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  • nitrogen  (65)
  • Springer  (65)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Wiley
  • 1995-1999  (65)
  • 1995  (65)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (65)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Wiley
Years
  • 1995-1999  (65)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant growth stage effects on the feeding and growth responses of the bertha armyworm,Mamestra configurata to canola and mustard foliage (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 74 (1995), S. 55-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Brassica rapa ; B. juncea ; consumption rate ; glucosinolates ; growth rate ; indolyl ; isothiocyanate ; Mamestra configurata ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mamestra configurata (Walker) (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae were fed excisedBrassica juncea (commercial brown mustard) orB. rapa cv. Tobin (Canola) foliage of three plant growth stages-rosette (stage 2), stem elongation (stage 3) and flowering (stage 4). Relative consumption rates (RCRi) were not significantly different between the plant species. Within theB. juncea treatments, there were no significant growth stage differences in RCRi. However, withinB. rapa, RCRi increased with advancing plant growth stage. Larvae fedB. juncea foliage had significantly reduced relative growth rates (RGRi) compared to larvae fedB. rapa foliage. Within theB. juncea treatments, RGRi decreased with advancing plant growth stage. There were no significant growth stage differences in RGRi in theB. rapa treatments. RGRi was inversely proportional to the levels of isothiocyanate-releasing glucosinolates in theB. juncea treatments. RCRi was inversely proportional to the levels of indolyl glucosinolates in theB. rapa treatments. Levels of total phenols and catechols inB. juncea did not show any trend which could be related to growth stage effects in the insect nutritional indices. InB. rapa, levels of phenols and catechols in stage 3 and 4 foliage were lower than that of stage 2 foliage. Analyses of total nitrogen in field-grown plants showed reductions in percent nitrogen from rosette to flowering stage foliage. The response ofM. configurata to different growth stages of its host plants are discussed in relation to changing levels of allelochemicals and nitrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383167
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
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    The effect of stem and cob borers on maize subjected to different nitrogen treatments (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 205-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: nitrogen ; maize ; lepidopterous stem and cob borers ; Sesamia calamistis ; Eldana saccharina ; Mussidia nigrivenella ; Cryptophlebia leucotreta ; dead hearts ; stem tunneling ; yields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of four nitrogen levels (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg N/ha) on growth of maize and development of lepidopterous pests was investigatdd in a field trial. Nitrogen had a positive effect on both plant growth variables (plant height, stem diameter and yield), and development and survival ofSesamia calamistis andEldana saccharina, and thereby increased the incidence of dead hearts and stem tunneling. However, the percent yield loss due to artificial infestation decreased with increasing N application rate from 20% to 11% in the in the 0kg/ha and 120kg/ha treatment, respectively. Using a multiple regression analysis, plant height, plant diameter and stem tunneling were found to be the most important variables explaining the variability in maize yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383035
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of cosolvents cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on the thresholds for nucleation of nitrogen in aqueous solutions (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 24 (1995), S. 1059-1073 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Supersaturation ; nitrogen ; cosolvent ; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The decomposition of ammonium nitrite in water creates a supersaturated solution of nitrogen. The same process occurs in water-organic solvent mixtures. Acetone, dioxane, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF) are the cosolvents used in this study. The limits of supersaturation of nitrogen (C SL /mol L−1) were determined in all of these solvent mixtures by releasing the dissolved gas sonicationally and measuring the volume of released gas. C SL was generally increased in the presence of cosolvents. The effectiveness sequence of organic solvents was found to be as DMF〈DMSO〈Dioxanet≅Acetone. Transportation period of small bubbles formed during sonication is changed by compositions of solvent mixtures. These periods may depend on the viscosity of the solution. Effects of the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were also studied. It was concluded that there may be a relation between the strength of the watercosolvent H-bonds and C SL and all of the measured quantities of this study were generally affected by micelle formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973522
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Forms and nature of organic N in soil (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; 15N humic substances ; acid hydrolysis ; analytical pyrolysis ; NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Most of the N in surface soils occurs in organic forms. The organic N in soil plays a key role in plant nutrition and soil fertility through its effects on microbial activity and nutrient availability. Typically, about one-third of the fertilizer N applied to temperate-zone soils is immobilized and retained in organic forms at the end of the growing season. A significant portion of this newly immobilized N is no more available to microorganisms and plants than the native humus N. Stabilization processes, probably involving polymerization of amino compounds and polyphenols, result in incorporation of N into humic substances with a concurrent reduction in N availability. This paper presents an account of the forms and nature of organic N in soil, emphasizing possible formation pathways, chemical characterization of humic substances through conventional and solid-state techniques, and the fate and composition of newly immobilized N in soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750495
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    A conceptual assessment of the importance of denitrification as a source of soil nitrogen loss in tropical agro-ecosystems (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 139-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: denitrification ; methods ; 15N ; nitrate ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper attempts to answer the question: is denitrification a major route of N loss from tropical agro-ecosystems? This question turns out to be very difficult to answer due to a severe shortage of data on this process for tropical agro-ecosystems other than rice. Given this lack of data, I approach this question by analyzing data on denitrification and nitrous oxide flux in tropical native forest and pasture soils and attempt to make some conclusions and pose some hypotheses about the significance of denitrification in tropical agricultural soils. I also briefly review methods for measuring denitrification. The data analysis suggests that denitrification in tropical forest soils is strongly influenced by the nature and amount of soil C and N turnover. Studies to examine differences in denitrification in different tropical agricultural systems should focus on the effects of system management on C and N turnover. The data analysis also suggests that, just as in temperate regions, denitrification may not be a significant route of N loss from most tropical agricultural systems. However, field studies are necessary to determine if this is actually the case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750508
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  • 6
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    Estimating nutrient surplus and nutrient use efficiency from farm characteristics (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 221-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer recovery ; modelling ; nitrogen ; nutrient efficiency ; nutrient surplus ; phosphorus ; Poland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Research on nutrient losses from agricultural systems should try to relate these losses to farm characteristics. This was done for private farms in two districts in Poland. Using data from a farm survey, nutrient surpluses and Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE, defined as the ratio of outgoing and incoming nutrients) were calculated for nitrogen and phosphorus. Both nutrient surplus and NUE are relatively high. A model was developed to estimate surpluses and NUE from farm characteristics like location, farm size, fertilizer application level, animal density, grass production and sugar beet or potato area. The results of the model are satisfying for nutrient surplus (R2=0.9) and nitrogen NUE (R2=0.4). Estimation of phosphorus NUE was not satisfactory. High surpluses are associated with high fertilizer applications, high animal density and high grass production while an increasing share of sugar beets leads to lower surpluses. A high nitrogen NUE is associated with low fertilizer applications, low animal density and little grass production, and with a high sugar beet area share. Results suggest that, with exception of sugar beet, fertilizer recovery in Poland is very low. Sugar beet, however, combines high fertilizer applications with low surpluses and high NUE. The outcome of the model can be used in the design of environmental policies. The paper ends with some remarks on the type of measures that can be taken, and the effects these will have on private farms in Poland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748593
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    15N isotope dilution techniques to study soil nitrogen transformations and plant uptake (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 42 (1995), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: 15N ; nitrogen ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The use of15N as a tracer in soil/plant research is examined. The limitations of the so-called Ndff approach are discussed to show the need to consider not just the fate of the added label but also the path that was followed and the rate of the transformation. The development of15N isotope dilution techniques to determine gross rates of nitrogen transformation in soil is reviewed with some indications as to the further development of the approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750513
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  • 8
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    Impact of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi andRhizobium on the growth and P, N and Fe uptake by faba-bean (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 43 (1995), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Phosphorus ; nitrogen ; iron ; VAM ; Rhizobium ; faba-bean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of rhizobial inoculation, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi on the growth, P, N and Fe uptake by faba-bean plants (Vicia faba L.V. Giza 2) grown in virgin sandy soil, treated with super or rock-P were studied under green-house conditions. The earthern pots received a half of the recommended rate of P either as single super phosphate or rock-P in the rate of 20 mg P/kg soil, and calcium ammonium nitrate was added in the rate of 10 mg N/kg soil. Iron was applied in two levels 0 and 5 mg Fe/kg soil, in the form of iron sulphate (FeSO4·7H2O). Dry matter yield, as well as P, N and Fe-uptake were determined. Nodule numbers and their dry weights, spore numbers and mycorrhizal root infection were determined. Results indicated that, fungal infection and rhizobial inoculation either alone or in combination increased dry matter yield as compared to uninoculated plants, whereas the percentages increase in dry matter were 34, 26 and 57% in case of super-P application, while they were 56, 47 and 89% in case of rock-P when inoculated withRhizobium, VAM and dual inoculation respectively. Also P, N and Fe uptake were significantly increased due to inoculation, and dual inoculation resulted the highest effect. Generally, inoculation withRhizobium and/or mycorrhizae can remove the deficient effect of P and Fe on N2-fixation and plant growth in the soil of low nutrients content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00747681
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  • 9
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    Landscape-level interactions between topoedaphic features and nitrogen limitation in tallgrass prairie (1995)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 10 (1995), S. 337-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: fire ; nitrogen ; NDVI ; transect ; watershed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transects across watersheds with varying fire histories and remotely-sensed data were used to study vegetation-resource interactions in a tallgrass prairie in Kansas. Paired plots (fertilized, control) were established along these transects and sampled for grass and forb biomass during the 1989 and 1990 growing seasons. Fertilization resulted in significant production responses in grass and total biomass on the west slopes of the annually burned (ID) and infrequently burned (N4) watersheds for both years (p = 0.05). In 1989, fertilization also produced a significant increase in grass biomass on the west slope of the unburned transect (p = 0.05), however, total production was not significantly increased. East slopes were insensitive to nitrogen additions. Differences in production response along these transects were assessed by testing the interaction between fertilization response and slope position. Significant interactions occurred on both 1D and N4, but only in 1990. Production data for both years were also compared to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values derived from thematic mapper (TM) images for 1989 and 1990. When differences among transects or watersheds were statistically different, a positive relationship between NDVI and biomass was observed. NDVI values accurately reflected the spatial patterns of production along these transects for both years although not necessarily the magnitude.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00130211
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  • 10
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    Transport coefficients of air, argon-air, nitrogen-air, and oxygen-air plasmas (1995)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 15 (1995), S. 279-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Transport coefficients ; transport properties ; viscosity ; thermal conductivity ; electrical conductivity ; diffusion coefficient ; Chapman-Etskog method ; air ; argon ; nitrogen ; oxygen ; plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Calculated values of the viscosity, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of air and mixtures of air and argon, air and nitrogen, and air and oxygen at high temperatures are presented. In addition, combined ordinary, pressure, and thermal diffusion coefficients are given for the gas mixtures. The calculations, which assione local thermodynamic equilibrium, are performed for atmospheric pressure plasmas in the temperature range from 300 to 30,000 K. The results for air plasmas are compared with those of published theoretical and experimental studies. Significant discrepancies are found with the other theoretical studies; these are attributed to differences in the collision integrals used in calculating the transport coefficients. A number of the collision integrals used here are significantly more accurate than values used previously, resulting in more reliable values of the transport coefficients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01459700
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  • 11
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    Soil chemistry change in a lowland english deciduous Woodland 1974–1991 (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 677-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soils ; acidification ; ancient woodland ; nitrogen ; environmental change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This study outlines the results of analysis of soil samples collected from fixed quadrats located in a regular pattern across Wytham Wood. Oxfordshire, England. The site contains plots of mixed deciduous ancient woodland and more recent plantations. A previous soil study was undertaken in 1974 and samples archived. Soils were resampled in 1991 and some re-analysis of the 1974 samples was undertaken. Soils were of a wide range in types from sands to gravels with a pH range of 3.0–7.0. Results showed some decline in pH in lower horizons, but most striking was a large increase in soil nitrogen for all horizons and soil types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476907
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  • 12
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    Deposition gradients and foliar and soil leachate concentrations of air pollutants in Scots pine stands of S.-E. Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, N.-W. Russia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1263-1268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: air pollution ; sulphur ; nitrogen ; base cations ; throughfall ; Scots pine ; needle elements ; soil leachate ; N.-W. Russia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Bulk precipitation and throughfall analyses in 50–100-year-old Scots pine stands revealed decreasing sulphur, nitrogen, calcium and magnesium deposition gradients, which extend from the St. Petersburg-Leningrad region and N.-E. Estonia to S.-E. Finland. The Ca and Mg deposition alleviate the acidifying effect of sulphur and nitrogen. The Scots pine canopies acted as a sink for ammonium and nitrate, while the canopy interactions increased sulphur, calcium and magnesium content in throughfall. Foliar S, N and Ca concentrations correlated positively with the corresponding deposition loads. In contrast, low foliar magnesium concentrations were detected in the vicinity of St. Petersburg. The results indicate that the sulphur and calcium deposition may have increased soil leachate S and Ca concentrations in the most polluted Scots pine stands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477155
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  • 13
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    Sulphur and nitrogen deposition in Norway, status and trends (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 623-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: monitoring ; deposition ; sulphur ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The total deposition of sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) components in Norway during the period 1988–1992 has been estimated on the basis of measurement data of air- and precipitation chemistry from the national monitoring network. There are large regional variations in depositions with highest values in the southwestern part of Norway. Time series analysis of annual mean concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and sulphate (SO4 −−) in air, non marine SO4 −−, nitrate (NO3 −) and ammonium (NH4 +) in precipitation, shows a significant reduction in the S concentrations both in air and precipitation. In precipitation the concentrations are reduced by 30–45 percent in Southern Norway and 45–55 percent in Central and Northern Norway. Even larger reductions are observed in air concentrations with 50–65 percent reduction in Southern Norway and 65–88 percent reduction further north. For N components there are generally no significant trends in concentration levels nor in precipitation or air. The observed trends are comparable with reported trends in emission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476898
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  • 14
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    Indirect effects of N and S deposition on a Norway spruce ecosystem. An update of findings within the Skogaby project (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1613-1622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Deposition ; ecosystem ; nitrogen ; Norway spruce ; nutrient cycling ; production ; root function ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we try to interpret results from different investigations where an ecosystem with Norway spruce was manipulated with increased N and S deposition via the soil system. The site, in Skogaby in Southwest Sweden, had 1989–93 an annual deposition of 9 kg NH4-N; 7 kg NO3-N and 20 kg SO4-S ha−1. The stand was treated during 6 years with 100 kg N and 114 kg S ha− y−1 in the form of ammonium sulphate (NS treatment). The stand reacted with increased above ground production of 31% after 3 years of treatment. The uptake above ground of N was 155 kg ha−1 higher than in the control. Those trends were even stronger after 6 years of treatment. There were no decreases in the uptake of P, K, Ca or Mg (but for B) after 3 or 6 years of NS-treatment. Needle macro nutrient concentrations in relation to N decreased for several nutrients due to dilution effects. As result of the NS treatment pH increased markedly in the litter layer, and less, but significantly, in the humus layer. A decrease in pH value by about 0.3 units was found in the rest of the soil profile down to 50 cm. Dry mass of needle litter fall and litter layer both increased as a result of 6 years of NS-treatment. After three years of treatment 77–80% of all living fine roots in both control and NS treatment were found in the humus layer and the upper 10 cm of the mineral soil. The amount of living fine roots in the humus layer of NS-treated trees decreased to about one third of the control, and the amount of dead fine roots increased by 150% compared with untreated trees after 6 years of treatment. It is argued that the decreased amount of living and increased amount of dead fine roots not necessarily are indications of decreased root vitality. It can also be explained by increased root turnover rate and decreased decomposition rates of N rich new and old fine root litter. No inorganic N was leached from the control plots whereas the NS treated plots started to leach NO3 the second year of treatment. During 1989–1993 a total of 44 kg NO3-N and 30 kg NH4-N per ha was lost from the system which means that 88% of the N supplied was retained by the ecosystem. At first SO4 was adsorbed in the soil, but after five years of treatment the output was almost equal to the input.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477211
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  • 15
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    Acid deposition: Perspectives in time and space (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 15-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acid deposition ; global change ; Asia ; fertilizer ; nitrogen ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Most acid-deposition investigations have been concerned with the impact of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions on Europe and North America. This paper examines three issues beyond this central focus. Major conclusions are 1) ammonia (NH3) emissions and subsequent nitrogen (N) accumulation in terrestrial ecosystems have the potential to generate significant acidification in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; 2) sulfur (S) and N accumulation in environmental reservoirs will not only result in significant and extensive acidification but will also impact the earth's radiation balance, tropospheric oxidizing capacity, ecosystem nutrient balance and groundwater quality; and 3) future emissions will substantially increase in the developing world, especially in Asia. By 2020, Asian emissions of SO2, NOx and NH3 will be equal to or greater than the combined emissions from Europe and North America.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483685
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  • 16
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    Global forest systems: An uncertain response to atmospheric pollutants and global climate change? (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 101-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: carbon ; nitrogen ; sulfur ; biogeochemistry ; mitigation ; global change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Forest systems cover more than 4.1×109 ha of the Earth's land area. The future response and feedbacks of forest systems to atmospheric pollutants and projected climate change may be significant. Boreal, temperate and tropical forest systems play a prominent role in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) biogeochemical cycles at regional and global scales. The timing and magnitude of future changes in forest systems will depend on environmental factors such as a changing global climate, an accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere, and increase global mineralization of nutrients such as N and S. The interactive effects of all these factors on the world's forest regions are complex and not intuitively obvious and are likely to differ among geographic regions. Although the potential effects of some atmospheric pollutants on forest systems have been observed or simulated, large uncertainty exists in our ability to project future forest distribution, composition and productivity under transient or nontransient global climate change scenarios. The potential to manage and adapt forests to future global environmental conditions varies widely among nations. Mitigation practices, such as liming or fertilization to ameliorate excess NOx or SOx or forest management to sequester CO2 are now being applied in selected nations worldwide.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483692
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  • 17
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    Nutrient balance in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest. 2. Effects of plant growth and N-deposition on soil solution and leachate chemistry in a lysimeter experiment (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1149-1154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: forest soil ; leaching ; lysimeter ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Three years of N application to a Cambic arenosol (Typic Udorthent) in two lysimeter series, one with and one without young saplings of Pinus sylvestris L. have produced significant changes in soil solution and leachate chemistry. An application of 30 kg N/ha*yr−1 significantly increased NO3 − leaching from the soil. This N load was also sufficient to significantly increase the mobility of the phyto-toxic elements Al3+ and Mn2+, likewise to increase leaching of the important plant nutrients Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+. At a N load of 90 kg N/ha*yr−1 significant increase in NH4 + leaching was observed, but total leaching of NH4 + was still very low compared to NO3 − leaching. No significant treatment effects were found for SO4 2−, Fe2+ and Cl− in the leachate. Trees grown in the lysimeters buffered the acidifying effect of N application and increased the leachate pH by 0.2 pH units compared to lysimeters without trees.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477136
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  • 18
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    Effects of nitrogen load to the forest floor in sitka spruce stands (Picea sitchensis) as affected by difference in deposition and spruce aphid infestations (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1173-1178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sitka spruce ; nitrogen ; deposition ; leaching ; proton production ; green spruce aphid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Studies of biogeochemical cycling and soil acidification have been carried out in even aged stands of Norway spruce, sitka spruce, Douglas fir, beech and oak under the frame of “The Element Cycling Project”. Deposition of excess nitrogen to forests is important as a potential acidifying input. In Denmark, reduced vitality in Norway spruce has promoted extensive planting of sitka spruce. However, several spruce aphid infestations have caused defoliation in many sitka spruce stands. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of deposition and increased litterfall due to spruce aphid infestations on nitrogen transformations in the forest floor in sitka spruce stands on different soil types. The deposition of throughfall nitrogen range from 19 to 35 kg/ha/year. Fluxes of nitrogen in litterfall ranged from 21 to 77 kg/ha/year, whereas nitrogen leaching range from 1 to 57 kg/ha/year. Leaching was lowest at the infertile sites, but increased with magnitude of deposition and aphid infestations. Proton production according to the nitrogen transformations was largest at the fertile site most often affected by infestations. Huge amounts of bird droppings, honey dew and input of easily available nutrients by canopy leaching probably induced litter decomposition and formation of NO 3 − in the soil water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477140
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  • 19
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    Elevational trends in the fluxes of sulphur and nitrogen in throughfall in the Southern Appalachian Mountains: Some surprising results (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2265-2270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: atmospheric deposition ; high elevation forests ; foliar uptake ; cloudwater ; nitrogen ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract From 1986–1989, a team of scientists measured atmospheric concentrations and fluxes in precipitation and throughfall, and modeled dry and cloudwater deposition in a spruce-fir forest of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park which is located in the Southern Appalachian Region of the United States. The work was part of the Integrated Forest Study (IFS) conducted at 12 forests in N. America and Europe. The spruce-fir forest at 1740 m consistently received the highest total deposition rates (∼2200, 1200, and 700 eq ha−1 yr−1 for SO4 2−, NO3 −, and NH4 +). During the summers of 1989 and 1990 we used multiple samplers to measure hydrologie, SO4 2−, and NO3 − fluxes in rain and throughfall events beneath spruce forests above (1940 m) and below (1720 m) cloud base. Throughfall was used to estimate total deposition using relationships determined during the IFS. Although the SO4 2− fluxes increased with elevation by a factor of ∼2 due to higher cloudwater interception at 1940 m, the NO3 − fluxes decreased with elevation by ∼30%. To investigate further, we began year round measurements of fluxes of all major ions in throughfall below spruce-fir forests at 1740 m and at 1920 m in 1993–1994. The fluxes of most ions showed a 10–50% increase with elevation due to the ∼70 cm yr−1 cloudwater input at 1920 m. However, total inorganic nitrogen exhibited a 40% lower flux in throughfall at 1920 m than at 1740 m suggesting either higher dry deposition to trees at 1740 m or much higher canopy uptake of nitrogen by trees at 1920 m. Differential canopy absorption of N by trees at different elevations would have significant consequences for the use of throughfall N fluxes to estimate deposition. We used artificial trees to understand the foliar interactions of N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186171
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    Sulphur and nitrogen input to the Ratanica forested catchment (Carpathian Foothills, southern Poland) (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1765-1770 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: nitrogen ; sulphur ; input ; forested catchment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The study covers 1991–1994 concentrations of SO2 and NO2 in the air, concentrations of sulphur and nitrogen in bulk precipitation, throughfall and stemflow as well as input of S and N to the Ratanica forested catchment (S. Poland), which is exposed to moderate anthropogenic pollution are presented. There was high input of sulphur (26 kg ha−1) and nitrogen (24 kg ha−1) to the catchment, mainly in NH4+ (18 kg ha−1). The significant contribution of NH4 + connected with intensive agriculture in surrounding fields has led to eutrophication of the ecosystem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477235
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    A review of nutrient enrichment in the estuaries of Scotland: Implications for the natural heritage (1995)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 29 (1995), S. 437-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: nutrients ; enrichment ; nitrogen ; estuaries ; Scotland ; natural heritage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present nutrient status of 43 rivers entering Scottish estuaries and firths is reviewed using monitoring data for nitrogen concentrations from the river purification authorities and other sources. Nitrogen concentrations range from very low, with no evidence of elevated levels, to a small number of sites which are highly nitrogen-enriched. Only one estuary site, the Ythan in North-east Scotland, has been proposed as a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone, where a number of chemical and ecological criteria outlined in the EC Nitrate Directive have been met, with potential serious consequences for the natural heritage interests of the estuary. Evidence of nitrogen enrichment in the waters of other Scottish estuaries is discussed in relation to the nitrogen levels in the Ythan Estuary. In addition, the results of ecological studies are discussed for two sites of international importance for waders and waterfowl, viz. Montrose Basin and the Eden Estuary, where there is evidence that changes may be occurring in the intertidal ecology of these estuaries as a result of nutrient enrichment. Requirements for future monitoring and research on nutrient enrichment in the Ythan and other estuaries are discussed. A general approach to nitrogen reductions in the Ythan catchment is presented, in addition to alternative options which might have additional benefits for natural heritage interests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02084242
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    Influence of areal density on β-carotene production by Dunaliella salina (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 7 (1995), S. 69-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Dunaliella ; β-carotene ; areal density ; productivity ; residence time ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract High irradiance is probably the most important factor responsible for the massive accumulation of β-carotene by the halotolerant green alga Dunaliella salina. Operating outdoor cultures at optimal areal densities should result in maximal productivity. It is known that the optimal areal density is not fixed for all algae, where it could vary depending on the type of algae cultured, pond construction, turbulence and prevailing environmental conditions. At biomass concentrations below the optimum, more light per cell is available than that which could be absorbed by the biomass. These high light conditions should favour carotenogenesis and could result in higher β-carotene production rates. The results obtained clearly showed that over and above light and nutrient stress, an extremely important aspect is the residence time of the cells in the ponds. Longer residence times resulted in the development of larger cells, containing larger quantities of β-carotene. Productivity of biomass and β-carotene were about 70% higher at areal densities of 35–45 g m-2, compared to areal densities of 15–25 g m-2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00003553
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    Comparative performance of benthic diatom indices used to assess river water quality (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 302 (1995), S. 179-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: river ; diatom ; index ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of five types of benthic diatom index (four quantitative methods and a zoning system) to evaluate water quality was tested in rivers in England and Scotland. Significant correlations were observed between the four quantitative indices examined. In the case of SPI (Specific Pollution sensitivity Index) and GDI (Generic Diatom Index), over 80% of the variation in GDI was explained by a bivariate regression on SPI. Samples taken from six sites at four different times of year showed no significant influence of season on any of the indices. The zoning system led to a similar assessment of organic pollution as the SPI and GDI indices , but it was sometimes difficult to determine the zone. This method showed no obvious advantages over the quantitative indices. The high correlation between values for indices based on species and those on genera suggests that for routine monitoring, recognition to the generic level is adequate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00032108
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    Ecology of deepwater rice-fields in Bangladesh 6. Influence of environmental factors on seasonal changes in the rice plant (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 302 (1995), S. 189-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Bangladesh ; deepwater rice ; flood ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; biomass ; damage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the biomass of deepwater rice plants at sites on the three major floodplains in Bangladesh (Ganges, Jamuna, Meghna) with and without fertilizer treatment were made from shortly before the arrival of flood water (June) until it was receding (mid-October). There was usually an approximately linear increase in biomass per unit area with time until September, but subsequently there were marked differences in response, ranging from a continued steady increase to a sharp drop. Difference in the flood pattern were an important factor influencing changes in biomass and productivity. Net productivity (biomass change) measured at different stages in growth ranged from - 73 to + 220 kg ha-1 d-1 in unfertilized fields and from - 141 to + 430 kg ha-1 d-1 in fertilized fields, with mean values of + 130 in unfertilized and + 160 kg ha-1 d-1 in fertilized fields. However,grain yield reflected the increased biomass in only one of four experiments.
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    Mangroves as filters of shrimp pond effluent: predictions and biogeochemical research needs (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 295 (1995), S. 311-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: mangrove forest ; nitrogen ; nutrient budgets ; phosphorus ; shrimp pond effluent
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Preliminary estimates of the ratio of mangrove forest: shrimp pond area necessary to remove nutrients from shrimp pond effluent are made using budgets of nitrogen and phosphorus output for semi-intensive and intensive shrimp ponds combined with estimates of total net primary production in Rhizophora-dominated mangrove forests in tropical coastal areas. If effluent is delivered directly to mangrove forest plots, it is estimated that, depending on shrimp pond management, between 2 and 22 hectares of forest are required to filter the nitrogen and phosphorus loads from effluent produced by a 1 hectare pond. While such ratios may apply to small scale, integrated shrimp aquaculture — mangrove forestry farming systems, the variability in mangrove hydrodynamics makes it difficult to apply such ratios at a regional scale. Before mangroves can be used to strip shrimp pond effluent more research is required on the effects that high ammonia and particulate organic matter loads in pond effluent have on nutrient transformations in mangrove sediments and on forest growth.
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    Effects of ammonium sulphate application on the chemistry of bulk soil, rhizosphere, fine roots and fine-root distribution in a Picea abies (L.) karst. stand (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 151-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium sulphate ; fine-root biomass ; fine-root necromass ; fine-root chemistry ; nitrogen ; Norway spruce ; rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of ammonium sulphate application on the bulk and rhizosphere soil chemistry, elemental concentration of living fine roots (〈2 mm in diameter), amounts of living and dead fine roots, root length density and specific root length density were investigated in a 28 year old Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden. The treatments started in 1988. Core samples of the LFH layer and mineral soil layers were sampled in control (C) and ammonium sulphate (NS) treatment plots in 1988, 1989 and 1990. Soil pH and NO3-S and SO4-S, Al, Ca, Mg, Mn and K concentrations were measured for both the bulk soil and rhizosphere soil. The pH-values of the bulk and rhizosphere soil decreased in 1989 and 1990 in NS plots compared to control plots, while the SO4-S concentration increased. The Ca, Mg and K concentration increased in the NS treatment in almost all layers in the bulk and the rhizosphere soil. Ammonium ions may have replaced these elements in the soil organic matter. The NS treatment reduced Mg concentration in fine roots in all layers in 1990. The Al concentrations in the rhizosphere and bulk soil were higher in NS plots in all layers, except at 0–10 cm depth, both in 1989 and 1990. The Al content of living fine roots was higher in NS plots than C plots but the differences were not significant. The NS addition did not affect the P and K contents of fine roots in any soil layer, but the S concentrations of fine roots were significantly higher in NS plots in 1989 and 1990. The fine root necromass was higher in NS than in C in 1990, in the LFH layer, indicating a gradual decrease in the vitality of the fine roots. It was suggested that the NS treatment resulted in displacement of Mg and K from exchange sites in the LFH layer leading to leaching of these cations to the mineral soil. Further application of ammonium sulphate may damage the fine roots and consequently adversely affect the water and nutrient uptake of root systems.
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    Relationship between net photosynthesis and nitrogen in Scots pine: Seasonal variation in seedlings and shoots (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 263-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; nutrient availability ; photosynthesis ; Scots pine ; seasonal change ; site quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between light saturated net photosynthesis (Amax) and nitrogen concentration (N) was studied in needles of both Scots pine seedlings, grown at three relative growth rates (2,6 and 8%) controlled by nutrient addition rate, and Scots pine shoots collected from four sites with different fertility. In the seedlings, Amax was measured on 14 different dates starting at the beginning of the second growing season and ending when growth of the new shoot and the secondary needles had finished. In shoots from the natural stands Amax of the previous-year shoots was measured on 6 dates throughout the growing season. Both in seedlings and shoots, the correlation between Amax and N was poor, when data from all sampling dates were taken together. However, Amax was correlated with N in most instances when the age of the needles was considered and the data were examined either at weekly intervals (seedlings) or separately for each sampling date (shoots). The slope of the Amax vs N relationship varied greatly between sampling dates. In the seedlings the correlation between Amax and N was strongest by the time when the new needles were developing. In the shoots the correlation was significant from mid June until mid August, while no correlation was found in the beginning and at the end of the growing season. Our data indicate that in pine needles the photosynthesis-nitrogen relationship is more complex than in broadleaved species. Contrary to the broadleaved species, where the correlation is independent of sampling time, in this conifer the time of the year affects the correlation and there are phases during the growing season when the correlation is poor or nonexistent.
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    Decomposition and nitrogen release from leaves of three hardwood species grown under elevated O3 and/or CO2 (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 170 (1995), S. 149-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; decomposition ; lignin ; nitrogen ; ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Elevated concentrations of O3 and CO2 have both been shown to affect structure, nutrient status, and deposition of secondary metabolites in leaves of forest trees. While such studies have produced robust models of the effects of such air pollutants on tree ecophysiology and growth, few have considered the potential for broader, ecosystem-level effects after these chemically and structurally altered leaves fall as leaf litter and decay. To determine the effects of elevated O3 and/or CO2 on the subsequent decomposition and nutrient release from the leaves grown in such altered atmospheres, we grew seedlings of three widespread North American forest trees, black cherry (Prunus serotina) (BC), sugar maple (Acer saccharum) (SM), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) (YP) for two growing seasons in charcoal-filtered air (CF-air=approximately 25% ambient O3), ambient O3 (1X) or twice-ambient O3 (2X) in outdoor open-top chambers. We then assayed the loss of mass and N from the litter derived from those seedlings through one year litterbag incubations in the forest floor of a neighboring forest stand. Mass loss followed linear functions and was not affected by the O3 regime in which the leaves were grown. Instantaneous decay rates (i.e. k values) averaged SM:−0.707 y-1, BC:−0.613 y-1, and YP:−0.859 y-1. N loss from ambient (1X) O3-grown SM leaves was significantly greater than from CF-air leaves: N loss from BC leaves did not differ among treatments. Significantly less N was released from CF-air-grown YP leaves than from 1X or 2X O3-treated leaves. YP leaves from plants grown in pots at 2X O3 and 350 ppm supplemental CO2 in indoor pollutant fumigation chambers (CSTRs or Continuously Stirred Tank Reactors) loss 40% as much mass and 27% as much N over one year as did leaves from YP grown in CF-air or 2X O3. Thus, for leaves from plants grown in pots in controlled environment fumigation chambers, the concentrations of both O3 and CO2 can affect N release from litter incubated in the field whereas mass loss rate was affected only by CO2. Because both mass loss and N release from leaves grown at elevated CO2 were reduced significantly (at least for yellow-poplar), forests exposed to elevated CO2 may have significantly reduced N turnover rates, thereby resulting in increased N limitation of tree growth, especially in forests which are already N-limited.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183063
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    Consequences of liming and gypsum top-dressing on nitrogen and carbon dynamics in acid forest soils with different humus forms (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid soil ; gypsum ; leachate ; liming ; nitrogen ; organic carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to understand the effects of lime and gypsum on nitrogen and carbon turnover of the soil. A pot experiment was conducted in parallel with a field experiment which was set up in 1989 in a declining forest of the French Ardennes. A dystric cambisol, associated with a moder and mull humus separately, was used to study changes in the soil chemistry as a result of added lime and gypsum top-dressing. The lime was applied to the surface of an acid mull humus of an oak (Quercus petraea) stand and of a moder humus of a spruce (Picea abies) stand. A quantity of 2.8 t ha-1 equivalent CaO was supplied as CaCO3, CaCO3+MgO and CaSO4.2H2O. The experiment was installed in an open-air nursery for 20 months, during which the organic carbon and nitrogen in the solution were analysed monthly. They were analysed in the solid phase after 20 months. At the end of this period the changes in the soil and leachate depended mainly on the type of the material added. The leachate was enriched with nitrogen from the third month of the experiment under lime treatments and in the control. The same pattern was found under the two humus types but the magnitude was higher in soil with a mull humus. The nitrogen was mostly leached as NO3 --N in the carbonate treatments and in the control, whereas it was predominantly NH4 +-N under gypsum. The NO3 --N was 50% higher than NH4 +-N in the control and CaCO3, CaCO3+MgO treatments. In the CaSO4 treatment this phenomenon was reversed. The leaching of organic carbon was greater under gypsum than under the other treatments whatever the humus. In the solid phase of the soil (organic layers) the organic carbon and nitrogen concentration decreased significantly after liming, especially in the mull humus. Consequently it induced a decrease in C:N ratio of about 18% with respect to the control.
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    Does nitrogen availability control rates of litter decomposition in forests? (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 83-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; fertilization ; forests ; litter ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of increased exogenous N availability on rates of litter decomposition were assessed in several field fertilization trials. In a jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) forest, needle litter decomposed at the same rate in control plots and in plots fertilized with urea and ammonium nitrate (1350 kg N ha-1) with or without P and K. Mixed needle litter of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) incubated in plots recently amended with sewage sludge (500 kg N ha-1) lost less weight during 3 years than did litter in control plots. Forest floor material also decomposed more slowly in plots amended with sewage sludge. Paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) leaf litter placed on sewage sludge (1000 kg N ha-1), pulp sludge, or sewage-pulp sludge mixtures decomposed at the same rate as leaf litter in control plots. These experiments demonstrate little effect of exogenous N availability on rates of litter decomposition. The influence of endogenous N availability on rates of litter decomposition was examined in a microcosm experiment. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) needle litter collected from N-fertilized trees (525 kg N ha-1 in ammonium nitrate) were 5 times richer in N than needles from control trees (1.56% N versus 0.33% N in control trees), but decomposed at the same rate. Green needles from fertilized trees contained twice as much N as needles from control trees (1.91% N versus 0.88% N), but decomposed at the same rate. These experiments suggest that N availability alone, either exogenous or endogenous, does not control rates of litter decomposition. Increased N availability, through fertilization or deposition, in the absence of changes in vegetation composition, will not alter rates of litter decomposition in forests.
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    Effects of forest liming on soil processes (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 447-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: collembolae ; earthworms ; fertilization ; heavy metals ; humus ; liming ; microorganisms ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; soil organisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of a field experiment in Norway spruce with acid irrigation and compensatory liming of the soil surface (Höglwald, S-Bavaria), liming effects are described as lime dissolution rate, transformation of carbonate buffer to exchange buffer, time required for deacidification of soil and drainage water, mobilization of Cu and Pb, changes in soil organisms, humus decomposition, and nitrogen turnover. It was shown that lime dissolution followed an exponentially decreasing curve. 4 t ha-1 dolomitic lime were dissolved within 6 years. Additional acid irrigation of 4 kmol H+ ha-1 yr-1 as sulphuric acid speeded up the lime dissolution to about 4 years. After dissolution of lime about 70% of Ca and about 30% of Mg, both originating from lime dissolution, are retained in the surface humus layer, loading the exchange buffer capacity there. Liming acted as a protection against acid irrigation but the extension of soil deacidification downwards proceeded slowly due to the high base neutralizing capacity of protonated functional groups of the organic matter. The main depth effect is caused by Mg translocation. A significant increase of organic Cu complexes occurred due to mobilization of water soluble humus decomposition products. The effect of liming on litter decomposing organisms is demonstrated with microorganisms, collembolae and earthworms regarding the abundance and the structure of dominance. It was shown that liming may induce unusually large changes in biocenoses of forest soils. The decay of surface humus accounted for 7.2 t ha-1 or 23% of the store within 7 years. Within the same time span, liming caused a loss of about 170 kg N ha-1 or 14% of the store of the surface humus layer. The nitrate concentration in the drainage water thus increased by about 50 to 60 mg NO3 - L-1. Site-specific conditions are discussed, which produce such negative liming effects as increased nitrate concentration of seepage, humus decay and heavy metal mobilization. Redistribution of tree roots, induction of boron deficiency and root rot are also considered. It is indicated that liming may aggravate the increasing problem of nitrate contamination of forest ground water resources which is associated with deposition of atmogenous nitrogen compounds. Some recommendations are given regarding forest practice.
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    Availability and mobility of nutrients in acid forest soil treated with fast and slow-release nutrients (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 523-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: apatite ; biotite ; forest soil ; ion exchange resins ; nitrogen ; nutrient availability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of slow and fast-release fertilizers (P, K, Mg) on the movement and availability of nutrients in acid forest soil were studied. Fast-release superphosphate, potassium chloride and magnesium sulphate and slow-release apatite (P) and biotite (K, Mg) were applied alone or together with urea or urea+limestone. The nutrient content in the organic horizon was determined one growing season and three growing seasons after the application, and in the mineral layer after one growing season. The movement of nutrient ions in the organic horizon was studied by an ion exchange resin bag method during a 5-month period following application. The fast-release salts immediately increased the soluble P and exchangeable K and Mg contents in the organic and mineral soils and in the resin bags. After three growing seasons the effect of K application in the organic layer was non-detectable and that of P had clearly diminished. Apatite gradually increased soluble P content in the organic layer, but biotite had only a minor effect on the K and Mg contents. The nutrients from the fast-release fertilizers had clearly become available and mobile in the year of application and were thus susceptible to leaching. The rate of nutrient release from apatite and biotite is slower and the added nutrients are retained in the organic horizon. Slow-release compounds, like apatite and biotite, might be potential fertilizers for counteracting acidic deposition and subsequent nutrient losses.
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    Effect of nitrogen on drought strain and nutrient uptake in Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 172 (1995), S. 73-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; nutritional balance ; Picea abies ; tree nutrition ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field lysimeter study was established with the aim of investigating the effect of nitrogen availability upon drought strain in Norway spruce trees. Forest soil (Typic Udipsamment) was filled in lysimeters 1 m in diameter and 1 m deep. Small trees of Norway spruce from five different clones were planted in the lysimeters. Roofs under the canopy of the trees ensured full control of water and nutrient input. Three levels of nitrogen were given to the trees during five years; ambient rainwater, and five and fifteen times this N concentration, respectively. Additional N was given as NH4NO3 in irrigation water. Mean annual N-addition during the five years corresponded to 5, 27 and 82 kg per ha and year for the three treatments, respectively. During the third and fifth growth season drought was artificially induced. In addition to a watered control, two levels of drought were applied, representing water deprivation for 2 and 3 months, respectively, in 1990 and 3 and 4 months, respectively in 1992. A higher water consumption in the nitrogen fertilized trees during the droughts resulted in a significantly lower pre-dawn shoot water potential compared to the trees receiving ambient rain N. The interaction between drought and nitrogen fertilization was clear also for photosynthesis and transpiration. A decrease in height- and diameter increment caused by drought was most pronounced in the 82 kg N ha−1 yr−1 treatment. A water strain integral showed a strong positive correlation to the needle biomass of the trees. Foliar concentrations of several nutrients decreased significantly with increasing drought strain in the trees. Concentration of potassium and boron were especially low and visual symptoms of deficiency occurred.
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    Nitrogen transformations in limed and nitrogen fertilized soil in Norway spruce stands (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 172 (1995), S. 107-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonification ; DOC ; DON ; microbial biomass ; nitrification ; nitrogen ; soil percolate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen transformations in the soil, and the resulting changes in carbon and nitrogen compounds in soil percolate water, were studied in two stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.). Over the last 30 years the stands were repeatedly limed (total 6000 kg ha−1), fertilized with nitrogen (total about 900 kg ha−1), or both treatments together. Both aerobic incubations of soil samples in the laboratory, and intact soil core incubations in the field showed that in control plots ammonification widely predominated over nitrification. In both experiments nitrogen addition increased the formation of mineral-N. In one experiment separate lime and nitrogen treatments increased nitrification, in the other, only lime and nitrogen addition together had this effect. In one experiment immobilization of nitrogen to soil microbial biomass was lower in soil only treated with nitrogen. Soil percolate water was collected by means of lysimeters placed under the humus layer and 10 cm below in the mineral soil. Total N, NH4-N and NO3-N were measured, and dissolved organic nitrogen was fractioned according to molecular weight. NO3-N concentrations in percolate water, collected under the humus layer, were higher in plots treated with N-fertilizer, especially when lime was also added. The treatments had no effect on the N concentrations in mineral soil. A considerable proportion of nitrogen was leached in organic form.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020864
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    Influence of radiata pine seedlings on chemical properties of some New Zealand montane grassland soils (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 176 (1995), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; cocksfoot grass ; mineralisation ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; radiata pine ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Radiata pine (Pinus radiata) and cocksfoot grass (Dactylis glomerata) were grown in small pots containing grassland soils collected from seven sites in the South Island montane zone. After one year the overall mean dry matter yield of pine exceeded that of grass by a factor of 2.6, and uptake of all nutrients by pine was substantially greater. Mean soil pH was 0.3 units lower after pine growth than after grass. Organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), and organic phosphorus (P) levels were 15–19% lower after pine, while total P was 7% lower. Despite greater nutrient uptake by pine, mean mineralisable N and sulphate sulphur (S) levels in the soil were 500% and 200% higher respectively after pine growth than after grass. Inorganic and Bray-2 P levels were 10% and 20% higher respectively. Grass obtained almost all of its P from the inorganic pool, while pine obtained P from both inorganic and organic pools, though mostly from the latter. It is concluded that the differences observed in C, N, and P concentrations in soil indicate higher rates of mineralisation of soil organic matter in the presence of radiata pine than in the presence of cocksfoot grass. Possible implications for pastoral hill land use in New Zealand are discussed. It is suggested that pines incorporated into farming systems either on a rotational basis, or in wide-spaced agroforestry regimes, may be able to increase the rate of mineralisation of organic P, and also of N and S, and increase their availability to pasture species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011789
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    Diagnosis of nitrogen deficiency and toxicity of Eucalyptus globulus seedlings by foliar analysis (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 177 (1995), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: critical concentration ; deficiency ; Eucalyptus globulus ; foliar analysis ; nitrogen ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between shoot growth and foliar nitrogen (N) in E. globulus seedlings was studied in the glasshouse to determine standard values for N deficiency and toxicity diagnosis. Seedlings were grown for 9 weeks in yellow sand, at 10 rates of N, applied as ammonium sulphate, calcium nitrate or ammonium nitrate. Shoot dry weight (DW) increased linearly with N rate for all forms of N in the deficiency range. Seedlings continued to respond to higher rates of ammonium and ammonium nitrate than to nitrate. Maximum shoot DW for nitrate fed plants and ammonium nitrate fed plants were 51% and 84% respectively of ammonium fed plants. Total N concentration in the youngest fully expanded leaf (YFEL) ranged from 1.0% to 3.3% in deficient and adequate plants. The critical N concentration for deficiency diagnosis (corresponding to 90% maximum yield) in the YFEL, determined from these growth response curves averaged over all N forms, was 2.6% N. For ammonium nitrate fed plants, total N concentration in the YFEL for the severely deficient, deficient, adequate, and toxic ranges were 〈1.4%, 1.4–2.5%, 2.6–3.5%, 〉 4.3%. High total N concentrations were associated with growth depression and toxicity symptoms, which differed with N form. For nitrate fed plants, a total N concentration above 3.3% in the YFEL was associated with severe growth depression, and leaf tip necrosis. The adequate concentration range for ammonium nitrate was similar to values found on a field trial with 7 month old E. globulus trees grown on an exforest site.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010124
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    Effect of one year rotational set-aside on immediate and ensuing nitrogen leaching loss (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 177 (1995), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ceramic cups ; leaching ; mineralisation ; nitrogen ; set-aside ; take-all
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports results from a 3-year field experiment which examined Nitrogen (N) leaching loss from land under various set-aside managements. Four treatments were examined: three ploughed plots which were sown with wheat, ryegrass or maintained fallow; the fourth treatment was unploughed and natural weed growth (volunteers) permitted. The l-year set-aside was followed by two winter wheat test crops. Ceramic suction cups were installed at a depth of 90 cm and used to collect drainage water. N leaching loss was calculated by multiplying drainage volume, calculated from meteorological data, by its inorganic N concentration. Set-aside management significantly affected N leaching loss over the three years. During the set-aside year, the peak nitrate concentration from the unploughed treatment growing volunteer weeds was significantly lower than that from ploughed plots. Of the latter, by the spring, crop (i.e. wheat and ryegrass) assimilation of N significantly reduced N concentration compared to the fallow. The four set-aside treatments had a carry-over effect to the following year (first wheat test crop) resulting in significant differences in N losses. Leaching following the ryegrass treatment was very small and we believe that the grass residues minimised rates of net-N mineralization. The influence of set-aside management continued to the second wheat test crop where N loss was greater under the all wheat rotation because take-all had reduced yield and therefore crop N uptake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010126
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    A new hypothesis to explain allocation of dry matter between mycorrhizal fungi and pine seedlings in relation to nutrient supply (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbohydrate ; ectomycorrhiza ; ergosterol ; extramatrical mycelium ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient uptake by forest trees is largely dependent on their associated ectomycorrhizal fungi. The presence of extramatrical mycelium produced by ectomycorrhizal fungi allows trees to exploit a larger soil volume. In this paper the effects of macronutrients on the production of extramatrical mycelium are reviewed. It is concluded that elevated levels of nitrogen and, to some extent, phosphorus strongly inhibit the development of extramatrical mycelium. A deficiency of phosphorus, on the other hand, stimulates ectomycorrhizal development. Low levels of phosphorus may offset the negative influence of nitrogen, indicating that the nitrogen effect is indirect. No other macronutrients have been shown to affect extramatrical mycelium significantly, however, very few studies have been made. To explain reduced ectomycorrhizal development under conditions of high N availability, it has been suggested that the host would allocate less carbohydrate to the mycobiont under such conditions owing to a greater demand for carbon by growing shoots. In the present paper an alternative explanation is suggested: The fungus is forced to take up all available nitrogen and must therefore consume the available carbohydrate in order to assimilate it. The surplus of carbohydrates after nitrogen assimilation can then be used to produce fungal mycelium and fruit bodies. However, the total allocation of host carbohydrate to the mycorrhizal fungus is not reduced at elevated levels of N supply. In contrast with previous theories, the present one proposes that it is the fungus, rather than the host which adjusts its carbon allocation patterns to the N supply.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029334
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    Effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen on nutrient uptake in ponderosa pine seedlings (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 535-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: CO2 ; global change ; growth ; nitrogen ; nutrition ; Pinus ponderosa ; soil nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on the results of a controlled-environment study on the effects of CO2 (370, 525, and 700 μmol mol-1) and N [0, 200, and 400 μg N g soil-1 as (NH4)SO4] on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings. Based upon a review of the literature, we hypothesized that N limitations would not prevent a growth response to elevated CO2. The hypothesis was not supported under conditions of extreme N deficiency (no fertilizer added to a very poor soil), but was supported when N limitations were less severe but still suboptimal (lower rate of fertilization). The growth increases in N-fertilized seedlings occurred mainly between 36 and 58 weeks without any additional N uptake. Thus, it appeared that elevated CO2 allowed more efficient use of internal N reserves in the previously-fertilized seedlings, whereas internal N reserves in the unfertilized seedlings were insufficient to allow this response. Uptake rates of other nutrients were generally proportional to growth. Nitrogen treatment caused reductions in soil exchangeable K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ (presumably because of nitrification and NO3 - leaching) but increases in extractable P (presumably due to stimulation of phosphatase activity). The results of this and other seedling studies show that elevated CO2 causes a reduction in tissue N concentration, even under N-rich conditions. The unique response of N is consistent with the hypothesis that the efficiency of Rubisco increases with elevated CO2. These results collectively have significant implications for the response of mature, N-deficient forests to evevated CO2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029366
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    Mineralization of nitrogen in long-term pasture soils: effects of management (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 172 (1995), S. 153-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: drainage ; fertilizers ; grassland ; immobilization ; leaching ; nitrogen ; soil conditions ; soil processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field incubation technique with acetylene to inhibit nitrification was used to estimate net N mineralization rates in some grassland soils through an annual cycle. Measurements were made on previously long-term grazed pastures on a silty clay loam soil in S.W. England which had background managements of +/− drainage and +/− fertilizer (200 kg N ha−1 yr−1). The effect of fertilizer addition on mineralization during the year of measurement was also determined. Small plots with animals excluded, and with herbage clipped and removed were used as treatment areas and measurements were made using an incubation period of 7 days at intervals of 7 or 14 days through the year. Soil temperature, moisture and mineral N contents were also determined. Mineralization rates fluctuated considerably in each treatment. Maximum daily rates ranged from 1.01 to 3.19 kg N ha−1, and there was substantial net release of N through the winter period (representing, on average, 27% of the annual release). Changes in temperature accounted for 35% of the variability but there was little significant effect of soil moisture. Annual net release of N ranged from 135 kg ha−1 (undrained soil, no previous or current fertilizer) to 376 (drained soil, +200 kg N ha−1 yr−1 previous and current fertilizer addition). Addition of fertilizer N to a previously unfertilized sward significantly increased the net release of N but there was no immediate effect of withholding fertilizer on mineralization during the year in which measurements were made.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020869
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    The effect of nitrogen on fine white root persistence in cherry (Prunus avium) (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 173 (1995), S. 349-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: borescope ; cherry ; nitrogen ; persistence ; root ; season
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The persistence of white roots in cherry (Prunus avium) grown under two levels of nitrogen (high and low), was studied directly using a non-destructive borescope system. Plant growth and nitrogen uptake was increased by the extra nitrogen. Persistence times of white roots were significantly affected by several factors such as nitrogen level, time of appearance and depth in the pot. Suberisation of white roots tended to be late in the growing season, and roots produced in the middle of May persisted as white for significantly longer (5.9 weeks) than those produced in early July (2.5 weeks). Also, roots that appeared at the foot of the pot remained white for longer (5.6 weeks) than roots at the surface of the pot (2.7 weeks). Results also suggest that white root persistence was greater for trees with the lower rate of application of nitrogen (4.5 weeks under low nitrogen compared to 3.6 under high nitrogen).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011474
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    Stem deformity inPinus radiata plantations in south-eastern Australia (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 175 (1995), S. 31-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: lime ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; radiata pine ; soil acidity ; stem deformity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plantations of radiata pine (P. radiata D.Don) on soils previously under legume based pastures have a high incidence of stem deformity compared with forest soils. A comparison of soil properties and tree nutrition of 5 to 7 year-old radiata pine on former pastures in the first part of the study showed that stem deformity was strongly correlated with mineralisation of soil N and in particular with nitrification. Other soil properties that have changed as a result of pasture improvement, e.g. pH, available P and Mn, were only partially correlated with stem deformity. In the second part of the study, the role of N availability and other soil properties in the expression of deformity was further investigated in a separate field experiment on soils formerly under native eucalypt forest, tobacco cropping, and improved pasture. Young radiata pine plantings were treated with lime, phosphorus, and nitrogen applied as urea and sodium nitrate. Liming increased soil pH by around 1.5 units, raised exchangeable Ca2+ and decreased available Mn. Soil mineral N content was only marginally affected by liming. Superphosphate increased soil available P and raised levels of P in foliage. Changes in soil pH, availability of P, Mn, and B did not affect growth or stem deformity at any of the sites. In contrast, application of N fertilisers at 200 and 600 kg N ha-1 increased mineral N content and stimulated nitrification, particularly at the forest site. The high rate of N fertiliser increased basal area at the forest site by 45%, but also raised the level of stem deformity from 12% to 56%. At the tobacco and pasture sites, this treatment did not increase growth and did not significantly raise stem deformity above the already high basic level of deformity (63%). Implications of stem deformity in young plantations of radiata pine on potential utilisation later in the rotation are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02413008
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    Fate and effects on yield components of extra applications of nitrogen on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in solution culture (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 175 (1995), S. 179-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grain protein concentration ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown with daily additions of nitrate-N. The relative addition rate of nitrate-N was decreased stepwise, and after 125 days of growth, 58 mg N plant-1 had been introduced. The fate and effect of an extra addition of nitrate (20 mg N plant-1) at six different times during the ontogeny (37, 54, 66, 79, 94 and 108 days from sowing) on grain yield and grain protein concentration was investigated. The plants absorbed all or most of the extra nitrate at all stages of development evaluated. Dry matter production of both aerial vegetative parts and grains, but not roots, generally increased as a result of the extra nitrate addition. The increase in grain dry matter was mainly an effect of an increased number of grains per plant. Extra nitrate applications had large effects on grain nitrogen content at all stages, but the effect on main shoot and tiller ears varied depending on the time of application. Early applications, i.e. before anthesis, mainly led to increased yield with unchanged protein concentration whereas late applications also led to increased grain protein concentration. The largest effect on grain nitrogen concentration (25–30% increase) was obtained when the extra nitrate was applied late after sowing, i.e. less than four weeks before final harvest. As the extra dose of nitrate was labelled with 15N, it was possible to follow the movement of the extra nitrogen addition within the plant. Samples were taken at one and five days after 15N-addition and at final harvest. There were differences in the movement of 15N depending on when it was introduced. Generally, net movement of the 15N-labelled N into the grain increased with age at application until 94 days after sowing when a maximum of 90% of the added 15N ended up in the grain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011353
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    Nitrogen transformations in two nitrogen saturated forest ecosystems subjected to an experimental decrease in nitrogen deposition (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 175 (1995), S. 205-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: atmospheric deposition ; forest ; incubation ; mineralization ; nitrification ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen transformations were studied in the forest floor and mineral soil (0–5 cm) of a Douglas fir forest (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.) and a Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Netherlands. Curren nitrogen depositions (40 and 56 kg N ha-1 yr-1, respectively) were reduced to natural background levels (1–2 kg N ha-1 yr-1) by a roof construction. The study concentrated on rates and dynamic properties of nitrogen transformations and their link with the leaching pattern and nitrogen uptake of the vegetation under high and reduced nitrogen deposition levels. Results of an in situ field incubation experiment and laboratory incubations were compared. No effect of the reduced N deposition on nitrogen transformations was found in the Douglas fir forest. In the Scots pine forest, however, during some periods of the year nitrogen transformations were significantly decreased under the low nitrogen deposition level. At low nitrogen inputs a net immobilization occurred during most of the year leading to a very small net mineralization for the whole year. In laboratory and in individual field plots nitrogen transformations were negatively correlated with initial inorganic nitrogen concentrations. Nitrogen budget estimates showed that nitrogen transformations were probably underestimated by the in situ incubation technique. Nevertheless less nitrogen was available for plant uptake and leaching at the low deposition plots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011356
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    Seasonal flooding, nitrogen mineralization and nitrogen utilization in a prairie marsh (1995)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 30 (1995), S. 171-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: ammonium ; marsh ; mineralization ; nitrate ; nitrification ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Flooding can be an important control of nitrogen (N) biogeochemistry in wetland ecosystems. In North American prairie marshes, spring flooding is a dominant feature of the physical environment that increases emergent plant production and could influence N cycling. I investigated how spring flooding affects N availability and plant N utilization in whitetop (Scolochloa festucacea) marshes in Manitoba, Canada by comparing experimentally spring-flooded marsh inside an impoundment with adjacent nonflooded marsh. The spring-flooded marsh had net N mineralization rates up to 4 times greater than nonflooded marsh. Total growing season net N mineralization was 124 kg N ha−1 in the spring-flooded marsh compared with 62 kg N ha−1 in the nonflooded marsh. Summer water level drawdown in the spring-flooded marsh decreased net N mineralization rates. Net nitrification rates increased in the nonflooded marsh following a lowering of the water table during mid summer. Growing season net nitrification was 33 kg N ha−1 in the nonflooded marsh but 〈 1 kg N ha−1 in the spring-flooded marsh. Added NO3 −1 induced nitrate reductase (NRA) activity in whitetop grown in pot culture. Field-collected plants showed higher NRA in the nonflooded marsh. Nitrate comprised 40% of total plant N uptake in the nonflooded marsh but 〈1% of total N uptake in the spring-flooded marsh. Higher plant N demand caused by higher whitetop production in the spring-flooded marsh approximately balanced greater net N mineralization. A close association between the presence of spring flooding and net N mineralization and net nitrification rates indicated that modifications to prairie marshes that change the pattern of spring inundation will lead to rapid and significant changes in marsh N cycling patterns.
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    An assessment of the annual mass balance of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in Narragansett Bay (1995)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 31 (1995), S. 15-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: budget ; carbon ; mass balance ; Narragansett Bay ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Narragansett Bay is a relatively well-mixed, high salinity coastal embayment and estuary complex in southern New England (USA). Much of the shoreline is urban and the watershed is densely developed. We have combined our data on C, N, and P inputs to this system, on C, N, and P accumulation in the sediments, and on denitrification with extensive work by others to develop approximate annual mass balances for these elements. The results show that primary production within the bay is the major source of organic carbon (4 times greater than other sources), that land drainage and upstream sewage and fertilizer are the major sources of N, and that landward flowing bottom water from offshore may be a major source of dissolved inorganic phosphorus. Most of the nutrients entering the bay arrive in dissolved inorganic form, though DON is a significant component of the N carried by the rivers. About 40% of the DIN in the rivers is in the form of ammonia. Sedimentation rates are low in most of Narragansett Bay, and it appears that less than 20% of the total annual input of each of these elements is retained within the system. A very small amount of C, N, and P is removed in fisheries landings, denitrification in the sediments removes perhaps 10–25% of the N input, and most of the carbon fixed in the system is respired within it. Stoichiometric calculations suggest that some 10–20% of the organic matter formed in the bay is exported to offshore and that Narragansett Bay is an autotrophic system. Most of the N and P that enters the bay is, however, exported to offshore waters in dissolved inorganic form. This assessment of the overall biogeochemical behavior of C, N, and P in the bay is consistent with more rigorously constrained mass balances obtained using large living models or mesocosms of the bay at the Marine Ecosystem Research Laboratory (MERL).
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    Simulation of drainage water quality with DRAINMOD (1995)
    Springer
    Irrigation and drainage systems 9 (1995), S. 259-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: drainage ; controlled drainage ; DRAINMOD ; water table management ; model ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The design and management of drainage systems should consider impacts on drainage water quality and receiving streams, as well as on agricultural productivity. Two simulation models that are being developed to predict these impacts are briefly described. DRAINMOD-N uses hydrologic predictions by DRAINMOD, including daily soil water fluxes, in numerical solutions to the advective-dispersive-reactive (ADR) equation to describe movement and fate of NO3-N in shallow water table soils. DRAINMOD- CREAMS links DRAINMOD hydrology with submodels in CREAMS to predict effects of drainage treatment and controlled drainage losses of sediment and agricultural chemicals via surface runoff. The models were applied to analyze effects of drainage intensity on a Portsmouth sandy loam in eastern North Carolina. Depending on surface depressional storage, agricultural production objectives could be satisfied with drain spacings of 40 m or less. Predicted effects of drainage design and management on NO3-N losses were substantial. Increasing drain spacing from 20 m to 40 m reduced predicted NO3-N losses by over 45% for both good and poor surface drainage. Controlled drainage further decreases NO3-N losses. For example, predicted average annual NO3-N losses for a 30 m spacing were reduced 50% by controlled drainage. Splitting the application of nitrogen fertilizer, so that 100 kg/ha is applied at planting and 50 kg/ha is applied 37 days later, reduced average predicted NO3-N losses but by only 5 to 6%. This practice was more effective in years when heavy rainfall occurred directly after planting. In contrast to effects on NO3-N losses, reducing drainage intensity by increasing drain spacing or use of controlled drainage increased predicted losses of sediment and phosphorus (P). These losses were small for relatively flat conditions (0.2% slope), but may be large for even moderate slopes. For example, predicted sediment losses for a 2% slope exceeded 8000 kg/ha for a poorly drained condition (drain spacing of 100 m), but were reduced to 2100 kg/ha for a 20 m spacing. Agricultural production and water quality goals are sometimes in conflict. Our results indicate that simulation modeling can be used to examine the benefits of alternative designs and management strategies, from both production and environmental points-of-view. The utility of this methodology places additional emphasis on the need for field experiments to test the validity of the models over a range of soil, site and climatological conditions.
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    Monte Carlo calculations on the beta-delta phase transition in nitrogen with a generalized free energy method (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 957-963 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: Gibbs free energy ; high pressure ; Monte Carlo ; nitrogen ; phase transition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Monte Carlo simulations that utilize an (N, P, T) ensemble with periodic deformable boundary conditions cannot describe phase transitions properly when a large potential barrier is involved. An alternative method is to calculate the Gibbs free energy difference between phases; the transition occurs when the difference is equal to zero. The Gibbs free-energy difference can be calculated using a generalized free-energy method. This method is used to determine theβ-δ phase transition of solid nitrogen at room temperature. The Gibbs freeenergy difference between theβ and theδ phase was obtained at 4.0 GPa. The difference at other pressures could be determined with the equation of state. The transition pressure was found at about 6.2 GPa, 1.3 GPa above the experimental pressure.
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    Response of young densely stocked stands of Pinus radiata to thinning and refertilization (1995)
    Springer
    New forests 10 (1995), S. 207-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Fertilization ; foliar analysis ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of thinning and refertilization on growth of Pinus radiata in three experiments planted at 11 960 stems ha−1 were examined. Responses to thinning and refertilization were obtained at 3 or 5 years after planting despite heavy applications of fertilizer at establishment. During the 3 years following retreatment, trees which had been thinned to 2990 stems ha−1 had twice the sectional area increments of unthinned trees, while up to a 3-fold increase in increment was obtained on trees which had been thinned and refertilized. Responses to nitrogen were obtained in all experiments. Response to phosphate was dependent upon soil type and prior treatment. Foliar analyses do not appear to be reliable for predicting responses to fertilization applied in combination with thinning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027924
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    Maturation of black spruce somatic embryos. Part I. Effect of l-glutamine on the number and germinability of somatic embryos (1995)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 41 (1995), S. 23-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: glutamine ; maturation ; nitrogen ; Picea mariana ; somatic embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Different concentrations of l-glutamine and different nitrogen sources in the medium were compared during maturation of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) somatic embryos. l-glutamine can be used as the sole nitrogen source for the maturation of Picea mariana somatic embryos at 2 to 3 gl-1. A significantly lower number of somatic embryos was obtained on a medium prepared with only inorganic nitrogen. Compared with a medium supplement to inorganic nitrogen resulted in a twofold increase in the number of embryos for six genotypes. The nitrogen source and concentration in the maturation medium significantly affected the germination sensus stricto of somatic embryos (radicle appearance), but not their development into plantlets; at the time of epicotyl appearance, an effect of the nitrogen source was no longer found. A comparison of the development of somatic embryos into plantlets from seven genotypes showed that the genotype had more effect in terms of epicotyl appearance and in conversion rate than the nitrogen source present in the maturation medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124083
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    Phosphorus limitation of forest leaf area and net primary production on a highly weathered soil (1995)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 29 (1995), S. 223-235 
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    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: chronosequence ; montane tropical forest ; nitrogen ; nutrient limitation ; phosphorus ; productivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We tested the hypothesis that P was the nutrient limiting net primary production of a nativeMetrosideros polymorpha forest on a highly weathered montane tropical soil in Hawaii. A factorial experiment used all combinations of three fertilizer treatments: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and a mix of other essential nutrients (OE), consisting primarily of mineral derived cations and excluding N and P. P addition, but not N or OE, increased leaf area index within 12 months, foliar P concentration measured at 18 months, and stem diameter increment within 18 months. Stem growth at 18 months was even greater when trees fertilized with P also received the OE treatment. N and P additions increased leaf litterfall and N and P in combination further increased litterfall. The sequence of responses suggests that increased available P promoted an increase in photosynthetic area which led to increased wood production. P was the essential element most limiting to primary production on old volcanic soil in contrast to the N limitation found on young volcanic soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02186049
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    Long term effects of enhanced nitrogen deposition on a lowland dry heath in southern Britain (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1701-1706 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: nitrogen ; heathland ; Calluna vulgaris ; critical load ; growth ; litter production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Experimental additions of ammonium sulphate to a nitrogen-poor dry heathland have been carried out since 1989. There are four nitrogen treatments: a control (receiving artificial rain only), a low treatment which receives an additional 7.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1, a high treatment receiving 15.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1 and an alternating treatment which receives either the control or the high nitrogen additions, in alternate years. The estimated background deposition at the study site is 13–18 kg N ha−1 yr−1, a value similar to the critical load that has been suggested for the conversion of lowland heath to grassland. Over the past 5 years there have been significant stimulations in shoot growth, flowering, canopy density and litter production. Flowering, in particular, strongly reflects nitrogen additions in the alternating treatment. Current models of the response of dry Calluna heathlaud to enhanced nitrogen deposition suggest that higher tissue nitrogen levels will occur and will be accompanied by heightened sensitivity to secondary stresses. This may in turn lead to canopy breakdown and replacement by grassland. The application of nitrogen at deposition rates only slightly in excess of the critical load over five years has produced small, non-significant increases in shoot nitrogen content. However, there is clear evidence of a large positive effect on shoot growth, flowering, litter production and canopy density of Calluna. The observation of these responses at the application rates used in this study supports the current proposals for critical loads of nitrogen for lowland heaths.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477225
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    Reducing the contribution of ammonia to nitrogen deposition across Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1891-1896 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: emissions ; nitrogen ; ammonia ; agriculture ; integrated assessment modelling ; abatement strategies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract European emissions of reduced nitrogen, arising principally from agriculture, are comparable with those of oxidised nitrogen from mobile and stationary combustion sources. It is therefore important to include ammonia emissions in working towards a new protocol on nitrogen under the programme of the UN Economic Commission for Europe on the control of transboundary air pollution. However the nature of the sources and the subsequent atmospheric transport and chemistry are very different from other acidifying pollutants. This paper describes work in hand under the MARACCAS project to compare agricultural activities in different European countries and to assess the applicability and efficacy of potential abatement measures. The aim is to derive abatement costs for each country relating successive emission reductions to the costs of achieving them, to be used by the UN ECE Task Force on Integrated Assessment Modelling (TFIAM) — in particular with our Abatement Strategies Assessment Model, ASAM. The paper will also address the large uncertainties involved in integrated assessment modelling with respect to ammonia, and suggest how these may be allowed for in deriving cost-effective abatement strategies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186110
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    Critical loads of acidity and nitrogen, based on multiple criteria for different swedish ecosystems (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2375-2380 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Critical load ; acidity ; nitrogen ; Norway spruce ; Scots pine ; ground vegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The critical loads of acidity and nitrogen has been mapped for Swedish forest soils, using data from the Swedish Forest Inventory. The Swedish critical load map used in negotiations has been based on a number of ecological receptors. For terrestrial ecosystems criteria based on no adverse effect on growth, soil stability and groundwater quality was used. For surface waters, stream and lake biology was used as indicators for setting limits to acidification. A reduction of 75% of the acidity deposition in relation to 1988 is required in order to protect 95% of the forest resource in Sweden from effects of soil acidification. A reduction of 50% of the nitrogen deposition is required to avoid exceedance in more than 5% of the area. The mapping work was carried out by using the PROFILE model.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186189
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    Calculation and mapping of critical loads of s, n and acidity on ecosystems of the Northern Asia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2395-2400 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical loads ; nitrogen ; sulphur ; northern Asia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of modified simple steady state mass-balance equations, the critical loads for nutrient and acidifying nitrogen as well as for sulphur and acidity have been calculated for various ecosystems of northern Asia using simplified expert-modelling GIS and grid cells 150×150 km. The minimal values of critical loads of nitrogen, CL(N), (〈50eq/ha/yr) were shown for arctic and subarctic ecosystems and the maximal ones (〉300eq/ha/yr) for ecosystems of chernozemic and chernozem-like soils in southern Siberia and the Far East. The minimal values of critical loads of sulphur, CL(S), as well as acidity were shown predominantly in the northern part of east Siberia and in the Kamchatka peninsula and the maximal ones for ecosystems having neutral and alcaline soils. The corresponding exceedances were indicated for many regions of the northern part of Asia with maximal values for regions of Ural mountains, frontery of Kazakhstan, Altai, lower Yenisei river flow, Far East, Sakhalin and South-Kurilean islands.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186192
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    Uncertainty analysis of critical loads for terrestrial ecosystems in Russia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2559-2564 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: uncertainty analysis ; computed critical loads ; nitrogen ; sulpher ; acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this study is to give a comprehensive and quantitative estimation of the uncertainty of computed in different scale nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) critical loads (CL) values for terrestrial ecosystems of the Northern Asia, European part and the North-Western regions of Russia. The CL values are used to set goals for future deposition rates of acidifying compounds so that the environment is protected. In this research CL values for terrestrial ecosystems are determined using the expert-modelling geoinformation system (EM GIS) approach. UNCSAM software package is used as the tool for uncertainty analysis. The analysis presented here focuses on the estimation and effect of the input source uncertainties and sensitivities on the CL values in various regions under study. In spite of the region, nitrogen uptake by vegetation, nitrogen leaching from terrestrial ecosystems and the difference between deposition and uptake by plants of base cations (BC) are the most influential factors for all terrestrial ecosystems of Russia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186219
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    Spatial variability in emissions reduction strategies for sulphur and nitrogen in the UK (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2619-2624 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sulphur ; nitrogen ; critical loads function ; emissions reductions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The roles of sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) in causing critical loads exceedance across the UK show considerable spatial variability at the present time. Over much of lowland Britain it appears that the environment can only be protected by reducing N deposition, whilst in upland areas (e.g. most of Scotland and Wales) reductions in S deposition are the primary requirement. Using the Hull Acid Rain Model (HARM) the effects of current and possible future emissions control legislation on critical loads exceedance can be explored. Based on HARM output, the implementation of the UNECE Sulphur Protocol (1994) will bring about a substantial reduction in the amount of S being deposited in the UK, especially in central and southern parts of the country. Some areas will remain where additional reductions in S are required. Over most of the country, however, the need to reduce N deposition will become paramount. The changing contributions and significance of non-UK sources can be estimated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186229
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    Effects of enhanced supplies of nitrogen and sulphur on rhizosphere and soil chemistry in a Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1777-1782 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: aluminium ; base cations ; bulk soil ; nitrogen ; rhizosphere soil ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Rhizophere and bulk soil chemistry were investigated in a Norway spruce stand in SW Sweden. The rhizosphere and bulk soil chemistry in water extracts in control plots (C) and plots repeatedly treated with ammonium sulphate (NS) were compared. Treatment regime was started in 1988. Cylindrical core samples of the LFH-layer and mineral soil layers were collected in 1992 and used for water extract analyses. Samples of soil from LFH-layer and mineral soil layers were taken in 1991 and 1993 for determination of CEC and base saturation. Soil pH and NH4-N, NO3-N and SO4-S, Al, Ca, K and Mg concentrations in water extracts were measured for rhizosphere and bulk soils. The pH-values of bulk and rhizosphere soils in NS plots decreased compared with those in control plots, whereas concentrations of NH4-N, NO3-N, SO4-S, base cations and Al in water extract increased. In both bulk and rhizosphere soils the concentration of NH4-N was much higher than that of NO3-N. A significant difference in the pH and Mg concentration of bulk and rhizosphere soil between the treated and control plots was found only in the 0–10 cm layer. For all layers, there was a significant difference in NH4-N concentrations in the bulk and rhizosphere soil between the NS treatment and control plots. Concentrations of exchangeable base cations and the base saturation level in the LFH-layer decreased in the NS plots. The concentration of extractable SO4-S increased in the NS plots. The NS treatment enhanced the amount of litter in L-layer, owing to increases in needle biomass and litterfall but led to losses of base cations, mainly K and Mg, from LFH-layer. It was concluded that the NS treatment displaced cations from exchangeable sites in the LFH-layer leading to higher concentrations of these elements in both rhizosphere and bulk soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477237
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    Behaviour of sulphur and nitrogen compounds measured at marine stations Lista and Säby in Scandinavia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2039-2044 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: sulphur ; nitrogen ; Scandinavia ; long distance transport ; elemental tracers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Long distance transport of various air pollutants has been studied at two Scandinavian coastal sites. The measuring period has covered one year divided into 4 campaigns. Seasonal variations for sulphur and nitrogen compounds as well as anthropogenically emitted metals are reported. Concentrations of Pb and Zn as well as the ratio of V/Ni concentrations have been used to trace sulphuric episodes. Covariation of anthropogenic pollutants for the two sites is demonstrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186134
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    Modeling physical adsorption on porous and nonporous solids using density functional theory (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of porous materials 2 (1995), S. 9-17 
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    ISSN: 1573-4854
    Keywords: adsorption ; isotherm ; characterization ; modeling ; simulation ; pore size ; density functional theory ; argon ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The formalism of (nonlocal) density functional theory provides an attractive way to describe the physical adsorption process at the fluid-solid interface. It provides numerical results of analytic precision in a small fraction of the time required by a simulation technique. In particular, the ability to model adsorption in a pore space of slit-like or cylindrical geometry has led to useful methods for extracting pore size distribution information from experimental adsorption isotherms. However, critical comparisons of experimental isotherms with the isotherms predicted by density functional theory have shown important differences when using the usual prescription for the nonlocal free energy density functional. It is clear that these differences would affect the accuracy of such pore size information. We show in this paper how a small modification to the mean field computation of the intermolecular attractive potential results in excellent agreement with experiment for the systems studied.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00486565
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    A preliminary assessment of nitrogen-based fresh water acidification in southeastern Canada (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 433-438 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: nitrogen ; water acidification ; regional assessment ; chemical classification ; nitrogen saturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sulphate deposition is the primary cause of acidification in northeastern North America, and new SO2 emission control is being implemented. However, continuation of existing levels of N deposition may undermine the environmental benefits derived from SO2 control. This likelihood has been assessed for Canadian lakes. Maximum N deposition (∼13 kg N ha−1 yr−1) occurs in south-central Ontario and southwestern Quebec. Regional median NO 3 − levels are generally low (〈5 μeq L−1) suggesting that on average, N-based acidification is minor compared to the S-based component. However, examination of the seasonal NO 3 − pattern at 5 intensively monitored basins reveals that 2 of them (in Ontario and Quebec) have incipient N saturation. A regional status for nitrogen-based acidification was qualitatively assessed by classifying survey data to identify cases of NO 3 − leaching. Many lakes throughout southeastern Canada exhibit some leaching, particularly those in south-central Ontario and southwestern Quebec. While the evidence for a deposition-acidification link appears strong, sources of N other than the atmosphere should be considered for certain anomalous cases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476867
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    Effects of future N deposition scenarios on the Galloway region of SW Scotland using a coupled sulphur & nitrogen model (MAGIC-WAND) (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 707-712 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Acidification ; modelling ; nitrogen ; land-use ; MAGIC-WAND
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The Galloway region of Southwest Scotland has been subject to decades of acidic deposition which has resulted in damage to soils, surface waters and aquatic biota. A survey of lochs was conducted in 1979, 1988, and 1993, over which time there have been dramatic changes in total sulphur and nitrogen deposition. The MAGIC model successfully reproduced the major chemical changes in water chemistry from 1979 to 1988 during which time there was a rapid decline in sulphur deposition. A new coupled sulphur and nitrogen model (MAGIC-WAND) has been used to evaluate the regional hydrochemical response to changing patterns of N & S deposition from the period 1988 to 1993. Details of the model structure and parameterisation are discussed. The model under-predicts the response of non-marine sulphate in the region suggesting that there has been a slight increase in deposition over this period. Future hydrochemical responses to different nitrogen deposition scenarios are presented, indicating that the potential increase of nitrogen in surface waters is closely linked to the age and extent of different mosaics of commercial afforestation within the individual catchments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00476912
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    Sensitivity of forest-floor mosses in boreal forests to nitrogen and sulphur deposition (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1239-1244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: vegetation ; mosses ; bottom layer ; biomass ; Pleurozium schreberi ; Dicranum polysetum ; nitrogen ; deposition ; sulphur deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The response of forest-floor mosses to deposition of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) was examined in field conditions in a 60-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.) stand in southern Finland. The experimental plots received nitrogen (25 kg N ha−1) and sulphur (30 kg S ha−1) as ammonium sulphate once a year for 4 years. The dominant moss species on the site were Pleurozium schreberi (Mitt.) and Dicranum polysetum (Sw.). The biomass of the dominant moss species was decreased significantly by N and S deposition during the study period. Due to the addition of N and S, the biomass of Pleurozium schreberi was decreased by 60% and the biomass of Dicranum polysetum by 78%. The forest-floor mosses seemed to be more sensitive to nitrogen and sulphur deposition than vascular plants were. Since bryophytes lack a cuticle and absorb water very rapidly after rain episodes, they are more exposed to the direct effects of acid deposition. Thus, mosses may indicate changes in forest vegetation due to acidic deposition. Boreal coniferous forests are characterised by a thick moss layer, which has low thermal conductivity and high water-absorbing capacity. Loss of the moss layer may expose the underlying soil ecosystem to desiccation and to greater variation in temperature. On the other hand, destruction of the moss layer may improve the regeneration of vascular plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477151
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    Effects of ozone on birch (Betula pendula Roth.) clones (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1331-1336 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Betula pendula ; clones ; ozone ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Saplings of five birch clones (Betula pendula Roth.) were exposed to ozone doses 1.2–1.7 × higher than the ambient under field conditions during growing seasons 1991–1993. The clones were also fumigated with 40 ppb – 150 ppb ozone in three chamber experiments.The effects of nitrogen supply on ozone responses were studied using field fumigation system and three levels of nitrogen supply (low, medium, high). The ozone-sensitivity was clone-spesific. Even low ozone exposure decreased the biomass production of the most sensitive clone, whereas the most tolerant clone showed unaffected growth rate. In all clones, ozone fumigation accelerated autumn senescence of leaves, increased ultrastructural injuries, especially in chloroplasts, and increased diffusion resistance and stomatal density of leaves. Ozone-induced changes in the tissue and fine structure of leaves were interpreted as enhanced senescence. The plants receiving high nitrogen supply were more resistant to ozone than the plants under lower nitrogen availability. Significant interactions between ozone and nitrogen supply were found in growth and leaf anatomical parameters. The ozone sensitivity and the growth rate of birch clones seem to be related to biochemical and ultrastructural changes of chloroplasts, as reduced growth rate of the most sensitive clone was accompanied by lower contents of Rubisco small subunit and chlorophyll, and lower net photosynthesis. Fast enlarging and young mature leaves without acclimation were more sensitive to ozone fumigation than the leaves emerging under ozone stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477166
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    Effects of acid deposition on Dutch forest ecosystems (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1063-1068 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: soil acidification ; nitrogen ; vegetation changes ; forest vitality ; critical loads
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Effects of elevated S and N deposition on the solution chemistry of Dutch forest soils are mainly manifested by increased concentrations of Al associated with increased concentrations of SO4 and NO4. Presumed critical Al/base cation ratios are often exceeded below 20 cm soil depth. There is also evidence that elevated N deposion during the last decades affected the forest nutrient status and caused large changes in forest vegetation. About half of the Dutch forests have absolute shortage of P and relative Mg deficiencies compared to foliar N contents. Evidence from field studies of a relationship between soil acidification and nutrient imbalances in the soil and the foliage on one hand and the vitality of forests on the other hand is, however, lacking.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477122
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