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  • Articles  (2,864)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (2,864)
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  • 1995  (2,864)
  • Technology  (2,864)
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  • Articles  (2,864)
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  • 2005-2009
  • 1995-1999  (2,864)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conflict today and its demands on international society (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 6-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Assumes acceptance of the argument that, as the world has become amere village owing to modern communications systems, trading patternsand the like, it is no longer possible for any individual, community orstate to seek to pull down the blinds and ignore what is happening inother parts of the world. This is not merely an ethical issue –although believes that the morality of caring is much in need of anuplift, both in British society and elsewhere - it is a pragmaticand political necessity. Confines discussion to looking at conflicts atthe levels where they involve communities or whole states, rather thanindividuals alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510078970
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Towards rehabilitation: building trust in Afghanistan (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 27-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Based on the experience of five years of work in the midst of theongoing civil war in Afghanistan, outlines a number of ideas aboutinvolving communities in measures to provide emergency relief or supportrehabilitation, in order to encourage and assist an indigenous processof social and physical recovery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510079005
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Communication about major accident hazards: credibility of qualified informers in an Italian city (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 4-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Reports on research carried out under the aegis of the EuropeanCommunity as part of the Step Programme. Researchers from the followinguniversities contributed: Berlin (Germany), Grenoble (France), Lancaster(Great Britain), Liège (Belgium), and The Catholic University(Milan, Italy). Aims to evaluate public perception of individuals andorganizations as informers in situations where there is a high levelindustrial risk. Discusses the following: the clarity of communication,the degree of professionalism of the information sources, the extent towhich the message attributed to each of the important informers wascredible. Treats this as a comparative study under the terms of Article8 of the Seveso Directive which invites public authorities, as well asso-called "risk" industries, to keep the population informedof the potential dangers to which they are exposed as a result ofindustrial activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510082641
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uses of support in an evolving war event (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 38-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Examines the relationship between sources and functions of supportin the context of an evolving stressful event - the Gulf War. Datawere obtained through questionnaires filled out by 261 parents sampledthroughout comprehensive schools located in two different areas ofIsrael (damaged and undamaged by missile attacks). Respondents assessedthe extent of support received from a list of sources, designated threepreferred sources, and rated the amount of informational, instrumentaland/or emotional support provided by these referred sources, at threedifferent periods of the event: waiting, impact and recovery. Findingsindicate that different sources of support, fulfilling differentfunctions, were utilized over the course of the event, and that changesin sources and functions were related to the changing circumstances ofthe war. Gives empirical validation to the concept of matching theevolution of a stressful event to specific uses of social support.Considers implications for social work practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510082678
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of sheltering and housing in US disasters (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 43-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The terms "sheltering" and "housing" areused in a variety of unclear and inconsistent ways in the disasterliterature. Proposes a differentiation among emergency sheltering,temporary sheltering, temporary housing and permanent housing. Indicateshow they are paid differential attention in American disaster planningand gives specific observations about the four patterns, notingespecially how they differ from one another. Suggests there will be afuture increase in problems in all the patterns, and that it is not yetfully established to what extent these patterns are applicable in alltypes of societies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510088069
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flood warning systems under stress in the United Kingdom (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 32-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Discusses the results of evaluations of flood forecasting, warningand response systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.Reveals that in England and Wales flood warning systems oftenunderperform. Despite technical sophistication and their elevation tohigh priority in central government's flood defence strategy,arrangements for flood warnings are now under considerable stressbecause of lack of agreement over organizational roles andresponsibilities. Legal ambiguities, funding difficulties andideological positions lie behind these problems. Flood warning systemsare developing in Scotland, and there is now a "fledgling"system in Northern Ireland, but both lag behind England and Wales.Examines implications for the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510088050
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evacuation behaviour: why do some evacuate, while others do not? A case study of the Ephrata, Pennsylvania (USA) evacuation (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 30-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Evacuation is commonly used to mitigate the ill effects of avariety of disaster agents. It is important that authorities gain anaccurate understanding of the circumstances under which citizens willevacuate. Tests the efficacy of evacuation message clarity andfrequency, authority type, the accuracy of past warnings, and the impactof the presence of children in the home as viable variables in effectingan evacuation response. Finds the evacuation response was more likely tooccur if the potential victim was ordered to do so, if the potentialvictim was contacted frequently (more than once) by the proper authority(as perceived by the potential victim), if past warnings were perceivedas being accurate, and dependent children were in the home. Interviewsrespondents from 83 households in Ephrata, Pennsylvania, USA, after amajor fire emergency threatened residents of three neighbourhoodscontiguous to the site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510093414
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The structure and function of community emergency operations centres (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 37-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Addresses the issue of the structure and function of the communityemergency operations centre (EOC). There is some confusion among someemergency responders and particularly among public officials regardingthe role and function of the EOC. In part this emerges because many EOCsat different levels operate in conjunction with any given disaster. Itis argued that the community EOC is best seen as an over-archingorganization into which information from more specialized EOCs –such as those operated by fire and police departments - flows, andfrom which the overall response to the disaster is directed. There isalso a tendency to define the functions of the community EOC narrowly.Such definitions typically understate the importance of such activitiesas damage assessment and public information, and consequently leave theresponsibility for these and related critical functions somewhatambiguous. Seeks to achieve an explicit definition of the range andcontent of disaster responsibilities associated with the community EOCand thereby to clarify and contribute more to effective community-widedisaster response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510100983
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Widening horizons in post-war reconstruction (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 38-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In Britain in 1945, the politics of peace steered reconstructiontowards a static socio-economic base from which stemmed many laterplanning and social problems. Britain had emerged from six years of wareconomically weakened but with a clear social vision, an effectiveadministration and fully evolved plans for the transition from war topeace. The social vision including the ideal of full employment and theright to a local job and a local home. This placed the economy in aspatial stranglehold and denied it the flexibility needed to adapt tochanging global conditions. Draws on the British experience to suggestthat the understandable desire to replace in situ what has beendestroyed is doomed to fail and can prejudice the ability of futuregenerations to meet their own needs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510079023
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rehabilitation and reconstruction of Afghanistan: a challenge for Afghans, NGOs and the UN (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Owing to the nature of their funding, hardly any NGO projects inAfghanistan have been long term or geared to the future development ofthe country. "Donor fatigue" and the fact that much of theprevious aid was politically motivated, has led NGOs to begin toquestion the value of their existing work and to consider whether andhow they might do more to promote peace and longterm reconstruction anddevelopment. In an attempt to address some of the questions, theNorwegian Church Aid, the Norwegian Refugee Council and Oxfam jointlysupported the organization of a workshop aimed at exploring the role ofNGOs in peace building. Based on the findings of that workshop, as wellas on A. Strand's five years of field experience.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510078998
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mohonk criteria for humanitarian assistance in complex emergences (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 14-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Presents the Mohonk Criteria for Humanitarian Assistance inComplex Emergencies, produced by the Task Force on Ethical and LegalIssues in Humanitarian Assistance, convened by the Program onHumanitarian Assistance at the World Conference on Religion and Peace,as guidelines for co-operative relationships between political,humanitarian and military actors in complex humanitarian emergenciescreated by armed conflict.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510088032
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Working with communities to reduce levels of conflict: "spot reconstruction" (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 12-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Recent experience in many conflict areas has shown thatreconstruction and development assistance can be used to support peaceinitiatives before a final resolution to conflict is achieved. Initself, spot reconstruction will not bring about peace, but it can makea contribution towards reducing the scope of the conflict and providemuch-needed assistance to people who otherwise would be forced to leavetheir homes in search of relief and public welfare. Attempts to definespot reconstruction and outlines the key elements, prerequisites andguidelines for decision making when considering a spot reconstructionprogramme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510078989
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Positive reactions following emergency and disaster responses (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 55-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Firefighters completed a questionnaire which examined both positiveand negative reactions following major call-outs. Positive reactionswere more frequently checked than negative ones. Factor analysis ofpositive reactions resulted in four factors, suggesting that positivereactions after a call-out represented more than an increased sense ofgeneral wellbeing. The type of reactions reported were related to thetype of incident attended. Differences in reaction patterns were relatedto self-reported coping style and age of the firefighters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510079050
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scientists and disaster management (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 14-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: When disasters, even natural ones, have a chemical or nucleardimension, scientists play a major role in their management. Presentsthe results of research on Canadian disasters, and includes other casesof disasters that occurred around the world. Discusses the experts' rolein decisions related to the response: how to identify a specificproduct, its impact on health, for example, in a climate of uncertainty;how to justify their methods, to the press, the politicians and thevictims as well as to the public. This "glass-house" workingatmosphere is very different from the one in which they carry out theirroutine analyses. Therefore their ability to communicate and theircredibility are very important aspects of their role.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510082650
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proposed scaling of the communal consequences of disaster (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 5-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Rapid assessment of a community's capacity to continue coping inthe aftermath of disaster could be of great value. Gradations ofcommunity consequences can provide emergency planners with criteria toguide them to realistic needs assessment and are invaluable toresearchers in classifying incidents by intensity. Conventional wisdommight lead us to view impact on community functioning in disasters as acontinuum, ranging from minimal to total collapse. Such a perceptionlacks clear-cut gradation, making administrative judgements difficultand contributing to the squandering of relief resources because of ourinaccurate assessment of the community's incapacity. The precise pointswhere communities cross damage thresholds resulting in the collapse ofinfrastructure appear at first, to vary inexplicably. Carefulconsideration suggests three sets of factors which interface to affectthese thresholds. Taken together, these will raise or lower communitycapacity to cope with adversity. The appropriate level of emergencyrelief could best be determined if we can strengthen our ability toassess rapidly the community's remaining capacity to provide for its ownpopulation. Proposes that this could be accomplished by the scaling ofthree sets of factors: community background, event factors and impactfactors. Although the need for scaling cannot be denied, the specificsof this suggestion will need to be tested to determine theirapplicability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510088023
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Current provision and recommendations for the management of psycho-social morbidity following disaster in England (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 5-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Although disasters remain statistically rare events, the lastdecade has seen an increase in the number of major incidents affectingthe UK. Concurrent with this increase have come clinical data, showinghow psycho-social health may be adversely affected by disasters. Aims togive the UK Department of Health a survey of the current provision ofpsycho-social care after disasters at English Regional Health Authoritylevel and to make recommendations regarding good practice in the care ofvictims of trauma by health care professionals. Uses varied methodology.Letters were sent to all the Regional Public Health Departments, askingfor information about the psychological care element within their majorincident plans. Shows that the provision for psycho-social carefollowing a disaster in England is extremely variable and although thereare undoubtedly regions with considerable expertise and interest, thereare also regions where provision appears to be minimal or non-existent.Recommends the provision of specialist traumatic stress services atregional level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510093388
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Kobe earthquake: some realities of strategic management of crises and disasters (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 11-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The response management of the Kobe earthquake in 1995 providespractitioners and theorists of crisis and disaster management with muchto consider. As in other efforts around the world the Kobe responsemanagement appeared slow and less than optimal in performance. Focuseson the effects of magnitude of impact and degree of strategicpreparedness that may affect response. Magnitude of impact is the degreeto which impact damage seems random in occurrence, the size of theimpact area, the severity of impact, the ratio of visible to invisibledamage, the number of major sub-event crises triggered by the impact ofthe event, and the degree of psychological distortion caused by (oraccelerated by) the impact of the event. The degree of strategicpreparedness depends on the degree to which response managers cansuccessfully translate meta-strategic missions and objectives intooperational strategies that are realistic and achievable in any givencrisis or disaster event. Components of strategic preparedness includethe provision of escalation triggers, establishing cascaded priorities,and having and maintaining a dynamic reserve. Planning and preparing forcrises and disasters needs to include cascade strategic priorityprofiles for communities, consideration of cultural features oforganizations and communities in developing plans and preparedness,establishing quantifiable escalation triggers for response management,and developing and maintaining a working dynamic reserve.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510100965
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparing public safety organizations for disaster response: a study of Tucson, Arizona's response to flooding (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 25-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Tucson, Arizona, experienced two large-scale floods in October 1983and January 1993. In comparing these floods, examines both the naturalevents and the response of public safety organizations. A summary of thenatural events compares the weather, flooding and damages. Inconsideration of the human response to the 1983 event, finds that thecommunity's emergency co-ordination centre was ineffective and isolatedfrom the public safety response network. Furthermore, an organizationalstructure, suited to the management of large-scale, multi-organizationalresponse, failed to emerge. Concludes that local government mitigatedthese deficiencies before the January 1993 flood. This was accomplishedin two ways. First, the community's emergency management agency mergedinto the Sheriff's Department and second, through consensus building andtraining, the community institutionalized an effective disaster responseorganizational structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510100974
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rebuilding Sarajevo (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 32-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Sarajevo is no longer the city it was and will, over the next fewyears, have to find a new role for itself. Based on a presentation atthe Rebuilding Sarajevo Workshop, held in York, UK in May 1994, seeks toexplore the four underlying principles that are likely to be relevant tothe city of Sarajevo and its rebirth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510079014
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  • 20
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    Nursing in the aftermath of disaster: orphanage relief work in Romania (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 45-54 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Disaster relief workers experience psychological and physical needsas a direct consequence of their disaster involvement. While this impacthas been acknowledged, relatively little is known about the nature ofthe psychosocial demands generated by prolonged exposure. Developingboth comprehensive preparatory and support programmes for relief workerswill require that the nature of these demands, their impact onpersonnel, and their implications for disaster management aredocumented. Describes the experiences of a group of nurses who providedrelief care in Romanian orphanages in the aftermath of the 1989revolution in that country. Suggests that prolonged disaster exposurecreates specific personal demands and operational problems. Problemswere described in relation to operational practices and national issues(e.g. political and cultural factors). Describes the implications ofthese factors for relief worker wellbeing and relief operationeffectiveness, together with suggestions for managing these demands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510079041
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  • 21
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    Inter-organizational policy processes in disaster management (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 20-37 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Discusses the efficiency of disaster management policies andprogrammes in Australia. Argues that there are long-standingdeficiencies in strategic and operational planning and forecastingapproaches. Urges more co-operation and co-ordination between thevarious emergency services. Discusses the development of terrestrial andspace technologies which could be used in disaster management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510082669
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  • 22
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    A framework for improving operational effectiveness and cost efficiency in emergency planning and response (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 25-31 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Presents a practical framework within which disaster responseoperational effectiveness can be balanced with cost efficiency. Thisbalancing is accomplished through a systematic proactive planning ofresponse requirements, costs projections, procurement and resourcemobilization. The framework is useful in general disaster responseplanning and in the development of cost-efficient procedures forsupporting disaster response efforts. It is generic and can be adaptedto local conditions and requirements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510088041
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  • 23
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    "Safety cultures" in British stadia and sporting venues: understanding cross-organizational collaboration for managing public safety in British sports grounds (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 13-21 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Presents the findings from recent research into the management ofpublic safety risks in British sports grounds. Discusses the concept of"safety culture" and briefly sets out the methodologyadopted for the study. Reviews some previous work on "safetyculture" analysis, and then cultural theory, introduces and offersa socio-anthropological method of fourfold cultural categorization asthe theoretical orientation. Reveals the four contrasting, viable andarchetypical models of organizing the cross-organizational collaborationrequired for public safety risk management in British stadia and othersporting venues. Concludes by drawing out some implications for publicpolicy. Since there are four viable ways of organizing, and themanagement system at each venue will have evolved in response to itschanging local environment, it follows that there is no "one bestway" of managing safety at sports grounds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510213032
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  • 24
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    Health effects of earthquakes (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 6-10 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A major earthquake causes massive destruction, high mortality, manycasualties and protracted health problems. The impact creates immediatemedical needs at the epicentre, while secondary health-related problemsare likely to arise in the areas to which the stricken population hasmoved for safety, or even afar in time and space, should the country'ssocio-economic destabilization cause further deterioration of the healthconditions. Epidemiological studies have shed light on the diseasepatterns following disasters, including earthquakes, and preparednessmeasures are possible. Discusses hospitals, injury, patient transport,logistics, communications, and disease and treatment problems arisingfrom recent earthquakes, including Kobe.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510100956
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  • 25
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    Flood disaster management in Malaysia: an evaluation of the effectiveness of government resettlement schemes (1995)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Disaster prevention and management 4 (1995), S. 22-29 
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    ISSN: 0965-3562
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: In disaster management, relocation/resettlement is more often seenas the worst option as it gives the impression that nothing else can bedone about the hazard and people have to be moved. Relocation isunpopular, as plans to relocate entire communities are costly, mainlybecause of the need to acquire alternative locations and the provisionof housing for those resettled. More significantly, at least on the partof those being relocated, it provokes social disruption and upheavalwhen people are bundled into an alien environment. Notwithstanding theinfluence of structural/societal forces, people are also reluctant to berelocated far from relatives, friends and their place of work (orschools in the case of children). Examines the effectiveness ofgovernment-run permanent relocation schemes as a response to floodhazards in Malaysia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09653569510093405
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  • 26
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    Benchmarking critical factors for TQM: part I: theory and foundations (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 5-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Provides two definitions of TQM which address TQM critical factors.Also examines a number of self-assessment frameworks and explains therole they play in determining the TQM critical factors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779510081616
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    How stressful is the automated shopfloor? (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 27-40 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The introduction of technology on the shop-floor has often beendepicted as a stressful experience for workers. Adopts aquasi-experimental approach to determine whether the automated shopfloorremains a stressful environment when considerable time for technologicalchanges to settle has elapsed. Automation does not seem to create additionalstress. However, computer numerical control (CNC)machine/robot operators and conventional machine operators facedifferent sources of stress. CNC machine/robot operators are moreaffected by quantitative overload and psychological demands, whereasconventional machine employees are more subject to inadequate supportand role ambiguity. Both groups exercised relatively low levels ofcontrol over their jobs. Provides suggestions to make the automatedshopfloor a better workplace.
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    The interplay between quality improvement principles and the employee communication process (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 51-60 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: The employee communication (EC) process plays a potentiallyimportant role in any quality improvement principles (QIP) programme.Addresses the need to apply QIP to the EC process itself, andunderscores the role of EC in QIP. Quality measurement is required bymost QIP programmes: and is a special challenge for the EC process.Suggests new approaches to this problem.
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    Supervisory management and quality circle performance: an empirical study (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 61-74 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Much of the research into quality circles has been directed towardsthe organizational context in which they operate. This has tended toemphasize the need for commitment of senior management, rather than theoperation of quality circles themselves; an emphasis further enhanced bythe location of quality improvement within the management of changeliterature, with its focus on management led, top down change. Describesan investigation into two quality circles within the same company,indeed operating the same plant and working under the same linemanagement. Within the company the two quality circles had acquiredreputations for greatly varying levels of performance. The investigationidentified a close relation between the social cohesion of the groupsfrom which the circles were drawn and their performance. Theinvestigation showed that: within a single, favourable organizationalcontext with a supportive senior management the impact of qualityimprovement initiatives can be greatly affected by workplacesubcultures; and effective quality circles require the support andcommitment of supervisory management.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635779510099211
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    A review of key publications on benchmarking part I (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 65-72 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Reviews the first three of 11 key books on benchmarking with theaim of assisting in the educational and training processes in companiesembarking on or launching a benchmarking project.
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    The combination of innovation and quality in an industrial research consortium (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 56-64 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Innovation and quality are the twin engines of US competitiveness.They both relate to customer satisfaction and are enhanced by commonprocesses. Argues that the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) is aleading example of this. SRC has developed a research managementmethodology which combines technological innovation with total qualitymanagement. The ultimate benefit of the SRC's research managementactivities is the timely and effective transfer of relevant, world-classresearch results into its customers' processes. Technology transfer andutilization then become the basis for customer satisfaction. The SRC hasdeveloped a concurrent management process and formalized the linkagebetween the transfer of technical innovation and quality in a technologytransfer and quality (TT and Q) team. This team acts as both a steeringcommittee for process improvements and a vanguard for all qualityefforts by reflecting the customers' primary concern with transferringtechnical innovation.
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    The quest for quality at Safeway Australia (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 37-54 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Reports on the quality initiative undertaken by Safeway, thelargest supermarket chain operating in Victoria, Australia and part ofthe Woolworth's group. Illustrates the impact that a"converted" chief executive can have on an organization, andhow the organization has been changed through his tremendous energy andconviction. Also illustrates how service organizations typicallyperceive quality management, especially in an environment highlyoriented towards people and customer service. Safeway readilyacknowledges that there is still much that can be done within theirorganization to adopt quality management practices, but they are eagerto share their experiences with others. Indeed, it is one of the fewservice organizations which have made significant progress in this area.
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    Effective benchmarking: learning from the host's viewpoint (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 55-63 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Successful benchmarking exchanges require co-operation from boththe prospective benchmarker and the host benchmarkee. Adopting theviewpoint of a host company provides valuable insight into how to makebenchmarking partnerships more effective, both for benchmarkers andbenchmarkees. Provides specific ideas on how to structure benchmarkingexchanges effectively based on in-depth interviews with nine experiencedhost companies and survey data from 31 experienced host companies.Provides a generic process flow for handling benchmarking requests anddiscusses critical issues to be addressed in adding value towards amutually productive benchmarking exchange.
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    Assessing process re-engineering impacts through baselining (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 4-19 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Organizations often experience difficulty in measuring the effectsof automation-based process re-engineering. The autoregressiveintegrated moving average (ARIMA) methodology was used as a means toassess the effects of an automation-based process re-engineering of apurchasing process in a large regional hospital. Utilizingautoregressive statistical techniques, the automated purchasing processsignificantly affected productivity and performance both at thedepartmental and organizational levels. System implementationsignificantly reduced purchasing lead times, time to receive goods, andthe time purchase orders stayed open. At the organizational level,values of issues per occupied bed increased, as did inventory turnover.The intervention analysis performed provided a means for management toassess the productivity improvements resulting from the re-engineeringproject. Provides additional insight concerning implementation researchand measuring organizational and departmental effects of automationprojects.
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    Benchmarking quality practices in India, China and Mexico (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 20-40 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Presents results of a quality-management survey conducted amongmanufacturing companies in India, China, and Mexico. The results showthat the majority of the manufacturers in the three countries are wellaware of modern quality-management concepts and philosophies. Thecomparisons of the survey results among the three countries show thatMexican companies generally are doing better than Indian and Chinesecompanies in terms of quality performance, quality improvement efforts,application of the ISO 9000 certifications, and adoption of the"quality is free" philosophy. Chinese companies show theleast understanding of quality-management principles among the threenations surveyed. In comparison to the survey results in developedcountries such as Japan, the USA, Canada, and Germany, the responsesfrom India and Mexico are comparable; the responses from China aresomewhat inferior to those from the other countries.
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    Researching strategy formulation and implementation in dynamic environments (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 15-26 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Addresses the need of organizations for an integrated understandingof strategy formulation and implementation, especially those whichconfront highly dynamic and uncertain environments. Highlights thecurrent lack of common perspective, vocabulary and conceptual base inresearch approaches, many of which result in inapplicable or irrelevantstrategy formulations. Aims to provide a framework for researchingstrategy formulation and implementation which avoids full predefinitionof research objectives and methodology, but which rather allows them toemerge holistically through research processes.
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    Strategy formulation: a learning methodology (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 38-55 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Strategy formulation can no longer be based on a process ofconception, as the underlying conditions change before a formulatedstrategy can be implemented. It should be based on a continuous learningprocess which involves, inter alia, learning about theorganization's goals, the effect of different actions towards thesegoals and the way in which these actions should be implemented. First,highlights the importance of an organization's knowledge base bydemonstrating the relationship that exists between strategy formulationand organization learning. Then presents the role of performancemeasurement systems in stimulating cognitive and behavioural learning.Places the concept of organization learning in a strategy formulationcontext in order to show the effect of the nature and speed ofenvironmental changes on the organization's learning processes.
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    Self-managing teams: A pipeline to quality and technology management (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 21-37 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Proliferation of advanced production technology and challengingcompetition created by the increasing internationalization of businessactivities have placed great emphasis on production quality and customersatisfaction. Quality improvement, cost cutting, and profit maximizationare critical strategies for coping with the rapidly changing environmentof the 1990s. Effective blending of these strategies can be achievedthrough employing advanced philosophies of production management: totalquality management, workforce activity-based management, or quality ofwork life. Reviews these philosophies and examines the criteria thatcontribute to a successful implementation programme as demonstrated inone facility of the world's largest producer of paper-machine"clothing". Concludes by identifying factors that should beconsidered when designing a model for total quality management. Themodel emphasizes the integration of the autonomous team concept and thesociotechnical approach of organizational design as a major factor forsuccess.
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    Benchmarking critical factors for TQM: part II - empirical results from different regions in the world (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 3-19 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Compares and contrasts the findings of an empirical analysis of theTQM critical factors in different parts of the world. Indicates thatquality movement is on the rise worldwide. However, the emphasis on theTQM critical factors may vary from one region in the world to another.
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    Performance measurements in worldclass operations: A strategic model (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 20-36 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: No previously published research has developed a comprehensive setof requirements or critical factors that spans the literature. Offers aset of nine critical factors and 58 supporting performance measurementsof world-class operations (WCO) that have been synthesized from variousauthors. Proposes that it can be very useful to an organizationattempting to identify those characteristics often mentioned in WCOliterature that may provide an opportunity to implement coremanufacturing strategies and a total global strategy. Managers candevise a plan to assess the current stages, determine the performancemeasurements, assign responsibilities and resources within theorganization and monitor the progress for achieving company-wideimprovements towards WCO status and global competitiveness.
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    Performance measurement in strategic change (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 64-83 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Performance measures form an important feedback-loop in strategicchange which represents a process of constant learning. However,complete learning can only be achieved if a performance measurementsystem takes into account different value systems that exist within anorganization and adapts dynamically to changes in the competitiveenvironment. First establishes the role that performance measures playin the process of strategic change. An approach for the design ofperformance measurement systems for use in strategy evaluation andimplementation is then presented. Finally, demonstrates the ways inwhich a performance measurement system can be made flexible to accountfor changing conditions.
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    First results on the effects of ISO 9000 in the US textile industry (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 41-52 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Investigated the effects of ISO 9000 standards on the US textileindustry through an industry survey. Examined the relationship betweenproduct quality and ISO standards. Provides results on the effects ofISO 9000 on the textile industry, especially on product quality.Implementation of ISO helps to improve product and process quality,reduces rework and defective supplies, and can be used as a marketingtool. The cost of ISO 9000 certification was negligible compared to thebenefits it provides. ISO certified companies reported that their totalcosts went down with regard to maintaining quality. With theimplementation of ISO, management becomes committed to quality. ISOcertified companies seem to have focused more clearly on quality ofproducts and operations. ISO certification motivates employees toimprove quality.
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    Benchmarking best-practice performance measurement within companies: Using total quality management (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 53-71 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: A postal survey was conducted into the use of performancemeasurement in companies using total quality management. A total of 89responses were obtained from 22 companies. The results from the analysisof the data show that even in companies using TQM, there is a gapbetween the factors of performance perceived by employees as beingimportant, and the factors which are emphasized by their organizations.However, some of the key goals of TQM - customer service andsatisfaction, and quality improvements - are among the highestrated factors in terms of both importance and emphasis.
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    Manufacturing best practices: observations from study tours to Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 4-14 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Discusses the best practices adopted by some of the leadingmanufacturers in four Asian countries - Japan, South Korea,Singapore and Taiwan. Data were gathered from visits to 22 companiesduring 1992, 1993 and 1994. Presents the continuing and emerging bestpractices under the headings: leadership and planning; customer focus;people management and process management. Discusses future developmentsand progress in the four countries. The analysis shows that thesecompanies are quite advanced in the areas of leadership, planning,customer focus and people development and management. The companies hadadopted a very wide range of strategies and improvement programmes andhad planned significant improvement programmes for the future.
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    The role of competitive benchmarking in small- to medium-sized enterprises (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Benchmarking 2 (1995), S. 41-50 
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    ISSN: 1463-5771
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology
    Notes: Examines the penetration of the small- to medium-sized enterprise(SME) sector by the rapidly growing practice of benchmarking, hithertomore usually employed by large companies. The specific needs of thisbusiness type have to date been sadly neglected by both academic andgovernmental attempts at disseminating "best practice".Following a survey of over 200 SMEs, which clearly identified a"performance information gap", the author has undertakenextensive quantitative and qualitative interviews with 25 seniormanagers, and built a picture of both current usage and the perceived oractual barriers to greater use of the technique. Concludes that thepractice of benchmarking in SMEs is embryonic, that little progress canbe made by even enlightened managers until the barriers are understood,and that a range of tools and techniques which are capable ofaccommodating the idiosyncrasies of small businesses need to bedeveloped and made accessible.
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    Total maintenance management: a systematic approach (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 6-14 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Discusses a systematic approach to total maintenance management.Presents a methodology suitable for measuring the current effectivenessof the maintenance system and identifying areas of potentialimprovement. For situations in which improvement rate becomesinsignificant, benchmarking is proposed for setting new targets. Alsooutlines necessary benchmarking steps.
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    Maintenance and quality: the missing link (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 20-26 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Focuses on the relationship between maintenance and quality. Thenbriefly reviews models relating production and quality on the one hand,and production and maintenance on the other. Using concepts frompredictive maintenance and the measure of equipment effectiveness fromtotal productive maintenance (TPM), identifies explicit links betweenmaintenance and quality. Emphasizes the need to develop adequate modelsrelating maintenance and quality. Presents two approaches for modellingthe link between maintenance and quality. The first approach is based onthe concept of imperfect maintenance and the second one uses the Taguchiapproach to quality and maintenance.
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    Developments in computer-based reliability analysis (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 69-78 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Reviews several recent developments in the computer-based analysisof reliability data. Starting from the traditional Weibull analysis,presents a description of developments which improve and extend therange of reliability analysis. These include: a five-parameterdistribution model for multiple failure modes; a goodness of fit testfor data with suspended items; and a model selection technique whichidentifies the preferred distribution model, taking account of thenumber of failures, the number of suspensions and the number ofparameters estimated from the data.
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    Improving maintenance quality using SPC tools (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 25-33 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Examines the application and use of statistical process control(SPC) tools to improve the quality of maintenance work. Identifies areasin maintenance where SPC tools can be used. Gives an example thatdemonstrates the use of these tools in an integrated fashion andoutlines the data needed to utilize these tools effectively. Finally,the need for an integration of the maintenance information system (MIS)and the quality information system (QIS) is highlighted.
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    Maintenance performance analysis: a practical approach (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 4-24 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Describes a practical approach to carrying out maintenanceperformance analysis through a quality audit, using quantifiableperformance indicators. The principles of a practical approach toperforming a quality audit of a maintenance department are presented.The audit comprises: a survey and collection of relevant informationabout the organization and the operation of the maintenance department;an in-depth analysis of the information from a performance point ofview; formulation of recommendations, setting priorities and plan ofproposed actions; and performing cost benefit analysis to justify theproposed actions. A selection of quantifiable maintenance performanceindicators used in the evaluation process is given and the values of tenperformance indicators in three industrial sectors in Europe are givento illustrate the proposed approach.
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    Probabilistic analysis of a maintainable system with human error (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 50-59 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Presents a newly developed stochastic model for performingreliability and availability analyses of a repairable general standbyhuman-machine system with increasing human error rates and arbitraryfailed system repair rates. Also, the model takes into consideration theoccurrence of common-cause failures. The joint-density functionapproach, supplementary variable techniques, and linear ordinarydifferential equation methods were used to perform analyses. Developsthe expressions for steady state availability, the system time-dependentavailability, reliability and mean time to failure.
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    Optimal opportunistic maintenance policy using genetic algorithms, 1: formulation (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 34-49 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Describes the development of two genetic algorithm (GA) programsfor cost optimization of opportunity-based maintenance policies. Thecombinatorial optimization problem is formulated and it is shown thatgenetic algorithms are particularly suited to this type of problem. Thetheoretical basis and operations of a standard genetic algorithm (SGA)are presented with an iterative procedure necessary for implementationof the SGA to least-cost part replacement. However, an SGA used in aniterative manner may limit the global search capability of theevolutionary computing technique and may lead to suboptimal solutions.To avoid this problem, an improved GA which considers more than twogroups simultaneously is devised. This model is based on the permutationrepresentation and genetic sequencing operators originally developed forthe travelling salesman problem. The same example used with the SGAconfirmed that the improved GA can bring additional savings.
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    Condition-based maintenance: tools and decision making (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 3-17 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The primary objective of equipment maintenance programmes is topreserve system functions in a cost-effective manner. Surveys a widevariety of techniques commonly used to monitor the condition ofmechanical systems. Reviews some of the decision models designed toaddress this type of inspection problem; concludes with some suggestionsfor future research directions in this type of decision problem.
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    A stochastic computer simulation of an airport baggage facility (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 60-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Proposes improving the efficiency of the operation of the baggagefacility at American Airlines for O'Hare International Airport inChicago. Constructs a conceptual model of the existing bag roomaccording to physical and operational data collected from maintenancereports, videotapes of conveyor belts and observation by the analysts.Sources of error resulting in flight delay or mishandled baggage includemisreading of the bag tag which sends the bag to the wrong pier,overloaded piers which cause the bags to be rerouted to therecirculation area to be re-encoded and re-sorted and a random bag jamcausing breakdown of a conveyor line. Four competing alternatives weresimulated: the current bag room, the current bag room without the mailoperation, an expanded system with additional baggage transfer pointsand baggage drop areas, and an expanded system without the mail lines.The result of the comparison of the alternatives based on the average ofthe mean travel time suggests that the current bag room is the bestfollowed by the current bag room without mail.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519510089600
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    Outsourcing in maintenance management: A valid alternative to self-provision (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 18-24 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Presents the concept of outsourcing as a means for achievingstrategic advantages. Describes the process of outsourcing and providesa practical approach which uses six steps. The six-steps approachdescribed provides a framework to outsourcing in a systematic way byaddressing key issues around objectives, readiness, alternatives,proposals and negotiations. Outlines the expected benefits ofoutsourcing. Provides an illustration on how organizations outsourcetheir maintenance activities such as plant overhauls and turnaround.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519510096369
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    Optimal, opportunistic maintenance policy using genetic algorithms, 2: analysis (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 25-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Investigates the use of a genetic-algorithm program for analysingthe optimal opportunity-based maintenance problem for real-sizedsystems. Analyses the performance of the genetic operators with ageneration replacement genetic algorithm, using a hypothetical systemconsisting of 50 maintenance-significant parts. Due to the size of theproblem and excessive running time, finds that the steady-state geneticalgorithm gives the best compromise between solution quality and runningtime and was subsequently implemented for this problem. Pays specialattention to the sensitivity of solutions to the maximum number ofmaintenance groups considered by the genetic algorithm. Finds thatbetter solutions were identified for larger numbers of groups butincreasing complexity costs more in terms of the computer time required.Also concludes that the improvement in the objective function valuedecreases with the increase in the number of maintenance groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519510096378
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    A Petri-Net-based machine tool failure diagnosis system (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 47-57 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Describes the ongoing development of a Petri-Net-based machine toolfailure diagnosis system. The described system incorporates conditionmonitoring systems and expert system-based diagnostic tools. Bringsthese together with the Petri-Net monitoring system to form anintegrated fault location and rectification package and an associatedmaintenance management system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519510096332
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    Maintenance control via mathematical programming (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 36-46 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Maintenance control plays a key role in achieving the statedobjective of effectiveness and efficiency of the maintenance system. Ina recent paper, Gits proposed a reference framework that guides in thedesign and structuring of maintenance control. The framework isconceptual in nature and its use in practice is limited. Poses Gits'framework as a set of mathematical programming models. Extends some ofGits' procedure for maintenance control, then outlines the requiredexpansion in the maintenance management information system (MMIS) inorder to provide the needed data to execute the models. The modelsprovide operational plans and schedules ready for implementation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519510096341
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    TPM implementation in Land-Rover with the assistance of a CMMS (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 3-16 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Details how Land-Rover was one of the leading companies in the UKto adopt total quality management (TQM). Shows that in order to provideboth effective and efficient maintenance in accordance with TQM needs,Land-Rover (LR) reintroduced in 1994 total productive maintenance (TPM)in its manufacturing plant in Birmingham, UK. TQM is not possiblewithout TPM so demonstrates how, in order to achieve its goals, TPM inLR is assisted by a computerized maintenance management system (CMMS).Describes in full the implementation steps of TPM, the difficultiesencountered, and the usefulness and necessity of a computerizedmaintenance management system (CMMS) for the successful implementationof TPM in LR.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519510105179
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    The economic design of • and S control charts with preventive maintenance and increasing hazard rate (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 17-40 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Develops the joint economic designs of • and S2 controlcharts under four operating policies to monitor the process in asituation where the occurrence of the assignable cause follows a generaldistribution with an increasing hazard rate. The four operating policiescan be chosen by quality controllers to cope with the specific processsituation. Policy I and policy II assume that the process performs thepreventive maintenance programme at equal and decreasing sampling timeintervals, respectively. Policy III and policy IV in turn merely takesamples using the non-uniform and uniform sampling interval schemeswithout preventive maintenance. The derivation of the four models is notvery difficult, so it can be used to derive another model. Offersnumerical examples to compare the economic designs and the totalexpected costs per hour of the four models. Finds, from thecomputational results, policy II is the best for adoption in the designof • and S2 control charts. The results also show that theproposed solution procedure is more accurate and better than Rahim et al.'s and Chung and Chen's procedures. Concludes with remarks andsome advantages of introducing the periodic preventive maintenancepolicy into a process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519510105188
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    Optimal preventive replacement, lot sizing and inspection policy for a deteriorating production system (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 41-55 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Considers an economic manufacturing quantity (EMQ) model with anunreliable production facility and a production process subject torandom deterioration. Notes that the shift of the process to the"out-of-control" state, which may result in producingdefective items, is recognized only through inspections; and that theproduction unit can be replaced preventively or overhauled afterfinishing a certain number of production runs. Proposes that theobjective is to determine the lot size, inspection interval and apreventive replacement time minimizing the expected average cost perunit of time. Obtains the formula for the expected average cost for agenerally distributed time to failure. Presents computational resultsand studies the joint effect of process deterioration and machinebreakdowns on the optimal policy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519510105197
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    A cold standby system with repair and replacement policies and correlated failure and repair times (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 56-66 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Deals with the stochastic analysis of a two identical unit coldstandby system model with repair and replacement policies. Taking thebivariate exponential distribution of failure and repair times and usingthe regenerative point technique, various measures of systemeffectiveness are obtained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519510105205
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    TQM, maintenance and plant availability (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 15-19 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Modern production management systems are being increasinglycomputerized in the pursuit of higher quality, the faster development ofnew products and lower unit costs. But the present generation of methodsand software, e.g. JIT, MRP II, CIM, omit to integrate the maintenancefunction and do not properly consider plant availability and renewal.Considers how these can be included in the next CIM generation, theadvantages and costs of doing so, and the quality and market-shareconsequences of failure to do it. Total productive maintenance (TPM) andreliability-centred maintenance (RCM) are considered inadequate inthemselves, but each has features which can be used within an integratedmanagement information system to implement TQM and optimize life cycleprofit (LCP), provided that the need to collect and analyse failure,repair and maintenance data in respect of increasingly expensive plantis fully recognized.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519510083101
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    Japanese manufacturing strategy and the role of total productive maintenance (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 27-38 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Discusses the strategies used by Japan in the past to become aleading economic power. Examines the problems of the 1990s including theimpact of the appreciation of the Yen, cost structures and offshoreproduction. Presents strategies currently being implemented by Japanesemanufacturing firms and the role of total productive maintenance (TPM)to help maintain and strengthen Japan's competitive edge. The strategiesinclude just-in-time product development and cost reduction with thehelp of TPM.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519510083129
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    Decision theory in maintenance decision making (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 39-45 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Advances in decision theory have allowed it to make an effectivecontribution to the modelling of the decision-making process. Researchwork on maintenance decision making using decision theory, however, hasreceived little emphasis to date. For this reason, very little has beendone in utilizing two very important decision theory topics, namelyutility theory and multi-attribute utility theory. Investigates possiblecontributions from decision theory to the maintenance area and developsa framework to solve maintenance decision problems. This frameworkincludes elicitation of both utility functions and prior probabilitydistributions, optimization and sensitivity analysis modules. Detailsthis framework and applies it to a real-life maintenance problem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519510083138
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    Statistical-based or condition-based preventive maintenance? (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 46-59 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: The focus of preventive maintenance (PM) programmes in industry isshifting from a pure statistical basis to online condition monitoring.Examines the shortcomings of statistical-based PM which are contributingto this shift, and the potential benefits of and current research issueswithin condition-based PM. Notes that statistics and quality controltechniques will continue to play a critical role in this evolution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519510083156
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    Planning maintenance resources for non-supported missions (1995)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Journal of quality in maintenance engineering 1 (1995), S. 60-68 
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    ISSN: 1355-2511
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Technology , Economics
    Notes: Accurate selection of the quality of maintenance resources, such asspares, tools, equipment, personnel, technical data, facilities and soforth, has a strong influence on mission success, and the cost ofownership. Among maintenance resources, spare part requirements are themost difficult to predict. Items within any system are very differentfrom the point of view of reliability, cost, weight, volume, etc. Hence,the selection of spares for a planned mission must take into account allthese features. Presents the generic mission success-driven spares modeldeveloped for complex systems. The mathematical analysis used in themodel enables the user to make the most suitable selection of the sparespackage for the planned mission. The illustrative examples presentedclearly demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of the modelintroduced.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552519510083165
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    Curves and surfaces for computer aided design usingC 2 rational cubic splines (1995)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 11 (1995), S. 94-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Rational cubic ; Bernstein-Bézier ; Shape control ; Tension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the problem of fitting curves and surfaces, for computer aided design (CAD), via an ordered set of control points, so that the result is satisfactory for the user's needs. Piecewise rational functions with cubic numerator and quadratic denominator are used in the construction of the scheme, in such a way that the descriptions of the parameters control the shape of the picture in the desired area. A general solution is obtained for points inN-space, although the scheme is only meaningful in the cases whereN=2 andN=3.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01312203
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    Data fusion for adaptive control in manufacturing: Impact on engineering information models (1995)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 11 (1995), S. 145-156 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Database ; Date fusson ; Date model ; Information architecture ; Information model ; Manufacturing ; Sensors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Data fusion is the integration and analysis of data from multiple sensors to develop a more accurate understanding of a situation and determine how to respond to it. Although data fusion can be applied in many situations, this paper focuses on its application to manufacturing and how it changes some of the more traditional, less adaptive information models that support the design and manufacturing functions. The paper consists of four parts. The first section explains what data fusion is and its impact on manufacturing. The second section describes what an information system architecture is and explains the natural language-based information modeling methodology used by this research project. The third section identifies the major design and manufacturing functions, reviews the information models required to support them, and then shows how these models must be extended to support data fusion. The fourth section discusses the future directions of this work.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01271280
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    Modeling evolving product data for concurrent engineering (1995)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 11 (1995), S. 167-172 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Concurrent engineering ; Configuration management ; Data model ; Design Process ; Engineering data management ; Product data management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In order to make the traditional product structure tree representation amenable to concurrent engineering relationships likeperspective-of anddependent-on have to be added to the essentialpart-of relationship. Complex data can be held in proprietary formats, while simple data will be in a common representation for direct access by diverse disciplines. Coordination among team members in a project can be carried out using such a model. Besides, a virtually unified view of all the data is possible, though they may lie in distributed and heterogeneous data bases. A very necessary characteristic of such a model is that its time evolution should be easy to represent in order to reflect the dynamic nature of product development, where the model itself, and not merely the data values change. Managing versions is also facilitated by the comprehensive structure of the Unified Product Data Model (UPDM).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01271282
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    Information management for integrated design environments (1995)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 11 (1995), S. 227-245 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Conceptual design ; Design process ; Design studies ; Engineering information systems ; Product data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper identifies requirements for an engineering design information management system. Future CAD systems must support a wide range of activities — such as definition, manipulation and analyses of complex product information models. These models represent not only conventional data associated with current CAD applications, but also design information characterizing the correlations between the requirements, functions, behaviors and physical form of the product. Such functionality is important for both the individual designer and the design organization, as the need to manage information as a corporate asset is becoming a critical component of business strategy. This paper explores these needs using two design studies. The first study illustrates some major concepts relative to non-routine design activities, while the second study focuses on the routine design activities relative to organization interactions. These studies were used to elicit high level requirements which serve as the basis for the development of prototype software systems. These prototypes are briefly introduced here.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01208816
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    An object design framework for structural engineering (1995)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 11 (1995), S. 213-226 
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    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Communication channel ; Communication path ; Data attribute ; Design object ; Method group ; Object-oriented ; Receiving interface ; Relationship ; Relationship attribute ; Sending method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Object-oriented principles have introduced several useful concepts for developing complex software systems. As a result, several methodologies have been suggested for the overall design of software systems based on these concepts. Methodologies and frameworks for designing objects that are to be part of the software systems are currently lacking. This paper proposes anobject design framework andmethodology, which utilizes the object-oriented concepts, for planning, organizing and designing structural engineering design objects. Design objects in an integrated structural engineering system are complex and often related to each other in various different ways. The paper also identifies several important relationships among structural engineering design objects. These relationships serve as communication channels through wich design objects send messages to and receive responses from each other. Several examples, drawn from reinforced concrete structures, will be presented to demonstrate the object design methodology and to illustrate how the framework is effective in reducing the complexity of design objects in an integrated structural engineering system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01208815
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    A comparative study of etching enamel by acid and laser (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 37-42 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Enamel ; Etch ; Laser ; Acid ; Nd-YAG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Acid etching is regarded as one of the main means of providing additional retention in aesthetic dentistry. Alternative methods of achieving bonding to tooth tissue which have been proposed include laser etching. Conflicting results on bond strength to enamel have been reported for laser etching. Here the tensile bond strength of composite resin to acid- and laser-etched enamel was measured and the topographical differences between the surfaces were evaluated using the scanning electron microscope. The laser used was a pulsed Nd-YAG laser at 10 pulses per second with a pulse length of 150μs, 80mJ pulse−1, 1.064μm wavelength. The results obtained indicate that the bond strength of laser-etched enamel was significantly lower than that of acid-etched enamel. In this study the difference may be attributable to the chromophore used. Variations in the rate of traverse of the laser tip across the surface did not appear to produce significant alterations in the bond strength.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133162
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    Laserthermia kills acidotic cancer cells more effectively than conventional hyperthermia (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 31-36 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Embryonal carcinoma ; F9 cells ; Laser ; Hyperthermia ; Nigericin ; Acidosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate how acidosis affects the sensitivity of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells to conventionally induced hyperthermia and Nd-YAG laser-induced laserthermia. Nigericin, a polyether ionophore, was used to reduce the intracellular pH to 6.8, while the control cells were maintained at a physiological pH of 7.4. Acidosis increased the heat sensitivity significantly. After the water bath only 75% of the acidotic F9S1 cells were viable, whereas all of the control cells at pH 7.4 survived. When the laser was used, the difference was even more pronounced. Only 9% of the acidotic cells were viable after a 2-min treatment and 0.2% after a 4-min treatment. At physiological pH a 2-min treatment left 41% of the cells viable and a 4-min treatment 2%. This study showed that laserthermia is significantly more effective in killing cells with low intracellular pH than it is in killing cells with normal intracellular pH. The core of a tumour is often acidotic and thus radioresistant. It is suggested that laserthermia could be a good choice when treating acidotic radioresistant cancer cells, and its effect as an adjuvant to radiation therapy should be investigated.
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    Diode lasers: Experimental and clinical review (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 157-163 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Diode lasers are now capable of delivering up to 60 W of power down thin optical fibres, and their medical applications have increased considerably over the past 5 years. Most of the recent experimental and clinical work has been performed using the 805 nm diode laser wavelength, which is more heavily absorbed and is less penetrating than the 1064 nm Nd-YAG wavelength in most tissues. In contact and non-contact mode, the overall tissue effects from the diode laser are similar to the Nd-YAG laser, but with interstitial therapy the 805 nm wavelength produces significantly greater necrosis than the 1064 nm wavelength. Experimental work has established the effectiveness of the diode laser and clinical work has confirmed its suitability for a wide variety of procedures. Diode lasers have the major advantages of being small, compact, portable, efficient, easy to use and virtually maintenance free; they are likely to replace more cumbersome lasers for many medical applications.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133326
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    Transmyocardial revascularization (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 83-91 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Transmyocardial revascularization ; Lasers ; Coronary artery disease ; Ischaemia ; Tissue hibernation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Transmyocardial revascularization (TMR) is a puncture technique proposed as a solution for patients with coronary artery disease who cannot be efficiently treated with the standard revascularization procedures such as bypass surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). The studies presented in this review have investigated the use of lasers to revascularize ischaemic myocardium. Needle puncture methods are also briefly described. The results from experimental studies are not conclusive but the encouraging clinical reports raise further questions about the mechanism of angina relief.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02150845
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    The effect of the illumination time when treating port-wine stains (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 93-104 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Copper vapour laser ; Electron microscopy ; Illumination time ; Numerical modelling ; Optimal treatment ; Port-wine stain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the electron microscopy results obtained from two patients who were treated with 5 W of yellow (578 nm) light from a copper vapour laser with an illumination time of 3.6 ms and a 0.3 mm spot diameter. The endpoint of treatment was transient blanching. Following treatment, erythema was observed. There was minimal damage to the epidermis and non-vascular tissue such as the nerve fibres. There was severe damage to the endothelial cells of the ectatic vessels. Twenty-four hours after treatment, platelet activation and collagen were present, indicating that these vessels were no longer viable. Theoretical calculations are used to determine the flow of heat within and away from a 50μm diameter vessel. From this, heating of the entire vessel is shown to occur with illumination times of 4 ms, with minimal heating of the non-vascular tissue. Shorter illuminations do not heat the entire vessel, while the use of longer illumination times will cause excessive damage to the surrounding non-vascular tissue. Illumination times close to 4 ms must be regarded as optimal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02150846
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    Photodynamic therapy to the oral cavity, tongue and larynx: a canine normal tissue tolerance study (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 13-18 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Larynx ; Oval cavity ; Light dose rates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has the potential to treat early carcinomas of the oral cavity and larynx while preserving normal tissue. However, normal tissues retain the photosensitizing agents and may be activated by high light fluence and dose rates resulting in normal tissue necrosis. The effects of varying dose rates of light delivery on various tissues in the upper aerodigestive tract have not been evaluated to date and are necessary to determine a ‘therapeutic light dose range’ that will result in selective tumour necrosis. Thirty adult mongrel dogs received intravenous Photofrin, 2 mg kg−1, 48 h prior to PDT treatment. Photodynamic therapy was administered to the tongue, buccal mucosa and larynx with a microlens fibre and implantable cylindrical diffuser at various dose rates from 20 to 125 J cm−2 at 150 mW cm−2. At the same dose rate of light delivery, the tongue was the most sensitive organ, followed by the buccal mucosa, and last by the larynx. The differential tissue effect of identical dose rates of therapy must be taken into account when administering PDT so that selective tumour necrosis with normal tissue preservation may be achieved. This study indicates the need to perform evaluations of the effect of PDT on other tissue types in an animal model with each new photosensitizer prior to administering PDT to those areas in humans.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133158
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    The relevance of pulse repetition rate and radiant exposure to the neurophysiological effects of low-intensity laser (820 nm/pulsed wave) irradiation upon skin temperature and antidromic conduction latencies in the human median nerve (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 253-259 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Nerve conduction ; Laser therapy ; Skin temperature ; Biostimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of low-intensity near-infra-red laser irradiation (820 nm; 1.5 and 9.0 J cm−2; pulsed at 12 Hz, 73 Hz and 5 kHz) upon peripheral neurophysiology and skin temperature were investigated using antidromic conduction studies in the human median nerve in vivo. Healthy human volunteers (n = 90) were recruited and allocated randomly to either a control group (n=10) or one of eight experimental groups (two radiant exposures, 1.5 J cm−2 and 9.0 J cm−2 at one of three pulse repetition rates, 12 Hz, 73 Hz or 5 kHz, in addition to a placebo group for each radiant exposure;n = 10 all groups). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in skin temperature following irradiation at the lowest radiant exposure (1.5 J cm−2) combined with pulse repetition rates of 73 Hz and 5 kHz, with the greatest effect at 73 Hz. These changes in skin temperature were coupled with increases in negative peak latency (NPL); ie changes in NPL were inversely related to changes in skin temperature. However, in contrast to the authors' previous findings using continuous wave (CW) laser irradiation, differences in NPL were not found to be significant. These findings, therefore, provide little evidence of the neuro-physiological effects of low-intensity infra-red irradiation at the dosage levels and pulse repetition rates used here.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133617
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    Laser Doppler velocimetry in retinal arteries of infants (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 267-272 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Blood flow pulsatility ; Human infants ; Laser Doppler velocimetry ; Retinal blood flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The present study was conducted to assess the feasibility of laser Doppler velocimetry in young infants, as a prelude to ultimately undertaking such measurements in premature infants. A portable, unidirectional laser Doppler velocimeter was developed based on a Kowa RC-2 hand-held fundus camera. Six infants between 1 and 21 weeks of age were studied. Relative red blood cell velocity (δfmax) at the centre of retinal arteries was measured over approximately 10 heart cycles. A pulsatility parameter (P=1−δfmax.dia/δfmax.sys), a summary index of vascular status, was determined from the average diastolic and systolic values of δfmax. Velocity waveforms were obtained in four of the six infants. Arterial pulsatility for the group was 0.63±0.13. Precise non-invasive measurement of arterial red blood cell velocity waveforms in young infants was achieved. The high signal-to-noise ratio and temporal resolution of this data suggest that relative measurements of retinal blood flow may permit assessment of haemodynamic changes in premature infants.
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    Kinematic synthesis with configuration spaces (1995)
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    Research in engineering design 7 (1995), S. 193-213 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Conceptual design ; Configuration ; Constraint programming ; Spaces & Qualitative physics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper introduces a new approach to the conceptual design of mechanical systems from qualitative specifications of behavior. The power of the approach stems from the integration of techniques in qualitative physics and constraint programming. We illustrate the approach with an effective kinematic synthesis method that reasons with qualitative representations of configuration spaces using constraint programming.
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    Conditions for stability of the extended Kalman filter and their application to the frequency tracking problem (1995)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 1-26 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Extended Kalman filter ; Stability ; Discrete-time nonlinear systems ; Frequency tracking
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The error dynamics of the extended Kalman filter (EKF), employed as an observer for a general nonlinear, stochastic discrete time system, are analyzed. Sufficient conditions for the boundedness of the errors of the EKF are determined. An expression for the bound on the errors is given in terms of the size of the nonlinearities of the system and the error covariance matrices used in the design of the EKF. The results are applied to the design of a stable EKF frequency tracker for a signal with time-varying frequency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01212364
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    Continuous state representations for AR Systems (1995)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 82-95 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Linear systems ; Realization theory ; Polynomial matrix representations ; Continuity of systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider in a behavioral setting the subclass of dis-crete-time, linear, finite-dimensional systems, which can be represented by autoregressive (AR) equations. It will be shown that, with respect to the convergence of all coefficients in an AR representation, there exist continuously dependent input-state-output (i/s/o) representations, under the condition that some specified degree remains constant. This continuous i/s/o representation is given by the Fuhrmann realization.
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    Rational wavelet decompositions of transfer functions in hardy-sobolev classes (1995)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 257-278 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Model reduction ; Rational wavelets ; Matching pursuit ; Least squares ; Infinite-dimensional systems ; Hardy-Sobolev norm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The model approximation of transfer functions using rational wavelets (or molecular decompositions) is considered. By using techniques from Hardy-Sobolev spaces it is shown that Hilbert space methods such as a modified matching-pursuit algorithm and least-squares technique can be employed to obtain good approximations in bothH 2 andH ∞ norms. Several theoretical results are given on rates of convergence when the methods are applied to delay systems and fractional filters.
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    Feedback classification of nonlinear control systems on 3-manifolds (1995)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 299-333 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Feedback classification ; Canonical forms ; Singularities ; Affine modules ; Homotopy method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We consider nonlinear control-affine systems with two inputs evolving on three-dimensional manifolds. We study their local classification under static state feedback. Under the assumption that the control vector fields are independent we give complete classification of generic systems. We prove that out of a “singular” smooth curve a generic control system is either structurally stable and thus equivalent to one of six canonical forms (models) or finitely determined and thus equivalent to one of two canonical forms with real parameters. Moreover, we show that at points of the “singular” curve the system is not finitely determined and we give normal forms containing functional moduli. We also study geometry of singularities, i.e., we describe surfaces, curves, and isolated points where the system admits its canonical forms.
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    The time-varying gap and coprime factor perturbations (1995)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 352-374 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Gap metric ; Time-varying systems ; Robust control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The connection between the time-varying gap metric and two-block problems is utilized to obtain criteria for robust stabilization of linear, discretetime, time-varying systems. In particular we give a formula for the optimal minimal angle for a stabilizable linear time-varying system and show that it has a maximally stabilizing controller.
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    Orthogonal decompositions of 2-D nonhomogeneous discrete random fields (1995)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 375-389 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Two-dimensional (2-D) nonhomogeneous random fields ; Total-order ; Wold decomposition ; Purely-indeterministic random fields ; Deterministic random fields ; Evanescent random fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Imposing atotal-order on a two-dimensional (2-D) discrete random field induces an orthogonal decomposition of the random field into two components: Apurely-indeterministic field and adeterministic one. The purely-indeterministic component is shown to have a 2-D white-innovations driven moving-average representation. The 2-D deterministic random field can be perfectly predicted from the field's “past” with respect to the imposed total-order definition. The deterministic field is further orthogonally decomposed into anevanescent field, and aremote past field. The evanescent field is generated by the columnto-column innovations of the deterministic field with respect to the imposed nonsymmetrical-half-plane total-ordering definition. The presented decomposition can be obtained with respect to any nonsymmetrical-half-plane total-ordering definition, for which the nonsymmetrical-half-plane boundary line has rational slope.
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    Stability of discrete-time linear systems with Markovian jumping parameters (1995)
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    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 8 (1995), S. 390-402 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Discrete-time linear stochastic system ; Stochastic stability ; Markov process ; Robust stability ; Bounded uncertainties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the robustness of a class of discrete-time linear systems with Markovian jumping parameters and unknown but bounded uncertainties. Assuming that the Markovian jump process (disturbance) has finite state space and that there is complete access to the system's state and its mode, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for stochastic stability of the autonomous nominal model. We also establish sufficient conditions for robust stability for this class of uncertain systems under matching conditions and with bounded uncertainties.
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    The Calibration of fibre optic probes used for light dosimetry measurements during photodynamic therapy (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 19-24 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Light dosimetry ; Fibre optic probes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe the calibration of fibre optic probes used to perform in vivo light dosimetry studies during the treatment of skin lesions by photodynamic therapy. Results from six individual detectors show that the linearity of the calibration and the calculated radiant energy fluence rate within a liquid phantom are independent of the type and sensitivity of the probe. The method of calibration is also shown to yield the optical interaction coefficients of the phantom.
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    Non-PDT Uses of lasers in oncology (1995)
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 3-8 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The use of therapeutic lasers depends on four basic laser-tissue interactions; photothermal, photochemical (PDT), mechanical and ablative. There is no place for mechanical and ablative interactions in oncology; PDT will be the subject of a further review and the subject of this review is therefore the photothermal reaction. Thermal lasers have been in routine use in oncology for the last 10–15 years. These lasers, emitting in the visible or infra-red parts of the spectrum, are used to produce three basic effects; hyperthermia, coagulation and vaporization. Other energy sources beside lasers can also be used to produce these tissue effects but lasers seem to possess certain basic advantages. In comparison with monopolar or bipolar diathermy and heater probes, lasers can deliver more power, more accurately at the target tissue with better control of damage and a wider range of effects. In comparison with microwave and ultrasound therapy, lasers are again more precise and can be used with more compact and accurate delivery devices. In gastroenterological surgery (as opposed to endoscopy), neurosurgery and gynaecology, laser light can be delivered via a handpiece to cut and coagulate. In ENT and also some applications of gynaecology lasers can also be used via a microscope. In endoscopic surgery laser light is delivered through an optical fibre within the endoscope—this for the time being precludes the use of the CO2 laser for these applications. More recently, the laser fibre can be placed directly within tumour tissue for interstitial thermal therapy of liver metastases, pancreatic tumours and brain tumours. The future use of thermal lasers in oncology depends very much on the results of properly controlled comparative studies against PDT and non-laser thermal devices; in addition their use may well be widened to include some curative procedures; up until now their use has very much been restricted to palliative therapy except where they are used as an adjunctive cutting device alongside conventional curative surgery.
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    Endoscopic Nd-YAG laser therapy of gastric polyposis (1995)
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 189-192 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Stomach ; Polyposis ; Nd-YAG laser ; Therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Thirteen patients with gastric polyposis (113 polyps) were treated by endoscopic Nd-YAG laser irradiation. Among them there were five cases with adenomas, six with hyperplastic polyps and two with inflammatory polyps. Ninety-six polyps were 〈1 cm, 13 polyps were ⩾ 1 cm, and four polyps were ⩾ 2 cm. In the patient who had the largest number of lesions, 22 polyps were found at endoscopic examination. All but two patients were regularly followed up endoscopically for 2–5 years after treatment and showed no sign of recurrence. Mild bleeding occurred in three cases. No perforation or any other serious complications occurred. The results were encouraging. It is concluded that endoscopic Nd-YAG laser ablation of gastric polyposis is effective, simple to perform, safe and deserves recommendation.
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    Granular cell abrikossoff tumours of the larynx and tongue treated with the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 213-216 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Granular cell tumours ; CO2 Laser treatment ; Electron microscopic examinations ; Tongue ; Larynx
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Seven cases of granular cell Abrikossoff tumours of the larynx and tongue are reported: four in the tongue and three in the larynx. All of these tumours were removed with the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. The anatomical site of the origin and clinical features of granular cell tumours (GCT) are not specific. Histological, light microscopic, electron microscopic (EM) and immunohistochemical studies are required for diagnosis. The histogenesis and cellular derivation of GCTs is still controversial. The biological potential and lack of cellular atypia define a benign process. However, it is important to take into account that these tumours have ill-defined borders without a capsule. Radiation therapy has proved ineffective in the past. Surgical excision with a wide margin is required. Because of numerous advantages, for example, no bleeding, no oedema, minimal pain and quick recovery, CO2 laser removal is the treatment of choice. The authors have not seen any recurrence or complications.
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    Laser energy threshold for thermal vascular injury in a port-wine stain skin model (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 231-234 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Port-wine stain ; Blood vessel ; Pulse duration ; Energy threshold ; Selective photothermolysis ; Monte Carlo ; Thermal diffusion ; Vascular injury
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Monte Carlo simulation of laser energy deposition in a port-wine stain (PWS) skin model and numerical solution of the thermal diffusion equation have been used to calculate threshold energies for thermal injury of PWS blood vessels for different vessel sizes and laser pulse durations. It has been assumed that an average vessel temperature rise of 65
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    The effect of helium-neon laser irradiation on in vitro maturation and fertilization of immature bovine oocytes (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 113-119 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Radiation effects ; In vitro maturation ; In vitro fertilization ; HeNe laser irradiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A study was made of the effects of low power laser irradiation on in vitro oocyte maturation rates and subsequent fertilization of immature bovine oocytes. Immature bovine oocytes from cows sacrificed at a slaughterhouse were irradiated with Helium-Neon laser (HeNe laser) irradiation at an energy density of 0.4 and 2.0 J cm−2. An oocyte group was left untreated, serving as control group. All oocytes were matured and fertilized in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum (FCS). Maturation and fertilization rates obtained in the irradiated oocytes group were lower (p〈0.001 andp〈0.05, respectively) than those of the control group. Furthermore, the laser-treated oocytes showed important degenerative changes on both cytoplasm and chromosomes in comparison with untreated control oocytes which showed a homogenous cytoplasm and disperse chromosomes. It is concluded that the application of HeNe laser irradiation at 0.4 and 2.0 J cm−2 energy densities has a detrimental effect on in vitro maturation and fertilization process of immature bovine oocytes.
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    Development of an alternative light source to lasers for photodynamic therapy: 2. Comparative in vivo tumour response characteristics (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 121-126 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Haematoporphyrin derivative ; In vivo ; Laser ; Light source ; Murine tumour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The performance of a low cost, table-top/portable light source was tested against an argon ion pumped dye laser for in vivo photodynamic therapy (PDT). The prototype delivers up to 1 W via a 4 mm flexible lightguide within a 30 nm bandwidth centred at any wavelength from 300 nm to 1200 nm at fluence rates of up to 8 W cm−2. An in situ bioassay using regrowth delay of tumour T50/80 was used to quantify the relative efficacy of the prototype with a laser. The tumours were sensitized with haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD) and externally irradiated. There was no significant difference in the response of the tumour to treatment between the two light sources (p = 0.69). Mean growth delays ranged from 2 days (light dose 10 J cm−2) to 20 days (light dose 100 J cm−2). The estimate for the difference in means (laser minus prototype growth delay) was only 0.66 days and was not statistically significant. This in vivo study demonstrates that the prototype is equivalent to a laser in PDT effect. The device has low capital/running cost, is simple to use and is one of the most powerful, spectrally efficient non-laser PDT sources available.
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    Construction, quality assurance and calibration of spherical isotropic fibre optic light diffusers (1995)
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 137-147 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Photodynamic therapy ; Isotropic fibre optic light diffusers ; Construction of diffusers ; Quality assurance of diffusers ; Calibration of diffusers ; Goniometer ; Integrating sphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Spherical isotropic fibre optic light diffusers are used in photodynamic therapy either as a light source or as a light detector. The construction of light diffusers using different materials is described, viz. an optical method involving local polymerization of a dental fissure sealant, which is referred to as the Henderson method, and a second method using plastic or ceramic pre-fabricated spheres. Quality tests necessary for reliable clinical use are presented for the mechanical strength, output power and isotropy. The maximum pull-off force and blow-off output power for the different kinds of diffusers were determined. The calibration procedures are given for measurement of the output power and wavelength of the light emitted by a diffuser and for measurement of the fluence rate by a light-detecting diffuser, using a compact integrating sphere device. With all types of diffusers described, an isotropy can be obtained of better than ± 20% measured over a 320° angle for spheres as small as ≈ 1 mm. Larger ceramic diffusers are particularly suitable for delivering high output powers. A 3-mm-diameter ceramic diffuser mounted on a 600-μm-core fibre can emit up to ≈ 5 W of continuous wave (CW) visible light in air. Diffusers used for light detection can measure the light fluence rate in tissue with ≈15% accuracy or better if calibration factors are determined for each individual probe.
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    Editorial (1995)
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    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 155-155 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133325
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    Holmium-YAG Laser ablation characteristics in calvarial lamellar and cortical bone: The role of water and tissue micro-architecture (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 181-188 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Bone histology ; Holmium-YAG laser ; Infra-red lasers ; Laser surgery ; Photo ablation ; Otology ; Stapes ; Otosclerosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of tissue micro-architecture and water content on ablation rates in bone is examined. Precisely machined and prepared porcine calvarial lamellar and cortical bone were ablated with a Holmium-YAG laser (λ=2.1Μm). Lamellar and cortical bone differ substantially in their tissue micro-architecture. Both are porous hard tissues, which differ predominantly in size and distribution of pores within the bone matrix. These hard tissues were ablated under physiological (wet) and chemically dehydrated conditions. The ablation rates over the range of energy densities examined assumes many linear characteristics. Ablation rate (as a function of fluence) is considerably higher for dehydrated cortical bone (4.7Μm cm2 J−1) compared to fresh cortical bone (1.49Μm cm2 J−1). This trend is also observed in lamellar bone (2.31Μm cm2 J−1 for wet and 0.37Μm cm2 J−1 for dry). Under both physiological and dehydrated conditions, cortical bone was ablated faster. Mechanisms accounting for these observations are discussed.
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    Interstitial laser thermotherapy: Comparison between bare fibre and sapphire probe (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 193-200 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Nd-YAG laser ; Hyperthermia ; Light penetration ; Temperature distribution ; Feedback control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A sapphire probe and a bare fibre were compared with respect to temperature control and distribution and light fluence in interstitial laser thermotherapy. Experiments were performed in processed liver using an Nd-YAG laser and output power levels of 1–4 W. The temperature was controlled at a distance of 10 mm using a feedback circuit with an automatic thermometry system and thermistor probes. With the sapphire probe, carbonization was rare at power levels of 1–2 W but was observed in half of the experiments at 3 W and in all experiments at 4 W. Using the bare fibre, carbonization was seen in almost all experiments. Absence of carbonization was associated with a moderate decrease in the penetration of light and excellent control of the temperature, whereas carbonization led to rapid impairment of light penetration and temperature control. In addition, the temperature gradient was smaller with the sapphire probe than with the bare fibre or when carbonization was absent. It is concluded that a diffuser tip, such as the sapphire probe, may be preferable to the bare fibre for interstitial laser thermotherapy because it gives a smaller temperature gradient and helps to avoid carbonization which results in preserved light penetration and improved temperature control.
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    Surgical removal of dorsal wrist ganglion with a new laser scalpel (1995)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 217-221 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Laser scalpel ; Nd-YAG laser ; Wrist ganglion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A novel laser scalpel, consisting of a clad conically-sculptured silica tip (core diameter: 600Μm; end diameter: 150Μm transmitting radiation from a 10 W CW Nd-YAG laser, was used for the excision of a dorsal wrist ganglion. The dynamic range of this instrument (17–57 kW cm−2) easily suffices for the cutting of soft tissues, which feature is combined with impressive haemostatic properties, thus obviating the need for tourniquet control. Morphological examination of the excised ganglion reveals a peripheral zone of heat-damaged collagenoius tissue containing vessel profiles which show signs of thermally-induced blood flow stasis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02133335
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