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  • Articles  (1,690)
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  • 2015-2019
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  • Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology  (1,690)
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  • 1
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 555-572 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This work addresses the design of LoG filters in the frequency domain within a structure formed by the cascade of quasi-Gaussian and discrete Laplacian filters. The main feature of such a structure is that it requires half the number of convolutions of the classical structure in which the LoG transfer function is expressed as the sum of two separable transfer functions of 1-D Gaussian and LoG type. Such a perspective allows one to rephrase the design of IIR and FIR filters for edge detection as a frequency domain approximation problem solvable by standard digital filter design tools. The zero-phase IIR solutions have a good performance at low orders and approximation errors practically independent of the aperture parameter. The characteristics of the nearly linear-phase IIR filters solving the problem suggest the consideration of linear-phase FIR filters with zeros constrained on the unit circle. The use of such filters leads to remarkable computational savings with respect to the filters designed by impulse response sampling. The agreement between the edge values obtained by the filters designed according to the scheme proposed in this work and those obtained by standard techniques is very good.
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  • 2
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 505-514 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A novel and complete method is presented for constructing the generalized Bezout identity in polynomial form of the transfer matrix from its state-space representation of a reachable and observable system. As a result, one can easily apply well-developed synthesis and analysis theories to systems described in the frequency domain.
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  • 3
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 543-554 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to obtain the uncertain value set in the complex plane for systems with real and complex parameters that are known to lie inside a ball in a weightedl p-norm. It generalizes previously available results and may be used to test the robust stability of polynomials whose coefficients lie in a weighted lp-ball.
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  • 4
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 581-595 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a new approach—a Fixed-Level Least Squares (FLLS) method for linear-phase FIR filter design. It is intended for rejection of the Gibbs phenomenon through the introduction of a set of equally spaced fixed levels in the transition band and subsequent redefinition of the approximated and weighted functions. Detailed mathematical solutions of the problem as well as many examples are given. The results in graphical form are shown as an output of the FLLS software model.
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  • 5
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 631-648 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we examine order reduction of parabolic systems using modal truncation. The parabolic distributed system is first approximated using the Galerkin method. The system matrices have a special structure that allows us to find the approximate spectrum of the parabolic system. To do this we compute approximate inverses of tridiagonal, diagonally dominant symmetric matrices. The approximation leads to algorithms of orderO(n), as opposed to traditional algorithms of orderO(n), wheren is the order of the system. Finally, an example is presented to illustrate the proposed algorithm.
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  • 6
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 711-725 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We give results concerning the problem of approximating the input-output maps of nonlinear discrete-time approximately finite-memory systems. Here the focus is on the linear dynamical parts of the approximating structures, and we give examples showing that these linear parts can be derived from asingle prespecified function that meets certain conditions. This is done in the context of an approximation theorem in which attention is focused on what we call “basic sets.” We also consider the related but very different problem of approximating nonlinear functionals using lattice operations or the usual linear ring operations. For this problem we give criteria, not just sufficient conditions, for approximation on compact subsets of reflexive Banach spaces (any Hilbert space is a reflexive Banach space).
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  • 7
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 763-770 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract New calibration methods are presented for bearing estimation with sensor location uncertainties, which are based on eigenvalue decomposition of the sample covariance matrix and three or more nondisjoint sources in known bearings. The methods can be applied to arbitrary arrays, including linear arrays, require fewer computations, and are suitable for low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) cases. Computer simulations are given to illustrate the performance of the proposed methods.
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  • 8
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 145-164 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A doubly recursive algorithm for time domain convolution with a piecewise linear weighting function is presented that combines the speed of a recursive (IIR) digital filter with the flexibility and ease of design of a nonrecursive (FIR) digital filter. The approach approximates the desired FIR weighting function by a sum-of-triangles weighting function. ForL triangles (or triangle pairs for a linear phase filter) the algorithm is of orderLN. The approximation improves with the number of triangles. A significant advantage of the algorithm compared to FFT filtering or direct convolution is that there is no necessity of a tradeoff between frequency response accuracy and computation time per output point as the data spacing decreases in the filtered signal. The computational complexity is dependent on the number of triangles chosen, not the width of the weighting function, so the algorithm is especially effective for filters with an inherently wide FIR weighting function.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 335-342 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A solution of the problem of correlation analysis of stochastic amplitude-angle modulated signals is presented. The solution is obtained on the basis of the theory of linear stochastic processes for the general case of nonstationary correlated Gaussian noises in both modulation channels. These noises are regarded as the results of a linear filtration of Gaussian white noise processes. As an example of the analysis a case of band-pass modulation noises is considered.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 395-413 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two-dimensional (2-D) periodically shift-variant (PSV) digital filters are considered. These filters have applications in processing video signals with cyclostationary noise, scrambling digital images, and 2-D multirate signal processing. The filters are formulated in the form of a Givone-Roesser (GR) state-space model with periodic coefficients. This PSV model is then presented in block form as a shift-invariant system that also has the same GR state-space form. This block form has reduced computations and ease of analysis. An algorithm is developed that transforms any given 2-D PSV GR system to its equivalent shift-invariant model. Invertibility of this model is an important consideration, especially in image scrambling applications. A condition is established for the invertibility of the shift-invariant model of the 2-D PSV system. Also, the inverse system can be easily computed from the original. The established results are illustrated with an example.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 515-518 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In a recent paper a method is described for constructing certain approximations to a general element in the closure of the convex hull of a subset of an inner product space. This is of interest in connection with neural networks. Here we give an algorithm that generates simpler approximants with somewhat less computational cost.
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  • 12
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 573-580 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we gave an exponential estimate for the solutions of singular systems of differential equations with a delay and establish a comparison inequality for the systems. Based on this we estabish the criteria for asymptotic stability for the composite singular systems.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 685-693 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the VLSI architectures for three-level correlator design based on 1-μm CMOS technology. The architecture performs very high speed, real-time, three-level cross-correlation of signals. Two architectures, one for serial incoming samples of signals (serial data) and the other for stored signal samples (parallel data), are described in the paper.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 727-733 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper gives the existence of and bounds for the branch voltages and currents in a given infinite network, which on each branch are related by a maximal monotone resistance function. We give a simpler proof than that of Minty, with smaller bounds, in the finite network case.
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  • 15
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 807-818 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An efficient procedure is presented for computing the frequency-response templates of uncertain rational transfer functions depending on two independent interval polynomials. It consists of a modified Cohen-Sutherland algorithm for the intersection test of two rectangles and a pivoting algorithm. Because the proposed procedure traces out the boundary of a frequency-response template directly, it is, in general, more efficient than the previously proposed algorithms.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 597-607 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, a novel VLSI algorithm for the computation of a two-dimensional discrete cosine transform is proposed. The 2D-DCT equation can be expressed by the sum of high order cosine functions, and the algorithm can be realized by combining a highly efficient first order recursive structure with some simplified matrix multiplications, which results in highly regular hardware architecture and simple routing. The algorithm has temporal and spatial locality of connection and can be segmentized for pipeline operations, so the computation time is greatly reduced. Owing to the simplicity in hardware structure, it is especially good for VLSI implementation.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 609-630 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We examine a generalized matched-filter problem in which the interference is a nonstationary process generated by passing white noise through a general linear time-varying filter. First a matched filter is constructed by transforming the problem into an equivalent formulation involving stationary interference and a time-varying propagation channel. Whereas the response of a time-invariant matched filter is sampled at its peak, the response of this time-varying matched filter is normalized before sampling to account for variations in the signal power. Next a matched filter is constructed using a spectral characterization of the nonstationary interference. This construction is then used to formulate a simplified solution for the case where the rate of variation in the nonstationary interference is sufficiently small. The different solutions are illustrated by a numerical example.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 671-683 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the approximation capability of elliptic basis function (EBF) neural networks. The main results are: (1) A necessary and sufficient condition for a functionS′ (R 1) to be qualified as an activation function in the hidden layer of an EBF neural network is given. (2) Every nonzero functionG ε L 2(R n ) is qualified to be an activation function in the elliptic neural network to approximate any function in L2(Rn). (3) As applications, we give new proofs of the theorems concerning the approximation capability of affine basis function (ABF) neural networks and generalized radial basis function (GRBF) neural networks (including radial basis function neural networks) with arbitrary activation functions. In particular, we solve the problem of the approximation capability of sigma-pi neural networks.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 735-748 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The frequency response of linear interval systems under PID controllers is analyzed. A two-stage elimination algorithm is presented to describe the boundary of the response in the complex plane. Illustrative examples are included.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 771-805 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This article deals with a new intelligent analog circuit design system. Unlike previous design methods, this approach introduces a formal circuit representation for both the numerical and heuristic knowledge of the design system. The predicate logic circuit representation is proposed as a new formal analog circuit description language. The language's syntax and semantics provide a precise symbolic description of analog circuit functionality at higher levels of hierarchy and network component connectivities, together with CMOS transistor sizes as the lowest level of hierarchy. It is shown how sentence conversion rules of language grammer can be used to derive transistor level circuits from input performance specifications. Language sentences have the form of clauses. In addition to clause representation, a frame representation to reflect VLSI design hierarchy is also introduced. An original bidirectional inference mechanism with elements of hypothesis has been introduced to infer designs from the knowledge in clause and frame representations. The unique feature of this circuit knowledge representation is its ability to automate the analog CMOS circuit design process. The design methodology is described in detail. The proposed iterative closed loop design system adopts an expert system approach to provide topological synthesis, uses a SPICE circuit simulator to evaluate the circuit performance, and uses a new diagnostic expert system to provide advice on how to improve the design. The implementation of the methodology and associated experimental results for simple CMOS operational amplifier designs are also presented.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 343-359 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, a closed-form identification of possibly nonminimum phase multichannel moving average (MA) processes is derived by exploiting the eigenstructures of the observation cumulant matrices using the ESPRIT algorithm. The proposed approach allows the combination of statistics of different orders for better performance and offers reduced computation complexity when compared with existing iterative approaches. Simulations are also presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 137-144 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents an approach to estimate the directions-of-arrival (DOAs) of narrowband coherent (completely corrected) signals by an arbitrary geometry sensor array. The concept of focussing matrices is introduced to estimate the outputs of a virtual uniform linear array from the outputs of the real array in order to use spatial smoothing techniques. Unlike the work presented in [5], the proposed approach avoids multiple singular value decomposition (SVD) computations in the various sectors because it is not necessary to divide the field of view of the array into sectors. Simulation results are given to support the approach.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 213-231 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An optimal deconvolution filter design method is proposed in this paper for signal transmission systems with small perturbation of parameters. The perturbative parameters of the transmission channel and noise model are of probabilistic structures. A realizable filter is derived to minimize the mean square estimation error from the viewpoint of frequency domain. The calculus of variation technique and the spectral factorization method are used in the design procedure. The design method is suitable for the deconvolution of both minimum-phase and nonminimum-phase perturbative transmission systems. The minimum mean square error of the optimal deconvolution filter is also discussed. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the simulation results of the proposed optimal deconvolution filter.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 291-311 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present a simple and practical algorithm for the estimation of uncertain parameters of linear systems. The uncertainty is twofold, involving random observation noise, and possible jumps in the parameter values. The jumps may occur at unknown points in time, and are of unknown magnitudes and directions. The algorithm is based on the Kalman filter, with a single-sample hypothesis test, which is used to employ a three-state decision rule (yes, no, maybe). The “maybe” choice invokes a fading memory Kalman filter. The overall algorithm contains the constant parameter filter, fading memory filter, and the set of tests and rules that enable it to switch back and forth between the two filters. Application examples are presented.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 361-376 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A novel approach that employs ordered binary decision diagrams (OBDDs) is contributed to factorize multi-level logic functions by requiring as few literals as possible. A logic function with PLA format is represented as an OBDD form first. A heuristic decision method of variable ordering, called theorder lookahead method, is derived for the construction of OBDDs. This method is based on the constant cofactor and the number of erasable logic terms for each input variable. The total execution time of the OBDD construction by the above ordering decisions is very fast for some MCNC benchmarks. With the above OBDDs, we introduce a simple yet effective graph manipulation, calledEXT, to obtain a minimal number of literals in the Boolean function. This greedyEXT algorithm consists mainly of two phases. The first phase, calledgraph analysis, identifies the similarities between nodes on the same level in the OBDD. The second phase, calledtree analysis, utilizes the above features to extract the common parts of the nodes. TheEXT procedure runs from the bottom level up to the top level of the OBDD. The computational complexity depends on the number of nodes in the OBDD. The results of simulations show thatEXT has a very fast CPU execution time and a competitive literal ratio with other methods for some MCNC benchmarks.EXT will produce the smallest literal number, especially for structured or symmetric circuits.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 467-480 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this study we explore the use of nonlinear embedding maps to expand the dimension of the input space. The efficacy of such maps to speed training and to enhance performance is illustrated through several examples. A natural connection to nonlinear synaptic interconnects is also developed.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 313-333 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We construct a general model of a nonlinear input-output system consisting of finitely many blocks whose variables are in extended spaces. This model encompasses all configurations used in control which have several feedback and feedforward loops. We show that such a system is essentially the traditional MI-MO feedback system. Moreover, assuming that one block of the system is a plant affected by perturbations, we derive conditions guaranteeing linear insensitivity and/or robust stability of the whole system. In particular, we consider systems whose variables are continuous, vector-valued functions on [0, ∞), and whose blocks are described by nonlinear Volterra operators. The applications of the results are illustrated by several examples of feedback-feedforward systems.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 453-466 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The design of a constant resistance multiplexer composed of three reactance ladder networks connected either in series or in parallel is a very practical problem. In this paper, an improvement on Norton's method and a set of necessary and sufficient conditions on the realizability of a Butterworth or elliptic constant resistance multiplexer are presented. Two illustrative examples are given to show the design procedure.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new interval Pade approximation method to convert a continuous-time (discrete-time) uncertain linear system to an equivalent discrete-time (continuous-time) uncertain model via interval arithmetic operations. Based on the inclusion theorem related to the interval arithmetic, the interval Pade's approximants and their associated interval error matrices with interval arguments are obtained via the Pade's approximants and their associated error matrices with degenerate (real) arguments, respectively. Tighter error bounds of various approximate uncertain models with respect to their exact uncertain models are determined and used to modify the obtained Pade's approximants, so that the resulting approximate uncertain models are able to tightly enclose the original uncertain systems. Thus, the analysis and design of the original uncertain systems can be indirectly carried out using the converted uncertain models in either the continuous-time or the discrete-time domain.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 165-211 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Three new concepts — breakdown points, breakdown probabilities, and midpoint sensitivity curves — for stack filter analysis are introduced and analyzed in this paper. Breakdown points and probabilities can be used as measures of the robustness of stack filters. Midpoint sensitivity curves in turn give information on how sensitive the output of a stack filter is to the changes of a single value in the input window. The second major contribution of this paper is the extension of the current optimality theory of stack filters. This theory combines noise attenuation and different constraints on the filter's behavior. New constraints are introduced in this paper. A new optimization approach based on breakdown probability as a noise attenuation measure is also derived. In certain special cases it is shown that the optimal stack filter that achieves the best noise attenuation subject to given constraints can be obtained in closed form. An algorithm for finding this form is given in this paper, and its modification for finding a stack filter having (approximately) a required rank selection vector is presented.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 275-290 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the estimation of the parameters of a linear discrete-time system from noise-perturbed input and output measurements. The conditions imposed on the system are fairly general. In particular, the input and output noises are allowed to be auto-correlated and they may be cross-correlated as well. The proposed method makes use of an instrumental variable (IV)-vector to produce a covariance matrix that is pre- and postmultiplied by some prechosen weights. The singular vectors of the so-obtained matrix possess complete information on the system parameters. A weighted subspace fitting (WSF) method is then applied to the aforementioned singular vectors to consistently estimate the parameters of the system. The IV-WSF technique suggested herein is noniterative and easy to implement, and has a small computational burden. The asymptotic distribution of its estimation errors is derived and the result is used to motivate the choice of the weighting matrix in the WSF step and also to predict the estimation accuracy. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the performance achievable by the method.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 649-669 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers a (J, J′)-spectral factorization of a signed spectral matrix associated with a discrete-time improper transfer matrix by using the descriptor system representation and the generalized algebraic Riccati equation (GARE). Under the assumption that the improper transfer matrix is stable, a numerical algorithm for (J, J′)-spectral factorization is developed based on solutions of the generalized eigenvalue problem (GEP) and a related matrix equation. For an unstable transfer matrix, aJ-unitary conjugation method is applied to obtain a stable transfer matrix generating the same signed spectral matrix. Then a Hankel norm model reduction problem is briefly discussed. A simple example is also included to illustrate the numerical procedure.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 695-709 
    ISSN: 1531-5878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract By means of norm,M-matrix, and matrix measure techniques, this paper estimates several restricted regions in the complex plane in which all eigenvalues of a class of discrete time-delay systems subjected to highly structured parametric perturbations are located. Both the stability and the instability conditions for these systems are also investigated via the proposed schemes. Two numerical examples are given to verify the correctness and demonstrate the applicability of the quantitative results.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 749-762 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we discuss a unified approach and its simple algorithm for estimating and tracking the location of the desired talker in the far field and the near field by microphone arrays. The approach is unified for the far field and the near field and can enhance the effective power of the talker's signal. The simple algorithm further avoids singular-value decomposition (SVD) computations and is suitable for real-time processing. Computer simulations and experiments using actual array data support the techniques.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 93-110 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Systematic methods are developed for simplified implementations of cascaded stack and WOS filters. For recursive stack and WOS filters, corresponding nonrecursive implementations are given, with linear complexity with respect to the number of iterations. Dynamic domino logic is proposed for VLSI hardware implementation of positive Boolean functions, and a pipelined stack filter architecture is described.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 51-69 
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    Notes: Abstract In this study we consider a multilayer perceptron network with sigmoidal activation and trained via the backpropagation algorithm. The output of all neurons is collected and a simple linear regression is performed. It is shown that untrained networks with randomly chosen coefficients perform comparably with fully trained networks. This result casts a new light on the role of activation functions, the impact of dimensionality, and the efficacy of training algorithms such as backpropagation.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 23-50 
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    Notes: Abstract The PNS module is discussed as the building block for the synthesis of parallel, self-organizing, hierarchical, neural networks (PSHNNs). The PNS module contains three submodules (units), the first two of which are created as simple neural network constructs and the last of which is a statistical unit. The first two units are fractile in nature, meaning that each such unit may itself consist of a number of parallel PNS modules in a fractile fashion. Through a mechanism of statistical acceptance or rejection of input vectors for classification, the sample space is divided into a number of regions. The input vectors belonging to each region are classified by a dedicated set of PNS modules. This strategy results in considerably higher accuracy of classification and better generalization as compared to previous neural network models. If the delta rule network is used to generate the first two units, each region approximates a linearly separable region. In this sense, the total system becomes similar to a piecewise linear model. The various regions are determined nonlinearly by the first and third units of the PNS modules.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 111-136 
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    Notes: Abstract We use the so-calledreflection coefficients (RCs) to examine, review, and classify the Schur-Cohn and Marden-Jury (SCMJ) class of tests for determining the zero location of a discrete-time system polynomial with respect to the unit circle. These parameters are taken as a platform to propose a partition of the SCMJ class into four useful types of schemes. The four types differ in the sequence of polynomials (the “table”) they associate with the tested polynomials by scaling factors: (A) a sequence of monic polynomials, (B) a sequence of least arithmetic operations, (C) a sequence that produces the principal minors of the Schur-Cohn matrix, and (D) a sequence that avoids division arithmetic. A direct derivation of a zero location rule in terms of the RCs is first provided and then used to track a proper zero location rule in terms of the leading coefficients of the polynomials of the B, C, and D scheme prototypes. We review many of the published stability tests in the SCMJ class and show that each can be sorted into one of these four types. This process is instrumental in extending some of the tests from stability conditions to zero location, from real to complex polynomial, in providing a proof of tests stated without a proof, or in correcting some inaccuracies. Another interesting outcome of the current approach is that a byproduct of developing a zero location rule for the Type C test is one more proof for the relation between the zero location of a polynomial and the inertia of its Schur-Cohn matrix.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 261-274 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract We study the following type of filtering problem: consider an image on ℤ2, that is, a nonnegative function on the vertices of a grid, which represents the brightness at each of these points. We assume that there is, however, a “smudging” effect. That is, what ought to be a point of light becomes the point together with a halo about it, visualized by a distribution of light which is greatest at the point itself and decreases with the distance. So what we actually see is a blurry image. In this article we investigate methods for clearing up the image, i.e. reconstructing the original function from the blurry haloed image when the halo decays exponentially, and also for some haloes with small finite support. This task is usually performed by inverting the convolution operator induced by the halo (that is, by Fourier analysis). We introduce a different recovery procedure, based upon a family of filtering operators that change from point to point. For the finitely supported haloes, this procedure compares favorably with the Fourier methods. Moreover, in principle it is more general, because it does not require assumptions of invariance under translation. In full generality, however, we are able to recover images not on grids, but only on trees.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 233-260 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper considers several aspects of robust estimation in the restoration of mutichannel images. Robust functionals emerging from a generalized maximum a posteriori (MAP) approach are employed for the representation of both the noise and the signal statistics. Several linear multichannel techniques can be derived as special cases of the approach presented. In addition, the robust approach derives nonlinear algorithms that simultaneously account for the suppression of nominal noise and outliers, and for the efficient reconstruction of sharp detailed structure in the estimate. The robust multichannel approach is presented as a general approach for the regularization of the ill-posed restoration problem. From this perspective, we develop a method for the selection of the regularization parameter, which can be used in a wide variety of applications that may or may not involve noise outliers. We consider several issues associated with the application of robust algorithms to multichannel images, we discuss computational inefficiencies of such algorithms, and we propose approximations that are appropriate for their cost-efficient multichannel implementation. We demonstrate the robust approach in two examples from the rapidly developing fields of color image processing and multiresolution image processing in the wavelet domain.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 415-435 
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    Notes: Abstract In our recent work, we solved the word sequence length constraint problem associated with number theoretic transforms defined in finite integer rings. This is based on the American-Indian-Chinese extension of the Chinese remainder theorem. This work builds further on the results by extending them to the domain of integer polynomial rings. The theory of polynomial factorization and the resulting direct sum property are studied in depth. The emphasis is on the theory of computational algorithms for processing sequences defined in finite integer and complex integer rings.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 437-452 
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    Notes: Abstract In this work, we analyze the algebraic structure of fast algorithms for computing one- and two-dimensional convolutions of sequences defined over the fields of rational and complex rational numbers. The algorithms are based on factorization properties of polynomials and the direct sum property of modulo computation over such fields. Algorithms are described for cyclic as well as acyclic convolution. It is shown that under certain nonrestrictive conditions, all the previously defined algorithms over the fields of rational and complex rational numbers are also valid over the rings of finite integers. Examples are presented to illustrate the results.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 519-527 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper is to give an explicit computation for the potential generated by a dipole on a 2-dimensional grid such that the conductances on the vertical and horizontal edges have period 2.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 529-542 
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    Notes: Abstract Digital filterbanks, an important signal processing tool, are used in a radar signal processor to measure target range and/or velocity [4]. The windowed FFT is the most common radar filterbank. The FFT is a special case of modulated filterbank. Modulated filterbanks subdivide the frequency region by modulating a prototype baseband filter. This baseband filter usually satisfies certain frequency response constraints. Filterbanks used in radar applications are not concerned with reconstruction as are wavelet-based approaches [2], but rather with how well the filters subdivide the frequency region into a prescribed number of equal frequency regions. Wavelets use time decimation or frequency scaling to form filterbanks. This paper focuses on using a wavelet-like scaling approach along with modulation to design a digital filterbank. However, we are not concerned with reconstruction but with the subdivision of the frequency region into a prescribed number of equal segments. It will be shown that this new design algorithm has a frequency response performance comparable to existing techniques but with less computational effort. The performance measures considered are rejection of out of bands signals, uniformity of inband signal gain, and transition width from inband to stopband.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 71-92 
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    Notes: Abstract Sequential segmentation algorithms based on the AR model tend to produce false alarms or to omit the change for sequences that corresponds to the ARMA model. In this paper a new sequential segmentation algorithm based on the ARMA model is presented. The ARMA model is estimated over the relatively short sequence, which has called for the implementation of the estimation algorithm with appropriately initialized starting values. The proposed algorithm adopts the MGLR concept of the sliding reference and test windows, which allow the process of decision making to be separated from the evaluation of the discrimination function. This has enabled the new triangular decision rule to be proposed; this is based on the expected shape of the discrimination function at the time of the model change. Two possible discrimination functions have been suggested. One of them is optimal in the statistical sense; the other has the better asymptotic behavior. Natural speech signal segmentation is also discussed, and an appropriate pitch-synchronous signal prearrangement has been suggested. This not only enhances the segmentation algorithm but also increases its speed, as the time can be increased by a step equal to the pitch period. The segmentation algorithm is verified on test signals as well as on the natural speech signal. The experimental results also include a comparison of the sequential AR and ARMA model-based segmentation.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 377-393 
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    Notes: Abstract We analyze the large-sample mean square error (MSE) of MUSIC and Min-Norm direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimators under fairly general conditions, including mismodelling of the array response and the noise covariance. We separate the contributions to the MSE into a bias part caused by modelling errors and a variance part caused by finite (yet large) sample effects. The bias is simply evaluated by comparing the limiting estimate (corresponding to an infinite number of snapshots) with the true DOAs (which are known to the analyzer). To simplify the variance derivation we assume that the snapshots are complex i.i.d. Gaussian vectors and that the largest eigenvalues of their covariance matrix are distinct, but,otherwise, make none of the assumptions commonly used in previous analyses; in particular we do not constrain the snapshots to satisfy any model equation. The theoretical results obtained are illustrated by means of numerical examples using various modelling errors.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. 481-504 
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    Notes: Abstract A block parallel partitioning method for evaluating general linearmth order recurrence equations is presented and applied to solve the eigenvalues of symmetric tridiagonal matrices. The algorithm is based on partitioning, in a way that ensures load balance during computation. This method is applicable to both shared memory and distributed memory MIMD systems. The algorithm achieves a speedup ofO(p) on a parallel computer withp-fold parallelism, which is linear and is greater than the existing results, and the data communication between processors is less than that required for other methods. For solving symmetric tridiagonal eigenvalue problems, our method is faster than the best previous results. The results were tested and evaluated on an MIMD machine, and were within 79% to 96% of the predicted performance for the second order linear recurrence problem.
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    Circuits, systems and signal processing 15 (1996), S. I 
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 152-161 
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Discrete-time uncertain system ; Continuous-time uncertain system ; Quadratic stabilizability ; Lyapunov theory ; Pole assignment
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the problem of pole assignment in a disk by output feedback for continuous-or discrete-time uncertain systems is addressed. A necessary and sufficient condition for quadratic d stabilizability by output feedback is presented. This condition is expressed in terms of two parameter-dependent Riccati equations whose solutions satisfy two extra conditions. An output d stabilization algorithm is derived and a controller formula given.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 303-326 
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    Keywords: Risk-sensitive stochastic control ; Stochastic dynamic games ; Free energy ; Relative entropy ; Legendre-type transformations
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We consider duality relations between risk-sensitive stochastic control problems and dynamic games. They are derived from two basic duality results, the first involving free energy and relative entropy and resulting from a Legendre-type transformation, the second involving power functions. Our approach allows us to treat, in essentially the same way, continuous- and discrete-time problems, with complete and partial state observation, and leads to a very natural formal justification of the structure of the cost functional of the dual. It also allows us to obtain the solution of a stochastic game problem by solving a risk-sensitive control problem.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 341-351 
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    Keywords: Risk-sensitive control ; Zakai equation ; Finite-dimensional filters
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    Notes: Abstract In risk-sensitive control a modified Zakai equation arises which includes an extra term related to the exponential running cost. We show that a wide class of finite-dimensional solutions related to the Beneš filter is possible as long as nonlinearities in the drift are canceled in an appropriate way by terms in the running cost.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 352-369 
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    Keywords: Scalar rational interpolation ; Gröbner basis ; Key equation ; Berlekamp-Massey ; Welch-Berlekamp ; Partial realization
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A new technique is derived for determining a parametrization of all minimal complexity rational functionsa(x)/b(x) interpolating an arbitrary sequence of points. Complexity is measured in terms of max{deg(a), deg(b) +r } wherer is an arbitrary integer (so thatr=0 corresponds to the McMillan degree). Our construction uses Gröbner bases of submodules of the free module of rank 2 over the polynomial ring in one variable and extends previous work on the key equation of error control coding theory.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 386-400 
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Linear delay-differential systems ; Computational complexity ; Complex programming ; Multidimensional systems ; Structured singular value ; Disk matrices
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper the following stability problems concerning linear delay-differential systems are shown to beN P-hard: (i) asymptotic stability independent of delay, and (ii) robust asymptotic stability, when each delay is known to lie in an interval. The main results are based on theN P-hardness of complex bilinear programming over the polydisk n which also shows that the purely complexμ computation, analysis/synthesis problems areN P-hard even if there are no repeated blocks. Another side result of the paper is that checking robust nonsingularity, robust Hurwitz stability, and robust Schur stability of a disk matrix areN P-hard problems.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 59-72 
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    Keywords: Asymptotically stabilizing feedback control ; Nonlinear ; Resonance
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that no resonance and small time local controllability imply many standard necessary conditions for the existence of a continuous, asymptotically stabilizing (state) feedback control (ASFC) for ann-dimensional, real analytic, single input affine control system. Furthermore, no resonance means there exist local coordinates in which the drift vector field is linear, yielding a canonical form for the study of sufficient conditions and construction of an ASFC. The roles of resonance and the Kawski necessary condition are examined in detail, together with their implications on regularity of viscosity solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 95-106 
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    Keywords: Lyapunov functions ; Stability ; Stabilization ; Feedback ; Nonlinear systems
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    Notes: Abstract This paper gives some new stability sufficient conditions. It presents an extension of the classical Lyapunov theory by considering Lyapunov functions which are nonnegative semidefinite instead of positive definite. Several examples are presented to illustrate the various theorems and an application to the feedback stabilization problem of a nonlinear control system is given.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 123-151 
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Small time-delays ; Stability ; Robustness ; Partial differential equations ; Boundary control ; In-span control ; Transfer functions
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    Notes: Abstract It has been observed that for many stable feedback systems, the introduction of arbitrarily small time-delays into the loop causes instability. In this paper we present a systematic treatment of this phenomenon for a large class of boundary control systems which allows for in-span control. Our approach is based on a combination of input-output methods and modal analysis. We give a number of sufficient conditions for robustness/nonrobustness of closed-loop input-output stability with respect to delays. Our framework includes a large class of ill-posed systems, i.e., systems whose open-loop transfer function is unbounded on any right half-plane. We then analyze the relationship between the poles of the transfer function and the exponential modes of the underlying boundary-value problem to derive internal stability properties from external ones.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 162-188 
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    Keywords: Nonlinear systems ; Sampled systems ; Digital control
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the problem of preserving approximated feedback linearization under digital control. Starting from a partially feedback linearizable affine continuous-time dynamics, a digital control procedure which maintains the dimension of the maximally feedback linearizable part up to any order of approximation with respect to the sampling period is proposed. The result is based on the introduction of a sampled normal form, a canonical structure which naturally appears when studying feedback linearization.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 327-340 
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Linear autonomous system ; Reachability ; Minimum norm control ; Asymptotics
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract For a linear autonomous system, if a state is reachable from zero in some time duration, then it is reachable within any positive time duration. However, the norm of the control that steers the zero state to the given reachable state increases as the available control time shrinks. This paper gives the asymptotics of minimalL p -norm controls as the time duration goes to zero; there are also some further remarks for other related norms.
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 9 (1996), S. 370-385 
    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Finite-dimensional filters ; Nonlinear drift ; Estimation algebra of maximal rank
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Ever since the concept of estimation algebra was first introduced by Brockett and Mitter independently, it has been playing a crucial role in the investigation of finite-dimensional nonlinear filters. Researchers have classified all finite-dimensional estimation algebras of maximal rank with state space less than or equal to three. In this paper we study the structure of quadratic forms in a finite-dimensional estimation algebra. In particular, we prove that if the estimation algebra is finite dimensional and of maximal rank, then the Ω=(∂f j /∂x i −∂f i /∂x j )matrix, wheref denotes the drift term, is a linear matrix in the sense that all the entries in Ω are degree one polynomials. This theorem plays a fundamental role in the classification of finite-dimensional estimation algebra of maximal rank.
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    International journal of wireless information networks 3 (1996), S. 139-145 
    ISSN: 1572-8129
    Keywords: Handoff ; inter-RS, PACS ; direct connect anchor approach ; switch loopback anchor approach
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An early version of the Bellcorepersonal access communications systems (PACS) specified a method of providing inter-radio system (RS) handoff assuming an ISDN/AIN switching system. To support switching systems without ISDN/AIN capabilities, an alternative approach calledanchor RS handoff has been proposed for PACS. Two possible anchor RS approaches areswitch loopback anddirect connect. This paper studies the performance of the two anchor RS methods. We show that if users exhibit locality of movement, the switch loopback method is better. Otherwise, the direct connect method should be considered.
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    International journal of wireless information networks 3 (1996), S. 147-161 
    ISSN: 1572-8129
    Keywords: GSM implementation ; digital cellular ; chipsets ; wireless ICs
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract GSM is the most successful operating digital cellular communications system. Over the past few years the cost of handsets has plummeted while performance and attractiveness have improved significantly. This is due to the advances in IC technology, integration and new architectural approaches. This paper reviews the GSM standard and considers those aspects most significant for terminal design. It describes the different approaches and trade-offs involved in the development of a modern handset implementation and their realization as a commercial chipset. The different functional blocks of a terminal are reviewed, and the design choices, process technologies and partitioning strategies most applicable for each stage are compared. Finally, a brief discussion of some future possibilities and opportunities for further development is presented.
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    International journal of wireless information networks 3 (1996), S. 235-242 
    ISSN: 1572-8129
    Keywords: cellular packet networks ; wireless communications ; cell admission control ; load balancing
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A simple connection control system for multiservice cellular wireless networks is presented. Mobile stations are classified depending on the traffic they generate (e.g., voice, data). Within each class, two subclasses are also identified: stations which have originated inside the cell and stations which come from adjacent cells. The connection control mechanism is carried out by considering a number of priorities among the various classes and their subclasses. It works on two levels: static and dynamic. The static level looks at “packet-level” quality of service (QoS), such as cell loss and delay, while the dynamic level takes care of connection dynamics and allows the load of the system to be driven with respect to the various subclasses. Results that illustrate the performance of this control mechanism are presented.
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    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract To reduce fabrication costs of fibre-optic terminal modules for interactive services, an InGaAsP/InP chip fabrication process has been developed for monolithic integration of a strained-layer multiple quantum well laser, a monitor diode and a photoreceiver with a 1300/1530nm filter. Reception responsivity and output power of the chips are 0.1 AW-1 at 1300nm wavelength and 4.5mW at 1530nm wavelength, respectively. At present, complete modules with fibre pigtail exhibit 0.7mW launch power, but 1.4 mW is expected with the latest chips.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 17-23 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A novel method of measurement of lasing characteristics for a ring laser diode is proposed without branching of the optical lasing power. The lasing power and the linewidth as a function of the injection current have been measured by detecting the RF power by the terminal voltage change of a ring LD. The linewidth is estimated to be 55 kHz atl=1.75l th.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 25-42 
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    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A three-dimensional model describing two-wave mixing in photorefractive crystals with finite beams of arbitrary shape is presented. The well-known longitudinal and transverse geometries are generalized by allowing an arbitrary orientation of the local grating vector. The coupled equations for the wave amplitudes are solved numerically in the small-angle approximation by introducing the light paths as characteristics. The influence of amplitude distributions and phase-front curvatures as well as the influence of geometrical arrangements and crystal properties (i.e. optical activity, externally applied voltage) on the energy exchange and the evolution of the polarization states is investigated. It is demonstrated that scanning the cross-section of the finite signal beam behind the crystal allows analysis of the coupling process inside the crystal which cannot be studied directly. The results of experiments with finite beams carried out on a BSO crystal are in good agreement with the numerical calculations.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 83-86 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
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    Notes: Abstract A method is proposed for relaxing the bandwidth restrictions due to dispersion in frequency mixing. An example for the third-harmonic generation of neodymium glass shows that it is possible to significantly reduce and even eliminate the effects of dispersion for the bandwidths required for femtosecond pulses.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 71-81 
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    Notes: Abstract It is shown that by taking advantage of the maximum in the spectral dependence of the coupling coefficient, very broad-band symmetric and asymmetric single-mode planar couplers can be designed. The symmetric coupler allows at least 95.6% coupling between the two cores over the wavelength range 1.3–1.58 μm, while the asymmetric coupler can act as a 3 dB splitter with only ±1.6% variation in the splitting ratio over the wavelength range 1.3–1.67 μm. In both cases, the design includes the curved input-output arms, and the estimated bend loss is approximately 0.1 dB.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1259-1267 
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    Notes: Abstract We report recent activities and achievements on the development of photonic devices for telecommunication applications. Opto-electronic devices such as high performance 1.55 μm complex-coupled InGaAsP-InP distributed feedback (DFB) and 1.3 μm uncooled AllnGaAs-InP lasers, the InGaAs-InP p-i-n photodetector on semi-insulating substrate, the 0.98 μm InGaAs-GaAs-InGaP pumping laser, and 12-channel laser and detector arrays, are presented. Work on the development of in-house vertical integration for the fabrication of a 1.55 μm single frequency transmitter, a 1.3 μm multimode transmitter and receiver, and an Er-doped fibre amplifier, and their applications in system trials in the Taiwan National Information Infrastructure network, is described.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1269-1276 
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    Notes: Abstract A gas source molecular beam epitaxial (GSMBE) growth model considering an intermediate InGaAsP state is presented. This model is very simple and needs only two fitting parameters, k In and k Ga, which are determined experimentally from In1-x Ga x As y P1-y on InP (0〈x〈0.47 and 0〈y〈1). At a growth temperature of 480°C, k In and k Ga are 28 and 3 respectively. The temperature dependencies of k In and k Ga are also studied: the fitted activation energies are-30 and 330 meV, respectively. Using these parameters, the model is used to predict the AsH3 and PH3 flow rates for growing In1-x Ga x As y P1-y on GaAs (0.51〈x〈1 and 0〈y〈1). The lattice mismatch of all the epilayers grown is within 6×10-4. This indicates that this simple GSMBE model covers the whole compositional range of lattice-matched and coherently strained InGaAsP.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1327-1334 
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    Notes: Abstract High-performance In0.9Ga0.1P-InP-InGaAs metal-semiconductor-metal photodectors with semi-transparent Au Schottky contacts are fabricated and studied. The devices, with an active area of 50×50 μm2 and different finger spacings of 2, 3 and 4 μm, all exhibit high responsivities over 0.7 AW-1 and low dark currents below 10 nA. Extremely linear photoresponse without low frequency internal gain is also observed in these devices. The novel fabrication process used in this work is simple and has nearly 100% high yield. A device with a small finger spacing has also been demonstrated to have improved speed performance without sacrificing its responsivity.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1305-1320 
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    Notes: Abstract A new strained InGaAs-InP-InAsP antisymmetric coupled quantum well (CQW) structure with both very large blue and red quantum-confined Stark shifts for the first heavy-hole-to-electron excitonic transition, E hh1fE e1, is studied theoretically in this paper. In the antisymmetric coupled quantum well, an antisymmetric-like pair of potential profiles between the shallow-deep conduction band profile and the deepshallow valence band profile are formed. The sub-band eigen-energies, E, and the associated envelope wave functions in the CQW structures with or without an applied electric field are calculated by the transfer-matrix method. The effect of strain on the pseudomorphic layers has been taken into account. Results indicate that the strained InGaAs-InP-InAsP antisymmetric CQW structure exhibits significant enhancement of the blue and red Stark effects in the E hh1fE e1 transition. The influences of various antisymmetric CQW structural parameters, such as the total well width, the individual well width, the central barrier thickness and the composition of the strained layer on the quantum-confined Stark shift, as well as the envelope wave function overlap, are studied systematically. These strong Stark effects in the antisymmetric CQW structure may have potential applications in sophisticated new electronic devices, such as optical switching devices.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1343-1350 
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    Notes: Abstract We report low threshold and high speed 1.55 μm complex-coupled distributed feedback (CCDFB) lasers with gain coupling induced by a current blocking grating. Excellent device performance has been demonstrated with a record-low threshold of 5.6 mA, a large modulation bandwidth of 11 GHz and useful high temperature operation up to 95°C.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1379-1394 
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    Notes: Abstract Thermally induced microbending losses in initially curved tightly jacketed double-coated optical fibres at low temperature are investigated. The initial deflections are described by a more general formula. The deflections in an initially curved fibre increase gradually with increasing thermally induced compressive axial force, and result in an increase of microbending loss. In order to minimize such a microbending loss, the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the primary coating should be increased. The best value of the Poisson's ratio of the primary coating is 0.5. On the other hand, the thickness of the primary coating, the Young's modulus and effective thermal expansion coefficient of the secondary coating, and the thickness, Young's modulus and effective thermal expansion coefficient of the jacket should be decreased. These results are compared to those of double-coated optical fibres. Thermally induced lateral pressure in the glass fibre can also produce microbending loss. When the effects of axial force and lateral pressure on the microbending losses are both considered, the optimum selection of polymeric coatings is to let the lateral pressure be less than zero, and the magnitude of lateral pressure and the ratio of the final-initial deflection be as small as possible. When the material properties of polymeric coatings and their thicknesses are selected, there are two ways to achieve the optimum design.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1371-1377 
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    Notes: Abstract A novel Y-branch waveguide for variable-ratio power dividing and transverse electrical-transverse magnetic (TE-TM) mode splitting depending on the applied voltage is presented. The Y-branch waveguide is formed by two closely coupled waveguides tabricated by nickel indiffusion (NI) and by magnesium-oxide induced lithium outdiffusion (MILO) in a y-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO3) substrate. The TE component of the randomly polarized light is tuned between these two waveguides, such that the device can be either a power divider or a mode splitter depending on the applied voltage. The measured TE mode extinction ratio is about 20 dB.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1407-1415 
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    Notes: Abstract A self-frequency-locked laser in a 1.55 μm band is demonstrated by adding a segment of samarium-doped fibre (SDF) into an erbium-doped fibre (EDF) ring laser cavity. The narrow band output signal, with a 3 dB down line width of less than 0.15 nm and a side-mode suppression ratio larger than 30 dB, is nearly polarization independent. A multiwavelength EDF ring laser source, using a 1×n synchronous optical switch and n segments of SDF with different lengths, is proposed.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1427-1442 
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    Notes: Abstract A spatial Fourier transform approach is proposed to investigate the effects of polarization changes and beam profile deformation of light during acousto-optic (AO) interaction in isotropic media. The behaviour of the total scattered optical fields inside the AO cell can be properly described by a vector wave equation of which the permittivity is perturbed by an acoustic wave propagating inside the medium. In the Bragg regime, using a spatial Fourier transform approach, two coupled differential equations can be derived from the wave equation to depict AO interaction in the spatial frequency domain. Analytic solutions, which comprise the effects of changing polarization, beam deformation and propagating diffraction, can be found from the coupled equations. Detailed numerical simulations, including Fourier transforming the incident light profile to calculate the spectra of the scattered light beams and, hence, their profiles in space using the inverse transform, are presented.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1563-1570 
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    Notes: Abstract A novel method using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to study optical fibre structures at the fibre end-face has been successfully developed. The doping concentration profiles of fibres revealed by differential etching speeds in a saturated solution of ammonium bifluoride at room temperature (25°C) were obtained from AFM topographic images. The superior spatial resolution of AFM made it possible to resolve concentric structures a hundred times smaller than the feature, due to the difference in the known refractive index (Δn) of 1×10-3. Fibres with small core diameters and anisotropic structures, such as polarization-maintaining fibres, were studied with ease.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1589-1615 
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    Notes: Abstract The classical theory of light fluctuations rests on the intuitive concept that jumps between atomic states occur at independent times when the optical field has a prescribed value. The statistical properties of phase-noise sources are obtained in the present paper by applying this principle to detuned atoms. Formulae for amplitude and phase fluctuations coincide with quantum-theory results even when ‘non-classical’ states of light are generated. Theories employing semiclassical or quantum concepts are reviewed. We consider particularly the linewidth of laser oscillators operating below and above threshold when the atomic polarization cannot be adiabatically eliminated. Quantum-theory results by Lax (1966) are recovered from classical theory in a straightforward manner. More general results are given for dispersive loads, applicable to external-cavity lasers and relevant to gain guidance. It is emphasized that the K-factor as calculated by Petermann is applicable only below threshold. When more than one emitting element is present, population rate equations need to be considered and the linewidth decreases when the pump fluctuations are suppressed. The role of gain compression relating to semiconductor lasers is discussed. It is shown that at low and moderate powers gain compression reduces the effective phase-amplitude coupling factor, α. But at high power a number of mechanisms contribute to linewidth rebroadening. One of them is the statistical (quasi-thermal equilibrium) fluctuation of the refractive index. General concepts applicable to broadband light are outlined in an appendix.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1641-1654 
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    Notes: Abstract Experimental transmission spectra of ultraviolet (u.v.)-written Bragg gratings in depressed- and matched-cladding fibre are characterized and compared. In particular, we discuss how the location and strength of the spectral features vary with the degree of blazing, or angular tilt of the grating. The fine-structure detail on the short-wavelength side of the fundamental Bragg line is attributed to power coupling between the forwardpropagating fundamental (LP01) mode and discrete, backward-propagating cladding modes. Resonances corresponding to backward-propagating LP0n and LP1n modes are identified, and their relative strengths are compared with theoretical overlap calculations. Physical arguments are presented that explain the pronounced ‘ghost’-grating notch that appears in the transmission spectra of blazed, fibre Bragg gratings in depressed-cladding fibre.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 229-239 
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    Notes: Abstract Highly intense picosecond and subpicosecond laser pulses interacting with solids can create hot and dense plasmas which emit x-ray pulses in a broad spectral range from ≤100 eV up to MeV. The duration of these x-ray pulses depends on the transient behaviour of the relaxation and recombination mechanisms, as well as on the lifetime of energetic electrons produced via nonlinear processes in the plasma. This paper reports experiments using a 1.5-ps laser pulse with high constrast ratio (up to 1010) and intensities up to 1018 W cm-2 irradiating solid targets. Both the line spectrum characteristics of a magnesium plasma, recorded using crystal spectrometers with high spectral resolution, and kinetic calculations have allowed the deduction of plasma parameters in the process of plasma evolution. In addition, hard x-ray pulses from a tantalum plasma were measured and their scaling was explained as bremsstrahlung emission from energetic electrons. Absolute dose values of x-ray pulses are given.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 267-281 
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    Notes: Abstract Starting from intense short-pulse KrF (248 nm, 25 mJ, 400 fs), ArF (193 nm, 10 mJ, ∼1 ps), and Ti:sapphire (810 nm, 100 mJ, 150 fs) laser systems, schemes for the generation of fixed-frequency and tunable VUV and XUV radiation by nonlinear optical techniques are investigated. With the KrF system, a four-wave mixing process in xenon yields tunable radiation in the range of 130–200 nm with output energies of, so far, 100 μJ in less than 1 ps. For the XUV spectral range below 100 nm, nonperturbative high-order harmonic generation and frequency mixing processes in noble gas jets are considered. To achieve tunability, the intense fixed-frequency pump laser radiation is mixed with less intense but broadly tunable radiation from short-pulse dye lasers or optical parametric generator-amplifier systems. In this way, tunability down to wavelengths of less than 40 nm has been demonstrated.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 327-333 
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    Notes: Abstract The possibilities of using x-ray capilary optics in lithography and microscopy are discussed. It has been shown experimentally that these systems, originally proposed by M. A. Kumakhov, may considerably simplify experimental designs. A micropinch x-ray source specially designed for these purposes has been successfully tested. The complete system constructed for laboratory use may serve as a prototype for an industrial lithography machine or microscope.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 381-394 
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    Notes: Abstract Free-space digital optics is a new technology that exploits the ability of optics to handle thousands of light beams or information channels at once. This and other features of optics complement the strengths and weaknesses of purely electronic systems. A compact free-space optical system is proposed that uses an array of microlenses for chip-to-chip and board-to-board interconnections. Here the weakly diffracted Gaussian beam and wavelength-division architecture are utilized to improve the channel density and reduce crosstalk in a microlens interconnection system. Based on the simulation, we improve the channel capacity by 3.47 times (or reduce crosstalk by 93.1 dB) while maintaining the same crosstalk (or channel density) compared with the conventional microlens interconnection system. The nonperfect filtering effect of different wavelengths at the detector plane is also studied to fully investigate the properties of the proposed scheme. The parameter sensitivity of the proposed system is studied for completeness. From the simulations, the relationship between the interconnection distance and spot size at the detector plane is wavelength-independent. In addition, the spot size is more sensitive to change of microlens diameter than to other system parameters.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 395-403 
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    Notes: Abstract Experimental results are presented concerning some peculiarities of frequency tuning of single-longitudinal-mode He−Ne lasers at 632.8 nm which single-mode selection is performed by increasing the homogeneous broadening of laser transition. These include the observation of an asymmetry of tuning regions with respect to the output power maximum; a jump of lasing frequency during which output power drops; and a strong dependence of frequency tuning on gas pressure and output power. In the case of a mixture of 20Ne and 22Ne isotopes, analytical expressions for the dependence on frequency of output power, unsaturated gain and saturated gain are obtained and computed at different neon isotope concentrations, gas pressures and cavity losses. Simultaneous consideration of these dependences is proposed and used for an explanation of experimentally observed peculiarities in frequency tuning. The obtained results could be used for realization of a frequency-stabilized He−Ne laser of a few milliwatts power for the purposes of multidimensional interferometric measurements.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 43-49 
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    Notes: Abstract Phase noise due to thermodynamic fluctuations in the optical path length is evaluated in this paper for basic fibre interferometers. In Mach-Zehnder and Michelson interferometers, where the temperature phase fluctuation (TPF) is that intrinsic to the fibre, this noise has been reported to be comparable to shot noise and a possible limit to sensor sensitivity in practical cases. We show that in Sagnac interferometers, used in fibre gyro and in Faraday current sensors, the TPF noise is decreased with respect to that intrinsic to the fiber because propagation in the same optical path leads to a correlation of the phase fluctuations. In addition, we show that in Fabry-Perot and ring resonators, as multiple reflections increase the effective path length, TPF noise is enhanced and can be dominant over shot noise even for moderate fibre lengths.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 87-91 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1215-1216 
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1229-1238 
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    Notes: Abstract Quantum well semiconductor lasers with a novel cladding design to achieve small output beam divergence and low threshold current, simultaneously are discussed. Cladding structures that cause expansion in the optical mode, while maintaining a good confinement factor, are reviewed. The design criteria and compromises are discussed in detail. The new structures offer much improved beam divergence along with low threshold current compared with conventional graded-index separate confinement heterostructure (GRINSCH) lasers. An optimized structure with the new cladding design can yield a far-field angle as low as 14.6° and a low threshold current density of 180 A cm-2.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1239-1257 
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    Notes: Abstract We review the principles and characteristics of a novel tunable external-cavity laser diode source. It can operate as either a continuous wave (CW) single-wavelength, a CW dual-wavelength, a single-wavelength mode-locked, or a tunable dual-wavelength mode-locked laser. The gain medium is a commercial laser diode array. The telescopic external cavity consists of a grazing-incidence grating, a lens and a stripe-mirror. The external cavity provides functions of wavelength selection, dispersion compensation and spatial mode control. The characteristics of the laser under CW or mode-locked operation are described. The dual-wavelength laser output exhibits beat note beyond 7 THz. The tunable multi-terahertz beat frequency is characterized by a non-collinear intensity autocorrelation technique. A dual-wavelength interferometer that uses a tunable dual-wavelength laser as the light source is demonstrated. Finally, theoretical analysis is presented, which demonstrates that the dual-wavelength output of the laser is stable if the modes at the two wavelengths correspond to different array lateral modes.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1321-1325 
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    Notes: Abstract The amplitude reflectivity spectrum and the associated finesse of a microcavity with quarter-wave dielectric mirrors have been theoretically analysed. Triangular-shaped antiresonances were obtained when the radius of the incident beam was not much larger than a wavelength. This was due to the dispersion caused by high spatial frequency components of the incident beam. The dispersion resulted in an increase of the width of the high-transmission region, and therefore greatly degraded the finesse of the cavity.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1335-1341 
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    Notes: Abstract We fabricate both microdisc and microring InGaAsP-InGaAs quantum well semiconductor lasers using an etching-and-bonding technique. Their emission properties are studied by optical pumping at 77 K. Single mode lasing is achieved for discs with a diameter of 5 μm. Multimode emission is observed for rings with larger diameters. Both fundamental and higher order lasing modes are observed and are found to exhibit interesting emission characteristics.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1359-1369 
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    Notes: Abstract Wavelength-flattened optical fibre couplers can be designed by employing guided cores with different dimensions. We perform modelling of such couplers with weakly fused cross-sections based on accurate modal analysis and superposition of normal modes. Vectorial normal modes on asymmetrical weakly fused couplers involving touching fibres with different radii are solved by the circular harmonics expansion method; thus our model can treat the effects of different polarizations. The step approximation is adopted in modelling the tapered structure.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1395-1405 
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    Notes: Abstract A new cutback method based on the use of phase discrimination is proposed for low-linear-fibre-birefringence measurement. In this destructive method, a detection scheme for determining the phase difference between two readily obtained signals is used to give the phase retardation of the test fibre directly. The detection scheme mainly consists of two wave plates, two sections of fibre and an electro-optic modulator. The features of this measurement scheme are two-fold. First, the aforementioned phase difference between two detected signals, and, accordingly, linear fibre birefringence, can be determined in a simple manner, compared with the conventional cutback method. Second, the test fibre can be short in length despite the existence of fibre cladding modes. Experiments show that the proposed method can give a reliable measurement of linear fibre birefringence.
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    Notes: Abstract To improve the coupling efficiency of a conventional Ti: LiNbO3 channel waveguide with a single mode fibre, a promising Ti-Mg double diffused method has been employed to fabricate a single mode power divider. Calculated numerical results have revealed the feasibility of reducing coupling loss as well as radiation loss, and a set of efficient fabrication parameters for this single mode device can be established. The dependence of asymmetric branching angles and output dividing-power-ratios has been studied by adjusting the branching angle.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1477-1493 
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    Notes: Abstract The dependence of the degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM) signal on laser intensity, molecular transition moment and molecular concentration were examined experimentally by taking the iodine molecule (l2) as a testing example. The experimental results will be interpreted by a non-steady-state DFWM theory, an extension of the non-degenerate two-level system previously proposed. The distinctive physical feature of this mechanism is that the present observation is the result of non-stationary evolution of the excited-state population, in contrast to the conventional theory based on the steady-state treatment. In this study, we have also taken into account the magnetic sub-levels of molecular rovibronic quantum states. The non-steady-state model we developed in this paper is applicable to fast pump and slow relaxation conditions, thus being more suitable for gas-phase systems than the condensed-phase where fast relaxations usually take place.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1495-1508 
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    Notes: Abstract We report a novel method of determining the lifetimes of the high-lying excited singlet states of dye molecules in solution. The method is based on simulating the Z-scan technique with ground-state and excited-state absorptions of an incident laser pulse having Gaussian temporal and spatial distributions. This leads to the important finding that the use of laser pulses as long as tens of picoseconds can resolve subpicosecond lifetime.
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    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1535-1541 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have developed an economic liquid crystal-polymer dispersion material that can be used for storing optical holographic images. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of thin samples of this material for such an application. The obtained results show that the written gratings-holograms are permanent, but are electrically switchable. Furthermore, the diffraction efficiency is high and does not change significantly after many tests over a period of months. Thus, we believe this material is promising for practical uses.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optical means of performing pattern recognition possessing shift-, rotation- and limited size-invariance is demonstrated. The experimental set-up is a standard Fourier transform correlator with a binary circular harmonic (CGH) filter. The filtering function of the filter is obtained by the synthetic discriminant functions (SDF) method. In the process of synthesizing the filtering function, circular harmonic functions are chosen as the basic functions. Both optical results and computer simulation results demonstrate that the filter is able to recognize the target in every rotational orientation and in the relative size range of 1–1.82.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Optical and quantum electronics 28 (1996), S. 1629-1639 
    ISSN: 1572-817X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A fibre-optic evanescent field absorption sensor based on a U-shaped sensing probe is described. The influences of fibre core diameter, bending radius of the probe and the refractive index of the fluid on the sensitivity of the sensor are evaluated experimentally. The results are compared with the theoretical results obtained using geometrical optics and based on two-dimensional treatment. A good qualitative agreement is found between them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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