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  • 1
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    The geomorphology and sedimentology of the July 9th 1956 Aegean Sea tsunami (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology (Internat. J. of Marine Geol., Geochem. and Geophys.), Amsterdam, Elsevier, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 83-96, pp. 2486, (ISBN 1-86239-117-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Tsunami(s) ; Geol. aspects
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Structural Geology and Personal Computers (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  New York, 546 pp., Elsevier, vol. 15, no. 85, pp. 585, (ISBN 0080424309)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996
    Description: This book will help structural geologists keep abreast of rapid changes in work practices resulting from the personal computer revolution. I Computer-Aided Learning; II Microstructural Analysis; III Analysis of Orientation Data; IV Strain and Kinematic Analysis; V Mathematical and Physical Modeling; VI Structural Mapping and GIS. ISBN: 0-08-043110-0
    Keywords: Structural geology ; software ; Textbook of geology ; Stress ; GIS ; Tectonics ; Geol. aspects ; Stress ; cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Fracture
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Contouring: A Guide to the Analysis and Display of Spatial Data (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  New York, 340 pages, Elsevier, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-40, (ISBN: 0-08-040286-0)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996
    Keywords: Textbook of informatics ; Textbook of geology ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; plotting
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Geographic Information Systems: an Introduction (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  New York - 2nd ed., 372 pp., Wiley, vol. 1, pp. 225, (ISBN 0-471-32192-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Textbook of geography ; Textbook of informatics ; GIS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    Aspects of Multivariate Statistical Analysis in Geology (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Amsterdam, 292 pp., Elsevier, vol. 1, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 127, (ISBN 0-521-66034-3, ISBN 0-521-66948-0 paper)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Description: The book presents multivariate statistical methods useful in geological analysis. The essential distinction between multivariate analysis as applied to full-space data (measurements on lengths, heights, breadths etc.) and compositional data is emphasized with particular reference to geochemical data. Each of the methods is accompanied by a practically oriented computer program and backed up by appropriate examples. The computer programs are provided on a compact disk together with trial data-sets and examples of the output. An important feature of this book is the graphical system developed by Dr. Savazzi which is entitled Graph Server.
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing ; Statistical investigations ; Textbook of geology
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  • 6
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    Linear-elastic crack models of jointing and faulting (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Professional Paper, Structural Geology and Personal Computers, New York, Elsevier, vol. 15, no. 16, pp. 359-388, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996
    Keywords: cracks and fractures (.NE. fracturing) ; Fracture ; Elasticity ; Rock mechanics ; Mathematica ; MATLAB ; MAPLE ; Modelling ; J ; w/out ; dot
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 7
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    Thermal Modelling of Petroleum Generation: Theory and Applications (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Amsterdam, 526 pp., Elsevier, vol. 45, pp. ii + 37 pp. + 35 figs. + 4 tabs., (ISBN 975-561-182-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996
    Keywords: Applied geophysics ; Geol. aspects ; Borehole geophys. ; Geothermics ; Geochemistry
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 8
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    Physical Properties of Rocks: Fundamentals and Principals of Petrophysics (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Stuttgart, 403 pp., Elsevier, vol. 18, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 267, (ISBN 3-534-14102-4)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Physical properties of rocks ; porosity ; permeability ; conductivity ; Density ; susceptibility ; incompressibility ; shear ; modulus ; Lame ; viscosity ; Schoen ; Schon
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 9
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    Composition, Deep Structure and Evolution of Continents (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  200 pp., Elsevier, vol. 24, no. ALEX(01)-FR-77-01, AFTAC Contract F08606-76-C-0025, pp. 329, (ISBN: 0-444-50309-9)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Plate tectonics ; Textbook of geology ; Textbook of geophysics ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; Geol. aspects ; Mineralogy
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 10
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    Competitive exclusion of Elymus athericusfrom a high-stress habitat in a European salt marsh (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Ecology, 87 (3). pp. 503-513.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-18
    Description: 1 Zonation is often seen in environments with a strong physico-chemical gradient, such as salt marshes. It has been hypothesized that plant species are limited in their distribution by abiotic factors towards the more extreme end of the gradient, and by competition towards the more favourable end. Invasion of the native clonal grass genus Elymus in many Wadden Sea marshes may be due to increasing atmospheric nitrogen input into a nitrogen-limited environment. However, at Thmlauer Bay, Germany, Elymus athericus does not occur in lower salt marsh communities that are dominated by a dwarf shrub (Atriplex portulacoides). We therefore hypothesized that at this site the downslope (= more extreme) distributional boundary of E. athericus is a result of competition with A. portulacoides rather than of physiological limits. 2 A factorial experiment was set up to investigate the effects of removal of each competitor and fertilization. The reciprocal effects of the species on each other were measured in terms of vegetation cover and above-ground biomass. The impact of the tidal regime on plant zonation was investigated by calculating inundation frequencies at the boundary between the two plant populations from water level recordings. 3 Elymus athericus extended its distribution into the lower salt marsh when A. portulacoides was removed. The latter increased in cover but not in biomass after the removal of E. athericus. Neither species showed a response to nitrogen fertilization. The boundary between the two species in the control plots varied considerably in elevation and inundation frequency. 4 The lower distributional boundary of E. athericus can be interpreted as the result of competition with A. portulacoides. Improvement of nitrogen availability in concentrations of the same order of magnitude as annual atmospheric input had no detectable effect on plant zonation and growth. Elevation and inundation frequency were not strictly correlated with plant zonation.
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  • 11
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    Cyathidium plantei sp. n., an extant cyrtocrinid (Echinodermata, Crinoidea)-morphologically identical to the fossil Cyathidium depressum (Cretaceous, Cenomanian) (1996)
    Wiley
    In:  Zoologica Scripta, 25 (1). pp. 77-84.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-07
    Description: A new species of the holopodid genus Cyathidium was found on rocks off Grande Comore in a depth of around 200 m. Based on external morphology of resting animals, the new species Cyathidium plantei sp. n is described, with emphasis on comparison to the only other extant species (C. foresti) as well as to the four extinct representatives of the genus. Concerning morphological characters, the new species is almost identical to the Cretaceous C. depressum. A cladistic analysis of the entire family, including the genus Holopus, shares a peculiar pattern of bending of the arms, which in principle is an apomorphic character of the family and in detail shows variations within the family. In addition, stratigraphic data are used for the determination of the evolutionary direction. This analysis reveals that the two recent species are closely related to each other, and to the fossil C. depressum. from which the entire family is probably derived.
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  • 12
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    Sea-ice flux in the East Greenland Current (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 46 (6-7). pp. 1063-1082.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-30
    Description: The sea-ice export out of the central Arctic through the Fram Strait is a key variable in the Arctic climate system. Satellite data provide the only basis for mapping ice features with a high spatial and temporal resolution in polar regions. An automatic drift algorithm has been employed and optimized to monitor the sea-ice drift velocity in the Greenland Sea with AVHRR data. The combination of the ice drift and the spatial ice distribution provides an insight into the ice transport processes along the coast of Greenland. The combination with sea-ice thickness measurements allows an estimation of the spatial distribution of the sea-ice mass flux. The seasonal and spatial variability of the mass flux allows further predictions of the meridional melting and freezing processes along the East Greenland Current. This investigation covers the years 1993 and 1994. Seasonal and spatial distributions of the sea-ice drift were derived. The derived absolute values in this study are in good agreement with estimates proposed by other authors.
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  • 13
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    Physiological responses to phosphorus limitation in batch and steady-state cultures of Dunaliella tertiolecta (Chlorophyta): A unique stress-protein as an indicator of phosphate deficiency (1996)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Phycology, 32 . pp. 825-838.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-26
    Description: A protein unique to phosphorus stress observed in Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher was studied in the context of phosphate‐limited cell physiology and is a potential diagnostic indicator of phosphate deficiency in this alga. Cells were grown over a range of limited, steady‐state growth rates and at maximum (replete) and zero (phosphate‐starved) growth rates. The stress protein, absent in nutrient‐replete cells, was produced under all steady‐state phosphate‐limited conditions and increased in abundance with increasing limitation (decreasing growth rate). Cellular carbon: phosphorus ratios and the maximum uptake rate of phosphate (Vm) increased with increasing limitation, whereas the ratio of chlorophyll a: carbon decreased. Alkaline phosphatase activity did not respond to limitation but was measurable in starved, stationary‐phase cells. Fv/Fm, a measure of photochemical efficiency, was a nonlinear, saturating function of p, as commonly observed under N limitation. The maximum Fv/Fm of 0.64 was measured in nutrient‐replete cells growing at μmax, and a value of zero was measured in stationary‐phase starved cells. When physiological parameters were compared, the P‐stress protein abundance and Fv/Fm were the most sensitive indicators of the level of deficiency. The stress protein was not produced under N‐ or Fe‐limited conditions. It is of high molecular weight (〉200) and is associated with internal cell membranes. The stress protein has several characteristics that make it a potential diagnostic indicator: it is 1) unique to phosphorus limitation (i.e. absent under all other conditions), 2) present under limiting as well as starved conditions, 3) sensitive to the level of limitation, and 4) observable without time‐course incubation of live samples.
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  • 14
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    Sediment transport to the Laptev Sea (Siberian Arctic) during the Holocene - evidence from the heavy mineral composition of fluvial and marine sediments (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  Boreas, 28 (1). pp. 205-214.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Heavy mineral studies of East Siberian river sediments, Laptev Sea surface sediments, and a sediment core of the western Laptev Sea were carried out in order to reconstruct the pathways of modern and ancient sediment transport from the Siberian hinterland to the Laptev Sea. The modern heavy mineral distribution of Laptev Sea surface sediments reflects mainly the riverine input. While the eastern and central part of the Laptev Sea is dominated by amphibole, which is supplied by the Lena River, the western part is dominated by pyroxene imported from the Siberian Trap basalts by the Khatanga River. The distribution of garnet and opaque minerals is additionally influenced by hydrodynamic processes. As a consequence of their high density, these minerals are predominantly deposited close to the river mouths. Heavy mineral and sedimentological studies of a sediment core of the western Laptev Sea were applied to reconstruct the postglacial history of the shelf area during the last 11 ka. In the lowermost interval of the core (〉c. 10 ka), high accumulation rates and a heavy mineral composition similar to that of the modern Khatanga river indicate fluvial conditions. Additionally, the high mica content in this interval may indicate meltwater inflow from the Byrranga mountains. Strong variations in accumulation rates, grain-size distribution, and heavy mineral composition are observed in the time interval between c. 10 and 6 ka, which represents the main transgression of the Laptev Sea shelf. During the uppermost interval (〈6 ka), rather stable conditions similar to the modem situation prevailed.
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  • 15
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    Nd- and Pb- isotope time series from Atlantic ferromanganese crusts: Implications for changes in provenance and paleocirculation over the last 8 Myr (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 173 . pp. 381-396.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-15
    Description: High-resolution Nd- and Pb-isotope time series for the last 8 Myr are reported for four Atlantic ferromanganese crusts, dated by 10Be/9Be chronology. These are compared to new high-resolution and high-precision Pb-isotope time series and recently published Nd-isotope time series for two previously studied crusts from the NW Atlantic Ocean. These records allow a more detailed examination of Atlantic deepwater variability over the time period of intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (NHG). Changes in the Pb-isotope time series started after 3 Ma, but were most dramatic over the last 1.8 Myr, coinciding with changes of Pb-isotopes in the Arctic Ocean. This latter change post-dates the intensification of NHG at 3.1 to 2.5 Ma and reflects an increase in the input of material eroded from the Archean Shield of Canada and Greenland. Shifts in Nd- and Pb-isotope compositions in a crust from the Blake Plateau occur before ∼5 Ma and most prominent at ∼8 Ma suggest that water masses from either the Pacific or Southern Ocean influenced the isotope composition of this crust. The relatively high εNd values around 8 Ma recorded by the Blake Plateau crust are explained by a contribution of eastward flowing Pacific water through the Panama Gateway into the Caribbean Sea. This high εNd signal decreased between 8 and 5 Ma suggesting that the supply of Pacific water into the Caribbean became restricted. This is earlier than the Caribbean seawater salinity increase at 4.2 Ma deduced from δ18O data, and may indicate that there was only a surface water connection between the Caribbean and Pacific between ∼5 and 4.2 Ma. The closure of the Panama Gateway to intermediate and deep water exchange (〉200 m depth) apparently occurred much earlier than the intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation at 3.1–2.5 Ma, and cannot therefore have been a direct cause of this climatic change, but may, as recently argued, only have been a necessary precondition
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  • 16
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    The influence of mixing frequency and depth on phytoplankton mobility (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  International Review of Hydrobiology, 84 (2). pp. 119-128.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Description: The influence of mixing frequency and depth on phytoplankton functional group composition (mobile versus immobile species) was studied by enclosure experiments in a shallow, stratified lake. Mixing events were artificially induced at intervals from 2–12 d. The mixing depth was increased from the natural level (4 m) to 6 and 9 m. The mobile phytoplankton in the experiments consisted of cyanobacteria and flagellates. Among the latter, large and rapid swimming species were represented by dinoflagellates. An increase of the relative abundance of gas vacuolated cyanobacteria occurred with increasing frequency of mixing. Additionally Reynolds' hypothesis predicting the occurrence of certain mobile phytoplankton genera in response to the mixing regime could be confirmed for the condition when mixing depth exceeds the euphoric depth.
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  • 17
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    Effect of Ship Speed on Seabird Counts in Areas Supporting Commercial Fisheries (El Efecto de la Velocidad del Bote en Conteos de Aves Marinas en Areas que Sostienen Pescacomercial) (1999)
    Association of Field Ornithologists | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Field Ornithology, 70 (1). pp. 28-32.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-08
    Description: Ship speed may have an important effect on the results of seabird surveys. We counted seabirds on a 20.5 X 0.3 km transect in the Kattegat that was sailed nine times with the RV "Heincke." Ship speed alternated between 9 knots and 5 knots. The numbers of the most common species, the Lesser Black-backed Gull (Larusfuscus), were significantly higher when the ship was sailing at lower speed similar to that of commercial fishing vessel when trawling in the area. It is postulated that scavenging species( e.g., gulls) are attracte to the low speed of vessels whereas non-scavengers (e.g. auks) are not
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  • 18
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    Gas hydrate destabilization: enhanced dewatering, benthic material turnover and large methane plumes at the Cascadia convergent margin (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 170 . pp. 1-15.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-29
    Description: Mixed methane–sulfide hydrates and carbonates are exposed as a pavement at the seafloor along the crest of one of the accretionary ridges of the Cascadia convergent margin. Vent fields from which methane-charged, low-salinity fluids containing sulfide, ammonia, 4He, and isotopically light CO2 escape are associated with these exposures. They characterize a newly recognized mechanism of dewatering at convergent margins, where freshening of pore waters from hydrate destabilization at depth and free gas drives fluids upward. This process augments the convergence-generated overpressure and leads to local dewatering rates that are much higher than at other margins in the absence of hydrate. Discharge of fluids stimulates benthic oxygen consumption which is orders of magnitude higher than is normally found at comparable ocean depths. The enhanced turnover results from the oxidation of methane, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia by vent biota. The injection of hydrate methane from the ridge generates a plume hundreds of meters high and several kilometers wide. A large fraction of the methane is oxidized within the water column and generates δ13C anomalies of the dissolved inorganic carbon pool.
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  • 19
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    Implications of mechanical deformation and formaldehyde preservation for the identification of stage-specific characteristics of Baltic cod eggs (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 15 . pp. 75-79.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-18
    Description: The identification of developmental stages in fish eggs from plankton samples is often complicated by deformation of the embryos due to mechanical stress during the sampling procedure and by dehydration during formaldehyde fixation. The effects of formaldehyde fixation and mechanical stress on Baltic cod eggs (Gadus morhua callarias L.) were examined separately by visually comparing the morphological features of treated vs. live eggs of identical ontogenetic age. Microphotographs were made concurrently for documentation. In stage IA eggs, mechanical treatment resulted in scattered blastodiscs surrounded by single cells, while in further advanced stages the yolk membrane collapsed entirely, the yolk coagulated and the embryo extending over the yolk shrank. Formaldehyde fixation caused the yolk and the blastodisc or embryo to darken, and in some cases crystalline enclosures occurred. Eggs mechanically deformed during handling were clearly distinguishable from those that died prior to catching; however, staging was generally less accurate for formaldehyde-preserved eggs when compared with living specimens.
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  • 20
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    At-sea intercomparison of two newly designed underway pCO2 systems - Encouraging results (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Chemistry, 52 . pp. 133-145.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-18
    Description: Two newly designed underway systems for the measurement of CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in seawater and the atmosphere are described. Results of an intercomparison experiment carried out in the North Sea are presented. A remarkable agreement between the two simultaneously measured (pCO2) data sets was observed even though the spatial variability in surface pCO2 was high. The average difference of all l -min averages of the seawater pCO2 was as low as 0.15 μatm with a standard deviation of 1.2 μatm indicating that no systematic difference is present. A closer examination of the profiles shows that differences tend to be highest during maxima of the pCO2 gradient (up to 14 μatm/min). The time constants of both systems were estimated from laboratory experiments to 45 s, respectively, 75 s thus quantitatively underlining their capability of a fast response to pCO2 changes
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  • 21
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    Direct measurement of Ar diffusion profiles in a gem-quality Madagascar K-feldspar using the ultra-violet laser ablation microprobe (UVLAMP) (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 170 (1-2). pp. 141-153.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-24
    Description: Controversy surrounding the mechanisms and controls on argon diffusion in K-feldspar has led us to undertake direct diffusion measurements on a crystal with simple microtextures, over a range of temperatures. Measurements of argon diffusion profiles in a gem-quality iron-rich orthoclase heated in a cold seal apparatus, have been undertaken in situ using an ultra-violet laser ablation microprobe (UVLAMP) technique. The results agree very closely with the previously determined bulk values for Benson Mines orthoclase (activation energy ( E)=43.8±1 kcal mol -1) and vacuum furnace cycle-heating studies of K-feldspars ( E=46±6 kcal mol -1). However, instead of defining a single activation energy ( E) and diffusion coefficient ( Do), the data yield two sets of parameters: a low-temperature (550-720°C) array with an E of 47.2±2.5 kcal mol -1 (198.2±10.5 kJ mol -1) and a Do of 0.0374 +0.1123-0.0281 cm 2 s -1, and a high-temperature (725-1019°C) array with an E of 63.8±3.4 kcal mol -1 (268.0±14.3 kJ mol -1) and a Do of 55.0 +225.5-44.2 cm 2 s -1. The new results closely reproduce two sets of apparent activation energies previously measured in cycle-heating studies of Madagascar K-feldspar (40±3 and 57±3 kcal mol -1). Previous interpretations of the two arrays have included multiple domains with variable activation energies and fast track diffusion. However, the UV depth profile analyses indicate simple diffusion to the grain surface and importantly, diffusion radii calculated by combining the UVLAMP and cycle-heating data, are the same as the physical grain sizes used in the experiments, around 1 mm. Vacuum furnace stepped heating experiments on slowly cooled K-feldspars have been interpreted as showing diffusion radii of around 6 μm and indicate complex populations of sub-grains. This study indicates that Madagascar K-feldspar and thus probably all gem-quality K-feldspars act as single diffusion domains and that short-circuit (or pipe) diffusion was not an important loss mechanism. An apparent diffusion compensation relationship in the stepped heating data for Madagascar K-feldspar implies that similar relationships seen in other K-feldspars are a result of a range of diffusion mechanisms.
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  • 22
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    Late Eocene-Oligocene paleoceanography in the southern Indian Ocean (ODP Site 744) (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 130 (1-2). pp. 99-119.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-12
    Description: The late Eocene through Oligocene changes in the paleoceanography of the southernmost Indian Ocean have been reconstructed by means of a coarse fraction analysis of closely spaced samples (20 cm = about 20 kyr) from ODP Site 744, Kerguelen Plateau. Surface water productivity, reconstructed from accumulation rates of opal skeletons and benthic foraminifers is low in the early late Eocene, increases at about 36 Ma and shows a sharp increase to maximum values in the earliest Oligocene. In the early late Oligocene it decreases gradually to a minimum and increases again to a maximum in the latest Oligocene. Beside this general trend productivity varies in short-term cycles of a duration of about 400 kyr (340 kyr in the latest Oligocene) with maxima in productivity in warmer Oligocene periods. These productivity variations are reflected by strong variations in carbonate dissolution. Changes in bottom water mass chemistry have been deduced from the degree of carbonate dissolution and it's relation to productivity proxies. Following Kennett and Stott (1990), it is suggested that a proto-antarctic bottom water (proto-AABW) and an overlying warm, saline deep water (WSDW) from low latitudes shifted vertically and latitudinally with time and exerted their influence on the sediments of Site 744. Proto-AABW is detected by means of strong carbonate dissolution when productivity is low. WSDW is detected by means of an excellent carbonate preservation despite high productivity. Terrigenous material occurs as very coarse ice-rafted detritus (IRD) in the late Eocene (167–168.5 mbsf) and after a main shift in oxygen isotopes in the early Oligocene. Very low amounts of 40–125 μm sized mica and very few quartz grains occur only in high productivity periods and at the transition from low to high productivity periods. These occurrences are attributed to wind/current supply during warmer Oligocene intervals.
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  • 23
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    Depositional environment of the Laptev Sea (Arctic Siberia) during the Holocene (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  Boreas, 28 (1). pp. 194-204.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The holocene depositional setting of the Laptev Sea was studied using three marine sediment cores from water depths between 77 and 46 m. Based on sedimentary parameters (TOC content, delta(13)C(org) Sedimentation rates) controlled by radiocarbon age models the palaeoenvironment of a strongly coupled river-shelf system was reconstructed since similar to 11 ka SP. Caused by a transgressing sea after the last glaciation, all cores reveal progressive decreases in sedimentation rates. Using the sedimentary records of a core from the Khatanga-Anabar river channel in the western Laptev Sea, several phases of change are recognized: (1) an early period lasted until similar to 10 ka BP characterized by an increased deposition of plant debris due to shelf erosion and fluvial runoff; (2) a transitional phase with consistently increasing marine conditions until 6 ka BP, which was marked at its beginning near 10 ka BP by the first occurrence of marine bivalves, high TOC content and an increase in delta(13)C(org); (3) a time of extremely slow deposition of sediments, commencing at,6 ka BP and interpreted as Holocene sea-level highstand, which caused a southward retreat of the depositional centres within the now submerged river channels on the shelf; (4) a final phase with the establishment of modern conditions after similar to 2 ka BP.
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  • 24
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    Monitoring Termination II at high latitude: anomalies in the planktic foraminiferal record (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 131 (1-2). pp. 89-102.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Description: Microfaunal studies of planktic foraminifera carried out on 21 sediment cores from the Norwegian-Greenland Sea (NGS) reveal the spatial and lateral distribution as well as meltwater implication of today's non-polar/subpolar species Beella megastoma (Earland). Previous findings are verified in that this foraminifera is characteristic only of the deglaciation phases of Termination II, III, and VI and not the ensuing interglacial optima, thus, rendering this species a ‘meltwater’ indicator. Its distribution is restricted to cores from the central, i.e., more ‘pelagic’, part of the NGS covering an area as far north as 77 ° latitude. A detailed investigation of Termination II indicates that B. megastoma first appeared in the southwest of the NGS at ~131 ka and then about 6 kyr later in the eastern and northern parts of the NGS. For the entire duration B. megastoma always coincided with the deposition of distinct ice-rafted detritus (IRD) suggesting the presence of drifting icebergs during this period. Two different oceanographic models, each with a two-stepped evolution of the post-Saalian surface water circulation, are proposed to account for this time transgressive character. The mechanism of brine formation as possible oceanic phenomenon forcing Atlantic water northwards is suggested for being responsible for the occurrence of B. megastoma in the NGS during early Termination II. The presence of B. megastoma always ceased with the culmination of the interglacial optimum, oxygen isotopic Substage 5.51 (Eemian), when the subpolar foraminiferal fauna reached highest abundances and a general lack of IRD is observed.
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  • 25
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    Linking physical property records of Quaternary sediments to Heinrich events (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 131 (1-2). pp. 57-73.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-23
    Description: Ice rafted debris in high latitude ocean sediments represent a complex record of the changing paleoenvironment of the oceans and, in particular, of the growth and decay of ice sheets along the margins of high latitudes. Physical properties measured on sediment cores taken from the Rockall Plateau were examined to determine the distribution of ice rafted debris layers and Heinrich events in the northeastern North Atlantic. These sediment core records may provide one of the keys to reconstruct the iceberg flow between the northeastern Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) and Gamma Ray Attenuation Porosity Evaluator (GRAPE) density changes of these cores revealed that since about 65 ka, dropstone layers are recorded in both MS and GRAPE data of Rockall Plateau sediments. Rockall Plateau sediments show peaks in physical properties that correlate with Heinrich events (H1, H2, H4, H5, H6). Heinrich layer 3 was not observed. The stratigraphy and physical properties represent the Heinrich layers: H1 = 14–15 ka (MS = 52 μcgs, ϱ = 1.64 g/cm3), H2 = 23 ka (MS = 64 μcgs, ϱ = 1.8 g/cm3), H4 = 41 ka (MS = 53 μcgs, ϱ = 1.75 g/cm3), H5 = 50 ka (MS = 53 μcgs, ϱ = 1.75 g/cm3), H6 = 64 ka (MS = 100 μcgs, ϱ = 1.69 g/cm3). Heinrich events at Rockall Plateau sites point to a northward flow of icebergs in the northeastern Atlantic which may indicate a flow pattern to regions north of 54 °N.
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  • 26
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    Evidence for a steeper Eemian than Holocene sea surface temperature gradient between Arctic and sub-Arctic regions (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 145 (1-3). pp. 95-117.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Sediment proxy data from the Norwegian, Greenland, and Iceland seas (Nordic seas) are presented to evaluate surface water temperature (SST) differences between Holocene and Eemian times and to deduce from these data the particular mode of surface water circulation. Records from planktic foraminiferal assemblages, CaCO3 content, oxygen isotopes of foraminifera, and iceberg-rafted debris form the main basis of interpretation. All results indicate for the Eemian comparatively cooler northern Nordic seas than for the Holocene due to a reduction in the northwardly flow of Atlantic surface water towards Fram Strait and the Arctic Ocean. Therefore, the cold polar water flow from the Arctic Ocean was less influencial in the southwestern Nordic seas during this time. As can be further deduced from the Eemian data, slightly higher Eemian SSTs are interpreted for the western Iceland Sea compared to the Norwegian Sea (ca. south of 70°N). This Eemian situation is in contrast to the Holocene when the main mass of warmest Atlantic surface water flows along the Norwegian continental margin northwards and into the Arctic Ocean. Thus, a moderate northwardly decrease in SST is observed in the eastern Nordic seas for this time, causing a meridional transfer in ocean heat. Due to this distribution in SSTs the Holocene is dominated by a meridional circulation pattern. The interpretation of the Eemian data imply a dominantly zonal surface water circulation with a steep meridional gradient in SSTs.
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  • 27
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    Reply to comment of Lars Forsström on "Reflection of Scandinavian ice sheet fluctuations in Norwegian Sea Sediments during the Past 150,000 Years" by Karl-Heinz Baumann, Klas S. Lackschewitz, Jan Mangerud, Robert F. Spielhagen, Thomas C. W. Wolf-Welling, Rüdiger Henrich, and Heidemarie Kassens (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Quaternary Research, 46 . pp. 86-87.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-23
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  • 28
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    Reflection Seismic Investigations In the Volcaniclastic Apron of Gran Canaria and Implications For Its Volcanic Evolution (1996)
    Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Journal International, 125 (2). pp. 519-536.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-07
    Description: High-resolution reflection seismic data obtained around Gran Canaria allow a detailed and consistent correlation of seismic reflectors of the northern and southern Canary Basins with the lithology drilled by DSDP Leg 47A SSE of Gran Canaria, as well as with major phases of volcanic activity on Gran Canaria as mapped onshore. Two prominent reflectors were chosen as marker horizons and correlated with the drilled lithology. the results indicate that reflector R7 above the Miocene volcaniclastic debris flows V1-V3 reflects the shield-building phase of Gran Canaria. Reflector R3 is interpreted as corresponding with the Pliocene Roque Nublo formation. The top of the massive island flank of Gran Canaria, defined by seismically chaotic facies, extends 44 to 72 km off the coast of Gran Canaria. West of Gran Canaria the flank of Tenerife onlaps the steeper and older flank of Gran Canaria, which, in turn, is onlapping the older flank of Fuerteventura to the east in a similar way. Erosional channels, which can also be traced up to 50 km from the area between Gran Canaria and Fuerteventura into the deeper northern basin, have been identified in the bathymetry. The data presented provide new detailed information for modelling the submarine and subaerial evolution of the central Canary Islands of Gran Canaria and Tenerife, i.e. the timing of their shield-building phases and later stages of major volcanic activity, as reflected by the position of prominent seismic reflectors in the seismic stratigraphy.
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  • 29
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    Substrate pitting and boring pattern of Hyrrokkin sarcophaga Cedhagen, 1994 (Foraminifera) in a modern deep-water coral reef mound (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Micropaleontology, 28 (2). pp. 199-207.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-26
    Description: Colonization structures of the large parasitic foraminifer Hyrrokkin sarcophaga Cedhagen, 1994 on Lophelia pertusa, Acesta excavata and Delectopecten vitreus are described from a deep-water coral reef mound on the mid-Norwegian shelf at 240 to 300 m water depth. Hyrrokkin sarcophaga is the only epibiont which is capable of attaching itself on the soft tissue-protected coral skeleton where it tends to form clusters of 3 to 8 specimens close to the tentacles of Lophelia. The foraminifer excavates a pit up to 1.5 mm deep and etches a straight channel through the skeleton of the host which ends within the soft tissue. In contrast to Lophelia, infested bivalves show a strong wound repair reaction and seal the etched channels by intense calcification. The etching is only performed by adult specimens. Substrate pitting is considered to improve the attachment strength while boring enables the parasite to secure a persistent nutrient source.
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  • 30
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    The geochemistry of ashes from Vesterisbanken Seamount, Greenland Basin: implications for the evolution of an alkaline volcano (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 70 (1-2). pp. 1-19.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-08
    Description: Sediment cores containing up to twenty-five ash layers were taken at three sites close to Vesterisbanken Seamount in the Greenland Basin. These ash layers imply frequent eruptions of the volcano within the last 60 ka. The eruptions led to airborne transport and volcaniclastic turbidity flows which transported volcanic glassy and crystalline material from the volcano into the surrounding basin. During the eruption and the transport the glass and the crystal particles were mixed. The glasses range in composition between basanites and phonolites/benmoreites with MgO contents of 8 to 0.65%. The glass analyses follow a distinct trend of fractionation suggesting the crystallization of the phases olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase, kaersutite, Cr-spinel, Ti-magnetite and apatite. A strong zonation of clinopyroxene and kaersutite phenocrysts implies mixing processes in the magma system although the liquid compositions do not lie on mixing trends. A geochemical study of the bulk ashes shows that some ash layers possess distinct chemical compositions. The ashes are more evolved than the lavas of the volcano, suggesting fractionation of liquid from crystallized material during the eruption or transport of the ashes. Sixteen layers are statistically combined into four groups, of which several can be correlated from core to core reflecting individual eruptive events.
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  • 31
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    Carbon isotope records from extant Caribbean and South Pacific sponges: Evolution of δ13C in surface water DIC (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 139 (1-2). pp. 291-303.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-14
    Description: Stable isotope records of demosponges from the Caribbean and Coral Sea are described for the purpose of studying the influence of fossil fuel CO2 on the carbon isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in surface water. The slow-growing sponges precipitate calcium carbonate in isotopic equilibrium with ambient sea water and are used to detect changes in δ13CDIC from pre-industrial times (early 19th century) to the present. We observed similar shapes and ranges in δ13C curves measured on Caribbean specimens collected from water depths of 25, 84 and 91 m as well as a specimen collected in shallow waters off New Caledonia. The records reveal a highly significant correlation with atmospheric δ13CCO2. δ13CDIC values for Caribbean and Coral Sea surface waters were calculated using the δ13C sponge records. While δ13C of atmospheric CO2 decreased by about 1.4‰ from the early 19th century to 1990, δ13CDIC of Caribbean and Coral Sea surface waters decreased by 0.9±0.2‰ and 0.7±0.3‰, respectively. No isotopic equilibrium between surface water DIC and atmospheric CO2 was observed, either during the pre-industrial steady state or during the last 100 years. The lower amount of depletion in the surface water δ13CDIC with respect to the atmospheric anthropogenic signal is explained by the dilution of the surface waters by biologically altered subsurface water DIC. The lower δ13C decrease in the Coral Sea points to a stronger influence of the subsurface water source compared to the Caribbean.
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  • 32
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    Implications of stratigraphic and paleoclimatic records of the last interglaciation from the Nordic Seas (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Quaternary Research, 46 (3). pp. 260-269.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Climatic reconstruction of glacial to interglacial episodes from oxygen isotopes in sediment cores from the Nordic seas is complicated by strong local meltwater contributions to the oxygen isotope changes. Combination of benthic and planktic foraminiferal isotope data with foraminiferal abundances and ice-rafted debris (IRD) allows separation of local and global effects and subdivision of the marine oxygen isotope events 6.2–5.4, which include the last interglaciation, into: (1) a meltwater phase after glacial stage 6, recorded by large amounts of IRD and low foraminiferal abundance, indicating surface water warming; (2) an IRD-free period with high deposition rates of subpolar foraminifera and other CaCO3pelagic components, recognized here as the “full” interglaciation; and (3) a phase with the recurrence of IRD and the demise of subpolar species. Comparison of ice-core records and marine data implies that the global climate during the last full interglaciation and that during the postdeglacial Holocene were similar. The records show no significantly different variations in the proxy data. In contrast, the oxygen isotopes of planktic foraminifera and ice cores indicate significant differences during each of the deglacial transitions (Terminations I and II) that preceded these two interglaciations. These suggest that during Termination II the climatic evolution in the Nordic seas was less affected by abrupt changes in ocean–atmosphere circulation than during the last glacial to interglacial transition.
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  • 33
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    The release of copper-complexing ligands by the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae) in response to increasing total copper levels (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Phycology, 35 (3). pp. 501-509.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-20
    Description: The growth of Fucus vesiculosus L, germlings in chemically defined culture media containing a range of Cu concentrations (20-1000 nM) was monitored simultaneously with measurement of the Cu speciation in the media by competitive equilibrium-adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry, Fucus vesiculosus germlings were found to exude Cu-complexing Ligands with conditional stability constants of the order of 1.6 x 10(11), Ligand concentrations increased with increasing total dissolved Cu concentrations (Cu-T) until a concentration of 500-800 neq Cu.L-1 was reached. Concentrations of the ligand exceeded Cu-T in treatments containing 20 and 100 nM Cu-T were similar to Cu-T in the 500-nM Cu treatment, but were less than Cu-T in the 1000-nM treatment. Therefore, [Cu2+] were calculated to be at concentrations of 10(-11) - 10(-10) M in the 20- and 100-nM treatments, 10(-9) M in the 500-nM treatment, and 10(-7) M in the 1000-nM treatment, Growth rates were lowest at Cu2+ concentration 〉 10(-9). These results are discussed within the context of the potential roles for exuded copper-complexing ligands
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  • 34
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    Grounding Pleistocene icebergs shape recent deep-water coral reefs (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Sedimentary Geology, 125 (1-2). pp. 1-8.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-30
    Description: The widespread view that scleractinian corals in cold and deep waters of high latitudes are slow growing organisms that do not form reefs is challenged by the discovery of a huge coral reef over 13 km in length, 10 to 35 m in height and up to 300 m in width formed by the coral Lophelia pertusa in water depths of 270 to 310 m at 64°N on the Sula Ridge, Mid-Norwegian Shelf. Cruises in 1994, 1995 and manned submersible operations in May 1997 provide data and observations from which the structure and development of the Sula Ridge coral reef have been determined. The Fennoscandian icesheet retreated from the Mid-Norwegian shelf prior to 12,000 years before present and modern oceanographic conditions were established at 8000 years before present. Coral growth since that time has resulted in a large deep-water shelf reef for which recent stable isotopic studies have demonstrated high growth rates for these azooxanthellate cold-water corals. Information on the geometry of deep-water coral reefs and their environmental controls is still fragmentary, controversial and raises issues of conservation in this area of active fishing and oil exploration. This paper reports on the discovery of what is probably one of the largest deep-water coral reefs existing in the northeast Atlantic and indicates that its siting is due to post-glacial structures (iceberg plough marks), events (the second Storegga Slide) and local conditions on the seafloor. Surprisingly, reef accumulation rates on the Sula Ridge are comparable with those measured on tropical coral reefs.
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  • 35
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    Late Eocene-Oligocene paleoceanography in the southern Indian Ocean (ODP Site 744) (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 130 (1-2). pp. 99-119.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-15
    Description: The late Eocene through Oligocene changes in the paleoceanography of the southernmost Indian Ocean have been reconstructed by means of a coarse fraction analysis of closely spaced samples (20 cm = about 20 kyr) from ODP Site 744, Kerguelen Plateau. Surface water productivity, reconstructed from accumulation rates of opal skeletons and benthic foraminifers is low in the early late Eocene, increases at about 36 Ma and shows a sharp increase to maximum values in the earliest Oligocene. In the early late Oligocene it decreases gradually to a minimum and increases again to a maximum in the latest Oligocene. Beside this general trend productivity varies in short-term cycles of a duration of about 400 kyr (340 kyr in the latest Oligocene) with maxima in productivity in warmer Oligocene periods. These productivity variations are reflected by strong variations in carbonate dissolution. Changes in bottom water mass chemistry have been deduced from the degree of carbonate dissolution and it's relation to productivity proxies. Following Kennett and Stott (1990), it is suggested that a proto-antarctic bottom water (proto-AABW) and an overlying warm, saline deep water (WSDW) from low latitudes shifted vertically and latitudinally with time and exerted their influence on the sediments of Site 744. Proto-AABW is detected by means of strong carbonate dissolution when productivity is low. WSDW is detected by means of an excellent carbonate preservation despite high productivity. Terrigenous material occurs as very coarse ice-rafted detritus (IRD) in the late Eocene (167–168.5 mbsf) and after a main shift in oxygen isotopes in the early Oligocene. Very low amounts of 40–125 μm sized mica and very few quartz grains occur only in high productivity periods and at the transition from low to high productivity periods. These occurrences are attributed to wind/current supply during warmer Oligocene intervals.
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  • 36
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    The Eocene-oligocene preglacial-glacial transition in the atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean (ODP site 690) (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 131 (3-4). pp. 123-149.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-29
    Description: High resolution interdisciplinary analyses of the clay and coarse (〉40 μm) fractions of ODP Leg 113 Site 690 Eocene-Oligocene sediments on the flank of the Maud Rise, provide information on paleoproductivity, water masses, paleoclimate and erosion in the Antarctic range as well as on the cyclicity of these processes. Three time intervals are distinguished: 1. (1) The middle Eocene, characterized by (a) nearly pure smectites, (b) productivity varying between relatively high values in the 42–44 Ma interval to very low values after 42 Ma, and (c) cyclic variations which correspond to changes in clay mineral associations. A warm saline deep water mass is inferred to have protected carbonate shells against dissolution at Site 690. We interpret the abundant mica in the coarse fraction as distributed by intermediate currents. 2. (2) The latest middle Eocene-late Eocene, characterized by low productivity values increasing with time. Kaolinite and illite concentrations also increase. Since the middle/late Eocene boundary mixing in the water column, which starts during a cooling event, causes similar clay mineral assemblages at Site 690 and at Site 689 on top of Maud Rise. 3. (3) The Oligocene, separated from the Eocene by a hiatus, is characterized by high productivity, highly increased amounts of illite and other minerals originating from erosion and physical weathering of Antarctica, and by cyclic variations of clay mineral indices which appear to be synchronous with productivity variations with a 400–450 kyr cyclicity. Six periods of strong carbonate dissolution associated with low productivity levels are attributed to incursions of cold carbonate aggressive bottom water of a “Proto-AABW” type.
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  • 37
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    Northern Europe climate variations during late Holocene: evidence from marine Skagerrak (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 123 (1-4). pp. 121-145.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-04
    Description: Granulometric and stable oxygen isotope analyses of four sediment cores from two high accumulation areas in the Skagerrak (NE North Sea) were carried out in order to reconstruct climate fluctuations and to evaluate climate impact during the upper Holocene. Extremely high sedimentation rates, especially in the eastern Skagerrak, are explained by increased current activity which is responsible for the transport and deposition of high quantities of suspension load during periods of stormy zonal atmospheric circulation patterns. These were most frequent during colder periods, while warmer phases are characterized by calmer meridional to zonal atmospheric circulation patterns. While the Subatlantic climate deterioration and the Subboreal climate optimum left only indistinct traces in the sediments, the Roman climate optimum and a colder period between ca. 400 and 700 AD are well documented. The following Medieval Warm period is characterized by a clear temperature increase of the waterbody in connection with less frequent advances of Atlantic water masses into the Skagerak deep and a decrease in bottom current strength. A mode of sedimentation prevails, similar to that of recent summer conditions, suggesting short and mild winters during that period. The onset of the Little Ice Age (around 1350 AD), however, shows an intensified bottom current circulation most probably due to amplifying westerly winds and a decrease in water temperatures in connection with more frequent advances of higher saline Atlantic waters. The Little Ice Age can be divided into 3 phases: a stormy “zonal” onset, a calm “meridional” maximum and a stormy “zonal” end. The stormy phases are characterized by a sedimentation mode similar to that of recent winter conditions while the Little Ice Age Maximum shows conditions comparable to exceptional cold modern winters. From 1900 AD, at the onset of the Modern Climate Optimum, the winter type sedimentation decreases and conditions change again to a level comparable to the Medieval Warm Period.
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  • 38
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    Comparison of XCTD/CTD data (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 43 (6). pp. 859-876.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-30
    Description: XCTD (eXpendable Conductivity Temperature Depth) probes, developed recently by SIPPICAN Inc., have been used simultaneously with a CTD sonde in order to test, in the field, their performance and accuracy (interpreted as ±2 standard deviations of the XCTD-CTD differences). We have taken advantage, during the THETIS-I experiment in March 1992, of both the homogeneous and the stratified areas encountered in winter in the northern part of the western Mediterranean Sea to differentiate the errors due to the experimental conditions from those effectively due to the sensors. Although some intrinsic problems are evident, so that only seven out of the nine probes considered for comparison are usable, the accuracy specified by the manufacturer for the temperature (AT = ± 0.03°C) is reached after standard processing, while the accuracies in conductivity, salinity and potential density are AC ≈ ± 0.06 mS/cm (the specified value is AC = ± 0.03 mS/cm), AS ≈ ± 0.04 and Aσθ ≈ ±3 kg/m3. However, when the experimental errors (in situ natural variability, relatively rough estimation of the XCTD depth) are considered, it appears that the effective accuracies of the XCTD sensors are better than ± 0.02°C and ± 0.04 mS/cm, that is to say better than and close to the specified values of ± 0.03°C and ± 0.03 mS/cm. Occasional offsets in conductivity can further be well corrected for by using a temperature-salinity relation in some limited depth range and area where this relation is known to hold well; the conductivity-sensor accuracy then significantly improves to AC≈ ± 0.02 mS/cm resulting, for our study area, in corresponding salinity and potential density accuracies of AS≈ ± 0.03 and Aσθ ≈ ± 0.02 kg/m3. Thus, such instruments promise to be useful tools for many experimental studies. Complementary comparisons, performed with new versions of the XCTD probes under less convenient experimental conditions, are also presented
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  • 39
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    Highlights of the 3rd International Symposium on sturgeon: conclusions and recommendations (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 15 . pp. 224-227.
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    Publication Date: 2017-06-16
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  • 40
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    Neutral Density Revisited (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 46 . pp. 33-54.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The possibilities of defining and computing an approximately neutral density variable are reexamined in this paper. There are three desirable properties that a neutral density variable should possess. Firstly, the isosurfaces of this variable should coincide with (approximately) neutral surfaces. This would facilitate the analysis of hydrographic data on the most appropriate mixing and spreading surfaces. Secondly, the horizontal gradients of the neutral density should agree with the gradients of the in situ density, and thirdly the vertical gradient of the neutral density variable should be proportional to the static stability of the water column. A density variable that approximates the latter two properties can be used in ocean circulation models based on layer coordinates, and would reduce substantial errors in present isopycnal models due to the use of a potential density variable. No variable can possess all the three properties simultaneously. The variable γn introduced by Jackett and McDougall (1997, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27, 237–263) satisfies the first of the properties exactly but is not designed for the use in models. Based on climatological data in the North Atlantic, an alternative neutral density variable ν̃(S, Θ) is defined, which is shown to approximate the two gradient criteria much better than any potential density. We suggest that this neutral density variable may be useful in isopycnal ocean models as an alternative to potential density, since it could significantly reduce errors in thermal wind relation and vertical stability
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  • 41
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    Sea-Level Changes and δ18O Record for the Past 34,000 yr from Mayotte Reef, Indian Ocean (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Quaternary Research, 46 (3). pp. 335-339.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-06
    Description: New sea-level and δ18O curves for the past 34,000 yr, based on uranium–thorium chronology, are proposed for the southwestern part of the Indian Ocean. The archives include cores drilled from onshore coral reefs and submersed samples from foreslope corals of Mayotte in the Comoro Islands. The Mayotte sea-level curve shows a lowstand of 145 ± 5 m below the present level during the last glacial maximum dated at 18,400 yr. This lowstand is supported by the maximum18O enrichment in the coral colonies. The residual signal (Δδ18O), controlled by sea-surface temperature changes, indicates that surface waters 18,400 yr ago were approximately 5°C cooler than present. The deglacial sea-level rise is clearly recorded, with a mean rate of about 1.7 cm yr−1between 18,400 and 10,000 yr ago. The deglaciation phase is characterized by a strong18O depletion marked by two pulses related to meltwater discharges into the North Atlantic Ocean but also characterized by responses specific to the tropical Indian Ocean.
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  • 42
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    An in-situ filtration/extraction system for the recovery of trace organics in solution and on particles tested in deep ocean water (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Chemistry, 54 . pp. 97-105.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-18
    Description: A system for in-situ filtration and extraction of organics in natural waters has been developed and tested down to 4000 m in the Atlantic Ocean. Up to 2000 dm3 water can be filtered and extracted at low suspended matter concentrations. The sampling equipment has new features for the analysis of trace organic compounds: contamination is extremely low, this can be checked and cured, if necessary, and water flow can be selected and maintained at a constant rate. Various resins can be applied, with different optimum flow rates for the efficient extraction of the compounds of interest. The properties of the resin (here XAD-2) do not change with depth. The operation of the unit is controlled by menu-driven software. All relevant data are stored for later evaluation. Tests in the deep Atlantic resulted in total procedural blanks, including sampling, as low as 0/003 pg dm−3 for individual chlorobiphenyls (CBs), HCB and DDE and 0.5 pg dm−3 for individual PAHs. Actual dissolved concentrations were in the range 0.005–0.1 pg dm−3 for CBs, HCB and DDE and 0.5–140 pg dm−3 for PAHs.
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  • 43
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    Sediment patch selectivity in tropical sea cucumbers (Holothurioidea: Aspidochirotida) analysed with multiple choice experiments (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 236 . pp. 69-87.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-10
    Description: To investigate patch selectivity in aspidochirotide holothurians, individuals of five species (Holothuria (Halodeima) atra Jäger, H. (H.) edulis Lesson, H. (Microthele) nobilis Selenka, Stichopus chloronotus Brandt and S. variegatus Semper) were subjected to multiple choice experiments. As a food source, sediments were pre-cultivated in petri dishes under different light and nutrient regimes. This resulted in four sediment treatments with different levels of microalgal biomass (measured as chlorophyll a and phaeophytin concentrations). Only two sediment treatments were used for experiments with H. nobilis and S. variegatus. The sediments were offered simultaneously to individual holothurians (six per experiment), and the weights of the sediment in each petri dish at the start and after 48 h were used to calculate a selection index together with confidence intervals for each food type. In experiments with H. atra and H. edulis, the animals exhibited no preference for any food type. In contrast, S. chloronotus significantly selected sediments with the highest contents of microalgae and avoided the sediment with the lowest pigment concentrations. These results were supported by field collections of sediments found directly underneath holothurians. Sediment underneath H. edulis did not differ from the average sediment of the habitat, while H. atra was found on sediments only slightly higher in chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a concentrations underneath S. chloronotus were distinctly higher than in the adjacent sediment and that underneath H. atra. H. nobilis showed only a weak preference for sediments with higher pigment concentrations in aquarium experiments, and no patch selectivity in this species was found in the field. Stichopus variegatus exhibited a very distinct patch selectivity towards sediments with more nutritional value in both aquaria experiments and field measurements. Thus members of the genus Holothuria had no, or only a weak, tendency to select their food source, whereas both Stichopus species appeared to carefully select the sediment patch to feed on.
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  • 44
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    Responses of deep-sea benthos to sedimentation patterns in the North-East Atlantic in 1992 (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 46 (4). pp. 573-596.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: In an extended deep-sea study the response of the benthic community to seasonally varying sedimentation rates of organic matter were investigated at a fixed abyssal site in the NE Atlantic (BIOTRANS station or JGOFS station L2 at 47°N–20°W, water depth 〉4500 m) on four legs of METEOR expedition 21 between March and August 1992. The vertical flux at 3500 m depth and temporal variations in the chloroplastic pigment concentration, a measure of phytodetritus deposition, and of total adenylates and total phospholipids, measures of benthic biomass, and of activity of hydrolytic enzymes were observed. The flux patterns in moored sediment traps of total chlorophyll, POC and total flux showed an early sedimentation peak in March/April 1992, followed by low fluxes in May and intermediate ones from June to August. Thus 1992 differed from other years, in which one large flux peak after the spring phytoplankton bloom was observed. Unusually high concentrations of chloroplastic pigments were consistently observed in March 1992, reflecting the early sedimentation input. At the same time biomass of small benthic organisms (bacteria to meiobenthos) and activity of hydrolytic enzymes were higher compared to values from March 1985 and from the following months in 1992. In May and August 1992 pigment concentrations and biomass and activity parameters in the sediment were lower than during previously observed depositions of phytodetrital matter in summer. The data imply that the deep ocean benthic community reacts to small sedimentation events with transient increases in metabolic activity and only small biomass production. The coupling between pelagic and benthic processes is so close that interannual variability in surface water production is “mirrored” by deep-sea benthic processes.
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  • 45
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    Marginal marine environments of the Skagerrak and Kattegat: a baseline study of living (stained) benthic foraminiferal ecology (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, 146 (1-4). pp. 171-193.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-15
    Description: This is the first detailed investigation of the distribution and ecology of living (stained) shallow water (0–6 m) foraminifera along the Skagerrak–Kattegat coast, eastern North Sea. A total of 25 species (13 agglutinated; 12 calcareous) are common in the 169 sediment surface samples which were collected from 27 geographic areas. The sediment grain size and total organic carbon (TOC) content are strongly variable and the salinity and temperature ranges were 10–31‰ and 9–30°C, respectively, at the time of sampling (July to October) but temperatures down to freezing occur during the winter. The species are divided into six environmental categories of which the first five comprise euryhaline and the sixth essentially stenohaline taxa: (1) species associated only with marsh plants, (2) species basically, but not entirely, associated with marsh plants, (3) species basically, but not entirely, restricted to non-marsh areas, (4) species solely recorded in non-marsh intertidal to subtidal environments, (5) species restricted to subtidal areas, (6) species basically living in the most open marine areas. In this region, marshes have a patchy distribution and they are small and compressed due to low tidal ranges (〈40 cm). Balticammina pseudomacrescens (not reported here before) lives in the most elevated, landward, terrestrial parts of marshes and thus defines the uppermost limit of the influence of marine water. However, the marshes are generally dominated by Jadammina macrescens and Miliammina fusca at the landward and seaward sides, respectively. Jadammina macrescens is observed living epiphytically on decaying Carex leaf debris. The most widely distributed euryhaline species are Elphidium williamsoni, Miliammina fusca, Ammonia beccarii, and Haynesina germanica. The former two are common only in sediments with a mud content less than about 60%, whereas the latter two are common even in sediments with 〉80% mud. Ammoscalaria runiana is common only in coarse-grained sediments (〈20% mud) with low TOC (≤0.7%). There are no marked biogeographic boundaries within the Skagerrak–Kattegat area but 10 of the 25 commonly occurring species have not been reported from the adjacent Baltic Sea, probably partly due to the brackish character of the water there. The southern limits of distribution of the northern species, Elphidium albiumbilicatum, Ammotium cassis, and Ophthalmina kilianensis, are in the Kattegat–Baltic Sea.
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  • 46
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    The phylogenetic relationship among Ectothiorhodospiraceae. A reevaluation of their taxonomy on the basis of 16S rDNA analyses (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Systematic and Applied Microbiology (165). pp. 106-113.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-17
    Description: Sequences of the 16S rRNA gene were determined from all type strains of the recognized Ectothiorhodospira species and from a number of additional strains. For the first time, these data resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the Ectothiorhodospiraceae in detail, confirm the established species, and improve the classification of strains of uncertain affiliation. Two major groups that are recognized as separate genera were clearly established. The extremely halophilic species were removed from the genus Ectothiorhodospira and reassigned to the new genus Halorhodospira gen. nov., to recognize that the most halophilic eubacteria are species of this genus. These species are Halorhodospira halophila comb. nov., Halorhodospira halochloris comb. nov., and Halorhodospira abdelmalekii comb. nov. Among the slightly halophilic Ectothiorhodospira species, the classification of strains belonging to Ectothiorhodospira mobilis and Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii was improved. Several strains that were tentatively identified as Ectothiorhodospira mobilis form a separate cluster on the basis of their 16S rDNA sequences and are recognized as two new species: Ectothiorhodospira haloalkaliphila sp. nov., which includes the most alkaliphilic strains originating from strongly alkaline soda lakes, and Ectothiorhodospira marina, describing isolates from the marine environment.
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  • 47
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    Physical reworking by near-bottom flow alters the metazoan meiofauna of Fieberling Guyot (northeast Pacific) (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 46 (12). pp. 2041-2052.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-27
    Description: Although much of the deep sea is physically tranquil, some regions experience near-bottom flows that rework the surficial sediment. During periods of physical reworking, animals in the reworked layer risk being suspended, which can have both positive and negative effects. Reworking can also change the sediment in ecologically important ways, so the fauna of reworked sites should differ from that of quiescent locations. We combined data from two reworked, bathyal sites on the summit of Fieberling Guyot (32°27.631′N, 127°49.489′W; 32°27.581′N, 127°47.839′W) and compared the results with those of more tranquil sites. We tested for differences in the following parameters, which seemed likely to be sensitive to the direct or indirect effects of reworking: (1) the vertical distribution of the meiofauna in the sea bed, (2) the relative abundance of surface-living harpacticoids, (3) the proportion of the fauna consisting of interstitial harpacticoids, (4) the ratio of harpacticoids to nematodes. We found that the vertical distributions of harpacticoid copepods, ostracods, and kinorhynchs were deeper on Fieberling. In addition, the relative abundance of surface-living harpacticoids was less, the proportion of interstitial harpacticoids was greater, and the ratio of harpacticoids to nematodes was greater on Fieberling. These differences between Fieberling and the comparison sites suggest that physical reworking affects deep-sea meiofauna and indicate the nature of some of the effects.
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  • 48
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    Composition and biomass of plankton in spring on the Cape Hatteras shelf, with implications for carbon flux (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Continental Shelf Research, 16 (8). pp. 1087-1116.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-20
    Description: The Ocean Margins Program, an interdisciplinary study focussed at Cape Hatteras, is evaluating whether this region is a net source or sink for carbon, while concurrently developing a mechanistic understanding of the production, cycling and fate of organic carbon. Preliminary to a large multi-ship field program in 1996–1997, the first of several short cruises surveyed Cape Hatteras in May 1993. High concentrations of chla occurred across the shelf. Stations and depths at which chla was highest also showed elevated concentrations of large phytoplankton, predominantly chained diatoms, but also single-celled dinoflagellates and obligately photosynthetic ciliates. These populations occurred in deeper waters, however, and their abundance was poorly correlated with proxies of community photosynthesis. Instead, small phototrophic nanoplankton, abundant in surface waters, were positively correlated with primary production. Carbon budgets indicated that inner shelf waters containedca 50% more living POC than outer shelf waters. The relative importance of large phytoplankton and grazers decreased with distance offshore, and they were replaced by photosynthetic nanoplankton and microzooplankton. Even greater changes in living POC occurred in the alongshore direction due to the dramatic reductions in diatoms in southern waters. Estimated herbivory wasca 2–4 gC m−2 d−1. The ratio of heterotrophic : autotrophic POC increased from 38% in northern waters to 137% in southern waters, suggesting that phytoplankton was being converted into consumer carbon as shelf waters advected south. The dominant consumers at most stations were single-celled protozoan zooplankton and small copepods, whose fecal products remain in suspension in energetic shelf environments, suggesting that much of the non-diatomaceous POC was exported as shelf waters exited at Cape Hatteras.
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  • 49
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    Reactive Fe (II) layers in deep-sea sediments (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63 (10). pp. 1517-1526.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-25
    Description: The percentage of the structural Fe(II) in clay minerals that is readily oxidized to Fe(III) upon contact with atmospheric oxygen was determined across the downcore tan–green color change in Peru Basin sediments. This latent fraction of reactive Fe(II) was only found in the green strata, where it proved to be large enough to constitute a deep reaction layer with respect to the pore water O2 and NO3−. Large variations were detected in the proportion of the reactive Fe(II) concentration to the organic matter content along core profiles. Hence, the commonly observed tan–green color change in marine sediments marks the top of a reactive Fe(II) layer, which may represent the major barrier to the movement of oxidation fronts in pelagic subsurface sediments. This is also demonstrated by numerical model simulations. The findings imply that geochemical barriers to pore water oxidation fronts form diagenetically in the sea floor wherever the stage of iron reduction is reached, provided that the sediments contain a significant amount of structural iron in clay minerals.
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  • 50
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    Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: measurement and internal consistency of underway TCO2 concentrations (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Chemistry, 67 . pp. 123-144.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-21
    Description: A coulometrically-based SOMMA system for the determination of total dissolved carbon dioxide (TCO2) in a continuous mode was designed and tested at sea. The new continuous technique approached the same high accuracy and reliability associated with prior discrete TCO2 measurements. During three cruises encompassing more than 19 weeks and 6000 continuous TCO2 measurements none of the three different systems tested exhibited any hardware-related failures. We found that coulometer cell lifetimes can greatly exceed prior expectations with many of the titration cells in the continuous mode remaining accurate for up to 72 h at carbon ages exceeding 50 mg C. We suggest a practical definition based on the CRM analyses for changing coulometer cells in the continuous mode. Systematic deviations of the SOMMA pipette volume from a theoretical temperature dependence were identified both from field data comparisons and pipette calibrations. Hence pipettes should be kept at constant temperature or they must be gravimetrically calibrated over the expected temperature range. Comparison of the continuous TCO2 data together with simultaneously measured additional CO2 system parameters showed that the refitted “Mehrbach” dissociation constants for carbonic acid best-represent fCO2 when calculated from TCO2 and alkalinity over a wide range of sea-surface temperatures and salinities. Some remaining systematic differences of calculated–measured fCO2 of up to 9 μatm likely reflect uncertainty in the temperature-dependence of the “Mehrbach” constants as well as possible uncertainty in the alkalinity–salinity relationship used to estimate alkalinity in the consistency checks.
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  • 51
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    An unrealistic high-salinity tongue simulated in the tropical Atlantic: another example for the need of more careful treatment of vertical discretizations in OGCMs (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Ocean Modelling, 1 (2-3). pp. 101-109.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-13
    Description: An unrealistically high-salinity maximum is found to develop in a high-resolution model of the north and equatorial Atlantic below the shallow halocline in the Gulf of Guinea. The spurious water mass with salinities too high by as much as 1 psu is formed when the vertical advection is treated by the standard central-differencing advection scheme. The problem is considerably reduced either by increasing the vertical resolution of the numerical grid, or by switching to a higher-order upwind-weighted scheme for vertical advection. This note stresses the need for a careful consideration of vertical discretization even in typical high-resolution ocean general circulation models (OGCMs). Particular attention is needed for studying heat and salt budgets or transports of biogeochemical tracers.
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  • 52
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    The carbon dioxide system in the northwestern Indian Ocean during south–west monsoon (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Chemistry, 64 (4). pp. 315-336.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-22
    Description: Data on the carbonate system of the Northwestern Indian Ocean obtained on a cruise of F.S. Meteor during SW monsoon in July/August 1995 were compared with those of George et al. [George, M.D., Kumar, M.D., Naqvi, S.W.A., Banerjee, S., Narvekar, P.V., de Sousa, S.N., Jayakumar, D.A., 1994. A study of the carbon dioxide system in the northern Indian Ocean during premonsoon. Mar. Chem. 47, 243–254] collected during intermonsoon. In general, deep water values agreed well between the two expeditions. Surface waters, however, showed a substantial increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) in the coastal regions due to strong upwelling in the SW monsoon. This was also accompanied by very high CO2 partial pressures in surface waters. The north–south gradients in vertical profiles of the measured parameters in the Arabian Sea are discussed by comparing profiles from the oligotrophic equatorial region with those from the highly productive central Arabian Sea. The effect of denitrification on regenerated CT and AT is minor, with contributions of 〈9 and 〈8 μmol kg−1, respectively, to the total amount regenerated also utilizing oxygen. The dissolution of biogenic carbonates is discussed; different approaches to define the depth, where the dissolution starts (lysocline(s), carbonate critical depth (CCrD)), are compared together with the calculation of saturation depth from carbonate concentrations. It is shown, that small differences in measured CT and AT (found between our data and those measured during GEOSECS) and different calculation approaches to the CO2 system (different dissociation constants for species involved and taking into account phosphate and silicate concentrations) can produce pronounced differences in the calculated saturation depths. However, CT and AT data suggest substantial dissolution of biogenic carbonate in the water column even above the calcite lysocline, irrespective of the procedures followed to calculate this horizon.
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  • 53
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    Trypsin activity and physiological aspects in larval rearing of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) using live prey and compound diets (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 15 . pp. 138-142.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-16
    Description: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of a compound diet as a live prey substitute for feeding European sea bass larvae (Dicentrarchus labrax L.). The effect of a commercial diet (Nippai ML feed) and live prey (Artemia nauplii) on tryptic enzyme activity, protein content, growth (standard length) and survival rates of sea bass larvae were tested during a 27-day rearing experiment. Sea bass larvae were divided into two groups. The live food group (control group) was fed exclusively on newly hatched Artemia nauplii (Inve AF grade), the test group was fed exclusively with the compound diet from day 15 onwards. As trypsin has been demonstrated to be a useful indicator for evaluating digestibility of food and the nutritional condition of fish larvae, individual tryptic enzyme activity was determined in both feeding groups. Larvae older than 14 days after hatching and fed on live food showed a significantly higher tryptic enzyme activity than larvae fed the compound diet. A similar relationship between tryptic activity and standard length in both test groups was detected only in small larvae (standard length 〈 7 mm). The usefulness of proteolytic enzyme activity measurements in larval fish research, as well as its use in aquaculture nutrition research, was confirmed. Protein content, increase in length and survival rates of the sea bass larvae were additionally determined in order to evaluate an influence on the diet. The protein content of larvae fed the Artemia nauplii was higher and the growth of larvae fed the compound diet was reduced. Larval mortality was not affected by the diet given.
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  • 54
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    Differentiation of Ectothiorhodospiraceae based on their fatty acid composition (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 19 (2). pp. 223-230.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-24
    Description: The fatty acid composition of 27 strains from 7 described Ectothiorhodospira species, including all type strains, were analyzed and compared using the “Microbial Identification System”. According to their ability to grow in media with 15% total salts and more or to require much lower salt concentrations the comparison of the strains was made in two different groups. The strains grown in the established standard medium for Ectothiorhodospira species at 15% and 25% (w/v) salinity formed four major clusters. Two of these enclosed strains of E. halophila, the others E. abdelmalekii (one strain) and E. halochloris (3 strains), respectively. Those strains with salt optima significantly below 10% (w/v) salinity formed three major clusters. The first included strains of E. mobilis and E. marismortui. The second cluster contained strains of E. shaposhnikovii, E. vacuolata and one strain that had been tentatively identified as E. mobilis but should be considered as a strain of E. shaposhnikovii. The third group contained strains that were assigned to E. mobilis but should be regarded as a separate and new species. The observed similarities support and extend patterns of relationships obtained by other taxonomic investigations on the basis of a smaller number of strains.
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  • 55
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    The Influence of the Agulhas Current on the Adjacent Coastal Ocean: Possible Impacts of Climate Change (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Marine Systems, 7 . pp. 321-336.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-26
    Description: The dynamics of the coastal ocean along the southeastern coast of Africa is dominated by a strong and intense western boundary current, the Agulhas Current. With a near-uniform, narrow continental shelf and a steep shelf slope that stabilizes this current, the trajectory of the Agulhas exhibits great stability. The only substantial perturbation occurs with the irregular passage of a Natal Pulse, a soliton meander. The initiation of this meander at the Natal Bight is due to a barotropic instability when the intensity of the landward border of the current exceeds a certain threshold value. This may come about with natural fluctuations in the current or with the adsorption of deep-sea eddies onto the current. Under a climate change scenario of altered wind stress curl over the South Indian Ocean it is conceivable that the threshold for the triggering of a Natal Pulse will occur more frequently. This will lead to a situation where the current axis on average lies further offshore. The possible consequences of such a situation on the rainfall of the coast, on the ecology of estuaries and the coastal ocean, and on the socio-economics of the region is discussed.
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  • 56
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    Biovolume calculation for pelagic and benthic microalgae (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Phycology, 35 . pp. 403-424.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-25
    Description: Microalgal biovolume is commonly calculated to assess the relative abundance (as biomass or carbon) of co‐occurring algae varying in shape and/or size. However, a standardized set of equations for biovolume calculations from microscopically measured linear dimensions that includes the entire range of microalgal shapes is not available yet. In comparison with automated methods, the use of microscopical measurements allows high taxonomic resolution, up to the species level, and has fewer sources of error. We present a set of geometric shapes and mathematical equations for calculating biovolumes of 〉850 pelagic and benthic marine and freshwater microalgal genera. The equations are designed to minimize the effort of microscopic measurement. The similarities and differences between our proposal for standardization and previously published proposals are discussed and recommendations for quality standards given.
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  • 57
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    60 Myr records of major elements and Pb-Nd isotopes from hydrogenous ferromanganese crusts: Reconstruction of seawater paleochemistry (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63 . pp. 1689-1708.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-25
    Description: We compare the time series of major element geochemical and Pb- and Nd-isotopic composition obtained for seven hydrogenous ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans which cover the last 60 Myr. Average crust growth rates and age-depth relationships were determined directly for the last about 10 Myr using Be-10/Be-9 profiles. In the absence of other information these were extrapolated to the base of the crusts assuming constant growth rates and constant initial Be-10/Be-9 ratios due to the lack of additional information. Co contents have also been used previously to estimate growth rates in Co-rich Pacific and Atlantic seamount crusts (Puteanus and Halbach, 1988). A comparison of Be-10/Be-9- and Co-based dating of three Co-rich crusts supports the validity of this approach and confirms the earlier chronologies derived from extrapolated Be-10/Be-9-based growth rates back to 60 Ma. Our data show that the flux of Co into Co-poor crusts has been considerably lower. The relationship between growth rate and Co content for the Co-poor crusts developed from these data is in good agreement with a previous study of a wider range of marine deposits (Manheim, 1986). The results suggest that the Co content provides detailed information on the growth history of ferromanganese crusts, particularly prior to 10-12 Ma where the Be-10-based method is not applicable. The distributions of Pb and Nd isotopes in the deep oceans over the last 60 Myr are expected to be controlled by two main factors: (a) variations of oceanic mixing patterns and flow paths of water masses with distinct isotopic signatures related to major paleogeographic changes and (b) variability of supply rates or provenance of detrital material delivered to the ocean, linked to climate change (glaciations) or major tectonic uplift. The major element profiles of crusts in this study show neither systematic features which are common to crusts with similar isotope records nor do they generally show coherent relationships to the isotope records within a single crust. Consequently, any interpretation of time series of major element concentrations of a single crust in terms of paleoceanograghic variations must be considered with caution. This is because local processes appear to have dominated over more basin wide paleoceanographic effects. In this study Co is the only element which shows a relationship to Pb and Nd isotopes in Pacific crusts. A possible link to changes of Pacific deep water properties associated with an enhanced northward advection of Antarctic bottom water from about 14 Ma is consistent with the Pb but not with the Nd isotopic results. The self-consistent profiles of the Pb and Nd isotopes suggest that postdepositional diagenetic processes in hydrogenous crusts, including phosphatization events, have been insignificant for particle reactive elements such as Pb, Be, and Nd. Isotope time series of Pb and Nd show no systematic relationships with major element contents of the crusts, which supports their use as tracers of paleo-seawater isotopic composition
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  • 58
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    Variations of biogenic particle flux in the southern Atlantic section of the Subantarctic Front during the late Quaternary: Evidence from sedimentary 231Paex and 230Thex (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 159 . pp. 63-78.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-26
    Description: Variations of intensity and composition of biogenic particle flux at the northern boundary of the present PolarFrontal Zone in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean are indicators of major changes of paleoenvironmentalconditions on glacial/interglacial time scales during the Late Quaternary. In order to estimate those pastchanges, sediment accumulation patterns of two piston cores, one from just north and one just south of thepresent day position of the Subantarctic Front were reconstructed. Using the 230Thex method large contributionsof laterally supplied material were quantified and used to correct sediment accumulation rates. During the lastglacial focussing of biogenic opal-dominated material exceeded the original contribution from the surfacewater above by a maximum factor of 8.7. The initial activity ratio of 231Paex/230Thex was used as tracer forbiogenic particle flux and composition and indicates that during the glacial stages 2 and 4 the area of high opalproductivity was situated above the location of the southern core whereas the northern core has not beenreached by this northward shift during the last 130 kyr as shown by the pattern of focussing-corrected bulkaccumulation rates. If the position of the Antarctic Polar Front has remained at the northern boundary of thehigh opal productivity area during the last 130 kyr, the results suggest that was located exactly between thetwo core sites during glacial stages 2 and 4. A two-box modeling approach involving particle flux and boundaryscavenging intensity of 231Pa was applied to estimate the possible range of the 231Paex/230Thex ratio recordedin Southern Ocean sediments. Previous estimates on the export of 231Pa from the Atlantic into the SouthernOcean are corroborated but the model suggests a low sensitivity of the 231Paex/230Thex ratio in Southern Oceansediments to variations of the residence time of North Atlantic Deep Water in the Atlantic Ocean.
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  • 59
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    The assessmant of marine polution - bioassays with bivalve embryos and larvae (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Advances in Marine Biology, 37 . pp. 1-178.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-27
    Description: Tens of thousands of synthetic substances are in existence today and hundreds of new compounds are being introduced every year. Because of the complexity of the physico-chemical interactions between pollutants and the marine environment, the potential toxicity of contaminants can be assessed adequately only by means of bioassays with living organisms. From a practical point of view, a bioassay needs to be sensitive and scientifically valid, yield rapid results at moderate cost, and the organism in question must be readily available. Ecotoxicological bioassays with bivalve embryos and larvae fulfil these criteria better than most other tests. They have increasingly come into use during the past three decades and are now commonly employed to ascertain the biological effects of pure chemicals, as well as to determine the quality of effluents, coastal waters and sediments sampled in the field. There do not appear to be very great differences between bivalve species with regard to larval sensitivity to toxicants. The principal species for bioassays are oysters (Crassostrea gigas and C. virginica), and mussels (Mytilus edulis and M. galloprovincialis). Bioassays are conducted with gametes and larvae of ail ages: sperm and unfertilized eggs, embryos, young D-larvae, intermediate umboned larvae, and pediveligers towards the end ofthe pelagic period. Embryos are usually the most sensitive stage. Recent advances now also permit bioassays on metamorphosing pediveligers, a method particularly suited to investigate the effects of adsorbate-contaminated surfaces. There are various criteria for the assessment oftoxic effects, including embryogenesis success (abnormalities), larval growth, mortality, physiology (e.g. feeding or swimming activity), and metamorphosis success. Chronic toxicity studies may be carried out over periods ofseveral weeks, but larval rearing in the laboratory requires considerable effort (e.g. cultivation of algal food). The method of choice for investigations of acute toxicity and for routine monitoring studies is the embryo bioassay because it is very sensitive, relatively simple, and produces results within 24 or 48 hours. The data obtained by different investigators are often difficult to compare, however, because of differences in methodology. There is no firmly established procedure, and further simplification and standardization of techniques is required. In bioassays with a single pollutant, the effective toxic concentration may span several orders of magnitude, depending on bioassay procedures, larval stage and choice of response. Tributyl-tin (TBT) is the most toxic compound ever bioassayed with bivalve larvae, with effective concentrations (EC50) as low as a few nanograms per litre (i.e. 10−3 ppb). Heavy metals (particularly mercury, silver and copper) are next in order of toxicity, with EC50 values between a few micrograms per litre (ppb) and several hundred ppb. Chlorine and some organochlorine pesticides may also have EC50 values of less than 100 ppb, while detergents and petroleum products are generally less toxic
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  • 60
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    Assessing the reliability of magnesium in foraminiferal calcite as a proxy for water mass temperatures (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60 (5). pp. 803-814.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-26
    Description: Though many studies on the Mg contents in the calcitic tests of foraminifers exist, the processes controlling its uptake are still a matter of debate. Laboratory cultures offer an excellent opportunity to reveal these mechanisms. The Mg concentrations within single chambers of the planktic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer (BRADY) maintained under controlled laboratory conditions were measured (1) at variable temperatures (19.5–29.5 °C) and constant salinity and (2) at variable salinity (22–45‰) and constant temperature. The experimental results suggest that under natural conditions, temperature is the leading mechanism controlling the Mg/Ca ratio. Temperature and magnesium are related proportionally. A temperature increase of ca. 10 °C gives rise to an increase of the magnesium concentrations of ca. 130%. Drastic (unnatural) salinity changes dominate the effects of temperature. A 110% change in the Mg/Ca ratio was observed when salinity was elevated or reduced by more than ca. 10‰. Specimens which underwent gametogenesis reveal significantly higher Mg concentrations than specimens that did not release gametes. Partition coefficients for Mg in foraminiferal calcite are orders of magnitude lower than values from inorganically precipitated calcite. When comparing observed Mg/Ca ratios of foraminiferal tests with predicted Mg/Ca ratios calculated according to empirical equations, it becomes evident that foraminiferal tests are undersaturated with respect to Mg for the water temperature they have experienced. Apparently, foraminifers are capable of controlling their Mg concentration. The physiological processes presumably responsible for such depressed Mg/Ca ratios appear to be temperature-controlled as deduced from the close relationship of the observed Mg/Ca ratios and water temperature. This study demonstrates that variations in temperature and salinity are definitely reflected in the Mg content of foraminiferal tests. Magnesium may thus serve as a paleo-proxy for past surface water temperatures, as long as postdepositional changes and salinity variations are of subordinate importance or can be excluded.
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  • 61
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    Amazonian Arthropods Respond to El Nino (1996)
    Wiley
    In:  Biotropica, 28 (3). p. 403.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-22
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  • 62
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    Effect of crystal size spectrum and crystal shape on stratiform cirrus radiative forcing (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Atmospheric Research, 52 (1-2). pp. 59-75.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-31
    Description: Sensitivities of cirrus cloud radiative forcing as well as solar albedo and infrared emittances to ice crystal size spectrum and ice crystal shape were examined using a coupled cloud-radiation model. The single- and bi-modal crystal size distribution were considered and simulated based on field measurements. Optical parameters of ice crystals shaped as hexagonal columns and random polycrystals (being frequently found in cirrus clouds) were calculated with a ray-tracing method. Both solar and infrared cirrus radiative forcing are influenced by the pattern of crystal size spectra. The net radiative forcing is lower for bi-modal than for single-modal spectra. The solar radiative forcing of cirrus cloud is reduced by nonspherical ice crystals, due to larger albedo effects of nonspherical crystals compared to those of equivalent spherical crystals. Moreover, this reduction in solar radiative forcing by random polycrystals is even larger than that by hexagonal column crystals. The cloud radiative forcing, solar albedo and infrared emittance are changed significantly as the mean crystal size approaches the smaller size end. Furthermore, net cloud radiative forcing is positive in most cirrus cases. Exceptions are cirrus clouds with a large number (〉107 m−3) of small (mean maximum dimension 〈30 μm) ice crystals and cirrus clouds with bi-modal crystal size distribution and large particle size for the second maximum peak.
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  • 63
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    To think or swim: Does it really cost penguins more to waddle? (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Avian Biology, 30 . pp. 221-224.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-14
    Description: We looked at the routes taken by Magellanic Penguins up the beach while moving between the sea and the colony at a breeding site in San Julian, Argentina. Birds swam parallel to the shore for a period before leaving the water to cross the beach but trajectories over the beach were not perpendicular to the water's edge but at an angle of 39°. We examined the premise that birds might be optimizing for a trade off between time or energy by adopting this procedure and found that birds can gain little or no time by walking obliquely but can, under particular circumstances, save energy. These circumstances require that the previously-calculated costs of transport for walking have been over-estimated by a factor of two
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  • 64
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    Multiphase flow in heterogeneous porous media: A classical finite element method versus an implicit pressure-explicit saturation-based mixed finite element-finite volume approach (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 29 (8). pp. 899-920.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-28
    Description: Various discretization methods exist for the numerical simulation of multiphase flow in porous media. In this paper, two methods are introduced and analyzed—a full-upwind Galerkin method which belongs to the classical finite element methods, and a mixed-hybrid finite element method based on an implicit pressure–explicit saturation (IMPES) approach. Both methods are derived from the governing equations of two-phase flow. Their discretization concepts are compared in detail. Their efficiency is discussed using several examples.
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  • 65
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    Colonization of new habitats by benthic foraminifera: a review (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth-Science Reviews, 46 (1-4). pp. 167-185.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-15
    Description: Colonization of new habitats, which have been established as a result of a catastrophic disturbance of the environment, is one of the characteristic repetitive events throughout the Phanerozoic. In recent years, much attention has been paid to investigations focusing on biological recovery of benthic habitats severely disturbed by human activity. In order to improve our environmental and stratigraphical interpretations of such events, we need a more thorough understanding of the processes involved in colonization by one of the most abundant and useful fossil groups, the benthic foraminifera. The present review focuses on processes governing benthic foraminiferal dispersion and colonization patterns in modern environments. For benthic foraminifera, the only active dispersal mechanism is through self-locomotion on or within the sediment and this is considered to be efficient over short distances only. Several passive dispersal methods have been suggested but two seem to be of more general importance. These are dispersal through release and transport of embryonic juveniles and passive suspension and transport of various growth stages. Both are probably important for most benthic foraminifera but the former is likely to be the main mechanism for attached, tubular and larger foraminifera, which are not easily entrained at a later life stage. The latter seems to be a more important dispersion mechanism for benthic foraminifera than previously realized. The colonization rate of soft-bottom substrates is closely related to the hydraulic regime in, and the transit time from, the source area inhabited by species capable of colonizing the new habitat (as long as food and other environmental characteristics are not limiting factors). The transit time depends on the speed of the transporting medium and the distance from the source area. There seems to be two end-processes which can operate during the colonization, depending on whether physically induced or biological processes are allowed to dominate. They are characterized by different colonization patterns. In high energy environments (bottom current velocities often 〉20 cm/s), a short transit time may cause the major components of the nearest ambient seafloor assemblages to colonize the new habitat within days. In this case the colonization is simply through a physical transfer of parts of the source community to the new habitat, allowing no time for pioneer, opportunistic assemblages to develop. In low energy environments (bottom current velocities generally 〈10 cm/s), the transit time is long for most species. Here, colonization follows the classic metazoan successional pattern with an initial, high abundance pioneer assemblage strongly dominated by small opportunists followed by development of assemblages with increasing numbers of specialized species and recovery can take from one to several years. Initial lack of food (e.g., volcanic ash) or `hostile' substrate properties (e.g., recently reoxygenated or severely contaminated sediments) may delay colonization by months or even years. Small, infaunal species (both calcareous and agglutinated) are among the first and most successful colonizers of soft bottom habitats from shallow waters to the deep sea. Throchospiral agglutinated taxa are among the most abundant colonizers on deep sea hard substrates.
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  • 66
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    A highly porous 3-dimensional polyphosphazene polymer matrix for skeletal tissue regeneration (1996)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 30 (2). pp. 133-138.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-27
    Description: Current methods for the replacement of skeletal tissue in general involve the use of autografts or allografts. There are considerable drawbacks in the use of either of these tissues. In an effort to provide an alternative to traditional graft materials, a degradable 3-dimensional (3-D) osteoblast cell–polymer matrix was designed as a construct for skeletal tissue regeneration. A degradable amino acid containing polymer, poly[(methylphenoxy)(ethyl glycinato) phosphazene], was synthesized and a 3-D matrix system was prepared using a salt leaching technique. This 3-D polyphosphazene polymer matrix system, 3-D-PHOS, was then seeded with osteoblast cells for the creation of a cell–polymer matrix material. The 3-D-PHOS matrix possessed an average pore diameter of 165 μm. Environmental scanning electron microscopy revealed a reconnecting porous network throughout the polymer with an even distribution of pores over the surface of the matrix. Osteoblast cells were found attached and grew on the 3-D-PHOS at a steady rate throughout the 21-day period studied in vitro, in contrast to osteoblast growth kinetics on similar, but 2-D polyphosphazene matrices, that showed a decline in cell growth after 7 days. Characterization of 3-D-PHOS osteoblast-polymer matrices by light microscopy revealed cells growing within the pores as well as on surface of the polymer as early as day 1. This novel porous 3-D-PHOS matrix may be suitable for use as a bioerodible scaffold for regeneration of skeletal tissue.
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  • 67
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    Production of Secondary Metabolites by Solid-State Fermentation (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Biotechnology Annual Review, 2 . pp. 85-121.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-30
    Description: Microbial secondary metabolites are useful high value products that are normally produced by liquid culture; but could be advantageously produced by solid-state fermentation (SSF). Particularly if SSF could benefit from a deeper understanding of microbial physiology in a solid environment. Recent research indicates that different kind of secondary metabolites can be produced by SSF: antibiotics, phytohormones, food grade pigments, alkaloids, etc. Physiology in SSF shows several similarities with physiology in liquid medium, so similar strategies must be adapted for efficient processes. However, there are certain particularities of idiophase in solid medium which dictate the need for special strains.
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  • 68
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    Production of secondary metabolites by solid-state fermentation (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Biotechnology Annual Review, 2 . pp. 85-121.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-22
    Description: Microbial secondary metabolites are useful high value products that are normally produced by liquid culture; but could be advantageously produced by solid-state fermentation (SSF). Particularly if SSF could benefit from a deeper understanding of microbial physiology in a solid environment. Recent research indicates that different kind of secondary metabolites can be produced by SSF: antibiotics, phytohormones, food grade pigments, alkaloids, etc. Physiology in SSF shows several similarities with physiology in liquid medium, so similar strategies must be adapted for efficient processes. However, there are certain particularities of idiophase in solid medium which dictate the need for special strains.
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  • 69
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    Physical limits on iron uptake mediated by siderophores or surface reductases (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Chemistry, 65 (3-4). pp. 227-244.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-21
    Description: The excretion of siderophores and the reduction of organic iron-complexes at the cell surface are common reactions of terrestrial plants, fungi and bacteria in response to low availability of iron. However, there is much less evidence for the use of these strategies by marine phytoplankton. It has been argued that siderophore excretion is inefficient in an aquatic environment due to rapid diffusion. This study examines how diffusion and chemical reactions in the microenvironment of a phytoplankton cell influence the efficiency of both strategies to increase the bioavailability of iron and to reduce iron stress. A numerical model of the cell surroundings is presented that calculates the concentration distribution for different iron species and allows to study the effect of siderophores or surface reductases. It calculates the efficiency of these mechanisms, defined as the quotient between the increase in iron uptake rate and the excretion rate of siderophores or electrons, needed to obtain this increase. The dependence of this efficiency on rates of iron coordination reactions, on diffusivity, and on the kinetics of iron uptake is discussed with the aid of some analytical calculations.
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  • 70
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    Deep water masses and transports in the Vema Fracture Zone (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 43 (7). pp. 1067-1074.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Recent results from hydrographic, chlorofluoromethane (CFM) and current measurements during an R.V. Meteor cruise in February/March 1994 underscore the importance of the Vema Fracture Zone (VFZ), located near 11°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, for the transport of bottom water from the deep western basin of the equatorial Atlantic into the eastern abyss. The eastward transport in the bottom water range, of 1.8-2.0 Sv below 2.0°C, and of 2.1–2.4 Sv below the level of no motion at 3640 m, was determined by a combination of geostrophic calculations and direct current observations by a lowered ADCP. The comparison to former results indicates that the eastward flow in the VFZ is rather persistent. The water mass properties (Θ, S and CFMs) in the VFZ were compared to stations in the Guiana Basin, in the equatorial channel, and in the Brazil Basin at 10°S suggesting a significant contribution of North Atlantic Deep Water to the entire bottom water layer in the VFZ.
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  • 71
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    An experimental analysis of the importance of body-size in the seastar-mussel predator-prey relationship (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Acta Oecologica - International Journal of Ecology, 20 (2). pp. 81-86.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-21
    Description: Laboratory feeding experiments were conducted to elucidate size-relationships in the seastar-mussel (Asterias rubens-Mytilus edulis) predator-prey interaction. This is one of the most well-known predator-prey relationships in marine benthic ecology and the dependence of seastar feeding rates and prey size selection are crucial for modelling. Moreover, the hypothesis should be tested that large individuals of M. edulis enjoy a size-refuge from seastar predation in the Baltic sea. Ingestion rates showed an allometric relationship to seastar size. They increased slightly more than cubically (b = 3.62) with the linear size of the seastars and slightly more than linearly (b = 1.27) with the body mass of the seastars. Somatic growth rates were linearly related to ingestion rates. Larger seastars tended to eat larger mussels. This relationship was significant for the largest size of mussels eaten and for the mean size of mussels eaten, but not for the minimal size. Size selection of seastars did not depend on the spatial arrangement of mussel sizes relative to the initial position of the seastars in the aquarium. Mussels of 〉 48 mm in length are safe from predation by the largest seastars found in the western Baltic sea.
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  • 72
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    Grain Size seperation and sediment mixing in Artic Ocean sediments: evidence from the strontium isotope systematic (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Chemical Geology, 158 (3-4). pp. 173-188.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-20
    Description: The (87)Rb/(86)Sr and (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios of Laptev Sea sediments, of Arctic Ocean sediments and of suspended particulate matter (SPM) from Siberian rivers (Lena and Khatanga) form 'pseudo-isochrons' due to grain-size separation processes which are referred to as 'Lena Mixing Envelope' (LME) and as 'Flood Basalt Envelope' (FBE). At the land-ocean transition the reduction of the particle velocity causes a deposition of coarser grained material and the contact with saline water enhances a precipitation of finer-grained material. The coarse-grained material is enriched in Sr showing less radiogenic (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios whereas fine grained material is depleted in Sr relative to Rb showing more radiogenic (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios, The experimentally determined spread of the (87)Rb/(86)Sr and (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios as a function of grain size in one sediment sample is on the same order as the natural spread of the (87)Sr/(86)Sr ratios observed in all samples from the Arctic Ocean. Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) for the Lena river SPM tend to confirm previous observations that chemical alteration is negligible in the Arctic environment. Thus, these 'pseudo-isochrons' reflect an average age and the average isotope composition in the river drainage area. Calculated apparent ages from the FBE reflect the age of the Siberian flood basalt of about 220 Ma and the initial ratio of 0.707(1) reflects their mantle origin. The age calculated from the LME of about 125 Ma reflects accidentally the Jurassic and Cretaceous age of the sediments drained by the Lena river and the initial ratio of 0.714(1) reflects the crustal origin of their source rocks. Comparison of geographical locations reveals that all samples from the eastern Laptev Sea (east of 120 degrees E) fall along the LME whereas all samples from the western Laptev Sea (west of 120 degrees E) fall between LME and FBE. Mixing calculations based on (143)Nd/(144)Nd measurements, not influenced by grain size, show that about 75% of the western Laptev Sea sediments originate from the Lena drainage area whereas about 25% of the sediments are delivered from the Siberian flood basalt province. Sediments from the central Arctic Ocean are isotopically related to the Lena drainage area and the Siberian flood basalt province. However, sediments from the Arctic Ocean margins close to Novaya Semlya, Greenland, the Fram Strait and Svalbard originate from sources not yet identified. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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    A mitochondrial phylogeny analysis of Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean distributed seabream species (Sparidae, Percoidei) (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Zoology, 102, Suppl. 2 . p. 28.
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    Publication Date: 2019-03-06
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  • 74
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    Chlorobiphenyls in suspension and sediment of the southern Baltic Sea: a mass balance calculation since the onset of PCB-production (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Continental Shelf Research, 19 (7). pp. 891-910.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The effect of the supply of chlorinated biphenyls by the river Oder into some adjacent areas of Baltic Sea was studied in nine sediment cores and in 10 suspended matter samples. Congener-specific analysis was carried out on 28 individual chlorobiphenyls (CBs). ∑CB concentrations in suspension ranged from 2.4 pg dm-3 in the southern Bornholm Basin to 986 pg dm-3 in the Achterwasser. ∑CB contents in surface sediment decreased with increasing distance from the river mouth. Highest contents were found in the Oderhaff (18 ng g-1 dw) decreasing to 2 ng g-1 dw in the Bornholm Basin. The ∑CB contents generally decreased more or less regularly with increasing depth. The compositions of the CB mixtures in surficial sediment and suspension samples were rather similar, suggesting a common source. Compositions of the CB mixtures in the sediment cores showed distinct differences. These may reflect variations in source strength over time. Mass balance considerations on the basis of the 28 CBs resulted in an estimation of a total storage of approximate 733±158 kg ∑CBs in the Oderhaff, Achterwasser, Greifswalder Bodden, Oder Rinne, Arkona Basin and Bornholm Basin in the past 65 years, covering the time period since CBs were first produced. Based on river data about 500 kg of ∑CBs were supplied during this time by river Oder, that may thus be the major source of these compounds for the southern Baltic Sea.
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  • 75
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    Persistent chlorinated organic contaminants in harbour porpoises from the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and Arctic waters (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Science of the Total Environment, 237/238 . pp. 351-361.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-24
    Description: Individual chlorinated biphenyls (CBs) and chlorinated pesticides (p,p′-DDT and metabolites, HCHs and HCB) were determined in blubber samples of 40 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) of different age and sex from the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and Greenland coastal waters. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were analysed in a selected group of animals. ΣCB concentrations (medians) in North Sea immature specimens were similar (14.9 μg/g lipid) to those from the Baltic Sea (17.0 μg/g lipid) and exceeding those in Greenland specimens by an order of magnitude (1.3 μg/g lipid). The median concentrations (μg/g lipid) of HCB, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD and γ-HCH were in the order Greenland〈North Sea〈Baltic Sea. The highest concentrations of α-HCH (0.14 μg/g lipid) were found in the Greenland population, and p,p′-DDT was detected only in this group. The North Sea and Baltic Sea populations were identified as distinctly separate on the basis of levels and compositions of these contaminants. The ecological risk associated with dioxin-like toxicity was dominated by the CB congeners 118 and 170; the PCDD/Fs were playing only a minor role.
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  • 76
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    Scanning electron microscopy observation of host entry by two brown algae endophytic in Laminaria saccharina (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  Phycological Research, 47 (1). pp. 1-5.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-27
    Description: The germination of spores of the endophytic brown algae Laminariocolax aecidioides and Laminarionema elsbetiae (Ectocarpales sensu lato) on their host Laminaria saccharina was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Zoids were the infective units in both taxa. Despite a large difference in size between spores of the species studied, the initial steps of infection were similar. Zoids settled on the host surface, and during secretion of adhesive material from their anterior end, the spores became elongated to rod-shaped and stood erect on the host. A single germ tube developed at the proximal end and penetrated the intact surface of the host. Sharp edges around the entrance hole and the absence of inward deformation of the host surface around the settled zoids suggest an enzymatic rather than a mechanical penetration mechanism.
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    Variations of the drift of larval cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the Baltic Sea: combining field observations and modelling (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  Fisheries Oceanography, 8 . pp. 199-211.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-27
    Description: Coupled three-dimensional (3-D) physical oceanographic modelling and field sampling programmes were carried out in May 1988 and August 1991 to investigate the potential drift of larval cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the Bornholm Basin of the Baltic Sea. The goals were to predict the transport of cod larvae, thus aiding the identification of physical processes influencing larval retention/dispersal. Numerical simulations were performed using a 3-D eddy-resolving baroclinic model based on the Bryan–Cox–Semtner code adapted for the Baltic Sea. Within the Bornholm Basin, the model was initialized with ground truth data of physical parameters obtained on the research cruises, and all simulations were forced with actual wind data. Outside the basin, generalized hydrographic features of the Baltic Sea were utilized by incorporation of simulated hydrographic fields from previous model runs typical for the time periods considered. Larval drift was simulated either by incorporation of passive drifters, or as the initial horizontal distribution of larvae implemented into the model. Drift model simulations of larval transport agreed relatively well with field observations. The influence of variations in the vertical distribution on a smaller scale, i.e. vertical deviations of ± 6 m from the observed mean centre of mass, on the drift was examined, revealing no significant differences in the drift of larvae depending on their vertical distribution. The different wind forcing during the investigated time periods was linked to a retention situation in May 1988 and to a dispersal situation in August 1991. Finally, observed spatial distribution patterns of 1-group cod based on Baltic Young Fish Surveys (BYFS) were compared with their predicted transport in the larval phase and examined with respect to recruitment.
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  • 78
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    Atmospheric water vapour and cloud water: An overview (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Advances in Space Research, 18 (7). pp. 5-16.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-11
    Description: Hydro-meteorological parameters i.e. precipitable water, cloud water and ice content, and precipitation are most variable parameters in the atmosphere. This is the main reason why representative direct measurements of these properties are hardly available. Remote sensing with satellite-borne instruments in particular in the microwave spectral range is a way out of this dilemma. A number of algorithms has been developed. The different methods how to proceed in the development of such algorithms are discussed. Verification of the retrieved products in particular the liquid water path is a great problem, a few ideas will be discussed. Results will be shown for the total precipitable water W and liquid water path LWP over the Atlantic Ocean for different time scales. The structure of the W field is very similar for the same month in different years. But LWP is very variable, even for monthly means (October 1987 and 1989) the differences can be larger than 0.1 kg/m2.
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  • 79
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    New approaches to mesozooplankton production estimates against the background of food web considerations for the Bornholm Basin (Southern Baltic Proper) (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie, 84 . pp. 271-286.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-03
    Description: Mesozooplankton production was estimated by using a new sampling technique and two alternative calculation methods. In essence, production estimates are based on significantly higher abundances. The contribution of juvenile stages to copepod and fish dynamics was generally low, so that the omission of juvenile stages in budgets will result in a small error. The situations reported in this study present a unique food web szenario, which in detail, however, was strongly dependent on methodology. Furthermore, relations between trophic levels were considered with respect to vertical distribution.
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  • 80
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    Stripping voltammetry for the determination of trace metal speciation and in-situ measurements of trace metal distributions in marine waters (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Analytica Chimica Acta, 400 (1-3). pp. 381-397.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-04
    Description: Progress in marine chemistry has been driven by improved sampling and sample handling techniques, and developments in analytical chemistry. Consequently, during the last 20 years our understanding of marine trace metal biogeochemistry has improved a great deal. Stripping voltammetric techniques (anodic stripping voltammetry and adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry) have made an important contribution to this understanding. The selectivity and extremely low detection limits have made stripping voltammetry a widely used technique for trace metal speciation and trace metal distribution measurements in seawater. Stripping voltammetry is very suitable for ship-board and in-situ applications because of the portability, low cost and capability for automation of the voltammetric instrumentation. Future developments in stripping voltammetry can be expected in the field of stand-alone submersible voltammetric analysers, capable of continuous trace metal measurements. Future applications of stripping voltammetry can be found in the interactions between trace metal speciation and growth and the functioning of organisms in pristine and metal polluted marine waters. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V.
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  • 81
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    The distribution of dissolved Cu, Zn, Ni, Co and Cr in English coastal surface waters (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Continental Shelf Research, 19 (4). pp. 537-558.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-04
    Description: The distribution of trace metals was determined in coastal waters around England during cruises in December 1993 (CH108), October 1994 (CH115), January 1995 (CH117) and April 1995 (CH118). Cu and Ni distributions were pronouncedly influenced by mixing of river waters with seawater during CH108 coinciding with seasonally enhanced freshwater inputs, but less so during the subsequent cruises. These seasonal variations indicate the importance of processes other than conservative mixing on the distributions of Cu and Ni: benthic and atmospheric inputs, removal by biological uptake and particle scavenging. This paper is one of the first to report on coastal dissolved Cr distributions. Non-conservative behaviour was observed for Cr (CH108), with generally low concentrations which were attributed to particle scavenging. Dissolved Zn exhibited a non-conservative behaviour during the spring and late summer cruises, suggesting that processes other than mixing between water masses was influencing its behaviour. Co showed non-conservative behaviour during the late summer cruise (CH115), which was attributed to the influence of benthic inputs and particle scavenging on its distribution.
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  • 82
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    Automated monitoring of Ni, Cu and Zn in the Irish Sea (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Pollution Bulletin, 32 (6). pp. 471-479.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-03
    Description: The distributions of Ni, Cu and Zn have been monitored in the Irish Sea using fully automated voltammetric instrumentation and collection of seawater by underway pumping. The continuous real-time measurements provided high resolution data with a minimum risk of sample contamination. The surveys showed that the River Mersey was a significant contributor of Ni, Cu and Zn to the eastern Irish Sea and that the trace metal distribution was consistent with an anti-clockwise residual water movement in the eastern Irish Sea. The automated instrumentation is very useful for monitoring requirements for environmental impact assessments and can provide high resolution trace metal data for marine modelling purposes.
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  • 83
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    Neo-clerodane diterpenoids from Teucrium polium (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Phytochemistry, 51 (7). pp. 921-925.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-11
    Description: Two new neo-clerodane type diterpenoids, teulolin A (15,16-epoxy-6,7,18,19-tetrahydroxy-neo-cleroda-3(4),13(16),14-trien-20, 12(S)-olide, 1) and teulolin B (15,16-epoxy-3α, 6,7,18,19-tetrahydroxy-neo-cleroda-4(18),13(16),14- trien-20,12(S)-olide, 2) were isolated from the aerial parts of Teucrium polium. The structures of 1-2 were proposed on the basis of extensive NMR experiments and molecular modeling studies
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  • 84
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    Phenylethanoid glycosides from Digitalis ferruginea subsp ferruginea (=D-aurea LINDLEY) (Scrophulariaceae) (1999)
    American Medical Society | Wiley
    In:  ChemInform, 47 (9). pp. 1305-1307.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-27
    Description: ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option
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  • 85
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    Trace metal and nutrient distribution in an extremely low pH (2.5) river-estuarine system, the Ria of Huelva (South-West Spain) (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Science of the Total Environment, 227 (1). pp. 73-83.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-04
    Description: Nutrient (nitrate, phosphate, silica) and dissolved metal (Al, Cu, As, Cd, Ni, Zn, Fe, U) distributions were studied in the mixing zones of the Tinto and Odiel rivers which drain the South Iberian pyrite belt. Phosphate distribution is strongly influenced by discharges from the fertiliser industry, especially in the Tinto mixing zone. The increase of silica content in this zone is related to a release of biogenic silica from diatoms. Nitrate concentrations which are influenced by urban and industrial effluents showed an important maximum in the early stages of mixing in the Tinto (as do the metals). Compared to the Odiel river, the metal concentrations in the Tinto river reached higher values in relation to more intensive mining activities. Dissolved Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Cd and Zn concentrations were correlated in the mixing zones of both rivers. This suggests that they have the same source and are subjected to the same controlling processes in the estuary. A maximum concentration for these metals was observed in the early stage of mixing in the Tinto and reflects a decrease of redox in a low pH (〈3) environment. Downstream in the Odiel system, metals showed a slight removal. Dissolved uranium, present at a low level (0.05 μmol l-1) in the rivers, is introduced by the phosphate fertiliser industry in the estuary and trapped in sedimentation areas. As a consequence, waters of the Gulf of Cadiz have a U content similar to that of the open seawater. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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  • 86
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    Development of a simple extraction procedure using ligand competition for biogeochemically available metals of estuarine suspended particulate matter (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Analytica Chimica Acta, 392 (1). pp. 3-17.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-30
    Description: Sorption of trace metals by suspended particulate matter (SPM) in estuarine systems has important implications for the fate of dissolved metals in these waters. This paper describes the development of a single extraction procedure for SPM-associated trace metals, using a ligand competition approach with EDTA as the added complexing ligand. The use of EDTA allows the determination of available particulate trace metals using well defined constraints with respect to the competition for trace metals between EDTA and the particles. Incubation experiments showed that equilibrium times between EDTA and particulate material of 72h were required to reach equilibrium for most of the metals studied (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Co, Al, Fe, Pb and Mg). Optimum conditions included a 0.05M EDTA concentration and the use of an extractant: particulate matter ratio of 200:1 (v:w). Kinetic calculations on data from the incubation experiments were used to calculate the apparent stability constants (K(MeS)) for the metal-particulate matter interaction and indicated values ranging from 10-2.1 for K(MgS) to 10-13.5 for K(CuS). Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V.
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  • 87
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    Impact of Los Frailes mine spill on riverine, estuarine and coastal waters in southern Spain (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Water Research, 33 (16). pp. 3387-3394.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-04
    Description: On April 25, 1998, a spill at the Los Frailes mine in southern Spain resulted in a very high input of metals (including Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Tl and Zn) into the river Guadiamar. Calculations indicate that the discharges into the Guadiamar of Cu (5100t), Pb (24,700t), Zn (26,200t) and Ag (138t, based on mud only) were higher than the annual production by the Los Frailes mine for Ag and Pb, and ca. two times less for Cu and Zn. For many metals, the increase in concentration in the affected river (Guadiamar), 2days after the initial discharge, was by several orders of magnitude. However, 6months after the incident, no evidence of the spill could be observed in the plume of the river (Guadalquivir) which discharged the mine waters into the coastal waters of the Gulf of Cadiz. This observation can possibly be explained by low rainfall, natural metal removal processes in the river and estuarine environments and by human interventions. Copyright (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. On April 25, 1998, a spill at the Los Frailes mine in southern Spain resulted in a very high input of metals (including Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Tl and Zn) into the river Guadiamar. Calculations indicate that the discharges into the Guadiamar of Cu (5100 t), Pb (24,700 t), Zn (26,200 t) and Ag (138 t, based on mud only) were higher than the annual production by the Los Frailes mine for Ag and Pb, and ca. two times less for Cu and Zn. For many metals, the increase in concentration in the affected river (Guadiamar), 2 days after the initial discharge, was by several orders of magnitude. However, 6 months after the incident, no evidence of the spill could be observed in the plume of the river (Guadalquivir) which discharged the mine waters into the coastal waters of the Gulf of Cadiz. This observation can possibly be explained by low rainfall, natural metal removal processes in the river and estuarine environments and by human interventions.
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  • 88
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    Chronology and volcanology of the 1949 multi-vent rift-zone eruption on La Palma (Canary Islands) (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 94 (1-4). pp. 267-282.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-20
    Description: The compositionally zoned San Juan eruption on La Palma emanated from three eruptive centers located along a north–south-trending rift zone in the south of the island. Seismic precursors began weakly in 1936 and became strong in March 1949, with their foci progressing from the north of the rift zone towards its south. This suggests that magma ascended beneath the old Taburiente shield volcano and moved southward along the rift. The eruption began on June 24, 1949, with phreatomagmatic activity at Duraznero crater on the ridgetop (ca. 1880 m above sea level), where five vents erupted tephritic lava along a 400-m-long fissure. On June 8, the Duraznero vents shut down abruptly, and the activity shifted to an off-rift fissure at Llano del Banco, located at ca. 550 m lower elevation and 3 km to the northwest. This eruptive center issued initially tephritic aa and later basanitic pahoehoe lava at high rates, producing a lava flow that entered the sea. Two days after basanite began to erupt at Llano del Banco, Hoyo Negro crater (ca. 1880 m asl), located 700 m north of Duraznero along the rift, opened on July 12 and produced ash and bombs of basanitic to phonotephritic composition in violent phreatomagmatic explosions (White and Schmincke, 1999). Llano del Banco and Hoyo Negro were simultaneously active for 11 days and showed a co-variance of their eruption rates indicating a shallow hydraulic connection. On July 30, after 3 days of quiescence at all vents, Duraznero and Hoyo Negro became active again during a final eruptive phase. Duraznero issued basanitic lava at high rates for 12 h and produced a lava flow that descended towards the east coast. The lava contains ca. 1 vol.% crustal and mantle xenoliths consisting of 40% tholeiitic gabbros from the oceanic crust, 35% alkaline gabbros, and 20% ultramafic cumulates. The occurrence of xenoliths almost exclusively in the final lava is consistent with their origin by wall-rock collapse at depth near the end of the eruption. The volcanic evolution of the 1949 eruption is typical of La Palma eruptions generally. Considerable shallow magma migration prior to and during eruption is manifested by strong seismicity, intense faulting, and the almost unpredictable opening of specific vents which can be spaced three or more km apart.
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  • 89
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    Generation of block-and-ash flows during 1990-95 eruption of Unzen volcano, western Japan (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 89 . pp. 123-137.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-17
    Description: Processes generating block and ash flows by gravitational dome collapse (Merapi-type pyroclastic flow) were observed in detail during the 1990–1995 eruption of Unzen volcano, Japan. Two different types were identified by analysis of video records and observations during helicopter flights. Most of the block and ash flows erupted during the 1991–1993 exogenous dome growth stage initially involved crack propagation due to cooling and flowage of the dome lava lobes. The mass around the crack became unstable, locally decreasing in tensile strength. Finally, a slab separated from the lobe front, fragmented progressively from the base to the top within a few seconds, and became a block and ash flow. Rock falls immediately followed, in response to local instability of the lobe front. Clasts in these rock falls fragmented and merged with the preceding flow. In contrast, block and ash flows during the endogenous dome growth stage in 1994 were generated due to local bulge of the dome. Unstable lava blocks collapsed and subsequently fragmented to produce block and ash flows.
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  • 90
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    Oligoagars elicit a physiological response in Gracilaria conferta (Rhodophyta) (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Phycology, 35 (4). pp. 747-755.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-26
    Description: Gracilaria conferta (Schousboe ex Montagne) J. ct G, Feldmann responded with an oxidative burst and rapid increases in respiration and halogenating activity when agar, agarose, or the agarose degradation products neoagarotetraose and neoagarohexaose were added to the growth medium, In contrast, carrageenan, oligocarrageenans, neoagarobiose, L-galactose, D-galactose, and several other mono- and oligosaccharides did not have any effect, Sixfold increases in respiration were observed 3 min after addition of neoagarohexaose. The response could only be induced in species of the genera Gracilaria and Gracilariopsis. Neoagarohexaose also elicited a release of hydrogen peroxide in less than 15 min, resulting in an immediate increase in algal brominating activity. Bleached thallus tips appeared a few hours after the addition of neoagarohexaose. This effect was dependent on the release of hydrogen peroxide and exposure to light, Exposure to light and oligosaccharide elicitors increased the production of reactive oxygen species, which reached destructive concentrations when both mechanisms were simultaneously active. Concentrations of 0.1 to 3.3 mu M agarose or agars were sufficient to trigger an increase in respiration, an oxidative burst response, and tip bleaching. However, higher concentrations of neoagarohexaose and neoagarotetraose were necessary to elicit the responses, indicating that the alga is more sensitive to oligoagars with degrees of biose-polymerization 〉 3, The extremely short reaction time and high specificity indicate that intermediates of agar degradation are recognized by Gracilaria as messengers when microbial degradation of its cell wall occurs, The physiological responses may represent the early stages of algal defense mechanisms involved in repression of pathogen ingress.
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  • 91
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    Multiple sources for the Coastal Batholith of central Chile (31–34°S): geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic evidence and tectonic implications (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Lithos, 46 (3). pp. 505-521.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-04
    Description: The Coastal Batholith of central Chile between 31 and 34°S represents a locus of long-lived (c. 200 Ma) plutonic activity. It is composed of four plutonic complexes: Santo Domingo, Limarı́, Papudo–Quintero and Illapel. These complexes, which occur as north-trending discontinuous belts that decrease in age eastward, were emplaced during four major episodes of arc magmatism. The Santo Domingo Complex (Carboniferous) comprises hornblende–biotite bearing tonalites and granodiorites with abundant mafic enclaves, and enclave-free granites. The association of enclave-bearing granitoids and enclave-free granites resulted from different degrees of mixing of crustal- and mantle-derived magmas. The Limarı́ Complex (Lower Jurassic) is a bimodal association of crustal leucogranites and mantle-derived gabbros. The lithology of the Papudo–Quintero Complex (Middle Jurassic) varies from hornblende–pyroxene diorite to biotite granite. The main rock types, namely tonalites and granodiorites, commonly contain mafic enclaves. The granitoids and the enclaves have remarkably similar REE patterns and are similar in Sr–Nd isotope composition, which suggest that they represent a cogenetic suite of mantle origin. The Illapel Complex (Cretaceous) consists of hornblende bearing tonalites, trondhjemites and granodiorites that resemble the rocks of TTG suites. The εNd values and initial ratios (Sri) for the mafic rocks of the Carboniferous Complex (εNd: −2.0 and −3.5; Sri: c. 0.7057) differ markedly from those of the Mesozoic mafic rocks (εNd: +1.9 to +5.4; Sri: 0.7033 to 0.7039), the Cretaceous rocks being the most depleted with regard to Sr–Nd. A change from Carboniferous lithosphere-dominated sources to Mesozoic asthenosphere-dominated sources of the magmas that started in the Early Jurassic is recognized. Slab components can be recognized in the source of the Cretaceous rocks. The crustal source of the Lower Jurassic leucogranites was more isotopically depleted and refractory than that of the Carboniferous granites. On the other hand, no crustal participation in the origin of the Middle Jurassic and Cretaceous felsic granitoids is recognized; they are differentiated from mantle-derived magmas. Progressive removal of old lithospheric mantle during the Mesozoic due to a process of lithospheric delamination would explain the profound change in the subcrustal source, as well as the melting and modification towards a more refractory nature of the continental crust.
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  • 92
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    Seismic velocities of the uppermost igneous crust versus age (1996)
    Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Journal International, 124 (2). pp. 631-635.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-05
    Description: Seismic refraction velocity data from the acoustic basement (called layer 2A) have been compiled for different mid-ocean ridges. The data from post-1970 studies show a strong correlation between velocity and basement age. Importantly, velocities double in less than 10 Myr for all ridges, but for older crust, up to 160 Myr in age, velocities do not increase significantly.
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  • 93
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    Dynamics of picophytoplankton, ultraphytoplankton and bacteria in the central equatorial Pacific (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 43 (4-6). pp. 907-931.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-06
    Description: Pico- and ultraplankton are known to contribute significantly to overall biomass and primary productivity in the 'high nutrient low chlorophyll' waters of the equatorial Pacific. In order to understand the dynamics of this community on ecologically relevant time-scales, we examined the abundance, distribution and cellular characteristics of Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, eukaryotic ultraphytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria during two 20-day time-series at 0°N, 140°W in the spring and fall of 1992 (JGOFS time-series cruises. TS-I and TS-II). Prochlorococcus was numerically dominant among the autotrophic groups considered, with mean cell concentrations in surface waters on the order of 1.4 x 105 cells ml-1. Synechococcus and ultraphytoplankton abundances were 17-30-fold lower than those of Prochlorococcus, and heterotrophic bacterial abundances were 5-7-fold higher (during TS-I and TS-II, respectively). Daily cell abundances for all groups varied by factors of 1.5-2 within each time-series. Depth-integrated Prochlorococcus abundance averaged over each time-series was 25 lower during TS-II relative to TS-I; ultraphytoplankton abundance was 42 higher during the same period. Prochlorococcus and ultraphytoplankton both contributed significantly to the estimated total autotrophic biomass; Synechococcus contributed relatively little. Estimated total photosynthetic pico- plus ultraplankton biomass was on average 30 higher than heterotrophic bacterial biomass. Changes in the fluorescence and light scatter properties of individual Prochlorococcus cells were observed during the passage of a tropical instability wave during TS-II, and are hypothesized to reflect a physiological response among these cells to that event Examination of bulk properties alone (e.g. cell numbers or total red fluorescence) would not have revealed these physiological changes. Lower bounds for Prochlorococcus-specific growth rates were calculated based on the DNA distributions of these populations at dusk. These rates were maximal at 15 or 30 m depth, where they approached one doubling per day. Changes in Prochlorococcus forward tingle light scatter (FALS) from dawn to dusk were well correlated with these estimates of specific growth rate, an observation that allowed us to relate measurements of FALS to cell volume for Prochlorococcus.
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  • 94
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    First seamount age evidence for significantly slower African plate motion since 19 to 30 Ma (1999)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 171 (4). pp. 575-589.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Resolving the time–space (and compositional) evolution of volcanism along long-lived South Atlantic hotspot trails is important to understanding the connection between hotspot volcanism and mantle plumes. 40Ar/39Ar ages are reported here for rocks dredged from a line of five individual seamounts along an ∼290 km northeast to southwest line extending from the vicinity of Saint Helena Island, and also for Circe Seamount. These seamounts were created in a midplate setting and could have formed rapidly (≤1 Myr). The St. Helena Seamount ages reveal a remarkably linear migration rate of volcanism of 20±1 mm/yr for at least the past 19 Myr, which is interpreted as the absolute motion of the African plate. Because this is much slower than estimated for earlier African plate migration it also represents the first evidence based on seamount ages for a significant deceleration (∼33%) of the African plate since at least 19 Ma. However, this change could have occurred as early as 30 Ma when the limited data for the Tristan/Gough hotspot chain are also considered. This deceleration supports a relationship between African plate speed and the upsurge of hotspot volcanism on the African continent at ∼25 Ma. We suggest that the increased number of oceanic African hotspots between ∼19 and 30 Ma points to a link also between major changes in plate motion and the onset and continuation of oceanic hotspot volcanism. Our study supports the assumption that chains of individual, rapidly (?) formed seamounts have considerably more potential of providing clear insights into how mantle plumes interact with overriding lithosphere than do those consisting of uninterrupted, more massive lines of hotspot volcanism.
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  • 95
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    The Late Quaternary history of northern Eurasia and the adjacent Arctic Ocean: an introduction to QUEEN (1999)
    Wiley
    In:  Boreas, 28 (1). pp. 3-5.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
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  • 96
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    The small-scale squid hand-jig fishery off the northwestern Iberian Peninsula: application of a model based on a short survey of fishery statistics (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Fisheries Research, 25 . pp. 253-263.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-09
    Description: A small-scale squid hand-jig fishery targeting the squids Loligo vulgaris and Loligo forbesi exists in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula. Its importance is evaluated using a model based on a short survey of fishery statistics. A total of 46 ports in Galicia operate this fishery. Theseportswere classified into three categories, according to characteristics relevant to the length of season in the fishery. Again, Cedeira and Muardos were selected as "model ports" for each of the three categories. The catch per unit effort and total catch were estimated for each of these model ports. Total catch for each port was estimated taking into account the catch obtained in each model port multiplied by a suitable correction factor based on the number of boats in each port. The ports of each of the three categories were considered separately. Thus we can obtain the total catch of the 46 Galician ports where this fishing activity takes place. It was calculated that the small-scale hand-jjig fishery unloaded 282 t of squid in Galicia in 1992. The accuracy of the model based on a short survey of fishery statistics was tested by comparing estimates of catches with real squid landing data recorded in Aguiño in 1992. It was observed that the difference between the estimates (15.5 and 14.6 t, respectively) was 5.8%. Information on the characteristics of this fishery, seasonality, type and the number of fishing boats is included in this paper, which represents the first step towards assesing the magnitude of the squid resource in the hand-jig Galician fishery.
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  • 97
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    Swimming behaviour and food searching in planctonic Octopus vulgaris cuvier from hatching to settlement (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 208 . pp. 169-184.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: The planctonic life in Mediterranean Octopus vulgaris lasts about 2 months but we know virtually nothing of this phase of its life history, which represents around 10-15% of the estimated life span. Swimming behaviour from hatching to settlement was studied by video-recording techniques, using five groups aged 1,15,30,42 and 60 days, by when they have become benthic. During the planctonic stage, the backwards, squid.like jet swimming was the predominant type of displacement. Strong morphometric changes, basically in arm growth, influence their jetting capacities and probably the settlement process. Feeding behaviour was analyzed using two species of decapod zoeae as prey, Liocarcinus depurator (L.) and Pagurus prideaux Leach; it is that of a visual predator. The forward displacement typically forms part of this predatory behaviour. During the planctonic phase, the presence of prey increase the turning rate and reduces the swimming speed of Octopus vulgaris individuals. Both responses may improve the exploitation of patchy food environments.
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  • 98
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    Allozyme electrophoretic technique and phylogenetic relationships in three species of Sepia (Cephalopoda: Sepiidae) (1996)
    Elsevier
    In:  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 114 (1). pp. 11-18.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-19
    Description: Samples of Sepia officinalis, S. orbignyana, and S. elegans from Galician waters (NW Iberian Peninsula) were obtained from commercial catches in three fishing ports. A preliminary screening for 47 and 33 enzymes in mantle muscle and digestive gland, respectively, was carried out using seven buffer systems. Thirty-seven enzyme loci were resolved from these tissues using only two buffer systems. Most enzymes shpwed equal or higher activity for the digestive gland than for the mantle muscle in freshly-caught samples of S. officinalis and S. orbignyana. The activity of a large number of enzymes decreased faster in the digestive gland than in the mantle muscle after 6-12 h at room temperature. Consequently, we suggest that mantle muscle rather than digestive gland be used for routine electrophoretic studies in Sepia species obtained from commercial catches. A phylogenetic reconstruction analysis, applying the Wagner parsimony method and using the ommastrephid species Illex coindetii as outgroup, showed only one most parsiminious tree. S. orbigyana and S. elegans were found to be a sister group. The topology agreed with that recently obtained from mitochondrial rDNA sequences, and both molecular data are in line with previous morphological results. They confirm the view that S. orbignyana and S. elegans belong to a different subgenus (Rhombosepion) from that of S. officinalis (Sepia "sensu stricto").
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  • 99
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    A preliminary study of two species of flatfish (family: Bothidae) from the south-west Atlantic (1996)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Fish Biology, 49 (Suppl. A). pp. 330-336.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-23
    Description: Two species of the family Bothidae (lefteye flounders), Mancopsetta maculata metadata and M. milfordi occur in the south‐west Atlantic but are caught rarely by commercial bottom trawlers. Little is therefore known about their general biology from this area. A total of 251 M. maculata and 276 M. milfordi were sampled during deep‐water exploratory fishing conducted in November 1994 within the Falkland Islands Interim and Outer Conservation Zones, at depths of 400‐1000 m, using standard commercial bottom trawling gear. The two species were found to have similar geographical distributions between 48.30′‐53.30'S and 55°‐62° W and were often obtained at the same stations in depths of 400‐900 m on the continental slope. Mancopsetta maculata maculata showed a uni‐modal cohort structure with a modal length at the 29‐cm total length size‐class. Males of M. m. maculata outnumbered females in a ratio of 3.5 : 1. Mancopsetta milfordi showed a tri‐modal length distribution, the main mode at the 37‐cm total length size‐class, with females outnumbering males in a ratio of 1.1 : 1. Length‐weight relationships and length‐at‐age information are presented for the two species. Diet was determined from the analysis of stomach contents and, although the major prey type for both species consisted of crustaceans, the morid fish Austrophycis marginata also formed an important part of the diet of M. milfordi. Key words: Mancopsetta maculata maculata; Mancopsetta milfordi; distribution; south‐west Atlantic; size; diet.
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  • 100
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    Exploratory deep-sea fishing in the Falkland Islands, south-western Atlantic (1996)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Fish Biology, 49 (Suppl. A). pp. 298-310.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-23
    Description: Records of demersal deep‐sea fish assemblages in waters around the Falkland Islands (Patagonian shelf area) are rare. Twenty deep‐water stations to the east and south of the Falkland Islands were sampled by commercial bottom trawl deployed in upper, middle and lower benthopelagic zones (depth range of approximately 500‐1000 m). Forty‐one species (22 families) of teleost fish were recorded, 10 species (two families) of elasmobranch and one species of agnathan. Different assemblages of fish were found to characterize each depth zone (e.g. Moridae in deeper waters, Bothidae and Rajidae in shallower waters), with diversity being greatest in the mid‐zone and biomass greatest in the upper and lower zones. Some species occurred in all zones but showed depth‐related abundance. Four species, namely the grenadiers Macrourus carinutus and Coelorhynchus fasciatus, the southern blue whiting Micromesistius australis, and the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides, accounted for 85% by weight of all fish caught. Quantitative sampling of selected species revealed depth‐related variations in their population structure. Length‐frequency analyses are presented for M. carinatus and D. eleginoides and show a tendency for larger individuals to inhabit deeper water. Discard rates from the commercial catch were sometimes high, particularly for the smaller species, raising concerns about the impact of a fishery on by‐catch species. The potential for deep‐sea fisheries in Falkland waters is discussed and further studies are suggested in the light of developing oil, gas and fishing industries. The presence of some invertebrate taxa is recorded.
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