied drive signal. The minimal step size allowing consistent motion is below 25 nm. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146876
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  • 90
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    Control of plasma parameters in sheet-shaped electron cyclotron resonance heating plasma supplemented with radio frequency discharge (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1502-1507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Production and parameter control techniques of sheet-shaped electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) plasma are described. When rf power (f(approximately-equal-to)13.56 MHz) is supplemented by the sheet-shaped ECR plasma, the ion temperature, Ti, ion fluxes, nb/n0, and high energy component, εi, of ions deposited to the substrate can be controlled arbitrarily within the range of 0.3 eV≤Ti≤10.0 eV, 0≤nb/n0≤30%, and 0≤εi≤60 eV, respectively, in the neutral Ar gas pressure, 4×10−4≤p≤3×10−3 Torr. Furthermore, the ion energy and/or the ion flux flowing onto the substrate could be well controlled by changing the bias voltage supplied to the substrate holder. We can expect that the present experimental technique could be applied to the material processing in a well-defined manner. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146894
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  • 91
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    Inductively coupled radio frequency plasma chemical vapor deposition using a ladder-shaped antenna (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 1542-1545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Radio-frequency (rf) excited SiH4 plasma is produced with an electrode of a ladder-shaped antenna which is positioned within a plasma chamber. The negative self-bias potential on the electrode is a few volts under a gas pressure 50 mTorr, rf power of 20–100 W. It was observed that the phase of the potential precedes the current fed to the electrode. Hydrogenated amorphous silicon films are formed on a 300 mm×300 mm substrate with a uniformity of ±15%. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146885
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  • 92
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    Advantages of using a mirror as the first optical component for APS undulator beamlines : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3353-3354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The advantages of using a mirror as the first optical component for an Advanced Photon Source (APS) undulator beamline for thermal management, radiation shielding mitigation, and harmonic rejection are presented. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147398
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  • 93
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    Brilliance and flux reduction in imperfect inclined crystals : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3353-3353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The inclined crystal geometry has been suggested as a method of reducing the surface absorbed power density of high-heat-load monochromators for third-generation synchrotron radiation sources. Computer simulations have shown that if the crystals are perfectly aligned and have no strains then the diffraction properties of a pair of inclined crystals are very similar to a pair of conventional flat crystals with only subtle effects differentiating the two configurations. However, if the crystals are strained, these subtle differences in the behavior of inclined crystals can result in large beam divergences causing brilliance and flux losses. In this manuscript, we elaborate on these issues and estimate potential brilliance and flux density losses from strained inclined crystals at the APS. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146915
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  • 94
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    A monolithic, integrally cooled CVD SiC mirror substrate for high heat load applications : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3354-3354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The thermal loading on the optical components of third-generation synchrotron systems is putting severe restrictions on the design and materials of these components to ensure that they maintain their pointing and beam-forming characteristics. Recent advances in the properties and reliability of CVD silicon carbide, coupled with newly developed techniques in optical fabrication, have resulted in a monolithic, integrally cooled SiC mirror substrate model that can be manufactured at a cost that makes it viable. Two examples have been fabricated, and we report on their construction and characteristics, together with an assessment of the potential for extrapolating the design and the process to larger sizes. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147399
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  • 95
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    Contact heat conductance at a diamond-OFHC copper interface with GaIn eutectic as a heat transfer medium : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3354-3354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The results of an experimental study of the contact heat conductance across a single diamond crystal interface with OFHC copper (Cu) are reported. Gallium-indium (GaIn) eutectic was used as an interstitial material. Contact conductance data are important in the design and the prediction of the performance of x-ray optics under high-heat-load conditions. Two sets of experiments were carried out. In one, the copper surface in contact with diamond was polished and then electroless plated with 1 μm of nickel, while in the other, the copper contact surface was left as machined. The measured average interface heat conductances are 44.7±8 W/cm2-K for nonplated copper and 23.0±8 W/cm2-K for nickel-plated copper. For reference, the thermal contact conductances at a copper-copper interface (without diamond) were also measured, and the results are reported. A typical diamond monochromator, 0.2 mm thick, will absorb about 44 W under a standard undulator beam at the Advanced Photon Source. The measured conductance for nickel-plated copper suggests that the temperature drop across the interface of diamond and nickel-plated copper, with a 20 mm 2 contact area, will be about 10°C. Therefore temperature rises are rather modest, and the accuracy of the measured contact conductances presented here are sufficient for design purposes. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147400
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    Cooling solutions for high heat load optics : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3354-3354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Heat loads on optical components at third-generation synchrotron sources, such as the APS, present beamline designers with difficult and complex engineering problems. A number of solutions have been proposed, such as pin-post water cooling, cryogenic cooling, and liquid gallium cooling. This paper describes both a cryogenic cooling system and a liquid gallium pumping system that have been developed specifically for the APS high heat load beamlines. Also presented is a potential solution for the first mirrors on high heat load beamlines, based on liquid gallium internal cooling of a silicon carbide mirror. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1146933
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  • 97
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    A high-precision self-adapted optical structure : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3354-3354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Third-generation synchrotron x-ray facilities, such as the Advanced Photon Source, generate a very high heat flux in a very small area. When an optical component is subjected to a heat load, there will be thermal deformation caused by a temperature increase. For a plate-like structure, the temperature difference over the thickness causes bending, and the average temperature increment causes axial deformation. For an optical element, the slope change due to bending is the main reason for the degradation of functionality in the optical component. In order to preserve photons, optical components have to be designed to have very small thermal deformation or small change of slope in the surface. Typically the change of slope is limited to a few microradians. The structure proposed here offers advantages in terms of cost, complexity, and operations. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147401
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  • 98
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    On optimal contact cooling of high-heat-load x-ray mirrors : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3354-3354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Under appropriate conditions, optimal contact cooling provides an attractive cooling strategy for the design of high-heat-load mirrors. This approach avoids a number of problems and uncertainties inherent in the fabrication, assembly, and operation of internally cooled high-heat-load optics. In this paper, the optimal contact-cooling concept is described, its advantages, disadvantages, and limitations are pointed out, and various design aspects and options are discussed. Simple heuristic guidelines for the design of such substrates are provided. The mirror assembly consists of the polished substrate and two cooling blocks in contact with it. The mirror and cooling block dimensions as well as the location of the cooling blocks on the mirror, are optimized to provide a thermo-mechanically balanced system so that there are negligible tangential slope errors in the mirror without any bending mechanism. As an example, the design of a high-heat-load first mirror for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) is described. This mirror, which is 1.2 m long, is exposed to a total power of 2 kW with a uniform heat flux of 0.38W/mm2. This mirror is currently being fabricated. The concept of a thermo-mechanically balanced system can also be applicable to other high-heat-load optical components, such as monochromators. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147402
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  • 99
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    Characterization of thermal distortion effects on beamline optics for EUV interferometry and soft x-ray microscopy : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3354-3355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This study analyzes synchrotron radiation heat loading effects on optical components of beamline BL12.0 for EUV interferometry and soft x-ray microscopy at the Advanced Light Source (ALS). Newly developed indirect side-cooled beamline optics were considered, and the resulting surface distortion of mirrors and grating indicates that there is no significant degradation of beamline performance in spectral resolution or throughput. Also analyzed are the effects of heat loading on end-station components, such as Fresnel zone plates, transmission gratings, masks and membranes. Experimental results of heat loaded membranes are presented as well in this writing. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147403
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    Optimization of monochromator crystal bending designs using computer simulations : The 9th National conference on synchrotron radiation instrumentation (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 67 (1996), S. 3355-3355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Sagittal focusing of a synchrotron radiation beam by cylindrically bending the second crystal in a double-crystal monochromator is an important way of increasing beam density at the sample posiion. In this paper we describe results obtained by finite element analysis of various optimized Si (111) crystal shapes. For the bending magnet and wiggler sources, we analyzed ribbed crystals and found conditions at which the sagittal curvature is cylindrical and the anticlastic effect is minimized. For the undulator A source, we found that a single slot in the center of a thick plate would be sufficient to eliminate the anticlastic effect and ensure cylindrical sagittal bending. Autofocusing of the beam by means of a trapezoidal slot was investigated, and simulation results are discussed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1147485
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