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  • evolution  (51)
  • Springer  (51)
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 2020-2020
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (51)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1950-1954
  • 1993  (51)
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  • 2020-2020
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (51)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1950-1954
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 715-735 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Aphrodisiac ; cockroach ; evolution ; mating behavior ; sex pheromone ; sternal glands ; tergal glands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two chemical signals are essential in all cockroach sexual behavioral sequences: the sex pheromone released by one partner, generally the female (for long distance attraction), and an aphrodisiac sex pheromone produced exclusively by male tergal glands (for female mounting and tergal contact or “feeding” behavior). Unlike the other cockroach groups, the males of the Oxyhaloinae species produce both chemical signals: the pheromone and the aphrodisiac. The occurrence of three patterns of mating behavior (A, B, and C), the production of male sex pheromones, and the existence in the male of developed sternal and tergal glands in seven related Oxyhaloinae species, make these cockroaches a useful model for studying the evolution of mating behavior patterns. The various types of mating behavior were not classified in the previous studies by Roth and Barth. In this report, they have been named type A (female in upper position), B (male in upper position), and C (male and female end to end). In type A mating, the male tergal glands, which are licked by the females, are well developed, whereas in types B and C, there is no licking of the male's tergal secretion by the females and the tergal glands are much less developed; the aphrodisiacs secreted by the tergal glands may no longer act in this case through contact chemoreception, but through an olfactory process involving volatile components. One common sex pheromone component seems to be acetoin. I suggest that the mating behavior tends from A toward B and C during the evolutionary process with a concomitant regression of the tergal glands and changes in the aphrodisiac emission levels. The mating behavioral sequences of cockroaches (Dictyoptera) and crickets (Orthoptera) show a striking degree of similarity and are probably examples of convergent evolution.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Belostomatidae ; giant water bugs ; paternal care ; eggs ; reproduction ; behavior ; brooding ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Males of the giant water bug Lethocerus medius(Guerin) typify their monobasic subfamily, the Lethocerinae, in that they do not brood eggs attached to their backs as do males of all members of the subfamily Belostomatinae. Exclusive male parental investment as expressed in the Belostomatinae is extremely rare behavior among animals, and evolution of the trait is obscure. Lethocerus mediusmales apparently remain with their mates through oviposition and are consistently found in attendance of eggs after the female has departed. This behavior may enhance paternity assurance at no cost in opportunity for polygyny. Two double clutches of eggs were found, from which we infer the potential for polygynous matings and shared parental investment. Male L. mediusbrood attended egg clutches above the surface of the water, where they may moisten them, shade them, and defend them against predation. Egg attendance/brooding by L. mediusand other Lethocerusspecies may represent a plesiomorphic state from which paternal back- brooding evolved in the Belostomatinae.
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  • 3
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 1027-1036 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Archaea (archaebacteria) ; extreme halophiles ; archaeol phospholipids ; archaeol glycolipids ; membrane function ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Archaebacteria (archaea) are comprised of three groups of prokaryotes: extreme halophiles, methanogens and thermoacidophiles (extreme thermophiles). Their membrane phospholipids and glycolipids are derived entirely from a saturated, isopranoid glycerol diether,sn-2,3-diphytanylglycerol (‘archaeol’) and/or its dimer, dibiphytanyldiglyceroltetraether (‘caldarchaeol’). In extreme halophiles, the major phospholipid is the archaeol analogue of phosphatidylglycerolmethylphosphate (PGP-Me); the glycolipids are sulfated and/or unsulfated glycosyl archaeols with diverse carbohydrate structure characteristic of taxons on the generic level. Biosynthesis of these archaeol-derived polar lipids occurs in a multienzyme, membrane-bound system that is absolutely dependent on high salt concentration (4 M). The highly complex biosynthetic pathways involve intermediates containing glycerol ether-linked C20-isoprenyl groups which are reduced to phytanyl groups to give the final saturated polar lipids. In methanogens, polar lipids are derived both from archaeol and caldarchaeol, and thermoacidophiles contain essentially only caldarchaeol-derived polar lipids. The function of these membrane polar lipids in maintaining the stability, fluidity and ionic properties of the cell membrane of extreme halophiles, as well as the evolutionary implications of the archaeol and caldarchaeol-derived structures will be discussed.
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  • 4
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 317-319 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Chitin ; cuticle ; evolution ; vertebrates ; bony fish ; Blenniidae ; Paralipophrys trigoides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lectin binding, endo-chitinase binding and enzymatic degradation studies show that the epidermal cuticle of the bony fishParalipophrys trigloides (Blenniidae) is chitinous. This is the first evidence that a vertebrate species possesses a chitinous tissue. Recently aXenopus gene has been identified which has significant sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of yeast chitin synthase III, a chitin producing enzyme1,2. Taken together these two findings imply that chitin synthesis capability may be a basic vertebrate feature.
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  • 5
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 66 (1993), S. 3-12 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: evolution ; coevolution ; selection ; insect attack ; plant defense ; competition ; enemy free space ; chemoreception ; specialization ; plant recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Most hypotheses concerning the evolution of insect-plant relationships are based on the assumptions that, (1) phytophagous insects reduce plant fitness, and that (2) insect-plant relationships are the result of unconstrained selection. It can be shown, however, that there is little evidence to support these assumptions. As an alternative, it is proposed that the evolution of insect-plant relationships results primarily from autonomous evolutionary events; namely from heritable functional changes within the insects' nervous system that determine plant recognition and ultimately host plant specificity. These changes cannot be evoked by selective ecological agents. They originate from intrinsic changes (mutationssensu lato) within the insect genome. Ecological factors play a secondary role: by either supporting or preventing the establishment of the new genotype with the novel food preference.
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  • 6
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    Insectes sociaux 40 (1993), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Formicidae ; social parasitism ; PCR ; 18 S ribosomal RNA ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The evolutionary relationship between socially parasitic ants and their hosts is still an unsolved problem. We have compared a 1.2 kb sequence of the 18 S ribosomal RNA genes of the parasitic antsDoronomyrmex kutteri, Harpagoxenus sublaevis andChalepoxenus muellerianus to the sequence of the host speciesLeptothorax acervorum andL. recedens (all subfamily Myrmicinae, tribe Leptothoracini) and to an out-group antCamponotus ligniperda (Formicinae). We found that parasitic species and the host species and alsoCamponotus ligniperda differ at less than 1% of the base positions of the 1.2 kb segment of the 18S rRNA gene. The sequences showed 80.3% identity to the 18 S ribosomal RNA genes of the beetleTenebrio molitor and only 66.5% to that of the dipteranDrosophila melanogaster.
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  • 7
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    Plant molecular biology 23 (1993), S. 409-413 
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; cloning ; rice ; L5 ; ribosomal 5 S RNA-binding protein ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A rice (Oryza sativa L.) cDNA clone coding for the cytoplasmic ribosomal protein L5, which associates with 5 S rRNA for ribosome assembly, was cloned and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The primary structure of rice L5, deduced from the nucleotide sequence, contains 294 amino acids and has intriguing features some of which are also conserved in other eucaryotic homologues. These include: four clusters of basic amino acids, one of which may serve as a nucleolar localization signal; three repeated amino acid sequences; the conservation of glycine residues. This protein was identified as the nuclear-encoded cytoplasmic ribosomal protein L5 of rice by sequence similarity to other eucaryotic ribosomal 5 S RNA-binding proteins of rat, chicken, Xenopus laevis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Rice L5 shares 51 to 62% amino acid sequence identity with the homologues. A group of ribosomal proteins from archaebacteria including Methanococcus vanniellii L18 and Halobacterium cutirubrum L13, which are known to be associated with 5 S rRNA, also related to rice L5 and the other eucaryotic counterparts, suggesting an evolutionary relationship in these ribosomal 5 S RNA-binding proteins.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA sequences ; evolution ; fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase ; Spinacia oleracea ; transit peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the sequences of full-length cDNAs for the nuclear genes encoding the chloroplastic and cytosolic fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.13) from spinach. A comparison of the deduced amino-acid sequences with one another and with published cytosolic aldolase sequences of other plants revealed that the two enzymes from spinach share only 54% homology on their amino acid level whereas the homology of the cytosolic enzyme of spinach with the known sequences of cytosolic aldolases of maize, rice and Arabidopsis range from 67 to 92%. The sequence of the chloroplastic enzyme includes a stroma-targeting N-terminal transit peptide of 46 amino acid residues for import into the chloroplast. The transit peptide exhibits essential features similar to other chloroplast transit peptides. Southern blot analysis implies that both spinach enzymes are encoded by single genes.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: C4 metabolism ; evolution ; GC content ; gene family ; PEPC ; Sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although housekeeping functions have been shown for the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.31, PEPC) in plants and in prokaryotes, PEPC is mainly known for its specific role in the primary photosynthetic CO2 fixation in C4 and CAM plants. We have shown that in Sorghum, a monocotyledonous C4 plant, the enzyme is encoded in the nucleus by a small multigene family. Here we report the entire nucleotide sequence (7.5 kb) of the third member (CP21) that completes the structure of the Sorghum PEPC gene family. Nucleotide composition, CpG islands and GC content of the three Sorghum PEPC genes are analysed with respect to their possible implications in the regulation of expression. A study of structure/function and phylogenetic relationships based on the compilation of all PEPC sequences known so far is presented. Data demonstrate that (1) the different forms of plant PEPC have very similar primary structures, functional and regulatory properties, (2) neither apparent amino acid sequences nor phylogenetic relationships are specific for the C4 and CAM PEPCs and (3) expression of the different genes coding for the Sorghum PEPC isoenzymes is differently regulated (i.e. by light, nitrogen source) in a spatial and temporal manner. These results suggest that the main distinguishing feature between plant PEPCs is to be found at the level of genes expression rather than in their primary structure.
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  • 10
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    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 473-484 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: hydroxyacyl glutathione hydrolase (glyoxalase II) ; chromosome mapping ; evolution ; Mus musculus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In man, the gene for hydroxyacyl glutathione hydrolase (HAGH; glyoxalase II) is closely linked to the α-globin locus (HBα) on Chromosome 16. HAGH polymorphism in the mouse has now enabled the mapping of the murine homologue. Deletion mapping, congenic strain studies, and characterization of 41 recombinant inbred strains establish that the mouseHagh locus lies very close to the α-globin pseudogene (Hba-ps4) in the vicinity of the major histocompatibility locus (H-2) on chromosome 17. Several other loci have been identified previously that are also closely linked to the human α-globin locus but near the α-globin pseudogeneHba-ps4 in the mouse. These linkage relationships suggest that during the evolution of mice a translocation occurred that subdivided the α-globin locus, leaving one inactive α-globin gene still associated with theHagh locus and linked sequences, while moving and inserting the active α-globin locus and all distal sequences into an internal location on another autosome, the predecessor to mouse chromosome 11.
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  • 11
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    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 329-341 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: actin superfamily ; Drosophila genetics ; ATPase domain ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diverse proteins that are 35% to 55% identical to actins have been discovered recently in yeasts, nematodes, and vertebrates. In order to study these proteins systematically and relate their functions to those of conventional actins, we are isolating the corresponding genes from the genetically tractable eukaryote,Drosophila melanogaster. Here we report the isolation and partial characterization of aDrosophila homologue of theSchizosaccharomyces pombe act2 gene. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers specifying peptides that are highly conserved within the actin protein superfamily were used in conjunction with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a portion of theDrosophila gene that we have namedactr66B. The corresponding full-length cDNA sequence encodes a protein of 418 residues that is 65% identical to the product of theS. pombe act2 gene, 80% identical to the bovineact2 homologue, but only 48% identical to the principalDrosophila cytoplasmic actin encoded by theAct5C actin gene. Alignment of the yeast, bovine, andDrosophila actin-related proteins shows that they have four peptide insertions, relative to conventional actins, three of which are well placed to modify actin polymerization and one that is likely to perturb the binding of myosin. Locations of two of the fiveactr66B introns are conserved betweenDrosophila and yeast genes, further attesting that they evolved from a common ancestor and are likely to encode proteins having similar functions. We demonstrate that theDrosophila gene is located on the left arm of chromosome 3, within subdivision 66B. Finally, we show by RNA blot-hybridization that the gene is expressed at low levels, relative to conventional nonmuscle actin, in all developmental stages. From these and other observations we infer that the actr66B protein is a minor component of all cells, perhaps serving to modify the polymerization, structure, and dynamic behavior of actin filaments.
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  • 12
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    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 473-484 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: hydroxyacyl glutathione hydrolase (glyoxalase II) ; chromosome mapping ; evolution ; Mus musculus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In man, the gene for hydroxyacyl glutathione hydrolase (HAGH; glyoxalase II) is closely linked to the α-globin locus (HBα) on Chromosome 16. HAGH polymorphism in the mouse has now enabled the mapping of the murine homologue. Deletion mapping, congenic strain studies, and characterization of 41 recombinant inbred strains establish that the mouseHagh locus lies very close to the α-globin pseudogene (Hba-ps4) in the vicinity of the major histocompatibility locus (H-2) on chromosome 17. Several other loci have been identified previously that are also closely linked to the human α-globin locus but near the α-globin pseudogeneHba-ps4 in the mouse. These linkage relationships suggest that during the evolution of mice a translocation occurred that subdivided the α-globin locus, leaving one inactive α-globin gene still associated with theHagh locus and linked sequences, while moving and inserting the active α-globin locus and all distal sequences into an internal location on another autosome, the predecessor to mouse chromosome 11.
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  • 13
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    Biochemical genetics 31 (1993), S. 329-341 
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: actin superfamily ; Drosophila genetics ; ATPase domain ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diverse proteins that are 35% to 55% identical to actins have been discovered recently in yeasts, nematodes, and vertebrates. In order to study these proteins systematically and relate their functions to those of conventional actins, we are isolating the corresponding genes from the genetically tractable eukaryote,Drosophila melanogaster. Here we report the isolation and partial characterization of aDrosophila homologue of theSchizosaccharomyces pombe act2 gene. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers specifying peptides that are highly conserved within the actin protein superfamily were used in conjunction with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a portion of theDrosophila gene that we have namedactr66B. The corresponding full-length cDNA sequence encodes a protein of 418 residues that is 65% identical to the product of theS. pombe act2 gene, 80% identical to the bovineact2 homologue, but only 48% identical to the principalDrosophila cytoplasmic actin encoded by theAct5C actin gene. Alignment of the yeast, bovine, andDrosophila actin-related proteins shows that they have four peptide insertions, relative to conventional actins, three of which are well placed to modify actin polymerization and one that is likely to perturb the binding of myosin. Locations of two of the fiveactr66B introns are conserved betweenDrosophila and yeast genes, further attesting that they evolved from a common ancestor and are likely to encode proteins having similar functions. We demonstrate that theDrosophila gene is located on the left arm of chromosome 3, within subdivision 66B. Finally, we show by RNA blot-hybridization that the gene is expressed at low levels, relative to conventional nonmuscle actin, in all developmental stages. From these and other observations we infer that the actr66B protein is a minor component of all cells, perhaps serving to modify the polymerization, structure, and dynamic behavior of actin filaments.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: calcium-binding protein ; centrin ; EF hand ; evolution ; green algae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Centrin (= caltractin) is a ubiquitous, cytoskeletal protein which is a member of the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins. A centrin-coding cDNA was isolated and characterized from the prasinophyte green alga Scherffelia dubia. Centrin PCR amplification primers were used to isolate partial, homologous cDNA sequences from the green algae Tetraselmis striata and Spermatozopsis similis. Annealing analyses suggested that centrin is a single-copy-coding region in T. striata and S. similis and other green algae studied. Centrin-coding regions from S. dubia, S. similis and T. striata encode four colinear EF-hand domains which putatively bind calcium. Phylogenetic analyses, including homologous sequences from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the land plant Atriplex nummularia, demonstrate that the domains of centrins are congruent and arose from the two-fold duplication of an ancestral EF hand with Domains 1+3 and Domains 2+4 clustering. The domains of centrins are also congruent with those of calmodulins demonstrating that, like calmodulin, centrin is an ancient protein which arose within the ancestor of all eukaryotes via gene duplication. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from centrin-coding region comparisons mirror results of small subunit ribosomal RNA sequence analyses suggesting that centrin-coding regions are useful evolutionary markers within the green algae.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Rubisco activase ; rca ; rbcLrbcS ; cyanobacteria ; expression ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A gene encoding ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activase (rca) was found downstream from the rbcLrbcS operon in the heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain CA. Two unknown open reading frames were shown to be located between rbcS and rca in strain CA and all the genes, rbcLrbcS, ORF1, ORF2, and rca were in the same transcriptional orientation. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Anabaena Rubisco activase showed both similarities and differences to the plant enzyme with considerable differences at the carboxy and amino termini. Proposed ATP-binding sites were conserved in the cyanobacterial protein. Recombinant cyanobacterial Rubisco activase, however, reacted with antisera to spinach Rubisco activase. Hybridization studies, using the Anabaena sp. strain CA rca gene as a heterologous probe, detected homologous sequences in heterocystous Anabaena/Nostoc strains but not in unicellular or nonheterocystous filamentous cyanobacteria, suggestive of a close evolutionary relationship of chloroplasts and heterocystous cyanobacteria.
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  • 16
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    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 89-100 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Primulaceae ; Coris ; Palynology ; pollen morphology ; pollen ultrastructure ; pollenkitt ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pollen grain morphology, sculpturing, and wall ultrastructure are investigated in two species ofCoris (Primulaceae),C. monspeliensis L. andC. hispanica Lange. The study includes both acetolysed and unacetolysed pollen. No evidence of any major palynological difference is recorded between these two species, apart from a somewhat larger pollen inC. monspeliensis. However,Coris can be distinguished from the remaining members of thePrimulaceae by the conjunction of relatively large pollen grains, prominent margo, and particular tectal pattern causing a reticulate surface with minute luminal perforations decreasing towards the colpi. From both these distinctive features, and others typically primulaceous, some evolutionary considerations are inferred. Finally, the higher proportion of irregular grains inC. hispanica is interpreted in light of environmental stress.
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  • 17
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    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 195-206 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Crassulaceae ; Sedum rupestre ; Chromosome numbers ; hybridization ; allopolyploidy ; chloroplast DNA RFLP ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract InSedum rupestre L. a polyploid series (x = 16) occurs in which aneuploid chromosome numbers and odd levels of ploidy prevail. The most common and widely distributed cytotype,S. rupestre subsp.rupestre, is 2n = 112. Plants resemblingS. rupestre subsp.rupestre can be obtained by hybridizing the tetraploid cytotypes ofS. forsterianum Sm. (2n = 48) andS. rupestre subsp.erectum 't Hart (2n = 64). Comparison of these artificial hybrids with their parents and a large number of plants ofS. rupestre subsp.rupestre (2n = 112) from nature showed thatS. rupestre subsp.rupestre and the artificial hybrids are morphologically indistinguishable, and intermediate betweenS. forsterianum andS. rupestre subsp.erectum. MorphologicallyS. rupestre subsp.rupestre is closer to subsp.erectum than toS. forsterianum. Chloroplast DNA restriction patterns ofS. rupestre subsp.rupestre, however, resembleS. forsterianum more closely. The combined results of the hybridization experiments, the analysis of the cpDNA restriction patterns, and the morphological variation indicate the allopolyploid origin ofS. rupestre subsp.rupestre.
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  • 18
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    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 241-257 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Romulea ; Iridaceae ; Herkogamy ; gynodioecy ; reproductive systems ; biogeography ; evolution ; phenetics ; Flora of the Mediterranean ; Morocco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Herkogamy and gynodioecy were studied in the Moroccan species ofRomulea. Several types of herkogamy are shown to occur in the different species, with each type corresponding to a characteristic perianth size. The degree of differentiation between female and hermaphrodite morphs varies among the different gynodioecious species. Herkogamy is considered to have evolved prior to the development of the gynodioecious condition. An evolutionary interpretation is proposed based on the degree of herkogamy and of gynodioecy in the different species.
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  • 19
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    Plant systematics and evolution 184 (1993), S. 259-283 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Astereae ; Cladistics ; evolution ; phylogeny ; classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TheAstereae were surveyed and the genera arranged in 23 informal groups. The generic groups were used to sample representative genera for a cladistic analysis based on morphological characters. The resulting cladogram was used for discussion of evolution and subtribal classification within the tribe. The lower basic chromosome numbers x = 4, 5, 6, and 8 are interpreted as reductions from a primitive x = 9. The subtribeGrangeinae occupies a phylogenetically basal position as sister group to the rest of the tribe. This may be divided into two large groups, largely corresponding to the homochromousSolidagininae and to the heterochromousAsterinae sensu lato, i.e. including theBellidinae, Hinterhuberinae, Conyzinae, andBaccharidinae. The latter four subtribes are derived within theAsterinae, and hence reduced to synonymy. Several intercontinental relationships indicate that a geographical subdivision of the tribe should be avoided, although in our analysis most of the groups proved to be restricted to one of five major regions.
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  • 20
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    Plant systematics and evolution 185 (1993), S. 207-217 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Crassulaceae ; Sedum acre ; S. samium ; S. litoreum ; S. ser.Alpestria ; Chemotaxonomy ; pyrrolidine alkaloids ; piperidine alkaloids ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 16 species of theSedum acre-group were investigated for the presence of alkaloids. They areS. acre ofS. ser.Acria, S. alpestre, S. annuum, S. apoleipon, S. borissovae, S. euxinum, S. grisebachii, S. laconicum, S. multiceps, S. sexangulare, S. tuberiferum, S. tuberosum, S. ursi, andS. urvillei ofS. ser.Alpestria, S. samium ofS. ser.Samia, andS. litoreum ofS. ser.Litorea. S. acre differs significantly from the other species. It contains sedamine, “hydroxy” sedamine, and a number of 2,6-disubstituted piperidine alkaloids. The leafy parts of the species ofS. ser.Alpestria, S. ser.Samia, andS. ser.Litorea contain 4 piperidine alkaloids which also occur inS. acre, and in addition 4 pyrrolidine alkaloids not present inS. acre. The composition of the alkaloid fraction agrees with the infrageneric classification (series) based on the hybridization patterns of the species (comparia).
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  • 21
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    Plant systematics and evolution 187 (1993), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Triticum ; Aegilops ; Hybrids ; amphidiploids ; meiotic non-reduction ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Meiosis was studied in aT. turgidum ×Ae. longissima hybrid (ABS1, 2n = 21) and in backcrosses of its amphidiploid toT. turgidum. Analysis of PMCs of the hybrid showed that non-reductional meiosis led to the production of a large number of non-reduced male gametes. The hybrid showed high seed set. All progeny had 2n = 42. The BC1 plants (2n = 35, AABBS1) showed the expected meiotic pairing of 14II + 7I. At anaphase I, univalents behaved in a non-reductional way. The possible role of meiotic non-reduction is discussed in terms of the evolution of theTriticum-Aegilops complex.
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  • 22
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    Plant systematics and evolution 187 (1993), S. 213-241 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Ascomycetes ; Bunodophoron ; Caliciales ; Calycidium ; Leifidium ; Sphaerophoraceae ; Sphaerophorus ; Cladistics ; classification ; evolution ; systematics ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A phylogenetic analysis of the familySphaerophoraceae (Caliciales, lichenized ascomycetes) has resulted in a new generic classification. Notes on character evolution are given. The generaSphaerophorus s. str.,Bunodophoron andLeifidium, gen. nov., are accepted.Pleurocybe andPseudosphaerophorus are considered synonyms ofBunodophoron andThysanophoron is considered synonym toSphaerophorus. The following new combinations are proposed:Bunodophoron coomerense (Ohlsson)Wedin,B. diplotypum (Vain.)Wedin,B. dodgei (Ohlsson)Wedin,B. flaccidum (Kantvilas & Wedin)Wedin,B. formosanum (Zahlbr.)Wedin,B. imshaugii (Ohlsson)Wedin,B. insigne (Laurer)Wedin,B. kinabaluense (M. Satô)Wedin,B. macrocarpum (Ohlsson)Wedin,B. madagascareum (Nyl.)Wedin,B. microsporum (Ohlsson)Wedin,B. murrayi (Ohlsson)Wedin,B. notatum (Tibell)Wedin,B. ohlssonii (Wedin)Wedin,B. patagonicum (C. W. Dodge)Wedin,B. ramuliferum (I. M. Lamb)Wedin,B. scrobiculatum (C. Bab.)Wedin,B. tibellii (Wedin)Wedin,B. whakapapaense (Wedin)Wedin, andLeifidium tenerum (Laurer)Wedin.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 188 (1993), S. 197-211 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gymnosperms ; Pinaceae ; Pinus ; cpDNA variation ; molecular systematics ; evolution ; Flora of Eurasia
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genusPinus includes over 90 species with approximately 24 species native to Asia. We have analyzed the chloroplast (cp) DNA variation of 18Pinus species, including 15 Asian, two Eurasian, and one European species using seven restriction enzymes and ten non-overlapping probes and inferred their phylogenetic relationships. Results of phenetic and cladistic approaches to phylogeny reconstruction were largely in agreement, suggesting two major lineages within the genus and confirmed the ancient character of haploxylon and diploxylon subgenera. Species from sectionParrya appear to have diverged earliest from the hypothesized phylogenetic centre for the haploxylon pines, withP. bungeana andP. gerardiana forming two basal, monotypic lineages. The range of estimated pairwise nucleotide substitutions per site ( $$\mathop d\limits^ \sim $$ ) was higher among haploxylon pines than among diploxylon species. CpDNA divergence was found to be low within the sectionSylvestres, relative to the divergence among haploxylon species, suggesting that the radiation of this group of taxa from its common ancestor occurred after the diversification of other groups. The low cpDNA divergence in this subsection corroborated earlier evidence for its phylogenetic cohesiveness and existence as a monophyletic group.
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    International journal of anthropology 8 (1993), S. 53-60 
    ISSN: 1824-3096
    Keywords: mandible ; evolution ; function ; morphometry
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study was carried out on 56 mandibles belonging to skeletal remains recovered from archaeological excavations in Israel dated to 6.000 BP. or less, 2 Neandertal mandibles dating between 50.000–60.000 BP. and 2 early H. sapiens sapiens mandibles both dating to circa 92.000 yr BP. Mandibular body length, the distance from the anterior border of the symphysis to a line bisecting the first molar (distance 1), and the distance from the line bisecting the first molar to the mandibular angle (distance 2) were measured. Distance 1, showed little variation between specimens. However, distance 2 showed a significant difference between sexes and between early and late specimens. For all specimens examined there was a low nonsignificant correlation, between the length of the mandible and distance 1, while there was a high correlation between the length of the mandibular body and distance 2. There was little or no correlation between distance 1 and 2. We propose that the human mandible, as a lever arm, can be divided into two functional parts; an anterior part which shows little change over the last 90000 years, and a posterior part which differs in accordance with the length of the mandibular corpus. These changes in distance 2 appear to correlate to changes in body size and diet, suggesting that as proposed by Hylander (1988) chewing rather than incision has played the main role in evolutionary trends of the hominid mandible. This is also in accordance with mandibular growth during development where the lengthening of the jaw takes place mostly in the posterior part by remodeling in the ramus area (Enlow, 1990) both during individual development (ontogenesis) and through evolutionary changes (phylogenesis).
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    Biology and philosophy 8 (1993), S. 359-384 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Ecology ; evolution ; competition ; theory testing ; modeling
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract There is a long history of controversy in ecology over the role of competition in determining patterns of distribution and abundance, and over the significance of the mathematical modeling of competitive interactions. This paper examines the controversy. Three kinds of considerations have been involved at one time or another during the history of this debate. There has been dispute about the kinds of regularities ecologists can expect to find, about the significance of evolutionary considerations for ecological inquiry, and about the empirical credentials of theoretical studies of competition. Each of these elements is examined with an eye toward gaining philosophical clarification of the issues involved. In the process, certain shortcomings of contemporary philosophical theories are revealed. In particular, I argue that plausibility arguments based on background considerations are an important part of the model building tradition, but that current accounts of the structure and evaluation of scientific theories do little to illuminate this side of theoretical ecology.
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    Photosynthesis research 36 (1993), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chloroplast genome ; electron transport ; evolution ; gene expression ; redox response regulators ; redox sensors
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two-component regulatory systems that respond to changes in redox potential have recently been discovered in bacteria. ‘Redox sensors’ are defined as electron carriers which initiate control of gene expression upon oxidation or reduction. ‘Redox response regulators’ are defined as DNA-binding proteins which modify gene expression as a result of the action of redox sensors. Redox sensors and redox response regulators may comprise a mechanism for feedback control of redox potential in photosynthetic electron transport chains, thereby protecting plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria from damage caused by electrochemistry operating on inappropriate electron donors and acceptors. Chloroplast redox sensors and redox response regulators, themselves encoded in the nucleus, may place chloroplast gene expression under redox regulatory control. This may account for the persistence, in evolution, of chloroplast genomes, and for the constancy of the sub-set of chloroplast proteins encoded and synthesised in situ. These and other predictions are discussed.
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    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chloroplast ; phylogeny ; prochlorophyte ; evolution ; Prochloron ; psbA
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    Notes: Abstract We examine the issue of prochlorophyte origins and provide analyses which highlight the limitations of inferring evolutionary trees from anciently diverged sequences that have markedly different GC contents. Under these conditions we have found that current tree reconstruction methods strongly group together sequences with similar GC contents, whether or not the sequences share a common ancestor. We provide 3′psbA termini sequence forProchloron didemni and find it does not have the 7 amino acid deletion that occurs in Chla/b chloroplasts andProchlorothrix hollandica. This is consistent with the recent findings of a Chlc like pigment in the light harvesting system in other prochlorophytes but apparently absent inP. hollandica. From these observations we suggest thatP. hollandica is the prochlorophyte most closely related to Chla/b containing chloroplasts and hence the most appropriate prokaryotic model for higher plant Chla/b photosynthesis.
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    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Rotifera ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; PCR ; Molecular Phylogeny ; systematics ; evolution ; ecology
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The study of rotifer phylogenies and the analysis of population-level processes historically have been disjunct. This is despite a growing recognition that there are many ways in which rotifer population biologists and ecologists might profit from the availability of a comprehensive phylogeny of the group. New molecular methods which can be applied to a wide range of genetic systems and systematic grades will shortly eliminate the methodological (and perhaps conceptual) distinction between these fields. Of particular importance is the development of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), a technique of synthetic DNA amplification which produces concentrated preparations of selected genes from complex mixtures of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Analysis of PCR products can provide hierarchal genetic comparisons from the level of local rotifer populations through broad evolutionary (at least molecular) phylogenies.
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    Hydrobiologia 269-270 (1993), S. 11-20 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: auxosporulation ; evolution ; sexual reproduction ; taxonomic character
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sexual reproduction takes many forms within the diatoms. The variation has been classified by several authors, but in most cases the distinctions between their main categories have depended on the number of gametes produced per gametangium (and thus on how many zygotes per pair of copulating cells), and upon whether fusion is oogamous, anisogamous or isogamous. These classifications are not themselves an adequate basis for taxonomic comparison, which should be based on individual characteristics of the sexual process. Diatoms seem to be primitively oogamous. In araphid pennate diatoms and some raphid diatoms the gametes and gametangia are morphologically alike but physiologically distinct; one gametangium produces active gametes and the other passive ones. This may be the primitive condition in pennate diatoms, providing a link to the oogamy of centrics via the morphological anisogamy of Rhabdonema Kütz.
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    Genetic resources and crop evolution 40 (1993), S. 153-164 
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: Hippophae ; isozyme ; genetic markers ; diversity ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary To provide information on the genetic variation, differentiation and evolution in Hippophae seed samples of 25 populations from China, Finland and Russia were electrophoretically analyzed. Of six loci investigated, four were good genetic markers for identifying species and subspecies. The percentages of polymorphic loci per population were 40.3% and 62.5% at 0.95 and 0.99 polymorphic criteria respectively. The mean number of alleles per locus per population was 2.1. Total genetic diversity in the material was 0.4614. Genetic diversity partitioning showed that there was a large amount of diversity residing within geographical populations (0.1354), between subspecies within species (0.1046) and between species (0.2566) but not between geographical populations (0.0114). There were nearly twice as many negative fixation indices as positive ones in Hippophae populations. The phylogenetic tree agreed very well with botanic classifications of the species and subspecies and their geographical distributions, and quantitatively presented the genetic relationships of 25 populations. A detailed view of the evolutionary stages in Hippophae showed clearly a general decline of similarity as evolutionary divergence continued, which further explained the evolution process in Hippophae.
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    Hydrobiologia 255-256 (1993), S. 521-526 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Acanthocephala ; comparative anatomy ; embryology ; evolution ; Neodermata ; phylogeny ; Platyhelminthes ; Rotifera ; Squamodermata
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Arguments concerning similarities in general structure and embryogenesis in Bdelloida (Rotifera), Platyhelminthes, and Acanthocephala are considered. Evolution of egg hatching in rotifers (i.e., loss of the embryonic egg shell) is evaluated in relation to the phylogenetic similarity of rotifers to the Neodermata. Based on this analysis, I proposed uniting Rotifera and Neodermata into superphylum Squamodermata.
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    Hydrobiologia 255-256 (1993), S. 527-544 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: behaviour ; collagen ; evolution ; integument ; phylogeny ; ultrastructure ; Annelida ; Nemathelminthes ; Platyhelminthes ; Rotifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This work discusses the nature and significance of molecular, ultrastructural, and behavioural characters that can be used in phylogenetic analyses of rotifers. Recent molecular research has demonstrated the presence of very small amounts of 4-hydroxyproline in rotifers, probably arising from acetyl-cholinesterase or glycoproteins. Thus, rotifers appear to be the first known Metazoa without collagen. Ultrastructural work also has made some interesting discoveries. (1) The myelinic cuticle of the integument and pharynx of gastrotrichs is present in the pharynx of at least two rotifers (Philodina and Brachionus) and some Annelida. (2) The intracytoplasmic lamina (IL) of the syncytial ingestive integument of Acanthocephala is similar to the IL of the syncytial stomach of Bdelloidea. (3) The fibrous terminal web of primitive epidermal ciliated cells may have evolved in the skeletal IL of the syncytial, aciliated integument of rotifers. (4) Using the ultrastructural features of the skeletal, IL of the integument, I derived two possible dendograms of rotifer evolution. (5) These models and other ultrastructural data predict that Bdelloidea should be separated from Monogononta, while Seison has several characters which suggest that it should be more closely aligned to the Monogononta than previously proposed. Molecular and ultrastructural data suggest that rotifers are primitive Metazoa, probably derived by neoteny from ancestral, ciliated larvae. Finally, I argue that information on sensory organs and the behaviour of rotifers may offer unique insights into the evolution of the phylum.
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    Fish physiology and biochemistry 11 (1993), S. 429-438 
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: amphibians ; cAMP ; evolution ; GLP ; glucagon ; mammals ; message transduction ; pancreas ; receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In amphibians and mammals, the preproglucagon gene encodes two related GLPs - GLP-1(37 residues) and GLP-2 (34 residues). The physiologically functional GLPs, however, are GLP-17−36amide, or similar, truncated forms of GLP-1. While the liver is devoid of GLP receptors and fails to respond metabolically, brain, gastric cells and pancreatic cells have been identified as potential target sites. These tissues possess specific binding sites for truncated GLP-1, and generally, cells respond to truncated GLPs with increases in CAMP. In mammalian pancreas, truncated GLPs function as powerful insulinotropins, while also increasing insulin gene transcription and inhibiting glucagon release. Full length GLP-1 is a weak insulinotropin only. To date, neither metabolic nor endocrine actions have been assigned to GLP-2. Following processing of preproglucagon gene products, fish pancreas and intestine contain only one GLP (31 residues) displaying considerable sequence homology with GLP-17−36. Applied in low nanomolar concentrations, fish GLPs, together with GLP-17−36, activate hepatic glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and lipolysis in fishes. Thousand-fold higher levels of GLP-17−37 are required to elicit comparable metabolic effects. Generally, the metabolic actions of GLPs are similar to those for glucagon, but GLPs tend to be more potent in their specific actions. Fish livers possibly contain GLP receptors distinct from glucagon receptors. Message transduction in some, but not all fish species, may involve adenylyl cyclase and CAMP, but correlation between metabolic activation and cAMP levels is generally poor. Fish GLP seems to be a very weak insulinotropin in Brockmann bodies.
    Notes: Résumé Chez les amphibians et les mammifères, le gène du préproglucagon code pour deux GLP voisins — GLP-1 (37 résidues) et GLP-2 (34 résidues). Cependant, les GLP physiologiquement fonctionnels sont l'amide de GLP-17−36 ou des formes similaires trongées de GLP-1. Alors que le foie est dépourvu de récepteurs à GLP et ne répond pas sur le plan métabolique, le cerveau, les cellules gastriques et les cellules pancréatiques ont été identifiés comme étant des cibles potentielles. Ces tissues possèdent des sites de liaison spécifiques pour le GLP tronqué et, en général, les cellules répondent aux GLP tronqués en augmentant leur AMPc. Dans le pancréas de mammifères, les GLP tronqués agissent comme des insulinotropines puissantes, en augmentant la transcription du gène insuline et en inhibitant la libération de glucagon. Le GLP-1 entier est une insulinotropine faible. Actuellement, aucune action métabolique ou endocrine n'a été trouvée pour le GLP-2. Si l'on suit la mise en place des produits du gène préproglucagon, le pancréas et l'intestin de poisson ne contiennent qu'un seul GLP (31 résidues) qui présente des homologies de séquence considérables avec le GLP-17−36. Appliqués à des concentrations de l'ordre du nanomolaire, les GLPs de poisson, de même que le GLP-17−36, activent la glyconéogénèse et la lipolyse chez les poissons. Des doses mille fois plus élevés de GLP-11−37 sont nécessaires pour obtenir des effets métaboliques comparables. En général, les effets métaboliques des GLP sont identiques à ceux du glucagon, mais les GLP à être plus actifs dans leurs effets spécifiques. Les foies de poissons pourraient contenir des récepteurs au GLP différents des récepteurs au glucagon. La transduction du message chez certaines espèces de poission mais pas toutes, pourraient faire intervenir l'adénylyl cyclase et l'AMPc, mais la corrélation entre l'activité métabolique et les niveaux d'AMPc reste en général faible. Dans les corps de Brockmann, le GLP de poisson semble agir comme une insulinotropine très peu active.
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    Genetica 89 (1993), S. 219-225 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: evolution ; fluctuating asymmetry ; phylogeny
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    Notes: Abstract Despite major advances in the study of molecular and morphological evolution a substantial rift still exists between these two fields of endeavour. Phenotypic alteration through evolution results from a reallocation of resources which has as its origin the interplay between the production capability of the genes on the one side and the acquisitional need of the phenotype on the other. This process of allocation is coordinated through the environmental arena and is subject to mechanical, biological and economical constraints. Differences in the rates of morphological change at any level (molecular, cellular, organismal or population) depend on the level of environmental challenge, on the availability of variability and on the economics of supply and demand. Short run changes in response to severe environmental stress will be sudden and energetically expensive and will rely on stress-induced unmasking of genetic variability and loss of canalization. Long run changes will be gradual, energetically less costly and less dependent on genetic correlations.
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    Empirica 20 (1993), S. 147-158 
    ISSN: 1573-6911
    Keywords: L20 ; O31 ; Economic theory ; dynamic game ; innovations ; R&D investment ; evolution
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    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract In the recent literature about the explanation of the behaviour of innovating firms there coexist two basically different approaches. To so calledneoclassical approach assumes maximising behaviour relating to an exogenously given innovation technology and theevolutionary approach postulates time constant routine decisions. Both explanations are supported by well known arguments. Nevertheless they seem to be completely separated in the literature. The evolutionary approach even defines itself by the separation of the neo-classical approach. In this paper the two methods or philosophies are linked in a simple duopolistic model. It will be shown, that the strategic maximising behaviour of innovating firms leads in a dynamic model to routine decisions as equilibrium strategies.
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    Genetica 90 (1993), S. 165-180 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: cytogenetics ; evolution ; gene mapping ; linkage ; marsupial ; Macropus eugenii ; Mododelphis domestica ; Sminthopsis crassicaudata
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As a consequence of the ancient separation of the marsupial and eutherian lineages, comparative genetical studies of these two mammalian taxa can be particularly informative. The potential for marsupial genetical research has been enhanced by the development of laboratory colonies of three ‘model’ species-Macropus eugenii, Monodelphis domestica andSminthopsis crassicaudata. In this paper two selected aspects of marsupial genetics are reviewed, one involving cytogenetics and the other linkage. Marsupials provide a spectacular example of karyotypic conservation. The so-called ‘basic karyotype’ (2n=14) is probably ancestral in all extant marsupials. Karyotypes that do not conform to this basic arrangement are thought to have been derived from it. A notable feature of the basic karyotype is that it has been retained, possibly for as long as 150 million years, in morphologically, behaviourally and ecologically diverse species from at least five Australian and two American families; this suggests that selective forces, presently unknown, have acted to conserve the basic chromosome form and number in these species. With respect to genetic linkage, family studies inS. crassicaudata and more recentlyM. domestica have indicated extreme differences between the sexes with the recombination frequencies for linked loci being very much greater in males than in females, a situation that is strikingly different from that in eutherian mammals. These differences in linkage values are paralleled by differences in the number and distribution of chiasmata during male and female meiosis. Prospects for further research in marsupials, particularly research that builds upon the observations of karyotypic conservation and genetic linkage, are noted.
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    Genetica 91 (1993), S. 111-125 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; evolution ; reproduction ; senescence ; sperm competition
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations ofDrosophila melanogaster that had been subjected to long-term selection favoring either delayed or rapid senescence were compared with respect to age-specific components of male reproductive success involving sperm competition. These components of reproductive success were divided into those related to sperm ‘defense’ (protection of sperm from other males), and into those related to sperm ‘offense’ (ability to mate with previously mated females and to displace the sperm of other males). Males were tested at four ages ranging from 1–2d to 5–6 wk after eclosion. Several aspects of sperm defense capability showed clear evidence of senescent decline. Furthermore, males from populations selected for delayed senescence were superior to males from control (rapid senescence) populations with regard to components of sperm defense. The superiority of males from populations with delayed senescence either increased as a function of male age, or was present at all ages tested. These results indicate that the rate of reproductive senescence in maleD. melanogaster can be altered in predictable directions by artificial selection. There were no differences between selection regimes with regard to sperm offense, and most components of sperm offense did not show clear evidence of senescence. The improved late-age reproductive success of males from populations selected for delayed senescence did not appear to entail any cost or trade-off at early ages with respect to the reproductive traits examined in these experiments.
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    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: aging ; Drosophila ; electrophoresis ; evolution ; longevity
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Five populations ofDrosophila melanogaster that had been selected for postponed aging were compared with five control populations using two-dimensional protein gel electrophoresis. The goals of the study were to identify specific proteins associated with postponed aging and to survey the population genetics of the response to selection. A total of 321 proteins were resolvable per population; these proteins were scored according to their intensity. The resulting data were analyzed using resampling, combinatoric, and maximum parsimony methods. The analysis indicated that the populations with postponed aging were different from their controls with respect to specific proteins and with respect to the variation between populations. The populations selected for postponed aging were more heterogeneous between populations than were the control populations. Maximum parsimony trees separate the selected populations, as a group, from their controls, thereby exhibiting a homoplastic pattern.
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    Genetica 92 (1993), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase ; Drosophila ; evolution ; gene ; protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary genetics embodies a broad research area that ranges from the DNA level to studies of genetic aspects in populations. In all cases the purpose is to determine the impact of genetic variation on evolutionary change. The broad range of evolutionary genetics requires the involvement of a diverse group of researchers: molecular biologists, (population) geneticists, biochemists, physiologists, ecologists, ethologists and theorists, each of which has its own insights and interests. For example, biochemists are often not concerned with the physiological function of a protein (with respect to pH, substrates, temperature, etc.), while ecologists, in turn, are often not interested in the biochemical-physiological aspects underlying the traits they study. This review deals with several evolutionary aspects of the Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase gene-enzyme system, and includes my own personal viewpoints. I have tried to condense and integrate the current knowledge in this field as it has developed since the comprehensive review by van Delden (1982). Details on specific issues may be gained from Sofer and Martin (1987), Sullivan, Atkinson and Starmer (1990); Chambers (1988, 1991); Geer, Miller and Heinstra (1991); and Winberg and McKinley-McKee (1992).
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    Genetica 91 (1993), S. 89-98 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: aging ; senescence ; lifespan ; survival ; Drosophila ; evolution ; fertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary explanations of aging (or senescence) fall into two classes. First, organisms might have evolved the optimal life history, in which survival and fertility late in life are sacrificed for the sake of early reproduction or high pre-adult survival. Second, the life history might be depressed below this optimal compromise by the influx of deleterious mutations; since selection against late-acting mutations is weaker, deleterious mutations will impose a greater load on late life. We discuss ways in which these theories might be investigated and distinguished, with reference to experimental work withDrosophila. While genetic correlations between life history traits determine the immediate response to selection, they are hard to measure, and may not reflect the fundamental constraints on life history. Long term selection experiments are more likely to be informative. The third approach of using experimental manipulations suffers from some of the same problems as measures of genetic correlations; however, these two approaches may be fruitful when used together. The experimental results so far suggest that aging inDrosophila has evolved in part as a consequence of selection for an optimal life history, and in part as a result of accumulation of predominantly late-acting deleterious mutations. Quantification of these effects presents a major challenge for the future.
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    Journal of mammalian evolution 1 (1993), S. 227-254 
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: enamel microstructure ; evolution ; incisors ; Mixodontia ; Rodentia
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Incisor enamel microstructure proved to be a very effective tool for assessment of phylogenetic relationships among the Rodentia. Pauciserial and multiserial Schmelzmuster are clearly distinct by structural characters such as orientation of interprismatic matrix, presence or absence of transition zones between Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB), inclination of HSB, enamel thickness, and others. Pauciserial HSB are structurally very close to the earliest known mammalian HSB found in Paleocene arctocyonids. Biomechanical arguments and outgroup comparison with mixodontians indicate that the pauciserial Schmelzmuster is a symplesiomorphy of the Rodentia. Transitional stages from pauciserial to multiserial Schmelzmuster were observed in middle Eocene ctenodactyloids and from pauciserial to uniserial in middle to late Eocene anomalurids. The multiserial Schmelzmuster is considered a synapomorphy of the Hystricognathi, ctenodactylids, and pedetids. Schmelzmuster evolution reflects the early dichotomy of the Rodentia: In the Asian ctenodactyloid lineage a multiserial Schmelzmuster evolved once and in the North American/European ischyromyoid lineage a uniserial Schmelzmuster developed several times convergently. The pauci- to uniserial Schmelzmuster of the anomalurids excludes a close relationship to the phiomyids, because the ctenodactyloid-phiomyid lineage is characterized by the development of a multiserial Schmelzmuster.
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    Journal of mammalian evolution 1 (1993), S. 269-282 
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: ontogeny ; dentition ; heterochrony ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A closely graded system of ontogenetic staging is presented for changes that occur during early development of the dentition in therian mammals, up to and including early phases of the calcification process. Such a precise staging system is essential to detect differences in the time of onset and subsequent differentiation of individual tooth loci within the jaws of a single species, and within supraspecific taxa. Analysis of the evolutionary significance of these developmentalheterochronies can play a valuable role in the assessment of serial homology in the therian dentition, and it provides additional insight into the nature and pattern of tooth loss during evolution. Following the description and illustration of bud, cap, and bell substages, examples are presented from the ontogeny of the primary dentition in macroscelidids and hyracoids. These demonstrate the use of this staging system for assessing the serial homology of modified teeth such as “premolariform” canines and the role of developmental retardation in the evolutionary loss of primary and secondary teeth.
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 63 (1993), S. 39-43 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: surface area ; nutrient uptake ; genome size ; evolution ; chromosome ; megaplasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic information for disused metabolic systems is easily lost. This can be understood on the basis of a mathematic model for the description of the growth of individual microbial cells. The essential features of the model are that the uptake of nutrients is proportional to the surface area of the cell and maintenance costs are proportional to the volume. This explains why disused genes are easily lost. Growth of the individual cell continues until DNA replication of the genome is completed. The consequence is that cells with a large genome size are bigger at the moment of cell division. This results in a less favourable surface to volume ratio, which has a negative influence on the population growth rate. This means that cells with a smaller genome size will have a selective advantage. In cells in which the total DNA is divided over several units which replicate simultaneously (e.g. a cell with more chromosomes or a cell with one chromosome and one or more megplasmids) a high surface to volume ratio can be maintained. The great metabolic differences between phylogenetically strongly related bacteria are due to loss of genetic information for complex metabolic characters in order to maintain a small genome size and a favourable surface to volume ratio.
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  • 44
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 63 (1993), S. 95-104 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Kluyveromyces ; taxonomy ; species concept ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The taxonomy ofKluyveromyces has been the object of intense study since van der Walt's (1970) monograph. This is an account of the major developments and the classification to be adopted in the 4th edition ofThe Yeasts, a Taxonomic Study. The guiding principles that will be followed in eventual revisions of the genus are presented.
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    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 63 (1993), S. 105-109 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: black yeasts ; dimorphism ; ecology ; ecophysiology ; evolution ; halotolerance ; medical mycology ; melanin ; meristematic growth ; opportunistic fungi ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ascomycetous black yeasts show adaptations to a wide array of environmental conditions. Dothideaceous black yeasts are mostly found on plant leaves, while among herpotrichiellaceous species there are numerous opportunists on humans. Factors which are of ecological significance include the presence of melanin and carotene, formation of thick cell walls and meristematic growth, presence of yeast-like phases, presence of additional forms of conidiogenesis, thermo- and osmotolerance, adhesion, hydrophobicity, production of extracellular polysaccharides, siderophores and acidic or alkaline secondary metabolites. The potential pathogenicity of a species is partly determined by its natural ecological niche. Dothideaceous black yeasts are osmotolerant rather than pathogenic. Herpotrichiellaceous black yeasts probably have low competitive ability and are found in rather special niches as secondary saprophytes, e.g., on bacterial mats, on other fungi or in poor environments. Some species possibly utilize animal vectors for dispersal.
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  • 46
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    Space science reviews 66 (1993), S. 127-135 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: B-supergiants ; abundances ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present new estimates of He/H and CNO abundance ratios in the atmospheres of a selection of B2 supergiants which imply that the C/N ratio in the most luminous Ia stars is close to its equilibrium value. The is also some evidence for more moderate CN abundance anomalies in the B2Ib and B2II supergiants. These results, together with other recent work, imply that the effects of the CNO bi-cycle on the composition of B-supergiant atmospheres are most severe for the more luminous and massive stars. Furthermore, studies of LMC B-supergiants indicate that a small fraction of these very luminous stars are nitrogen weak. This picture is qualitatively consistent with theoretical predictions whenever massive stars perform blue loops in the HR diagram, returning from a red supergiant phase to become core helium burning blue supergiants with atmospheres contaminated by nuclear processed material.
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    Space science reviews 66 (1993), S. 169-172 
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: NGC330 ; B-stars ; abundances ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Medium resolution (2A/px) but high s/n spectra of approximately twenty of the brightest blue stars in the young open cluster NGC 330 in the SMC have been analyzed in order to determine their atmospheric parameters and the evolutionary status. Stellar parameters are determined by comparison with LTE and NLTE model atmosphere calculations and an HR diagram constructed. Luminosities of the sample stars lie in the range 4.0〈log(L */L ⊙)〈5.0 and spectral types between O9 and late-B. The stars in our sample appear to define 4 groups: main-sequence B-stars (B2-B4), B-supergiants (B4) in a blue-loop phase of evolution, a small number of blue stragglers (O9-B0 near main-sequence stars) and a group of luminous giants (B1-B2) which reside in the so-called ‘post main-sequence gap’ of the HR diagram. Furthermore, we have confirmed spectroscopically the very high incidence of Be stars in this cluster. Finally the almost complete absence of metal lines (at this resolution) is in keeping with the expected very low metallicity of the SMC.
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    Hydrobiologia 255-256 (1993), S. 491-493 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Acanthocephala ; evolution ; phylogeny ; Rotifera ; systematics ; taxonomy ; workshop
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 49
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    Hydrobiologia 255-256 (1993), S. 513-520 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: evolution ; mastax ; morphology ; phylogeny ; Rotifera ; Seison ; Seisonidea ; SEM ; trophi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The trophi and external features of the marine rotifer, Seison, are described using SEM. Organization of the trophi of the Seisonidea is discussed and possible evolutionary origins of the sclerite system of the fulcrate mastax are presented. Additional information on the taxonomy and general ecology of Seison are offered.
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    Hydrobiologia 255-256 (1993), S. 545-549 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: evolution ; morphology ; phylogeny ; Monimotrochida ; principal components ; Ritifera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic relations among the main groups of Monimotrochida are considered. The principal directions of monimotrochid evolution were defined by comparative investigations of mastax morphology (SEM), basic body structures, and general biology. On the basis of these results we propose a revision of previous rotifer taxonomy. We suggest to place the Monimotrochida in the order Protoramida divided into two suborders Flosculariina and Conochilina.
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    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 9 (1993), S. 403-413 
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: DNA transcription ; evolution ; phage ; prokaryotes ; RNA polymerase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The essential role of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in gene expression and the fact that the multimeric species are highly conserved throughout nature makes these enzymes a particular fascinating area of study. Here we shall review the conservation of structures and their relationship to function, especially in the multimeric eubacterial RNA polymerases, paying particular attention to the β core subunit and to recent studies of σ-factors of both the σ 70 and σ 54 families. We shall conclude with a brief consideration of phage-encoded RNA polymerases and phage-mediated modification of the host enzyme, and of the evolution of RNA-synthesising enzymes.
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