ALBERT

Notes: This article takes the view that BPR in the dominant form in which it is presently characterised, is a re-expression of industrial age classical administration. As such it is oblivious of organization as a political entity or as a set of ‘human resources' . What is needed is a new model of BPR for the information age.

Notes: Here the author examines continuities and tensions between the discourses of Business Process Re-engineering and Human Resource Management. Addressing their respective assumptions and claims, especially with regard to the organization of ‘human resources', critical attention is focused upon their shared advocacy of employee empowerment and strong leadership from senior managers.

Notes: This article examines the hype surrounding BPR from a historical, theoretical and empirical perspective. It delineates three ways in which politics are critical to understanding BPR and uses findings on BPR practice, including from case study work and a 1994/5 UK survey conducted by the authors, to locate and explain BPR's appeal and also the less radical outcomes of BPR practice.

Notes: Capitalism is currently undergoing an epochal change. The associated corporate change is sticky for reasons of institutional inertia. Business process re-engineering is a corporate response which should be understood in technical, social and political terms. Core elements of BPR are identified, illustrated, and critiqued, partly through a BPR case researched by the authors.

Notes: This article examines the emergence of BPR from the literature on the strategic use of IT. Two case studies of BPR are then presented. Analysis of this material suggests that there is a tension between strategic re-orientation and cost-saving in many BPR projects which is difficult to resolve. This tension is explored further using a historical analysis of ‘frameworks' of computing.

Notes: This article explores the relevance of ideas emerging from business process re-engineering (BPR) for the information systems profession. The marginal role of this profession in conceiving and leading organizational change is examined. Against this background, current interest in BPR is seen as reasserting the challenge of incorporating an active engagement with organizational design into professional practices.

Notes: This article looks at the experiences, warts and all of BPR at The Post Office. In so doing it also reflects upon the nature of good practice.

Notes: Here the author examines the extent of BPR practice across UK government, reaching conclusions about overcoming impediments which arise in organizational change processes.

Notes: The world economy is currently stuck in a ‘long wave’ downswing, due largely to the mismatch of a new technological 'style’ with established institutions. The article sketches the effects on the level and pattern of employment and discusses the reforms which will be needed to escape from the downswing.

Notes: Here the authors examine the unions' experience of building-related sickness among their members and argue that we can no longer treat the built working environment as a neutral factor when analysing the labour process.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:Tools for Change and Progress: A Socio-Technical Approach to Business Process Re-engineering Enid Mumfordm, Geert Jan BeekmanReengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution Michael Hammer and James ChampyThe Essence of Business Process Re-Engineering Joe Peppard, Philip RowlandSoftware Assistance for Business Re-Engineering K Spurr, P Layzell, N Richards (Eds.)Re-Engineering the Networked Enterprise Y Jayachandra with Raul Medina-More Gita J Melkote Fernando FloresReengineering Information Technology: Success Through Empowerment Stephen, Baxter, David LisburnManagers Divided: Organisation Politics and Information Technology Management David Knights, Fergus MurrayBusiness Process Reengineering: Breakpoint Strategies for Market Dominance Henry J. Johansson, Patrick McHugh, A. John Pendlebury & William A. Wheeler IIIBeyond Business Process Reengineering: Towards the Holonic Enterprise Patrick McHugh, Giorgio Merli & William A. Wheeler III

Notes: This article examines the introduction of centralized processing. It looks at the multiple objectives underlying the initiative and how these were managed in implementation. Drawing on empirical data gathered at three similar sites a comparative analysis of the outcomes of centralization is presented and the variances are explained.

Notes: There are conflicting tendencies among recent developments in bargaining and participation at the workplace level in Europe. While there is an emphasis on decentralisation of bargaining structures in many countries, there is considerable variance. Similarly, there is a diversity of approaches to both direct and indirect forms of participation. Despite attempts by the European Community to integrate policies on these matters among member countries, external influences such as the globalisation of economies and technologies are leading to diverse outcomes.

Notes: Book reviews in this article:The Volvo Experience: alternatives to lean production in the Swedish auto industry Christian BerggrenPrices, Quality and Trust Mari SakoTechnology and Innovation in the International Economy Charles Cooper, EditorHi-Tech For Industrial Development: Lessons from the Brazilian Experience in Electronics and Automation Hubert Schmitz Jose Cassiolato (eds)Development, Technology and Flexibility: Brazil Faces the Industrial Divide Joao Carlos Ferraz Howard Rush Ian MilesTelecommunications and Politics: the decentralised alternative Andrew DaviesTelecommunications Services: negotiating structural and technological change B. Bolton et al., EditorsIn Search of Management Tony J. WatsonOther publications received

Notes: This article identifies three models that imply different views of the ‘impact’ of the use of computer based information systems for managers' work. Using case study evidence it argues that the ‘impact’ is not a stable and predictable outcome but a non-linear ongoing process that changes and evolves over time.

Notes: The stakeholder co-operatives formed around the town of Mondragón in the Basque region of Spain have been outstandingly successful on a number of measures in comparison with other forms of firms. The control architecture within and between Mondragón firms contains a number of innovations and lessons for developing the theory and practice of corporate governance. This paper outlines the 38 year evolution of Mondragón structures.The control and incentive architecture of Mondragón firms was custom designed according to the nature of both their activities and their principal stakeholders. The resulting unique control arrangements and outstanding performance supports the hypothesis that the structure of governance is a determinant of sustainable competitive advantages. The evolution of Mondragón firms also illustrates the need to consider corporate architecture as a variable at any one time or over time. The Mondragón experience illustrates how the social research approach of ‘action science’ can be used to create competitive enterprises. The paper recommends this approach for developing the theory and practice of corporate governance.

Notes: This article is based on the IMD Case Study of the same name written by Professor Fred Neubauer and Dr. Marika Taishoff.

Notes: Thomas Clarke and Elaine Monkhouse (eds), 1994 hardback, Rethinking the Company, London: Finance Times/Pitman Publishing.

Notes: This article examines the structure of boards and its effects on the performance of significant board functions. Composition of boards is measured by size, outside director representation and cognitive, as well as demographic diversity. A firm's environment, strategy, structure and culture, and factors attributed to personal characteristics of board members were viewed as important determinants affecting effectiveness of boards. Most important, decisions on board size and composition involve a trade-off between benefits of diversity and enhanced costs of group development and group decision processes.

Notes: A survey ‘Women on the Board of Britain's Top 200 Companies’ published by Ashridge Management Research Group, 1993.

Notes: The debate on whether the roles of CEO and the chairman of the board should be separate continues in both the United States and Britain. The answer must depend largely on what a board does. Here Sir Richard Greenbury, Chairman of the board of Marks and Spencer Plc in the UK provides a personal perspective.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Foy, Nancy (1994) Empowering People at Work, Gower, Aldershot.Moms, Charles (1990) The Coming Global Boom.Sorbel, Robert (1993) Dangerous Dreamers – The financial innovators from Charles Merrill to Michael Milken.Piper, T. R., Gentile, M. C. and Daloz Parks, S. (1993) Can Ethics be Taught?Mintzberg, Henry (1994) The Rise and Fall of Strategic Planning.

Notes: This job is a bed of nails. When I joined I thought I would have the opportunity to put some management principles into practice. But I have had to compromise my principles to be pragmatic. Applying normal management ideas only leads to conflict: I cannot rely on formal authority. It's a risky political situation for me. I stand or fall on my ability to provide leadership.John Wright, executive director of the Loyang Hospice Society in the Philippines, was commenting on his experiences of the first nine months in office.

Notes: The board of directors has so far been neglected in research on the operations of Sino-foreign joint ventures, a subject which has not previously obtained any scholarly attention. This paper analyzes the role of the board in the management of Chinese-Western joint ventures as seen from the expatriate managers' point of view. Qualitative and quantitative data from 33 Sino-Western joint ventures is presented on the composition of the board, the importance attached to different roles of the board, and the way in which the board functions. An attempt is made to explain variations in the role played by the board in different joint ventures. Suggestions are forwarded to Western companies on how to improve the functioning of the board. Ideas for future research are also presented.

Notes: There is currently increasing pressure for the mandatory establishment of audit committees in both the private and public sectors. Audit committees, as presently conceived, cannot adequately manage the conflicts of interest and loyalty to board colleagues which arise from boards processing information which is used to evaluate their own performance. As a complementary approach, this paper examines the use of binary boards in both the private and public sectors for improving the management of conflicts. The origin, development and use of audit committees in the private and public sectors within the US and Australian context is reviewed. Audit Committees are compared with the use of supervisory boards in Europe, and the development in Australia of a corporate senate in the private sector and client (stakeholder) councils in the public sector.The paper notes that audit committees were initially created in the US to protect outside directors in a different context than currently exists in either the US or Australia. While they may also serve the interest of management and auditors, Audit Committees may not protect shareholders and operational stakeholders. The paper concludes that the audit expectation gap could be minimised through management becoming accountable to a Corporate Senate in the private sector, and a Stakeholder Council in the public sector, with the auditor being engaged by and reporting to these bodies.

Notes: Book reviewed in this article:Joan Corkery, Colm Ó Nualláin and Roger Wettenhall, (eds.), Public Enterprise Boards: what they are and what they do; AJPA in collaboration with IASIA, Hong Kong 1994Joan Corkery, Colm Ó Nualláin and Roger Wettenhall, Governance of the Public Enterprise – an African spotlight on the Role of the Board; ECDPM with the Commonwealth Secretariat, August 1994

Notes: Using previous theory and research on responses to organisational decline, this paper extends the literature into the boardroom to predict outside director behaviour. In so doing, this paper refocuses the corporate governance research towards individual outside directors as opposed to the traditional focus on the overall board. We argue that this contextual and individualistic focus on outside directors’ behaviour may yield some new and useful insights into the corporate governance literature as well as refine and extend Hirshman's theory of responses to organisational decline.

Notes: Tesco Plc. is one of Britain's leading food retailers with 430 stores throughout England, Scotland and Wales and an additional 98 in France operated by Catteau. Tesco serves over eight million customers each week. In 1994 group sales increased by 13.8% to £9.2bn, profit before tax was £528m and dividends per share rose by 9.2% to 7.75p.This extract from the Tesco 1994 annual report and accounts is included to illustrate the corporate governance information now being provided in the UK, following the Cadbury report recommendations. The accounts were chosen at random and are not intended to show good or bad practice.

Notes: This study addresses the question of whether directors of publicly listed companies engage in self-serving behaviour. Specifically, the enquiry considers whether directors in failing firms reduce personal shareholdings in their firms as failure approaches. The answer not only has implications for shareholders and regulators but has importance in terms of agency theory. While it appears that directors of failed firms do not hold fewer shares or reduce their shareholdings in their own firms, it seems that they do not increase their shareholdings as frequently as those in non-failed firms.

Notes: There is evidence that corporate boards monitor and discipline managerial behaviour, a view also taken of an active market for corporate control. We investigate the extent to which board composition reflects restrictions on corporate control transactions, an outcome consistent with substitution between corporate governance mechanisms. In contrast to prior research, our results show that corporate boards are larger, and comprise a relatively higher proportion of outside directors when the firm is incorporated in a state with relatively restrictive takeover legislation. We interpret these findings as indicative of potential substitution among corporate governance mechanisms, an outcome often overlooked by advocates of “compulsory” board structures.

Notes: ‘Business Process Re-engineering’ (BPR) exercises are widespread among major corporations. But what are the implications for the boardroom? This up-date report highlights certain aspects of BPR that should concern directors and boards. It draws upon the results of COBRA, a pan-European examination of BPR experience and practice, which has found that the reality of BPR application does not always match its rhetoric. There are strategic issues concerning BPR priorities, its relative impacts upon different stakeholders, and its consequences that need to be addressed. There are also implications for the composition of the board itself.

Notes: Operating and Financial Review – views of analysts and institutional investors; The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland Pauline Weetman with Bill Collins and Elizabeth Davie

Notes: Alvesson Mats (1993): Cultural Perspectives on OrganizationsAtkinson, Anthony B. (ed.) (1993): Alternatives to CapitalismAyres, Robert U. (1994): Information, Entropy, and ProgressBaranzini, Mauro and Geoffrey S. Harcourt (eds.) (1993): The Dynamics ofthe Wealth of NationsCaprio, Gerard; David Folkerts-Landau and Timothy D. Lane (1994): Building Sound Finance in Emerging Market EconomiesCastles, Stephen and Mark J. Miller (1993): The Age of MigrationChow, Peter Y. and Mitchell H. Kellman (1993): Trade – the Engine of Growth in East AsiaCooper, Charles (ed.) (1994): Technology and Innovation in the International EconomyFransman, Martin (1993): The Market and BeyondGalbraith, John Kenneth (1993): A Journey Through Economic TimeHayes, J.P. (1993): Making Trade Policy in the European CommunityHodgson, Geoffrey M.; J. Warren J. Samuels and Marc R. Tool (1994): The Elgar Companion to Institutional and Evolutionary EconomicsHoffmann, Lutz (1993): Warten auf den AufschwungLibecap, Gary D. (1994): Contracting for Property RightsOates, Wallace E. (ed.) (1993): The Economics of the EnvironmentPerelman, Michael (1993): The Pathology of the US. Economy

Notes: Al-Faris, Abdul-Razak F. (1994). OPEC and the Market. A Study of Oil Price Rigidity, Determination, and Differentials, Boulder, USAArthur, W. Brian (1994). Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy, Ann ArborBode, Eckhardt; Christiane Krieger-Boden and Konrad Lammers (1994). Cross-Border Activities, Taxation and the European Single Market, KielBracewell-Milnes, Barry (1994). Will to Succeed. Inheritance without Taxation, LondonBracewell-Milnes, Barry (1994). A House Divided. UK and European Alcohol Taxes, LondonBuchanan, James M. (1994). Ethics and Economic Progress, OklahomaCho, Soon (1994). The Dynamics of Korean Economic Development, Washington, D.C.Danaher, Kevin (ed.) (1994). 50 Years is Enough. The Case Against the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, BostonDiamond, Peter A. (1994). On Time. Lectures on Models of Equilibrium, Cambridge/New York/MelbourneDutt, Amitava Krishna; Kwan S. Kim and Ajit Singh (eds.) (1994). The State, Markets and Development. Beyond the Neoclassical Dichotomy, Aldershot, UK/Brookfield, USAHausman, Daniel M. (ed.) (1994). The Philosophy of Economics. An Anthology, Cambridge/New York/MelbourneKresge, Stephen and Leif Wenar (eds.)(1994). Hayek on Hayek. An Autobiographical Dialogue, LondonMurphy, Craig N. (1994). International Organization and Industrial Change, Cambridge/OxfordSapsford, David and Wyn Morgan (eds.)(1994). The Economics of Primary Commodities. Models, Analysis and Policy, Aldershot, UK/Bookfield, USAStark, Oded (1993). The Migration of Labor, Cambridge/OxfordTakayama, Akira (1994). Analytical Methods in Economics, New York/London/TorontoTaylor, Lance (ed.) (1993). The Rocky Road to Reform. Adjustment, Income Distribution, and Growth in the Developing World, Cambridge, USA/LondonTullock, Gordon (1994). The Economics of Non-Human Societies, TucsonVinten, Gerald (ed.) (1994). Whistleblowing. Subversion or Corporate Citizenship?, London

Notes: The author, born in 1953, is professor of Economics of Art and Culture at Erasmus University, Amsterdam and Research Professor of Economics at George Washington University. After getting his M.A. at the University of Amsterdam he went to the U.S. where he spent 17 years at Duke University, Wellesley College, University of Iowa and George Washington University.

Notes: The author, born in 1922, is Honorary Professor of Public Finance at the Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. He previously taught at the London School of Economics, the universities of Edinburgh, York, and Buckingham. He was Vice Chancellor (President) of the University of Buckingham and Chief Economic Adviser at the UK Department of Trade and Industry.

Notes: The author, born in 1956, is currently professor of economics at Bocconi University, Milan (Italy). He previously taught at the University of California, Los Angeles (where he also got his Ph.D.), Stanford University, University of Cagliari and University of Brescia (both in Italy). He has acted as consultant to the World Bank and held visiting positions in several international research and policy institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Carnegie Mellon University, Tel Aviv University, and the University of Stockholm.

Notes: This paper reports the results of laboratory investigations of individual and group decision making regarding willingness to pay to reduce risks when more than one risk is present. It is found that group decision making environments improve the overall decisions when the consequence of the decision is common to all members of the group. When the consequences are individual, group decisions are less likely to improve upon individual decisions. The latter effect appears to be due to the unwillingness of individuals to engage in communication when they are not bound by a group decision. The conclusion is that both discussion and common outcomes are necessary for group decisions to be superior to individual decisions.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDiese Studie enthält die Ergebnisse einer experimentellen Untersuchung des Entscheidungs-prozesses von Gruppen und Individuen über die Zahlungsbereitschaft, Risiken zu reduzieren, wenn mehrere Risiken gleichzeitig auftreten. Dabei wird festgestellt, dass Gruppenentscheidungen Einzelentscheidungen überlegen sind, wenn die Konsequenzen der Entscheidung für alle Mitglieder der Gruppe identisch sind. Wenn die Konsequenzen der Entscheidung nur einzelne betreffen, verrin-gert sich die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass Gruppenentscheidungen besser als Einzelentscheidungen sind. Dies lässt sich vermudich auf die mangelnde Bereitschaft einzelner zurückführen, am Kommunikationsprozess teilzunehmen, wenn sie selbst nicht von der Gruppenentscheidung betroffen sind. Wir kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass sowohl eine gemeinsame Diskussion als auch ein gemeinsames Ergebnis vorhanden sein miissen, damit Gruppenentscheidungen individuellen Ent-scheidungen überlegen sind.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉCet article présente les résultats ďanalyses de laboratoire consacrées au rǒle joué par la décision collective ou individuelle dans la détermination du prix susceptible ďětre payé pour réduire ľexposition aux risques quand ceux-ci sont nombreux. Les résultats montrent que le cadre de décision collective améliore les décisions prises globalement lorsque leurs conséquences sont partagées par tous les membres du groupe. En outre, dans le cas des conséquences individuelles, les décisions collectives ne semblent pas affecter les décisions prises individuellement. Ce dernier résultat paraǐtt ětre du au refus des individus ďéchanger ľinformation surtout lorsqu'ils ne sont pas contraints par la décision collective. Ľétude conclue que la communication ainsi que les conséquences communes sont nécessaires pour que les décisions collectives soient préférables aux décisions individuelles.

Notes: This paper develops an empirical model to separate the unobserved factors of ‘opportunity' and ‘willingness’ in the decision of labor force participants to become self-employed or not. The estimation results suggest that the majority of young Americans is willing to switch to self-employment but that opportunity is a major constraint, especially through finance. Entrepreneurial ability aspects that can compensate for a lack of capital are scarce.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn diesem Aufsatz wird ein empirisches Modell entwickelt, welches die nicht beobachteten Faktoren aus dem Bereich ‘Möglichkeit’ und ‘Bereitschaft’ in der Entscheidung der Arbeitnehmer, selbständigerwerbend zu werden oder nicht, voneinander trennt. Die Schätzresultate deuten darauf hin, dass die Mehrheit der jungen Amerikaner zwar bereit ist selbständig zu werden, dass aber der Faktor ‘Möglichkeit’ eine bedeutende Einschränkung ist, besonders durch die Finanzen. Aspekte unternehmerischer Fähigkeiten, die einen Mangel an Kapital kompensieren könnten, sind selten.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉCet article développe un modèle empirique isolant les facteurs inobservés de ľ‘opportunité’ et du ‘consentement’ dans la décision, pour des salariés, de créer où non leur propre entreprise. Les conclusions de ľestimation suggèrent que la majorité des jeunes américains souhaitent devenir indépendants mais que ľopportunité constitue une contrainte forte, notamment pour les questions financières. Les aspects liés à la capacityé de se mettre à son propre compte et qui peuvent compenser le manque initial de fonds, sont rares.

Notes: The author, born in 1946, is professor of economics at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He has been a visiting professor at Harvard University and at the University of Chicago and an economist in the U.S. government. He has served as a consultant or expert witness for governmental agencies and private parties, and has given lectures at numerous conferences and institutions in North America and in Europe.

Notes: The author, born in Switzerland in 1919, having acquired his doctorate in Zurich and taught economics at the University of Zurich, the Johns Hopkins University, and the University of Berne (Switzerland). He is now professor emeritus, University of Berne, and adjunct professor, University of California. After his retirement he lectured at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in Perth (Australia) and at the University of Munich.

Notes: The author, born in Germany in 1949, is professor of economics at the University of Linz (Austria). He received his education at the universities of Konstanz (Germany) and Zurich (Switzerland) in Europe, and at the University of Yale and at the Center for Study of Public Choice, Blacksburg, Virginia in the U.S. Before his current position he was visiting professor at the University of Stockholm, Carnegie-Mellon University, Aarhus University (Denmark), and La Trobe University, Melbourne.

Notes: Baldwin, Richard E. (1994): Towards an Integrated EuropeBarro, Robert J. and Vittorio Grilli (1994): European MacroeconomicsBerthold, Norbert (1994): Dauerkrise am europäischen Stahlmarkt: Marktoder Politikversagen?Cobham, David (ed.)(1994): European Monetary UpheavalsDietrich, Michael (1994): Transaction Cost Economics and BeyondFoldvary, Fred (1994): Public Goods and Private CommunitiesHeertje, Arnold (ed.)(1993): The Makers of Modern EconomicsHenning, Randall; Eduard Hochreiter and Gary Hufbauer (eds.) (1994): Reviving the European UnionHornung, Klaus (1993): Das totalitäre ZeitalterMaier-Rigaud, Gerhard (1994): Umweltpolitik mit Mengen and MärktenPratten, Cliff (1993): The Stock MarketRutherford, Malcolm (1994): Institutions in EconomicsSmithin, John (1994): Controversies in Monetary EconomicsStreeten, Paul (1994): Strategies for Human Development von Stackelberg, Heinrich Freiherr (1992): Gesammelte wirtschaftswis senschaftliche AbhandlungenWelfens, Paul (ed.)(1994): European Monetary Integration.

Notes: Confiscation of currency has sometimes occurred through the fine print of currency reforms. While only a small fraction of currency reforms world-wide have masked a confiscation, when they don't they are likely to follow a hyperinflationary bout. Thus, one way or another, currency reforms are emblematic of government reneging on its most idiosyncratic liability or extracting monopoly rents from its provision of an exchange medium. This paper reviews the international experience with currency reforms over the last fifty years. It focuses on the purported justifications, mechanism for implementation, common pitfalls and revenues associated with actual discriminatory currency conversion exercises.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Einziehung von Währungen ist irn Rahmen von Wähngsreformen manchmal vorgekommen. Weltweit hat nur ein kleiner Teil der Wähngsreformen die Einziehung getamt. Täten sie dies nicht, so würden sie wahrscheinlich einen hyperinflationären Kampf führen. Auf die eine oder andere Art sind Wähngsreformen daher typisch füreine Regierung, die auf ihre charakteristischen Verpflichtungen zurückkommt oder die Monopolrenten durch die Bereitstellung eines Tauschmittels herausholt. Dieser Artikel gewährt einen Übexblick über die internationalen Erfahrungen mit Wähngsreformen während den letzten fünfzig Jahren. Dabei konzenhiert man sich auf die vorgegebenen Rechtfertigungen, die Techniken der Durchführung, übliche Fallgruben und auf die Erträge in Zusammenhang mit gegenwärtigen diskriminiemden Wähngsumtauschübungen.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉUMÉLa confiscation de la monnaie a été parfois mise en valeur à travers ľanalyse fine des réformes mon. monétäires. Tandis que seulernent une faible fraction des réformes monétaires a mondialement caché une confiscation, wlles sont, dans le cas contraire, de nature à suivre un rythme hyper-inflationniste. Ainsi, ďune manièreg ou ďune autre, les réformes financières sont emblématiques du renoncement du gouvernement vis à vis de ses plus distinctives responsabilités ou ses rentes du situation de monopole provenant de ses réserves de moyen ďéchange. Cet article passe en revue, sur les cinquante derniéres années, les expériences internationales en matière de réforme monétaire. II se concentre sur les justifications avancées, les mécanismes de mise en oeuvre, les pièges usuels et les revenus associés aux réel exercises discrimminatoires de conversion monétaire.

Notes: The author, born in 1927, received his Ph.D. from Columbia University. He is emeritus professor of economics at the University of California, Davis. Previously he taught at the University of West Virginia, Notre Dame University, Michigan State University, and the University of California, Berkeley.

Notes: The author, born in Vienna in 1914, received his M.A. in economics and political philosophy at the University of Glasgow, and his Dr. jur. at the University in Vienna. He was professor of economics at the University of Linz (Austria). After his retirement he is consultant at the Austrian Institute of Economic Research. He was visiting professor in Vienna, Glasgow, Dundee, Salford, Saarbrucken, Monash, Minneapolis, St. Gallen and Graz.

Notes: The author, born in 1946, currently is professor of public economics and director of the Center for Research in Experimental Economics and Political Decision-Making (CREED), University of Amsterdam. He was visiting scholar at the California Institute of Technology, the University of Bielefeld and the University of Osnabruck (both in Germany), Harvard University, and the IAREP summer School at Linz (Austria).

Notes: The quantity theory of money is undoubtedly the best known, and some would argue, the best established proposition in macroeeonomic theory. No comparable generalizations exist in the literature on warfare. Indeed, most theories of international conflict (e.g., the balance of power or hegemonic theories) are exclusively concerned with the distribution of power among nations, not the absolute level of the stock of weaponry. However, just as money is central to exchange, weapons are central to force or violence. In this paper, I suggest that there is a close analogy between the role of money in macroeeonomic behaviour and the role of weapons in conflictual behaviour, and exploit this analogy to produce a simple quantity theory of weaponry. The analysis developed here suggests that this theory is literally true only in a very special case, and that, in general, increases in weaponry stocks may result in more or less international aggression. However, I suggest that the case where the rate at which weapons are used remains constant as stocks are changed is a useful benchmark, against which the conflicting forces of deterrance (which reduces aggression) and crisis instability (which increases it) can be evaluated. In general, the paper suggests that the relationships between money and prices embodied in the quantity theory can be used to understand behaviour in entirely different contexts, of which perhaps international relations is only one example.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Quantitätstheorie des Geldes ist zweifellos die bekannteste und nach Meinung einiger die etablierteste These in der makroökonomischen Theorie. In der Literatur über Kriegsführung existiert keine vergleichbare Verallgemeinerung. Tatsächlich befassen sich die meisten Theorien zu internau'onalen Konflikten (z.B. Theorie des Gleichgewichts der Kräfte oder Vorherrschaftsthe-orien) ausschliesslich mit der Machtverteilung unter Nationen, jedoch nicht mit der absoluten Höhe der Waffenbestände. Genauso wie jedoch Geld zentral für den Tausch ist, sind Waffen auch das zentrale Element bei Kraft und Gewalt. In diesem Aufsatz weise ich darauf hin, dass es eine enge Analogie zwischen der Rolle des Geldes im makroökonomischen Verhalten und der Rolle von Waffen im Konfliktverhalten gibt. Diese Analogie nütze ich edazu aus, eine einfache Quantitätstheorie der Waffen zu erstellen. Die hier entwickelte Analyse deutet darauf hin, dass diese Theorie nur in einem ganz besonderen Fall wirklich wahr ist und dass Erhöhungen der Waffenbestände im allgemeinen zu mehr oder weniger internationalen Aggressionen führen können.Es gibt eine Rate, bei der Waffen beniitzt werden. Der Fall, bei dem diese Rate konstant bleibt, während die Bestände verändert werden, ist meiner Meinung nach eine nützliche Vergleichsmarke, an der die gegensätzlichen Kräfte der Abschreckung (die Aggressionen reduziert) und der Krisen-instabilität (die Aggressionen erhöht) gemessen werden können. Allgemein sagt dieser Aufsatz, dass die Beziehungen zwischen Geld und Preisen innerhalb der Quantitätstheorie dazu verwendet werden können, urn Verhaltensweisen in ganz anderen Kontexten, von denen internationale Beziehungen vielleicht nur ein Beispiel sind, zu verstehen.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉLa théorie quantitative de la monnaie est indubitablement la mieux connue, et certains ľaffirment, la meilleure proposition fondée de la théorie macroéconomique. Aucune généralisation comparable n'existe dans la litérature consacrée à la guerre. En effet, la plupart des théories sur les conflits intemationaux (par ex. ľéquilibre du pouvoir ou les théories hégémoniques) s'intéressent exclusivement à la distribution du pouvoir entre les nations, et non au niveau absolu du stock ďarmement. Cependant, tout comme la monnaie est ľélément central dans les échanges, les armes forment ľélément principal de la force ou de la violence. Dans cet article, je suggère qu'il y a une analogie directe entre le rǒle de la monnaie dans le fonctionnement macroéconomique et le rǒle des armes dans les comportements de conflit armé, et exploite cette analogie pour proposer une théorie quantitative simple de rarmement. ľanalyse, dévéloppée ici, suggère que cette théorie est littéralement vraie seulement dans un cas très particulier, et que, en général, les augmentations des stocks ďarmes doivent aboutir à plus ou moins ďagression internationale. Toutefois, je montre que le cas, où le taux ďutilisation des armes demeure constant, les stocks variant, est une borne utile, vis à vis de laquelle les forces de dissuasion (qui réduisent ľaggression) et les crises ďinstabilityé (qui ľaugmentent) peuvent ětre évaluées. De manière général, ľarticle suggère que les relations, contenues dans la théorie quantitative entre la monnaie et les prix, peuvent ětre utilisées pour comprendre le comportement dans diftérents contextes, dont les relations internationales n'en sont qu'un exemple.

Notes: Union formation behavior has undergone vast changes over the past 25 years in virtually all Western countries. Key components of the change have been the increase in cohabitational unions and the decline in the marriage rate. Although this has important implications for both household and market production activities, no previous economic studies have focused explicitly on cohabitation. This paper develops an economic model of cohabitational demand based on the standard theory of consumer choice. Regression analysis of United States’ data aggregated at the state level provides support for this economic model. Specifically, it suggests that the increased labor force participation of women has generated a higher level of demand for the greater flexibility offered by cohabitational unions relative to formal marriage.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn den letzten fünfundzwanzig Jahren hat sich die Partnerschaftgründung in praktisch alien wesdichen Ländern grundlegend verändert. Wesentliche Bestandteile dieser Veränderung sind die zunehmende Anzahl von eheähnlichen Partnerschaften und die Abnahme der Heiratsrate. Obwohl dies grosse Auswirkungen auf die Haushalts- wie auch auf die Erwerbstätigkeit hat, wurden bisherige Studien auf das Zusammenleben in eheähnlichen Gemeinschaften nicht ökonomisch untersucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit entwickelt ein ökonomisches Modell der Nachfrage nach diesen eheähnlichen Gemeinschaften, basierend auf der gängigen Theorie der Konsumentenwahl. Eine Regressionsanalyse für die Vereinigten Staaten stützt dieses ökonomische Modell ab. Die Unter-suchung deutet darauf hin, dass die steigende Erwerbsquote der Frauen mit einem höheren Wunsch nach Flexibilität verbunden ist. Eheähnliche Partnerschaften sind flexibler als die traditionelle Ehe.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉RÉSUMÉLa façon dans laquelle les unions sont formées entre les hommes et les femmes a subi des changements énormes pendant les dernières 25 années dans la plupart des pays occidentaux. Les raisons principales pour ces changements sont ľaugmentation des unions cohabitationales et la chute du taux de mariage. Pourtant il y a des implications importantes pour les activités de production en vente aussi bien que domestiques, aucune étude économique n'a jamais mis au point le concept de la cohabitation. Cette thèse développe un modèle économique de la demande cohabitationale fondé sur la théorie du choix des consommateurs. Une analyse de regression des données américaines au niveau ďétat soutient ce modèle économique. Specifiquement, il suggère que ľaugmentation de la participation des femmes au milieu de travail a généré une plus grande demande pour la flexibilityé offerte par des unions cohabitationales rélatif au mariage formel.

Notes: Blanchard, Olivier et al. (1993). Post-Communist Reform. Pain and Progress, Cambridge/London: The MIT Press, 183 pp. $ 22.50. ISBN 0-262-02362-8.Blejer, Mario I. and Fabrizio Coricelli (1995). The Making of Economic Reform in Eastern Europe. Conversations with Leading Reformers in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic, Aldershot, UK/Brookfield, USA: Edward Elgar, 164 pp. £ 35.00. ISBN 1-85898-150-6.Blundell, Richard; Ian Preston and Ian Walker (eds.)(1994). The Measurement of Household Welfare, Cambridge/New York/Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 283 pp. £ 35.00. ISBN 0-521-45195-7.Diekmann, Andreas und Axel Franzen (Hrsg.)(1995). Kooperatives Umwelt-handeln. Modelle, Erfahrungen, Massnahmen, Chur/Zürich: Rüegger, 200 S. sFr. 42.00. ISBN 3-7253-0514-5.Dubrulle, Mark (ed.)(1994). Future European Environmental Policy and Subsidiarity, Brussels: European Interuniversity Press, 136 pp. ISBN 90-5201-410-8.Frowen, Stephen F. (ed.) (1994). Monetary Theory and Monetary Policy. New Tracks for the 1990s, Basingstoke/London: Macmillan, 367 pp. £ 47.50. ISBN 0-312-09111-7.Gordon, Myron J. (1994). Finance, Investment and Macroeconomics, Alder-shot, UK/Brookfield, USA: Edward Elgar, 215 pp. £ 45.00. ISBN 1-85278-879-8.Professor Institute for International Management, B 1 -90, Sector-B Aliganj, Lucknow-226 020 (India)Hagemann, Harald and O.F. Hamouda (eds.) (1995). The Legacy of Hicks. His Contributions to Economic Analysis, London/New York: Routledge, 280 pp. ISBN 0-415-06874-6.Herr, Hansjörg; Silke Tober and Andreas Westphal (eds.) (1994). Macroeconomic Problems of Transformation. Stabilization Policies and Economic Restructuring, Aldershot, UK/Brookfield, USA: Edward Elgar, 309 pp. £ 45.00. ISBN 1-85898-060-7.Honko, Jaakko (1994). Competitive Strategies of Small Industrialized Countries, Berlin: Edition Sigma, 101 pp. ISBN 3-89404-141-2.Huckemann, Stefan und Ulrich van Suntum (1994). Beschäftigungspolitik im internationalen Vergleich. Länder-Ranking 1980-1993, Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 197 S. ISBN 3-89204-138-5.Koppel, Bruce M. (ed.)(1995). Induced Innovation Theory and International Agricultural Development. A Reassessment, Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 190 pp. ISBN 0-8018-4891-1.Pearce, David and Dominic Moran (1994). The Economic Value of Biodiversity, London: Earthscan Publications, 172 pp. £ 12.95. ISBN 1-85383-195-6.Roemer, John E. (1994). Egalitarian Perspectives. Essays in Philosophical Economics, Cambridge/New York/Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 356 pp. $ 40.00. $ 59.95. ISBN 0-521-45066-7.Schulz, Günther (Hrsg.)(1993). Wohnungspolitik im Sozialstaat. Deutsche und europäische Losungen 1918-1960, Dusseldorf: Droste, 360 S. DM 64.00. ISBN 3-7700-0974-6.Scully, Gerald W. (1995). The Market Structure of Sports, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 216 pp. $ 39.95 (cloth). ISBN 0-226-74394-2. $ 14.95 (paper). ISBN 0-226-74394-0.Snowdon, Brian; Howard Vane and Peter Wynarczyk (1994). A Modern Guide to Macroeconomics. An Introduction to Competing Schools of Thought, Aldershot, UK/Brookfield, USA: Edward Elgar, 460 pp. £ 49.95. ISBN 1-8527-884-4.Stolper, Wolfgang F. (1994). Joseph Alois Schumpeter. The Public Life of a Private Man, Princeton, N.j. Princeton University Press, 400 pp. ISBN 0-691-04305-1.Thomasberger, Claus (Hrsg.) (1995). Europäische Geldpolitikzwischen Markt-zwängen und neuen institutionellen Regelungen, Marburg: Metropolis-Verlag, 364 S.iSBN 3-89518-012-2.Yamazawa, Ippei and Akira Hirata (eds.) (1993). Trade Policies Towards Developing Countries, Basingstoke/London: Macmillan, 310 pp. £ 45.00. ISBN 0-333-55723-9.

Notes: The author, born in 1929, is currently professor of Public Finance at the University of Rome, La Sapienza, School of Economics and Commerce. He is a former Minister of Finance (1983), European Affairs (1983-85) and Foreign Aid (1986-87) of the Italian Government and a former Senator and Chairman of the Finance and Treasury Committee of the Senate. He received his doctoral degree from the University of Pavia in 1951. Later he taught at several Italian universities and has been as a visiting professor at the Brookings Institution and the universities of Virginia and California in L.A.

Notes: The author, born in 1940, currently is professor of economics at the University of Vienna. He received his Ph.D. at Princeton University. Previously he was director of the International Institute of Management/Industriat Policy in Berlin and professor an the University of Maryland-College Park.

Notes: The author, born in 1938, is professor of economics at the Université de Bourgogne (France). He graduated in law at the University of Paris and in public administration at the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris. He then turned to economics at the universities of Rennes and Paris. He was professor of economics at the European University Institute at Florence (Italy) and spent two years as counsellor for social sciences in the department for scientific research of the French government.

Notes: A series of workshops were held in Scotland to help family business managers identify and overcome obstacles to success. Core themes that emerged were family values, responsiveness to change, and family dynamics. The findings suggest that family enterprises have unique developmental characteristics with implications for economic and business development frameworks such as those in Scotland, which do not differentiate family businesses. A model is presented to analyze and categorize family enterprises in order to illustrate the issues facing family enterprises. The model provides insights into the source and effect of family values and family dynamics on the business and fosters business growth and development.

Notes: This article replicates the Ross and Staw research on the Shoreham Nuclear Power Facility in a mid-sized, entrepreneurial, family-owned firm. Although many of the Ross and Staw conclusions are applicable for the present research project involving Info Vision, some modification to their research propositions is necessitated due primarily to the entrepreneurial nature of Info Vision'S owners.

Notes: The farm and home decision and task responsibilities of husbands and wives for two groups are examined: (1) five hundred ninety-two married male respondents who are husbands in traditional farm families including those with children under twenty-one and wives who work off the farm; and (2) forty married male respondents who consider their wives full-time partners, who indicate that their wives work equally hard on the farm, have no children under twenty-one at home, and do not have off-the-farm employment. For the 592-respondent group, the traditional gender-based division of farm and home decisions and tasks applied. For the full-time partners group, men continued to perform the traditional farm tasks, while wives shared to a greater extent in but did not have sole responsibility for farm decisions or tasks. The forty male respondents reported crossing over and sharing domestic tasks.

Notes: Family businesses experience greater difficulties in their growth efforts and organizational development than nonfamily businesses. This article presents the findings of a research study conducted to clarify the presence and evolution of family businesses using as the subject of analysis the firms that formed the group of the one thousand largest firms in 1972, 1982, and 1992. The results show that a large number of family businesses disappear; several of them close down because they cannot adapt to major structural changes, others are sold to multinational companies, many become nonfamily businesses because more nonfamily shareholders are incorporated, and others are sold to nonfamily businesses.

Notes: Challenges and adaptations are discussed in a practice context for Latin-American family-owned businesses. These strategies include family-owned conglomerates, monarchical families, financial obscurity, concentrated ownership, and succession. These Latin American strategies are compared to those in the United States.