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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 38 (1992), S. 283-292 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Whey minerals ; Ca availability ; P utilization ; bone ; Molkenminerale ; Ca-Verfügbarkeit ; P-Nutzung ; Knochen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die biologische Verfügbarkeit von Ca, P und Mg aus dem Mineralkomplex der Molke (WMC) wurde in bezug auf die Mineralbilanz und Knochenbeschaffenheit an wachsenden männlichen Ratten untersucht und mit Rinderknochenasche (BBA) und CaCO3 verglichen. Der Einfluß der Ca-Quelle auf die Futteraufnahme, Körpergewichtszunahme und Futterverwertung war nicht signifikant (p〉0,05). Bei einer Zulage von 0,3 % Ca in Form von WMC war das Trockengewicht der Rattenfemora erheblich höher als bei den mit BBA gefütterten. Die Femora von Ratten, welche 0,3 % Ca in Form von WMC erhielten, speicherten signifikant mehr P als die der mit BBA bzw. CaCO3 gefütterten, der Energieaufwand bis zum Femurbruch der mit WMC gefütterten Ratten war bedeutend höher als bei den Ratten, die mit 0,2 bzw. 0,3 % Ca als BBA gefüttert wurden. Die bezüglich der Bruchfestigkeit festgestellte Tendenz traf auch auf die Knochendichte zu. Unter den drei Rattengruppen wurden keine bedeutenden quantitativen Unterschiede in der Ca-Bilanz festgestellt; bei den mit WMC gefütterten Ratten zeigte sich jedoch eine signifikant höhere P-Retention als bei den anderen Gruppen. Die Konsequenzen für die biologische Verfügbarkeit von Ca aus WMC und deren Auswirkungen auf die Nutzung von P und Mg werden besprochen.
    Notes: Summary The bioavailabilities of Ca, P and Mg from whey mineral complex (WMC) were studied from the viewpoint of the mineral balance and bone properties in growing male rats and compared with bovine bone ash (BBA) and CaCO3. Ca source showed no significant effect on feed intake, body weight gain or feed efficiency (p〈0.05). When the dietary Ca level was 0.3 %, the dry weight of the femur in rats fed WMC was significantly higher than that in rats fed BBA. The femur P content of rats fed 0.3 % Ca as WMC was significantly higher than that of rats fed BBA or CaCo3. The breaking energy of the femur from rats fed WMC was significantly higher than that from rats fed BBA at a Ca level of 0.2 % or 0.3 %. There was the same tendency in bone densities as was observed in breaking properties. There was no significant difference in quantitative values for Ca balance among three groups of rats, whereas those rats fed WMC had a significantly higher P retention than other groups. Ca bioavailability from WMC and the effect on the utilization of P and Mg were discussed.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 300-302 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Lysin ; Hitzeschädigung ; Weizengluten ; 14C-Lysinoxidation ; Masthähnchenküken ; Lysine ; heat modification ; wheat gluten ; 14C-lysine-oxidation ; broiler chickens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The aim of our experiments was to identify a restricted lysine bioavailability after heating of wheat gluten by estimating a reduced metabolic14C-lysine degradation. In two trials, male broiler chickens were fed with six diets based on wheat and wheat gluten (gluten untreated or heated), but differing in lysine content according to lysine supplementation. In trial 1 animals were fed restrictively, in trial 2 they were fed ad libitum. For estimation of metabolic lysine degradation all animals received an additional i.v. injection of14C-U-L-lysine 3 weeks posthatching, followed by hourly collection of14CO2 up to 3 h after injection. There were no differences between groups receiving untreated or heated gluten concerning weight gain and N-balance if the lysine supplementation was medium or high. When applying a lysine supply close to the requirement level or above the requirement the lysine degradation to14CO2 (% of the dose) and the specific radioactivity of CO2 in animals receiving heated gluten was significantly lower compared to the corresponding group with untreated gluten. It can be concluded that reduced bioavailability of lysine due to heat treatment of gluten might be indicated by means of weight gain or N-balance only at lysine supply levels below the requirement. In contrast, measurements of lysine degradation by means of14CO2-excretion after i.v. lysine injection indicate the heat-damaging effect, especially at lysine levels close to the requirement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Ziel der hier dargestellten Versuche war die Beantwortung der Frage, ob die verminderte biologische Verwerbarkeit von Lysin nach Hitzeschädigung von Weizengluten durch einen verminderten intermediären14C-Lysinabbau bei Küken nachweisbar ist. In 2 Versuchen erhielten Masthähnchenküken Diäten auf der Basis von Weizen und Weizengluten (unbehandelt oder erhitzt), die sich weiterhin durch die Höhe der Lysinzulage unterschieden. In Versuch 1 wurde restriktiv gefüttert, in Versuch 2 ad libitum. Zur Bestimmung des intermediären Lysinabbaus wurde allen Tieren in der 3. Lebenswoche zusätzlich eine i.v. Injektion von14C-U-L-Lysin verabfolgt und anschließend die14CO2-Ausscheidung bis zur 3. Stunde nach der Injektion gemessen. Bei mittleren oder hohen Lysinzulagen bestanden hinsichtlich der Lebendmassezunahme und der N-Bilanz keine Differenzen zwischen den Gruppen. Bei einer Lysinversorgung um und oberhalb des Bedarfswerts waren der Lysinabbau zu14CO2 (in % der verabreichten Dosis) und die spezifische Radioaktivität des CO2 bei den Tieren, die erhitztes Gluten erhielten, signifikant geringer als bei der entsprechenden Gruppe mit unbehandeltem Gluten. Es wird geschlußfolgert, daß die verminderte biologische Verwertbarkeit des Lysins durch die Hitzebehandlung des Glutens sich in der Lebendmassezunahme und N-Bilanz nur bei einer Lysinversorgung unter dem Bedarf niederschlägt. Im Gegensatz dazu war mittels14CO2-Ausscheidung der Effekt der Hitzeschädigung speziell bei einer Lysinzufuhr um den Bedarfswert nachweisbar.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: isomalt ; chocolate ; gastrointestinal effect ; acceptability ; Isomalt ; Schokolade ; Magen-Darm-Effekte ; Verträglichkeit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Reaktionen von erwachsenen Verbrauchern bei Konsum von Süßwaren gegenüber Milchschokolade mit Isomalt, Saccharose oder Sorbit sollten verglichen werden. Die Teilnehmer aßen während 7 Tagen die Schokolade daheim in Mengen, die sie selbst gewählt hatten, wobei sie maximal 100 g pro Tag zu sich nehmen sollten. In einem Doppelblind-Crossover-Versuch stellten gesunde Teilnehmer nach dem Genuß von Isomaltschokolade höhere Stuhlhäufigkeit, Gasbildung und Blähungen fest im Vergleich zu Saccharoseschokolade. Die Intensität dieser Magen-Darm-Effekte war jedoch überwiegend gering und somit nicht ausreichend, um die Akzeptanz der Schokoladen in Frage zu stellen. In weiteren Crossover-Versuchen wurden die Reaktionen von Typ-II-Diabetikern auf Isomaltschokolade (n=53) oder Sorbitolschokolade (n=51) mit denen bei Verzicht auf Schokoladekonsum verglichen. Sowohl bei Isomalt- wie auch bei Sorbitschokolade wurden erhöhte Gasbildung und Flatulenz festgestellt; jedoch rief nur die Sorbitschokolade eine höhere Stuhlfrequenz hervor. Wiederum war die Intensität der Magen-Darm-Effekte unerheblich, woraus geschlossen wird, daß Isomalt für den Einsatz in normaler und Diabetikerschokolade geeignet ist.
    Notes: Summary The objective was to compare reaction of adult consumers of confectionery to milk chocolate made with either isomalt, sucrose or sorbitol. Test chocolate was eaten by subjects at home during 7 days in amounts chosen by them up to a maximum of 100 g per day. In a double-blind crossover trial isomalt chocolate was associated in healthy consumers (n=58) with increased motion frequency, wind and flatulence compared with sucrose chocolate. However, the intensity of these gastrointestinal effects was predominantly slight and insufficient to affect acceptability. In separate crossover trials, reactions of Type II diabetic consumers to eating isomalt chocolate (n=53) or sorbitol chocolate (n=51) were compared to reactions when eating no chocolate. Both isomalt and sorbitol chocolate were associated with higher incidence of wind and flatulence than for no chocolate, but only sorbitol chocolate increased motion frequency. Again intensity of gastrointestinal effects was slight. It is concluded that isomalt has potential use in both regular and diabetic chocolate.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 86-87 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 7
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 82-85 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Hamster ; gerbil ; boiledcoffee ; filteredcoffee ; serumcholesterol ; Hamster ; Gerbilmäuse ; gebrühter Kaffee ; filtrierter Kaffee ; Serumcholesterin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Gegensatz zu filtriertem Kaffee erhöht gebrühter Kaffee den Serumcholesterinspiegel im Menschen. Um die für diesen Effekt verantwortliche(n) Substanz(en) zu identifizieren, wird ein Tiermodell gesucht, das auf gebrühten Kaffee entsprechend reagiert. In dieser Studie wurden an drei Versuchsgruppen zu je 20 Gerbilmäusen und drei Versuchsgruppen zu je 6 Hamstern eine Kontrolldiät und eine Kontrolldiät supplementiert mit entweder gefriergetrocknetem filtiertem Kaffee oder gefriergetrocknetem gebrühtem Kaffee verabreicht. Nach Beendigung der fünfwöchigen Fütterungsperiode konnte kein signifikanter Unterschied in den Serumcholesterinwerten der Gerbilmäuse und der Hamster in den verschiedenen Versuchsgruppen festgestellt werden. Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß entweder diese Tiermodelle für diese Studien nicht geeignet sind oder daß die cholesterinerhöhende Substanz im gebrühten Kaffee durch das Gefriertrocknen verlorengeht oder unwirksam wird.
    Notes: Summary In contrast to drip filter coffee, boiled coffee increases the serum cholesterol level in man. To identify the substance(s) responsible for this effect, it is necessary to find an animal model sensitive to boiled coffee. In this study, three groups of 20 male gerbils and three groups of six male hamsters were fed a control diet or a control diet supplemented with either freeze-dried boiled coffee or freeze-dried filtered coffee. At the end of the 5-week feeding period serum cholesterol levels were not different in either species fed the different diets. These results suggest that these animal species are not sensitive to boiled coffee, or that the cholesterol-raising factor in boiled coffee is lost during the process of freeze-drying.
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  • 8
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 110-120 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Antioxidanzien ; Vitamine ; Chemotherapie ; Strahlentherapie ; künstliche Ernährung ; Antioxidants ; vitamins ; chemotherapy ; radiotherapy ; clinical nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Plasma from 22 patients was examined for alpha- and gamma-tocopherol (vitamin E), the carotinoids beta-carotene (provitamin A) and lycopene, retinol (vitamin A), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) before, during and after conditioning chemotherapy for bone marrow transplantation, 18 of these received total body irradiation as well. In addition, alpha-tocopherol in red blood cell membranes was measured. Retinol and ascorbic acid have been applied in multiple of the recommended doses (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung and Recommended Dietary Allowance, respectively). The chosen doses were sufficient to maintain the initial plasma concentrations of these vitamins. However, alpha-tocopherol (in RDA doses) and beta-carotene (no RDA established) concentrations deteriorated after the conditioning therapy (20 and 50% loss, respectively). The loss of these lipidsoluble antioxidants has been considered to result from lipid peroxidation. On the basis of the presented results we propose intervention studies to investigate the effect of high dose antioxidant administration on the toxicity (mainly of liver and lung) of intensive antineoplastic therapy protocols.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei insgesamt 22 Patienten, die sich einer intensiven Chemotherapie vor Knochenmarktransplantation (KMT) unterzogen, davon bei 18 Patienten in Kombination mit einer Ganzkörperbestrahlung, wurden alpha- und gamma-Tocopherol (Vitamin E), die Karotinoide beta-Karotin (Provitamin A) und Lycopin, weiterhin Retinol (Vitamin A) und Ascorbinsäure (Vitamin C) im Plasma bestimmt. Ergänzend wurde der alpha-Tocopherolgehalt von Erythrozytenmembranen gemessen. Während Retinol und Ascorbinsäure mit dem Mehrfachen der empfohlenen Dosis (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung bzw. Recommended Dietary Allowance) appliziert wurde und dadurch die initialen Plasmakonzentrationen dieser Substanzen gehalten werden konnten, stellte die empfohlene alpha-Tocopheroldosis keine ausreichende Substitution dar. beta-Karotin nahm unter der Konditionierungstherapie vor KMT ebenso wie alpha-Tocopherol ab, wobei für die Zufuhr von beta-Karotin bisher keine Empfehlungen vorliegen. Der Verlust der fettlöslichen Antioxidanzien alpha-Tocopherol und beta-Karotin während der einwöchigen Konditionierungstherapie um 20 bzw. 50% ist wahrscheinlich auf eine gesteigerte, therapieassoziierte Lipidperoxidation zurückzuführen. Den Befunden kommt in bezug auf Nebenwirkungen der antineoplastischen Therapie besonders an Leber und Lunge Bedeutung zu, bei denen ursächlich freie Radikale in der Pathophysiologie beteiligt sind.
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  • 9
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 138-146 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Manganese ; totalparenteralnutrition ; enteralnutrition ; dailyintake ; Mangan ; total parenterale Nahrung ; enterale Nahrung ; tägliche Aufnahme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Seit 1931 ist bekannt, daß Mangan ein essentielles Spurenelement bei Tieren ist. Heute weiß man, daß Manganmangel bei Tieren zu einer Vielfalt an Stoffwechseldefekten führt. Für den Menschen ist die sichere Versorgung durch die enterale Ernährung mit 2,5–5 mg pro Tag gewährleistet, für die parenterale Ernährung wird eine Dosis von 0,15–0,8 mg pro Tag vorgeschlagen. Die Mangangehalte von Bestandteilen der Nahrung und von Infusionslösungen wurden durch Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit den (aus Tabellen) kalkulierten Werten verglichen. Der Mangangehalt der Kleinkomponenten und Zusatzstoffe einschließlich der Aromastoffe wurde ebenfalls berücksichtigt. Aus dem täglichen Gesamtverzehr wurde eine Manganaufnahme von 192–7373 µg berechnet. In der parenterelen Ernährung betrug die Manganmenge der Lösung vor Zugabe einer Supplementmischung (Oligo-Komplex) 0,2% der Gesamtdosis an Mangan. Nach Zugabe der Oligo-Komplex-Mischung wurde eine tägliche Aufnahme von 5,02±0,16 pro Tag festgestellt.
    Notes: Summary Managanese has been proven to be an essential trace element in animals since 1931. Today, it is known that manganese deficiency results in a wide variety of structural and physiological defects in animals. For humans, the safe and adequate range of intakes for manganese by enteral nutrition is 2.0 to 5 mg per day; for parenteral nutrition a range of 0.15 to 0.8 mg per day is proposed. The manganese content of components of enteral nutrition (EN) and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions is determined using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Comparison is made between calculated and measured values. The manganese present in supplementary nutrition and flavor stuffs is also measured. The intake of manganese by EN is calculated based on the daily administration, and is found to vary from 192 to 7373 µg per day. In prepared TPN-solutions, the manganese contribution of all components before adding the Oligo Complex is found to be less than 0.2% of the total manganese content. After addition of the Oligo Complex mixture, a mean daily intake of 5.02±0.16 mg per day is found.
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  • 10
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 62-69 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Insulin-like growth factor-I ; Ernährung ; Protein ; Öl ; Ratte ; Insulin-like growth factor-I ; nutrition ; protein ; oil ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The influence of an increasing protein supply in combination with soybean oil upon the IGF-I concentration in the serum in correlation with growth was measured on 8×10 male Wistar rats. With a casein content of 0 % in the food, the IGF-I level was 0.13±0.02 rU/ml. An IGF-I plateau of 0.74±0.07 rU/ml was reached at some 15 % casein. The additional application of 3 % soybean oil increased the IGF-I concentration significantly (P〈0.01) up to 0.95±0.16 rU/ml. The investigations show a specific increase of the IGF-I synthesis by the addition of oil, which is paralleled by a further stimulation of the growth of the rats. The nutrition-dependent IGF production in the peripheral tissues (mainly liver) represents the connection link between the growth hormone axis (genetically potential growth) and the growth realizable depending on the supply with nutrients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An 8×10 männlichen Wistar-Ratten wurde der Einfluß einer steigenden Proteinversorgung in Kombination mit Sojaöl auf die IGF-I-Konzentration im Serum in Korrelation zum Wachstum gemessen. Bei einem Caseingehalt von 0 % im Futter betrug der IGF-I-Spiegel 0,13±0,02 rU/ml. Ein Plateau wurde bei etwa 15 % Casein erreicht (0,74±0,07 rU/ml). Die zusätzliche Applikation von 3 % Sojaöl erhöhte die IGF-I-Konzentration signifikant (P〈0,01) auf 0,95±0,16 rU/ml. Die Untersuchungen zeigen eine spezifische Steigerung der IGF-I-Synthese durch die Ölzulage, der parallel eine weitere Stimulation des Wachstums der Ratten folgt. Die ernährungsabhängige IGF-Produktion in den peripheren Geweben (bes. Leber) stellt die Schaltstelle zwischen der Wachstumshormon-Achse (genetisch mögliches Wachstum) und dem in Abhängigkeit von der Nährstoffversorgung realisierbaren Wachstum dar.
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  • 11
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 164-177 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: mycotoxins ; citrinin ; citrinin producers ; biological effects ; natural occurrence ; Mykotoxine ; Citrinin ; Citrininbildner ; biologische Wirkung ; natürliches Vorkommen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Übersicht zu dem Mykotoxin Citrinin gegeben. Dabei werden die Citrininbildner und ihre Begleittoxine, Bildungsbedingungen, das natürliche Vorkommen, der Einfluß der Be- und Verarbeitung sowie die Kinetik und die Toxikologie berücksichtigt. 106 Literaturzitate.
    Notes: Summary Citrinin, a nephrotoxic mycotoxin, has been of growing importance also for the “International Agency for Research on Cancer”, ever since its presumable role in the occurrence of Balcan endemic nephropathy (BEN) was discussed at the congress on “Mycotoxins, Endemic Nepthropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours” held in Lyon in June 1991 (12). In late 1991, citrinin was therefore also included in the list of toxins to be examined by the screening subcommittees on natural toxins of the International Live Science Institute, European Branch.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: D-Aminosäuren ; Isomerisierung ; Mikrowellen ; konventionelles Erhitzen ; D-amino acids ; isomerization ; microwaves ; conventionalheating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aqueous standard-solutions of L-alanine, L-glutamic acid, and L-proline do not reveal any increase of D-enantiomers after 30 min heating — neither by the conventional method on a hotplate, nor in a standard microwave oven. A specific “microwave effect” and, hence, a special consumer risk is, in contrast to recent assumptions, not detectable. Effects on the amino acids which were observed in conventionally heated samples are explained by higher heat-exposure during the treatment of these samples.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In wäßrigen Modell-Lösungen von L-Alanin, L-Glutaminsäure und L-Prolin läßt sich nach einer halben Stunde Sieden auf der Herdplatte im Vergleich mit einer zeitgleichen Hitzebehandlung im haushaltsüblichen Mikrowellenofen keine Zunahme an D-Enantiomeren nachweisen. Ein spezifischer ‚Mikrowelleneffekt‘ und somit ein spezielles Verbraucherrisiko, wie kürzlich postuliert, ist nicht nachweisbar. In konventionell erhitzten Proben beobachtete Effekte auf die Aminosäuren werden als Auswirkung der höheren Wärmebelastung während der Behandlung dieser Proben interpretiert.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: TPA ; A 23187 ; Metallothionein ; Alkalische Phosphatase ; Zink ; TPA ; A 23187 ; metallothionein ; alkaline phosphatase ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The influence of 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, an activator of proteinkinase C and A 23187, a calcium ionophore increasing cytosolic free calcium concentration on zinc metabolism was investigated in a study with 24 eight-week old rats. Twenty-four hours before killing, the rats (235 g body weight, 8 per group) were either injected intraperitoneally with TPA (1.6×10−7 mol/kg body weight) or A 23187 (1.6×10−6 mol/kg body weight). Control rats received the solvent dimethylsulfoxide. The application of TPA and A 23187 provoked a marked decline in feed intake accompanied by a reduction in body weight and liver mass. Serum concentrations of zinc were reduced significantly after A 23187 injections. TPA and A 23187 increased liver zinc levels by 20 and 30% respectively, if based on fresh and dry weight. The injections, however, did not alter total liver zinc. Liver metallothionein (MT) concentration was elevated 2.4-fold after TPA administration. The increase in response to A 23187 was only 1.5-fold and not significant. Mucosa MT levels were not altered. Serum activity of alkaline phosphatase was significantly reduced (TPA: −23%, A 23187: −31%). There was no change in serum glucose after injections. However, serum creatinin and urea were increased in response to A 23187. In conclusion, TPA and A 23187 had an effect on zinc metabolism of the rat, most marked in the case of MT induction in the liver. There is evidence that the reduced feed intake caused by TPA and A 23187 resulted in effects indistinguishable from those caused by fasting. Further experiments are needed to clarify whether proteinkinase C and cytosolic free calcium are directly involved in the regulation of zinc metabolism.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An 8 Wochen alten, ca. 235 g schweren Albinoratten wurde der Einfluß von 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetat (TPA), einem Aktivator der Proteinkinase C, und A 23187, einer Ca-Ionophore, die die intracelluläre freie Ca2+-Konzentration erhöht, auf den Zinkmetabolismus geprüft. Jeweils 8 Tiere erhielten 24 h vor dem Töten eine ip-Injektion mit 1,6×10−7 mol TPA/kg GKM, 1,6×10−6 mol A 23187/kg GKM bzw. Dimethylsulfoxid, dem Lösungsmittel der Agonisten, als Kontrolle. Nach Applikation von TPA und A 23187 wurde eine erhebliche Verzehrsdepression beobachtet, die mit einer verminderten Gesamtkörpermasse und Lebermasse einherging. Die Serum-Zn-Konzentration fiel durch A 23187 signifikant von 710 auf 470µg/L ab. Infolge TPA- bzw. A 23187-Behandlung stieg die Zn-Konzentration in der Leber in Frisch- und Trockenmasse signifikant um 20 bzw. 30% an. Die totale Leberzinkmenge war dagegen in allen Gruppen unverändert. Die Konzentration an Metallothionein (MT) in der Leber stieg durch TPA signifikant um das 2,4fache. Bei A 23187 betrug diese Zunahme lediglich das 1,5fache. Keine Veränderungen traten beim Mucosa-MT auf. Die Aktivität der Alkalischen Phosphatase (AP) wurde im Serum nach TPA- bzw. A 23187-Behandlung von 258 U/L um 23% bzw. 31% signifikant reduziert. Die Glucosekonzentration im Serum blieb bei allen Versuchsvarianten unverändert im Normbereich. Harnstoff und Creatinin im Serum stiegen dagegen durch A 23187 signifikant an. Die Untersuchung zeigt, daß TPA und A 23187 einen Einfluß auf den Zn-Metabolismus der Ratte ausüben, wobei dieser Effekt bei der Leber-MT-Induktion am ausgeprägtesten ist. Die durch TPA und A 23187 induzierte Verzehrsdepression hat zur Folge, daß auch Effekte auftreten, die nicht vom Hungerstoffwechsel zu unterscheiden sind. Daher sind zur Differenzierung zwischen Agonist- und Hungereffekt weitergehende Untersuchungen erforderlich.
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  • 14
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 303-304 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 205-218 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: ESR ; Lebensmittelbestrahlung ; Knochen ; Früchte ; Nüsse ; Gewürze ; ESR ; food irradiation ; bones ; fruits ; nuts ; spices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Electron spin resonance spectroscopy can be used for the detection of irradiation of various groups of foodstuffs. The results of ESR-measurements on irradiated meat and fish and fresh fruit, as well as dried fruit, spices and nuts as performed by the food irradiation laboratory of the German Federal Health Office are summarized in this report. For the detection of irradiated meat and fish, we examined the bones. Using the results from 10 different animal bones, we were able to develop an official method according to the German law § 35 LMBG. A similar routine method for fish will be established in 1992 (at the moment, an intercomparison with German food control laboratories is in progress). Irradiated dried fruit can be identified easily, because unirradiated samples give no ESR-spectra, while irradiated fruit show a partially resolved spectrum, which is caused by radiation induced sugar radicals. Interestingly, the structure of the resulting spectra is not identical for all irradiated species of fruit. We found three different types of ESR-spectra for irradiated dried fruit. Irradiated nutshells show an ESR-spectrum which reveals two additional lines (from cellulose-radicals) beside the main signal, while unirradiated samples show only the main signal. An official method for identifying irradiated nuts will be proposed in 1992. Irradiation specific ESR-signals of the cellulose radical were not only found for nutshells but also for fresh fruit and some spices, while most of the irradiated spices and herbs could not be identified by ESR-measurements.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Elektronen-Spin-Resonanz-Spektroskopie kann zum Nachweis der Bestrahlung diverser Lebensmittelgruppen eingesetzt werden. In diesem Bericht werden die Ergebnisse des Bundesgesundheitsamtes bei der Entwicklung von ESR-Meßverfahren zur Identifizierung von strahlenbehandeltem Fleisch, Fisch und Frischobst sowie bestrahlten Trockenfrüchten, Gewürzen und Nüssen zusammengestellt. Bei Fleisch und Fisch sind die ESR-Spektren der enthaltenen Knochen untersucht worden. Die Ergebnisse von zehn verschiedenen Tierarten haben zur Entwicklung einer amtlichen Routinemethode nach § 35 LMBG für knochenhaltiges Fleisch geführt. Nach Durchführung eines zur Zeit laufenden Ringversuches unter Beteiligung der Lebensmittelkontrollämter wird eine solche Methode auch für Fisch erstellt werden können. Bestrahlte Trockenfrüchte können in der Regel leicht erkannt werden, da unbestrahlte Proben keinerlei ESR-Spektrum geben, während bestrahlte Proben ein partiell aufgelöstes Spektrum zeigen, das durch Zuckerradikale hervorgerufen wird. Interessanterweise ist die Struktur der Spektren unterschiedlich. Bei den untersuchten Fruchtarten wurden drei verschiedene Spektrentypen gefunden. Bei Nußschalen ist der eindeutige Nachweis einer γ-Bestrahlung durch das Auftreten zweier zusätzlicher Linien im ESR-Spektrum gegeben. Auch für diese Lebensmittelgruppe wird nach Abschluß eines z.Z. laufenden Ringversuches eine Routinemethode formuliert werden. Die wahrscheinlich durch die Bildung von Cellulose-Radikalen hervorgerufenen Signale in den ESR-Spektren bestrahlter Nußschalen können bei geeigneter Einstellung des Meßgerätes auch bei frischem Obst und einigen Gewürzen beobachtet und zum Nachweis herangezogen werden. Die Mehrzahl der untersuchten bestrahlten Gewürze und Kräuter zeigte diese Linien jedoch nicht, so daß in diesen Fällen mit Hilfe der ESR kein Nachweis der Bestrahlung erfolgen konnte.
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 269-277 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Zink ; Phytat ; mikrobielle Phytase ; Zink-Absorption ; Zink-Status ; Zinc ; phytate ; microbial phytase ; zinc-absorption ; zinc-status
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A study of 35 (5 × 7) male, individually housed, albino rats (initial average weight=50 g) was undertaken to examine the effect of an addition of microbial phytase to a diet containing phytate on the availability of zinc. The rats were fed a semisynthetic diet based of egg white and cornstarch over a 3-week period. All diets were supplemented with 20 mg Zn/kg. Group I (control) was fed the basal diet free of phytic acid (PA) and phytase. By replacing cornstarch by Na-phytate (0.5% in group II and 1.0% group III), molar phytate: Zn ratios of 25 and 50:1 were obtained, respectively. In groups IV (0.5% PA) and V (1.0% PA) 1000 U of microbial phytase were added. A molar phytate: Zn ratio of 25 (group II) and 50:1 (group III) resulted in a dose-dependent depression of growth and feed efficiency ratio. These negative effects of the addition of PA could be completely counteracted by the supplementation of 1000 U of phytase in group IV and partially so in group V. Similarly, the apparent absorption and retention of Zn, Zn-concentration in femur and testes and different Zn-status-parameters in plasma (Zn-concentration, percent unsaturated plasma-Zn binding capacity, activity of alkaline phosphatase) were improved by adding 1000 U microbial phytase/kg diet. The present study shows that an addition of microbial phytase to phytate-rich diets considerably improves the availability of Zn in growing rats.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem 3wöchigen Stoffwechselexperiment mit 35 (5 × 7) männlichen, einzeln gehaltenen Albinoratten (Anfangsmasse 50 g) wurde geprüft, ob eine Zulage an mikrobieller Phytase die Bioverfügbarkeit von Zink aus einer phytathaltigen Diät beeinflußt. Den Ratten wurde eine halbsynthetische Diät auf der Basis von Eiklarprotein und Maisstärke verabreicht, die mit 20 mg Zn/kg Diät supplementiert wurde. Die Kontrollgruppe (Gruppe I) erhielt die phytat- und phytasefreie Basisdiät. Durch teilweisen Austausch der Maisstärke durch 0,5% (Gruppe II) bzw. 1,0% Phytat (Gruppe III) als Na-Phytat wurden PA: Zn-Quotienten von 25 bzw. 50:1 eingestellt. In den Gruppen IV (0,5% PA) und V (1,0% PA) wurden jeweils 1000 U Phytase/kg Diätzugelegt. Die Zulage des Na-Phytats führte zu einer dosisabhängigen Depression des Wachstums sowie zu einer Verschlechterung der Futterverwertung in den Gruppen II und III. Diese Effekte wurden durch die Zulage von 1000 U Phytase/kg Diät vollständig (Gruppe IV) bzw. teilweise (Gruppe V) kompensiert. Ebenso wurden die scheinbare Absorption und Retention des Zinks, die Zn-Konzentration in Femur und Testes sowie verschiedene Zn-Statusparameter in Plasma (Zn-Konzentration, freie Zn-Bindungskapazität, Aktivität der Alkalischen Phosphatase) durch die Phytasesupplementierung positiv beeinflußt. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung konnte gezeigt werden, daß bei der wachsenden Ratte durch eine Zulage mikrobieller Phytase die Bioverfügbarkeit des Zinks in phytatreichen Diäten sehr deutlich gesteigert werden kann.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 11 (1992), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A germination stimulant, alectrol, for the seeds of the angiospermous root parasites Alectra vogelii Benth. and Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke has been isolated from root exudates of its genuine host plant Vigna unguiculata Walp cv Saunders Upright. Its spectroscopic data lead to a chemical structure closely related to (+)-strigol. The compound is more active than strigol in stimulating seeds of the respective parasites, Alectra vogelii and Striga gesnerioides.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 11 (1992), S. 85-89 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Paclobutrazol [(2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan3-ol], formulated as GFU 265, applied at 100, 250, and 500 mg plant−1 to the soil of container-grown sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia], suppressed plant weight, stem height, leaf size, and total leaf area. At the 500-mg dosage, total plant dry weight was reduced by 61%, stem height by 74%, and both leaf biomass and area by 80%, as compared to control plants. All paclobutrazol dosages induced fibrous root thickening and increased their soluble sugar and starch content. Fresh root biomass was 14 to 40% higher and root:shoot ratios were increased three- to sixfold for treated plants. Paclobutrazol applications of 250 and 500 mg plant−1 reduced leaf photosynthetic rate, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase activity, total nonstructural carbohydrates, and dark respiration 70 to 80% of the control plants. Reductions of leaf photosynthetic rate, carboxylase activity, and photosynthate by paclobutrazol contributed to biomass reduction in treated sweet orange.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 11 (1992), S. 91-98 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A standard bioassay for the evaluation of the biological activity of potential germination stimulants for seeds of parasitic weeds has been designed by carefully reconsidering all steps of a literature procedure. Addition of a surfactant to the solution for sterilization of the seeds gave a considerable reduction of contamination during the conditioning and stimulation process. Furthermore, it was shown that the water/seed ratio during conditioning affects the germination results. For the seed conditioning and stimulation process, the “sandwich” technique was introduced, whereby the seeds were placed between two layers of glass fiber filter paper discs. The standardized bioassay has been used for the evaluation of the stimulatory activity of numerous (new) synthetic analogues of strigol (the natural germination stimulant). It is essential to include a reference compound—GR24, an analogue of strigol, is recommended—in every test series, because it was observed that, although a standard bioassay was used, germination percentages obtained with GR24 solutions vary from test to test. For seeds of Striga hermonthica, seasonal effects were found in the germination percentages obtained with GR24 as stimulant. Test results with strigol analogues having modifications in ring D reveal that structural variations in this part of the molecule have dramatic effects on the biological activity of strigol analogues.
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Foliar applications of the plant growth regulators (PGRs) flurprimidol and mefluidide suppressed shoot elongation and regrowth and enhanced shoot injury caused by selected herbicides in Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L.). Flurprimidol stimulated movement of 14C-sucrose from leaves to roots. However, the stimulation was nullified when glyphosate, chlorsulfuron, or clopyralid was applied to foliage 1 week after application of the PGR. Herbicide-induced root injury was not enhanced by PGR application but these PGRs may be useful in decreasing weed competition among crops not similarly inhibited.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 11 (1992), S. 119-123 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This report investigates physical changes associated with the short-term inhibition of root elongation in intact maize seedlings (Zea mays L. vs. Halamish) by exogenous auxin. Movement of root tips was assayed by video microscopy in control roots, roots grown for 45 min in 10−6 M indole3-acetic acid (IAA), or roots chilled for 3 min at 11°C. IAA and chilling treatments similarly reduced root elongation rates (from 29 ± 6 μm min−1 to 6 ± 2 μm min−1). Initial rates of root tip contraction induced by 300 mOsmol mannitol were used to calculate tissue contractibility values. These allowed a comparison of effects of IAA and chilling treatments on apparent rates of water transport out of the root tip tissues. Chilling treatment reduced root tip contractibility by 66%, whereas IAA had much less effect (26% reduction). Roots were also exposed to an osmotic jump treatment; the initial osmotically induced increase in elongation rate was used to determine root tip extensibility values. Both IAA and chilling treatments reduced root tip extensibilities by 57%. Inhibition of wall-yielding properties, rather than hydraulic limitations, appeared to be primarily associated with inhibition of intact root tip elongation by exogenous IAA.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 11 (1992), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Treatment with dimethipin (2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4-dithiin 1,1,4,4 tetroxide) inhibited the increase in cellulase activity and decrease in breakstrength associated with the normal course of abscission in Coleus. Application of the surfactant UBI-1126 (Emery OAL 20 in isopropyl alcohol) increased cellulase activity and accelerated the process of abscission in Coleus expiants within 24 h of application. Cellulase activity was localized histochemically at the electron microscopic level in surfactant-treated tissue. The enzyme activity was localized primarily in the cell wall, middle lamella, and paramural bodies of abscission zone cells.
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    ISSN: 1435-8107
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of some dicarboxylic acid monoesters on growth, chlorophyll content, chlorophyllase (EC 3.1.1.14), and total peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7.) activities was examined in detached and intact leaves of maize (Zea mays) plants grown in a greenhouse. The β-monomethyl ester of itaconic acid (MEIA) at 1250 ppm had no effect on growth. However, application of the monoethyl ester of succinic (MESA) and monoethyl ester of adipic (MEAdA) acids (1250 ppm) resulted in an increased leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaves and stems. These compounds retarded chlorophyll degradation in both detached and intact leaves. Chlorophyllase activity of the control and treated leaves was measured and related to chlorophyll content. Delaying of senescence by treatment with monoesters resulted in greater chlorophyll and protein content, compared with the control. However, the chlorophyllase activity/chlorophylla ratio in the treated plants decreased. Total peroxidase activity was higher in senescent leaves, but all treatments inhibited the increase of this enzyme activity. Prolonged carbon assimilative activity and enhanced leaf water use efficiency in treated plants was noted.
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    Journal of plant growth regulation 11 (1992), S. 227-231 
    ISSN: 1435-8107
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pyracantha (Pyracantha coccinea M. J. Roem. “Lalandei”) plants were treated with uniconazole at 0.5 mg ai container−1 as a medium drench, 150 mg ai L−1 as a foliar spray, or left untreated. Plants from all treatments were placed under three water regimes: drought acclimated, nonacclimated and later exposed to drought, or nonstressed. Acclimated plants were conditioned by seven 4-day stress cycles (water withheld), while nonacclimated were well watered prior to a single 4-day stress cycle at the same time as the seventh drought cycle of acclimated plants. Nonstressed plants were well watered throughout the study. Nonstressed plants had higher leaf water potentials and leaf conductances than acclimated and nonacclimated plants, and transpiration rates were higher in nonacclimated than acclimated plants. Uniconazole did not affect leaf water potential, leaf conductance, or transpiration rate. Acclimated plants had smaller leaf areas and leaf, stem, and root dry weights than nonacclimated or nonstressed plants. Plants drenched with uniconazole had the lowest stem and root dry weights. Acclimated plants also contained higher N concentrations than nonacclimated or nonstressed plants, and higher P concentrations than nonacclimated plants. Uniconazole medium drench treatments increased levels of Mn and P. Calcium concentration was increased in plants receiving either medium drench or foliar applications.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 3-10 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This is an analysis of the shift in educational emphasis at the first state supported Black institution of higher education in Louisiana during its first three decades. The national emphasis on Agricultural and Mechanical training with the expanded Morrill Act of 1890 was embraced by the University. Thus it qualified and received the Land Grant funding and developed a progressive, well-attended program in Agriculture and Mechanical Arts. This article closely reviews and describes its inner workings, facilities, curriculum, and funding.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 15-21 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract As an institution serving “the youth of Maryland of the colored race,” the evolution of Princess Anne Academy as a land grant school depicts the problems and successes of the early black land grant schools of the South. It responded to the prevailing economic and social forces of its time. Despite the rhetoric of the federal 1890 Land Grant Act, Princess Anne Academy, like other 1890 schools, did not enjoy the equal financial support accorded the 1862 schools. A hostile community and an indifferent legislature prevented Princess Anne Academy from actively participating in the educational life on the Eastern Shore.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 22-30 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since the turn of the century, the number of small-scale farmers in the U.S. and farmlands they owned have declined very sharply (structural change). Although the decrease in number is generally true for both white and Black farm operators, it has been more significant for Blackfarm operators than whites. The declining trend in the number of Blackfarm operators in the country is derived from individual state experiences that resulted from a combination of various political and economic factors. Using the census of agriculture data from 1900 to 1987, this paper gives a brief historical overview of Black farm operators in Maryland. The census data for the study period shows that at their peak number in 1910, there were 6,382 Blackfarmers in the state of Maryland. However, by 1987, only 371 of that number remained, representing a loss of 94 percent since 1910. According to the 1987 census data almost all Black operated farms in Maryland were not only small-scale but also in the lower sales class, less than $20,000 a year. Their household net family income is below that of non-metropolitan median household income. This concentration of Blacks in the lower economic class of farm operators in the state, for the most part, is closely related to their resource endowments, patterns of tenure, type of farm enterprises, and government farm programs and policies. On the average, Blackfarmers in Maryland have less land, capital and management skills than their white counterparts. Government policies and programs had, and continue to have, a devastating effect on Maryland Black farmers because they were tied to productive resources rather than farm income needs. Under conditions of low income, years of neglect by federal and state programs and policies, and limited resources Blackfarmers were unable to adopt capital intensive production practices and expand their farm operations. This resulted in most of them leaving agriculture, in the past and today, at a faster rate than whites. To avert or at least lessen the unfortunate situation of Black farm operators, projections and possible solutions are offered. This includes how the 1890 Land-Grant institutions because of their tradition, expertise and experience of research, teaching and outreach can take the leadership role in shaping the future direction of these farmers and their operations.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 1-2 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Debate over the curricula of Black colleges and universities dates back to before the turn of the century and involved such noted Black leaders as Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois. The 1890 Land-Grant Colleges eventually established in 17 southern and border states were created to provide institutions for the teaching of the agricultural and mechanical arts to African-Americans. However, due to their being chronically underfunded and understaffed during the early decades of their existence, they focused mainly on teacher training and to a large extent became state normal schools or teacher colleges for Blacks. I argue that the improvements in public education of southern Blacks at the primary and secondary levels during the 1920s and 1930s induced many graduates of the 1890 institutions to become teachers. At the same time the growing numbers and higher quality of these individuals lead to an increase in the returns to time spent in school and induced increasing numbers of Black parents to send their children to school. During the 1930s expenditures per pupil in Black public schools increased, as did the real wages of Black teachers, while average classroom size fell. At the same time both literacy and school attendance of southern Blacks rose. In no small part these changes were due to 1890 colleges and their students.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 51-58 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This article concentrates on 1890 land-grant colleges' and universities' contributions to rural development in 16 southern and border states. The author contends that lifting rural dwellens out of ignorance and poverty has been a major objective of 1890 institutions. During the early years the 1890s sent out change-agents to encourage rural dwellers to improve their standard of living through education and self-help programs. These agents went into rural communities and taught farm families to raise better crops and livestock; improve their homes, schools, and community life; and despite inadequate funding of teaching, research, and extension at these schools, the 1890 schools made significant contributions to rural development. Moreover, the writer contends that the 1890 schools are not outmoded, but essential to rural development and to the education of American citizens during the rest of the 1990s and into the 21st century.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 67-79 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract New communication technologies such as the microcomputer, videotex/teletext systems, the videocassette recorder, and satellite receiving dishes have been available to farmers since the early 1980s. This longitudinal study examines ethical issues associated with the impact that differential patterns of adoption and use of these technologies have had on inequalities among farmers from 1982 to 1989. The results demonstrate a strong adoption and use bias toward larger scale farmers who already have well-developed skills for handling information. This bias is especially strong for microcomputer and videotex/teletext systems, and it isincreasing over time. Although the same farmers are not adopting all communication innovations, there is a strong tendency toward the already information-rich making the most use of the innovations they adopt. The article concludes with several recommendations that would help minimize some of these information inequalities.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 103-103 
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 3-3 
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 11-19 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Each of four sections in this paper sketches the philosophical problems associated with a different dimension of sustainability. The untitled introductory section surveys the oft-noted discrepancies between different notions of sustainability, and notes that one element of the ambiguity relates to the different points of view taken by a participant in a system and a detached observer of the system. The second section, “Sustainability as a System Describing Concept,” examines epistemological puzzles that arise when one attempts to assess the truth or falsity of claims that attribute sustainability or non-sustainability. In particular, such claims generally presume bounded systems, but boundary conditions are value-laden. The third section, “Sustainability as a Goal Prescribing Concept,” examines puzzles that arise in attempting to define sustainability in normative terms. In particular, the question of whether sustainability is an intrinsic or instrumental value is examined. The final section, “Sustainability and Bliss,” offers an analysis of the moral responsibilities that human beings have, given the fact that knowledge of conditions for achieving sustainability can never be complete.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 81-89 
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 31-43 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Recent advances in molecular genetics, plant physiology, and biochemistry have opened up the new biotechnology of herbicide resistant crops (HRCs). Herbicide resistant crops have been characterized as the solution for many environmental problems associated with modern crop production, being described as powerful tools for farmers that may increase production options. We are concerned that these releases are occurring in the absence of forethought about their impact on agroecosystems, the broader landscape, and the rural and urban economies and cultures. Many of the benefits and risks associated with HRCs are not apparent to either the public, farmers, policy makers, or the scientific community. HRC technology raises moral issues in three areas: our duties toward the natural environment; our political and economic responsibilities to each other; and our communal character as one generation among many. We also need a rational basis on which to make evaluations of this new biotechnology. The technical aspects of their release require a logical guide to the ecological, environmental, and biological effects the release might have in sustainable agroecosystems. The initial step should include an assessment of the intrinsic qualities of the crop, the herbicide, and the resistance mechanisms. The second step should include an assessment of effects associated with population ecology, population genetics, environmental degradation, consumer health, and farm economic viability due to the resistant crop-herbicide pair. Herbicides have been used in crop production for nearly a half a century. There has been a tremendous increase in the use of these chemicals in that time. Society has seen the use of these chemicals not only help to feed many people, but also to bring costs not anticipated before the introduction of the chemicals. We need to draw on that long history of use and learn the lessons it can provide us as we approach the introduction and commercialization of the next generation of weed control technology, herbicide resistant crops. We also need to reflect on the lessons we missed during that half century because we spend more time imagining the possible benefits that would come from the technology than scrutinizing the possible harm.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 48-57 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Three views of sustainability are juxtaposed with four views about who the members of the moral community are. These provide points of contact for understanding the moral issues in sustainability. Attention is drawn to the preferred epistemic methods of the differing factions arguing for sustainability. Criteria for defining membership in the moral community are explored; rationality and capacity for pain are rejected as consistent criteria. The criterion of having interests is shown to be most coherent for explaining why all living humans belong to the moral community. This criterion allows inclusion of future generations as well, and extends to animals and plants membership in the moral community. Inferences are drawn that food sufficiency advocates hold only presently living persons to be full-fledged members of the moral community, but that this view is internally inconsistent. Stewards should agree that all living things are members of the moral community. A distinction between welfare interests and ulterior interests allows the steward to include the aims of those who argue for sustainability as community without committing some of their errors. Community advocates argue that essential values and virtues will be lost is the culture of agriculture is transformed. I argue that community advocates may fail to pass on our most important virtue — justice — without such a transformation.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 77-77 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 11-14 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Shrinking enrollments in the agricultural programs of the 1890 schools can be partly explained by negative attitudes of Blacks toward agriculture. This attitude has roots in the historical experiences of African Americans and has negative implications for the agricultural programs of the 1890 schools. A collection of data from a sample of Black Louisiana Farmers lends credence to the claim that Black Farmers are not encouraging their children to go into farming. To counter the impact on the 1890 schools, an active recruiting program should be undertaken, partly to show Black students that career openings in various agricultural fields offer excellent opportunities for Black students. These fields extend beyond the traditional farmgate.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 38-50 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract South Carolina State College was founded in 1896. As one of the Black institutions taking advantage of the Second Morrill Act of 1890, a large portion of the college's limited financial resources, its energies, and its programs were devoted to training students in agriculture, home economics, vocational trades, and in the education of teachers. These curriculums were considered appropriate for young Black men and women in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. When the civil rights movement began to challenge segregation in education in South Carolina in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the state's white leaders responded quickly and effectively by creating graduate and law programs at State College. To preserve the racial status quo and segregation in education, Governor James F. Byrnes subsequently raised funds, including one-half million dollars from the Rockefeller sponsored General Education Board, to improve long neglected facilities at State College. A sizable portion of the funds were devoted to the agricultural program. While the defense of “separate but equal” education by Byrnes and others ultimately failed, the changes fostered at State College did dramatically improve the institution in the 1950s and 1960s and brought a shift in its mission away from its traditional focus on rural and agricultural education for Black youngsters. By 1966, the college was nominally integrated. Paradoxically, in 1971 with enrollments declining and fewer students interested in pursuing agriculture as away of life, the agriculture program was discontinued.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 67-71 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In theory Black land grant (BLG) institutions offer a distinctive approach to agricultural assistance. An approach that is potentially sensitive to the smallholder environmental management and limited resource concerns faced by many Third World farmers attempting to meet food security and nutritional needs. Moreover, BLG approaches to agricultural assistance are characterized by sensitivities to the social, political, and cultural contexts in which food production and distribution take place. Yet these remain subjugated approaches within a foreign policy milieu that continues to privilege the more scientistic, technical, and managerial approaches to agricultural assistance historically taken by white land grant (WLG) institutions. This paper uses information gathered from informants in the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID), BLG, and WLG institutions, as well as policy and program documents from these institutions to examine how the organization of BLG institutions within AID's Title XII program has affected their potential role in agricultural assistance in the Third World.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 59-66 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this paper has been to focus on two aspects of development—agricultural production in the small central African country of Rwanda, and the role of 1890 Land-Grant institutions in international development. While a discussion of female farmers in the Ruhengeri Prefecture of Rwanda represents the primary focus of this paper, the second focus is the means by which this and other such research is possible. The findings from the Rwandan study are in keeping with those found in other African countries, in that a struggle exists to produce sufficient quantities of food to sustain an ever increasing population. For Rwanda, constraints to production include not only severe over-population, but environmental conditions and gender bias as well. In arriving at potential solutions to these problems, this paper takes the position that one viable means of addressing the problem is to focus development efforts on the female farmer. Traditional thinking and behavior have excluded women from the planning and implementation of development activities, focussing instead on often less productive males. However, a survey of female farmers (N=192) in the Ruhengeri region of Rwanda, provides insight into the plight of agriculture from the female perspective. As a result, recommendations are offered for improving agricultural production that aim at better utilizing existing high levels of labor contributed by the female farmer. Recommendations include 1) encouraging families to limit the size of their family through family planning, 2) implementing soil erosion techniques that consider conditions specific to Rwanda, and feasible for female application, and 3) directing assistance to women away from household related activities to those related to farming.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 1-3 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 54-59 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this personal essay, subtitled “A jaundiced view of journalism after 30 years in the trenches,” the author discusses the ethics challenges too often involved in the relationships between farm magazines and advertisers. Collusion between advertisers and editors is a clear and present danger, particularly in times when publications are struggling economically. Yet a more important question relates to agricultural journalists' collective failure to report on the underlying structural changes in agriculture and the broader society.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 38-53 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The animal rights movement is a serious challenge to current agricultural practices. Agriculture's response, in part, depends on how successfully it can mobilize its natural constituency, farmers. However, theories of the mainstream press suggest that the mainstream press generally covers events, rarely reports or adopts the perspective of alternative movements, rarely includes mobilizing information, and suggests that routine social structures can, should, and will contain the movement. Hence, current theory indicates that the mainstream press does not act to mobilize the general public. However, very little research has examined how specialized presses, such as the farm press, respond to movements. The study reported here was based on an analysis of 406 articles from ten farm magazines. The findings suggest that the farm press acted more as an advocacy press than does the mainstream press. Collectively, the farm press articles included as many positions pieces and stories explaining animal rights as an issue as they did event stories. The articles reported, and countered, the positions of the animal rights movement; suggested that routine social structures might not contain the animal rights movement; called for agriculture to mobilize; and included specific recommendations concerning how agriculture should mobilize.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 72-78 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The shared hopes of farm ownership in America motivated many Black farmers and educators during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Although an independent Black yeomanry was not to be, and a host of factors have combined to remove Black Americans from farming, the quest has not been a vain one. Black land-grant institutions continue to redefine their mission in a changing world and in the process maintain their relevancy.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 78-78 
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 20-30 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract American agricultural history, literature, and thought reveal historical circumstances that have often been unfavorable to the development of a sustainable agriculture in the United States. Further critical examination of these historical and cultural roots reveals that sustainable agriculture is an evolving concept that can be traced to the tradition of agrarian idealism, scientific and organic agriculture, and the recent history of ecological ideas, beginning with the “Dust Bowl” and extending to the present.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 90-90 
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 4-11 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper is an evaluation of the sociological significance of the development and adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. The concept of “appropriationism” is introduced as a means of determining whether or not sustainable agriculture is an expression of class antagonisms in U. S. agriculture. “Appropriationism” is the process by which corporate agribusiness replaces natural processes with industrial products. A comparison of responses to farm crisis in the late 19th century and in the 1980s is employed as a heuristic device to determine the contemporary sociological significance of sustainable agriculture. Based on past experience and changes in key institutions over the past century, it is concluded that the development of sustainable agricultural practices will not significantly challenge the economic prerogatives of agribusiness and that the long-term process of the industrial appropriation of natural processes in agriculture will continue into the 21st century.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 58-63 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper offers a preliminary assessment of the reactions of public agricultural researchers to three terms used currently in the debate surrounding reduced input farming systems: organic, alternative, and sustainable agriculture. It is argued that these terms have been appropriated by the land grant system and their critical content removed to make them palatable to more mainstream agricultural researchers. A national sample of agricultural production researchers is explored, and disciplinary differences in attitudes toward the three terms are assessed. We conclude that sustainable and alternative agriculture do appear acceptable to the mainstream of production researchers, consistent with the hypothesis that they have been appropriated by the land grant system. Moreover, reasons why organic agriculture remains unacceptable are suggested.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 80-85 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Economic pressures and information policy changes in the public and private sectors are influencing the kinds, amounts, and availability of information to agricultural producers. This analysis identifies some of the major changes, examines their effects, identifies some issues of equity, and poses questions for further study. The changes are found to have special negative effects on producers with smaller operations, fewer financial resources, lower levels of formal education, remote locations, specialized enterprises, and low input enterprises.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 1-3 
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 86-94 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Third World farmers are faced with development projects that foster one-way information flows from the government or organization to the farmers, despite the scholarly and practical interest in participatory development models. This article discusses why development projects do not better support power-sharing and proposes introducing sensemaking methodology into the planning and evaluation stages of agricultural development projects. Participation has been difficult to operationalize for many reasons including that communication models used in development are based on the transmission model of communication in which information is envisioned as a thing external to people and communication is the movement of that information from the source to the audience. Sense-making methodology, however, is based on a constructing model of communication in which information is conceptualized not as external to people but a result of their observing and communicating activity. Communication is a constructing process. And the “audience” is not the target for messages but active participants in creating information.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 82-85 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This report examines the role of 1890 land-grant institutions and Tuskegee University in international research and curriculum development. It discusses the need for internationalizing curricula and the benefits and costs for 1890 institutions. Two particular strategies for infusing global perspectives using a small land-grant university as a case-study are presented. Two international projects served as a vehicle for enhancing faculty teaching, research and service capabilities.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 94-96 
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 17-26 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses two paradigms of risk communication that guide strategies for communicating food safety issues. Built on the principles of social utility and paternalism, the first paradigm heavily relies on science and technical experts to determine food safety regulations and policies. Risk communication, in this context, is a unidirectional process by which experts from the industry or government regulatory agencies inform or alert potentially affected publics about the hazards they face and the protective actions they can take. However, public trust and confidence in government and industry have considerably declined. Experts are being questioned about the objectivity of their assessments of risks. Policy makers are being challenged on such risk management decisions as tolerance guidelines, food labeling laws, and emergency warning systems. Concomitantly, some segments of the public, especially consumer advocates and environmental groups, are demanding increased input into the decision making process as they call for the recognition of lay perceptions and interpretations of risk as a legitimate counterpart to technically-assessed risk. Hence, instead of the linear, persuasion-oriented communication process, there are evolving efforts to shape risk communication into a more dialogical, interactive, and democratic exchange of information among different stakeholders (i.e., technical experts, government policy makers, industry, interest groups, and the general public). Reflecting a more Jeffersonian approach, this second paradigm argues that decisions about food safety are so complex and multi-dimensional that they must not be left to experts alone. However, both paradigms present ethical dilemmas. Determining the risks and relative safety of foods is not a totally objective and concise process. Since it involves social, economic, political, and personal values, how can the public not be involved in the exchange of ideas and information concerning food risks and safety? On the other hand, can we afford to let public opinion govern decisions pertaining to food risks and safety without consideration for the merits of scientific risk assessment? This paper raises questions regarding some assumptions of these two risk communication paradigms, and explores and discusses some of the salient ethical questions inherent in each framework.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 60-66 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Public perception of agriculture and environmental issues are influenced by mass media reporting. Journalists are concerned about ethics, but typically do not consider the ethical dimensions of their emphases on objectivity and event reporting. These leave the mass media particularly vulnerable to manipulation through staged pseudo events, especially in topic areas such as agriculture and the environment, where reporters are likely to have limited expertise. Objectivity then may be used as a defensive cover. Journalists need to be more wary in reporting staged events designed just for media attention and to recognize the limitations of objectivity in their efforts to present balanced coverage of issues related to agriculture and the environment.
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    Notes: Abstract This paper looks at the languages of empowerment and control as they are expressed by authors writing about “indigenous knowledge.” We performed a content analysis on CIKARD News, a newsletter dealing with the concept of indigenous knowledge. This concept has become increasingly prominent in the discourse of alternative development, addressing issues of ecological sustainability and the empowerment of the rural poor. However, mediated by institutions that perpetuate global and local power asymmetries, the empowering potential of indigenous knowledge may be bypassed. Instead, officials, researchers, and practitioners may utilize this knowledge for their own perceived ends, however good their intentions. In addition, there is already evidence that an indigenous knowledge approach is seen by major agencies as beneficial for integrating poorer populations into the global economy. Our analysis suggests that tensions persist among and within the writings of these authors between the desire to empower and the tendency for development to control rural populations.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 4-10 
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    Notes: Abstract The concept of diversity is at the center of environmental and social movements. This paper discusses four aspects of diversity related to agriculture: biological, social, cultural, and product and suggests that viewing diversity solely as difference skirts the issues of redistribution of power and shifting social relations. Ecofeminist conceptions of diversity are discussed with a focus on seeds, forests, and sustainable agriculture. Women's activities at the grassroots level provides new insights and pathways to diversity that combine social, agricultural, and biological issues.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 58-70 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Extractive reserves, usually associated with the survival of rubber tappers in the Brazilian tropics, have close parallels elsewhere, including temperate zones. This research isolates the distinctive features of recent Amazonian reserves, illustrates parallel features in a fifty year-old management experiment in the United States, and explores the advantages extractive reserves offer land reformers interested not only in social equity and efficiency but in biological conservation. Extractive reserves stand apart from traditional land reforms in their innovative use of common property, a tenure mode well adapted to sustainable management of marginal lands.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 1-3 
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 12-28 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Discussions of the desirability and ethical justifiability of sustainable agriculture are frequently impeded, if not derailed by the variety of meanings attached to the term “sustainable.” This paper suggests a taxonomy of different notions of sustainability distinguishing between agricultural product and process sustainability, in both static and dynamic forms, pursued by reductive (extractive), compensatory, regenerative, and induced homeostasis strategies. The discussion then goes on to argue that ethics demand sustainable agriculture. Finally the paper tries to identify just which types of sustainable agriculture will meet the ethical demands. I conclude with reasons for living sustainably in the present, as opposed to trying to orient agriculture by reference to the rights of future generations.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 76-77 
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 72-76 
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 79-81 
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 86-94 
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 4-16 
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    Notes: Abstract Too often, advocates of domain-specific belief systems overlook the implications of their beliefs when choosing communications technologies and strategies, although they rarely overlook the importance of content. This essay argues that both environmentalism and sustainable agriculture, as systems of belief, favor certain strategies of generating and distributing information over others; that is, the essay argues that both the content and form of communications imply certain value preferences, hence both are subject to value-relevant choices. An additional purpose of the essay is to set a context for this special edition of Agriculture and Human Values. Collectively the articles in this edition discuss a wide variety of issues, including but not limited to questions connected to information generation, access to information and information technologies, and the value systems conveyed by communications vehicles, including what is conveyed and different discussions of what should be conveyed. This essay looks at the importance of four sets of domain-specific value systems (environmentalism, sustainable agriculture, and the conventionalism counters to both of these) for two different sets of value systems connected to information generation, and further discusses each of these value sets in connection to choosing asymmetrical or symmetrical communications. It is hoped that this discussion of the flow of information, from generation to distribution, will provide a context for reading the edition as a whole.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 27-37 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Communication cannot be overlooked as a component of sustainable agriculture; theoretical perspectives from communication science, such as coorientation and information systems analysis, can suggest ways to help improve the chances for sustainability, as can attention to specific types of communication. Communicationabout sustainable agriculture, which creates political-economic and social environments that promote development of sustainable systems, must more clearly define sustainability and what is to be sustained and must help producers and the public “think agroecologically.” Communicationof sustainable agriculture, which creates and disseminates information about how to farm and consume sustainably, must expand the standards for what constitues valid information by increasing farmer participation in production research and easing farmer access to media to disseminate on-farm trial findings.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 44-57 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Critics have challenged agricultural scientists to address concerns for environmental quality, farm size and structure, international justice, and the health and welfare of consumers and farm labor in research planning. The goal of this research was to determine what is and what could be done to consider value-laden knowledge relevant to these concerns in research planning. Descriptions of a state agricultural experiment station and of a hierarchy of inquiry that included applied systems analysis and reductionist approaches to science revealed the goal-seeking and expert-centered nature of agricultural research. Value-laden and value-free knowledge of agricultural scientists and administrators were heavily represented in broad research goals such as increased productivity and efficiency. In addition, these goals were not evaluated at the levels of inquiry typically practiced by agricultural scientists. A soft systems methodology provided a more holistic level of inquiry that could facilitate consideration of value-laden and value-free knowledge of world views more diverse than those of agricultural scientists and administrators. Scientists could function as co-learners with other participants to identify issues and to conceptualize systems that are relevant to improving research planning. Moreover, researching the practice of soft systems offers opportunities for exploring systems ideas and holistic value theory in relation to agricultural research.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 71-80 
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    Notes: Abstract Theological literacy is an important asset in the development of a comprehensive agricultural ethic and philosophy. Four areas are delimited in which theological reflection is relevant for agricultural study.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 29-35 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A short time ago the idea of sustainable agriculture was accepted only at the extreme margins of the U. S. agricultural systems. Although sustainability has now become a major theme of many U. S. agricultural groups, there remains much under-explored terrain in the meaning of sustainable agriculture. A thorough examination of who and what we want to sustain and how we can sustain them is critical if sustainable agriculture is to be a practical improvement over conventional agriculture. In order to begin this effort, this article analyzes contemporary sustainable agriculture discourse and suggests alternatives for reconceptualizing sustainable agriculture. In particular we look at three arenas of sustainable discourse—family farm/rural community preservation, food safety, and agricultural science—and address issues of class, race/ethnicity, and gender found in current sustainability positions. We find that while advocates of sustainability have succeeded in pushing agricultural researchers and policy makers to address environmental issues, we need to go much farther both in theory and practice in order to deal with equally important issues of social equity.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 36-47 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the ancient Judeo-Christian worldview to provide a link between individual and societal attitudes and sustainable human welfare. This “moral ecology” links the welfare of the entire created order to human justice, or right living. Environmental degradation, poverty, and oppression all stem from humans grasping for control. To examine how these attitudes may affect material human welfare the paper develops the concept of natural systems as natural multiproduct factories, showing how they interact with other productive resources to improve human material well-being. Maintaining or increasing such well-being depends upon creating a balance between these natural factories and human-derived inputs within a spatial context. Achieving balance, as well as overall human welfare, is shown ultimately to depend upon the attitudes of people toward one another and toward the rest of creation, indicating that the basic Hebrew perspective under girding western civilization has much to offer as a frame of analysis.
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    Agriculture and human values 9 (1992), S. 64-71 
    ISSN: 1572-8366
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The NeoSynthesis Research Centre (NSRC) was organized to promote sustainable agriculture and resource conservation in the island nation of Sri Lanka. Staffed by people with varied life and cultural backgrounds, NSRC has attempted to develop frameworks or ways of understanding agriculture from more than a single perspective. It is assumed that even a partial understanding of agriculture requires many perspectives because no single set of opinions or discourse based upon a narrow range of life experiences can account for the life processes that capture and process energy through many species,H. Sapiens included. NSRC participants are expected to relate their respective disciplinary paradigms toward a synthetic approach of resource management to be demonstrated under specific environmental and social conditions. Using ecological and energetic perspectives as baseline conceptual frameworks, both scientific and non-scientific descriptions have been incorporated to provide greater understanding of the functioning of Sri Lanka's living communities. Sustainability is not promoted through sound empirical description alone. Broad community participation is required if resource and management is to be modified in any significant way. The notion of sustainability is again translated into a more political and policy language and the forums involved include the public media, administrative and legislative branches of the national government, and the civil service. Is Sri Lanka on a collision course with disaster because of heavy population pressure and irresponsible and unwise landscape management? From experiences over the past 11 years at the NSRC, the steps toward sustainability seem best cast in terms of a discovery and learning process rather than something to be invented in the abstract.
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 19-24 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungserhebung ; Lebensmittelverzehr ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; jahreszeitliche Unterschiede ; Dietary survey ; food intake ; nutrient intake ; seasonal variations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Seven-day food records of the MONICA project Augsburg dietary survey, which were collected between October 1984 and May 1985 in 899 men aged 45–64 years, were used to analyse seasonal variations. Variations could be found in several food groups, but nutrient intake was nearly the same in autumn, winter and spring — with the exceptions of total fibre and alcohol.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anhand von 899 Sieben-Tage-Ernährungsprotokollen, die in der Ernährungserhebung des MONICA-Projektes Augsburg an Männern zwischen 45 und 64 Jahren von Oktober 1984 bis Mai 1985 erhoben wurden, wurden saisonale Schwankungen im Ernährungsverhalten untersucht. Während sich bei mehreren Lebensmittelgruppen deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den Jahreszeiten zeigten, traten Unterschiede in der Nährstoffzufuhr — außer bei Ballaststoffen und Alkohol — nur in ernährungsphysiologisch unbedeutenden Größenordnungen auf.
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 25-39 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Aspartam ; Cyclamat ; Saccharin ; Süßstoff ; Ernährung ; Aspartame ; cyclamate ; saccharin ; sweetener ; diet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The dietary intakte of aspartame, cyclamate, and saccharin was evaluated in Germany (FRG) in 1988/89. In the first part of the study the sweetener intake was evaluated in a representative sample of the population. Complete 24-h records of the amount and type of all foods and drinks consumed were obtained from 2,291 individuals. The total daily intake was calculated for each person from the sweetener content of each product and was expressed in mg/kg body weight (bw). 35.9 % of the participants ingested one or more sweeteners on the examination day. Cyclamate and saccharin were the prominent sweeteners because aspartame was at that time permitted only under special regulatory exemption, and products containing acesulfame were not yet available. For users of intense sweeteners the mean intakes of aspartame, cyclamate, and saccharin were 0.15, 2.62, and 0.250 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. At the 90th percentile of intake, i.e., for the heavy consumer, the ingestion of cyclamate and saccharin was about 2.5 times higher. Persons who adhered to a diet (diabetes, weight control) did not ingest sweeteners in substantially higher amounts. Tabletop sweeteners and beverages were the most important sources of sweeteners, and they contributed more than 80 % of the total intake. Consumption of sweeteners in excess of the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) was rarely observed (saccharin: one person, cyclamate: 16 persons). In the second part of the study, the sweetener intake was further evaluated during a 7-day period in those subjects who in the 1-day study ingested any of the sweeteners in excess of 75 % of the ADI. Complete 7-day food records were available from 40 out of the 41 subjects who fulfilled this criterium. In this selected subgroup in which 19 subjects were less than 19 years old, the mean daily intakes of aspartame, cyclamate, and saccharin were 0.13, 4.53, and 0.42 mg/kg body weight (bw), respectively. These levels correspond to 0.33, 41 and 17 % of the corresponding ADI values. No subject exceeded the ADI of aspartame or saccharin on any day of the study. For cyclamate, the mean daily intake over the 7-day period exceeded the ADI in 4 subjects. The results indicate that at the time of the study the then valid German sweetener regulation protected the consumer adequately, and that the sweetener intake was in 99.8 % of all examined persons within recommended limits.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Verzehrsmengen von Aspartam, Cyclamat und Saccharin wurden 1988/89 in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ermittelt. Im ersten Teil der Studie wurde der Süßstoffverzehr in einer repräsentativen Stichprobe der Bevölkerung untersucht. Vollständige Angaben über die Art und Menge aller während 24 Stunden verzehrten Nahrungsmittel und Getränke wurden von 2291 Personen erhalten. Aus dem Süßstoffgehalt sowie der Verzehrsmenge der verschiedenen Lebensmittel wurde für jede Person die tägliche Einnahme jeden Süßstoffes errechnet und in mg/kg Körpergewicht ausgedrückt. 35,9 % der Teilnehmer verzehrten einen oder mehrere Süßstoffe am Erhebungstag. Cyclamat und Saccharin wurde am häufigsten genossen, da Aspartam zum Zeitpunkt der Studie nur unter Ausnahmegenehmigung verwendet werden konnte und Acesulfam K zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung noch nicht im Markt eingeführt war. Personen, die am Erhebungstag Süßstoffe zu sich nahmen, verzehrten pro kg Körpergewicht durchschnittlich 0,15 mg Aspartam, 2,62 mg Cyclamat und 0,25 mg Saccharin. Personen mit hohem Süßstoffverzehr (90. Perzentil) nahmen etwa 2,5mal größere Mengen ein. Die Befolgung einer Diät (Diabetes, Gewichtskontrolle) war nicht mit einer wesentlich höheren Süßstoffaufnahme verbunden. Tafelsüßen und kalorienarme Getränke stellten die wichtigsten Süßstoffquellen dar und trugen zusammen mehr als 80 % zur totalen Süßstoffaufnahme bei. Ein Überschreiten der duldbaren Tagesdosis („Acceptable Daily Intake“, ADI) wurde nur in wenigen Fällen beobachtet (eine Person überschritt den ADI von Saccharin und 16 Teilnehmer den ADI von Cyclamat). Im zweiten Teil der Studie wurden die Verzehrsmengen von Aspartam, Cyclamat und Saccharin über 7 Tage bei den 41 Personen weiteruntersucht, die in der 1-Tages-Befragung mindestens einen dieser Süßstoffe in einer Menge von mehr als 75 % des ADI eingenommen hatten. Vollständige, 7-Tages-Ernährungsprotokolle wurden von 40 dieser ausgewählten Teilnehmer erhalten. 19 dieser Personen waren weniger als 19 Jahre alt. Während der 7tägigen Beobachtungsperiode betrug der mittlere tägliche Verzehr von Aspartam, Cyclamat und Saccharin in dieser Gruppe 0,13, 4,53 und 0,42 mg/kg Körpergewicht. Diese Mengen entsprechen 0,33, 41 und 17 % der entsprechenden ADI-Werte. Keiner der Teilnehmer überschritt den ADI von Saccharin oder Aspartam an irgendeinem der Untersuchungstage. Der ADI von Cyclamat wurde im 7tägigen Mittel von 4 Personen überschritten. Die Resultate belegen, daß zum Studienzeitpunkt die damals gültige deutsche Regelung der Süßstoffverwendung den Verbraucher hinreichend schützte und daß der Süßstoffverzehr bei 99,8 % der befragten Personen unterhalb der empfohlenen Höchstwerte lag.
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 88-89 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 121-129 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Children ; phenylketonuria ; lowphenylalanine preparations ; acidicdiet ; maximumrenal netacid excretion ; urolithiasis ; Kleinkind ; Phenylketonurie ; phenylalaninarme Diätprodukte ; alimentäre Säurelast ; maximale renale Säureausscheidung ; Harnsteine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Säugling mit Phenylketonurie erhielt unbeabsichtigt für insgesamt 29 Monate eine phenylalaninarme Diät mit hoher alimentärer Säurelast. Eine vorübergehende Wachstumsretardierung und die Entwicklung von Harnsteinen dürften direkte Folgen, eine Karies im Alter von 6 Jahren möglicherweise eine langfristige Konsequenz der chronischen Säurebelastung gewesen sein. Das Beispiel dieser Krankengeschichte zeigt, daß eine chronische alimentäre Säurebelastung ernsthafte klinische Folgen haben kann.
    Notes: Summary An infant with phenylketonuria unintentionally received a highly acidic low phenylalanine diet for 29 months. Temporary growth retardation and urolithiasis were observed, probably as direct effects of chronic acid loading. Caries at the age of 6 years may be a late consequence. This case report shows that chronic dietary acid load may cause serious side effects.
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 147-154 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Sugars ; carbohydrates ; lacticacid ; oralfluid ; HPLC ; glucose ; sucrose ; Zucker ; Kohlenhydrate ; Milchsäure ; Speichel ; HPLC-Analyse ; Glukose ; Saccharose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine empfindliche HPLC-Methode wurde für die qualitative und quantitative Analyse von Kohlehydraten und organischen Säuren in Mundflüssigkeiten (Speichel und Zahnplaque) entwickelt. Für die Trennung dieser Verbindungen wurde eine Aminex HPX-87H (Bio-Rad) Chromatographie-Säule verwendet. Alle Komponenten des HPLC-Systems waren mit Edelstahl-Kapillaren verbunden. Die isokratische Elution beider Verbindungs-Klassen erfolgte mit 0,01 n Schwefelsäure. Alle Verbindungen wurden mit einem RI-(Refraktion-Index-) Detektor gemessen. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit einem PC-gestütztem Auswertesystem automatisch gesammelt und integriert. Die zeitbedingte Abnahme der Konzentration von Kohlehydraten im Munde einerseits und die Produktion von organischen Säuren durch Bakterien der Mundhöhle andererseits können mit dieser empfindlichen HPLC-Methode bis zu einer Genauigkeit von 0,1 µg Substanz per Analyse (80 µl) bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Summary A sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was developed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of carbohydrate sweeteners and organic acids in oral fluid. To separate these compounds, an ion-moderated partition resin HPLC column (Aminex HPX-87H) was used. All components of the HPLC system were interconnected using stainless steel capillary tubing. Isocratic elution with 0.01 N sulfuric acid provided the profile of both compound classes. The compounds were detected using a refractive index detector. The method employed computerized data collection and integration (Omega-2 system) with a detection sensitivity of 0.1 µg compound per HPLC assay (80 µl). This method is useful in caries research, because it detects minute amounts of sugars and organic acids in oral fluid during clearance studies of various foods in the mouth.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungssituation ; Haushaltserhebung ; Außer-Haus-Verpflegung ; DDR ; Nutritionalsituation ; householdsurveys ; GDR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The last representative nutritional surveys in households of the former GDR date back to 1989. Trends towards excessive energy intake have continued, resulting, above all, from high fat consumption. A considerable proportion of employed persons have their meals outside the home. The proportion of food used as animal feed was high in households of members of agricultural cooperatives.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1989 wurden in der ehemaligen DDR letztmalig repräsentative Ernährungserhebungen in Haushalten durchgeführt. Tendenzen der energetischen Überernährung bestanden fort; sie resultierten vor allem aus dem überhöhten Fettverbrauch. Der Anteil der Außer-Haus-Verpflegung lag bei Berufstätigen relativ hoch. Die Verfütterung von Lebensmitteln war in Haushalten von LPG-Mitgliedern beträchtlich.
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 196-204 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: trans-Fettsäuren ; Fettverzehr ; nationale Verzehrsstudie ; Bundesrepublik Deutschland ; trans fatty acids ; fat intake ; consumption assay ; Federal Republic of Germany
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The intake of trans octadecenoic acids is estimated by a national consumption assay. The daily intake in West Germany differs between 3,4 g for women und 4,1 g for men. The consumption of trans fatty acids decreased in the last years, due to the progress in food technology and changes in nutritional habits. The main sources of trans fatty acids are partially hydrogenated vegetable fats just as well as ruminant and dairy fats.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Aufnahme von trans-Octadecensäuren in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (alte Bundesländer) wird anhand der nationalen Verzehrsstudie abgeschätzt. Sie beträgt für Frauen 3,4 g/Person und Tag und für Männer 4,1 g/Person und Tag. Die Aufnahme ist in den letzten Jahren aufgrund veränderter Verzehrsgewohnheiten und verbesserter Technologien zurückgegangen. Hauptquellen der trans-Fettsäureaufnahme sind neben den teilgehärteten Pflanzenfetten, das Fett und die Milch der Wiederkäuer.
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 225-245 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungsempfehlungen ; Ernährung und Krebs ; Ernährung und HerzKreislauf-Erkrankungen ; Lebensmittelzusatzstoffe ; Lebensmittelkontaminanten, Ernährungsberatung ; Dietary guidelines ; nutrition and cancer ; nutrition and cardiovascular disease ; food additives ; food contaminants ; nutrition counseling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the 1950s to '70s, food additives and contaminants were considered important risk factors for cancer and other chronic diseases. Opinion leaders like F. Eichholtz and W. Kollath in Germany and R. Carson and J.J. Delaney in the United States maintained that the exclusion of man-made chemicals from the food supply would decisively contribute to better health. In contrast to these views, world-wide scientific opinion now emphasizes the role of personal lifestyle, e.g., over-nutrition, unbalanced diets, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption in the causation of chronic diseases. Dietary guidelines now recommended for the prevention of cancer are largely identical with those recommended for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Indications are that oxidative damage to DNA contributes importantly to both these diseases. In research the role of antioxidants and other protective substances in foods receives as much attention today as man-made carcinogens received in the past. Media reporting and nutrition counseling have taken very little notice of these fundamental changes in scientific opinion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den 1950er bis '70er Jahren wurden Lebensmittelzusatzstoffe und Kontaminanten als wichtige Risikofaktoren für Krebs und andere chronische Krankheiten betrachtet. Einflußreiche Persönlichkeiten wie F. Eichholtz und W. Kollath in Deutschland und R. Carson und J.J. Delaney in den Vereinigten Staaten vertraten die Ansicht, daß die Verbannung synthetischer Stoffe aus der Nahrung entscheidend zur Verbesserung der Volksgesundheit beitragen würde. Im Gegensatz zu dieser Auffassung wird aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht heute weltweit vor allem der Rolle des persönlichen Lebensstils, z.B. der überernährung, der Fehlernährung, dem Rauchen und dem Alkoholabusus, Bedeutung als Ursache chronischer Krankheiten zugemessen. Ernährungsempfehlungen für die Vermeidung von Krebs und von kardiovaskulären Krankheiten sind weitgehend identisch. In beiden Fällen scheint die oxidative Schädigung der DNA eine wichtige kausale Rolle zu spielen. In der Forschung finden heute Antioxidantien und andere protektive Substanzen in der Nahrung ebensoviel Beachtung wie früher die synthetischen Karzinogene. Die Berichterstattung in den Medien und die Ernährungsberatung haben von diesem grundlegenden Wandel in den wissenschaftlichen Ansichten bisher sehr wenig Notiz genommen.
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 278-282 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Iodine status ; children ; creatinine ; urine ; body surface area ; WHO-grades for iodine deficiency ; Jodversorgungszustand ; Kleinkinder ; Kreatinin ; Urin ; Körperoberfläche ; Jodmangel-Kategorien der WHO
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In nachmittäglich (U1) und nächtlich (U2) gesammelten Spontanurinproben von 22 gesunden Dortmunder Kleinkindern (Alter: 2.5±0.06 Jahre) wurden Messungen der Iod- und Kreatininkonzentrationen durchgeführt. Der Median des Iod-Kreatinin-Quotienten der „Nachmittags-Urine“ U1 war signifikant (p 〈0.05) gegenüber U2 erhöht (181.3 vs. 119.5 µg/g). Höhere Werte für U1 ergaben sich auch nach Schätzung der Tagesausscheidung und Bezug der Iodurie/d auf die Körperoberfläche. Die Daten der „Nachturine“ waren — sowohl nach Bezug der Iodurie auf Kreatinin als auch nach Bezug auf die Körperoberfläche — mit den entsprechenden Exkretionswerten von zeitgerecht gesammelten 24h-Urinen einer zweiten Gruppe von nahezu gleichaltrigen Kleinkindern (n=23) vergleichbar. Werden die Iod-Kreatinin-Quotienten gemäß einer WHO-Einteilung für Struma-Endemiegebiete — nach zusätzlicher Adjustierung auf die Körperoberfläche — als Kriterium für die Schwere eines Iodmangels herangezogen, dann fällt etwa die Hälfte der Kinder beider Studiengruppen (nächtliche Spontanurine U2 und 24h-Urine) in die Iodmangel-Kategorie Grad II mit deutlich erhöhtem Strumarisiko. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich dahingehend interpretieren, daß der Iodversorgungszustand (von Kleinkindern) durch die Messung von Iod- und Kreatininkonzentrationen in nächtlichen Spontanurinproben beurteilt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary In 22 healthy toddlers (age: 2.5±0.06 years; from families living in Dortmund, FRG) measurements of iodine and creatinine concentrations were carried out in spontaneous urine samples collected in the afternoon (U1), as well as during the night (U2). Median iodine-creatinine ratios found in the “afternoon specimens” U1 were significantly elevated (p 〈0.05) compared to U2 (181.3 vs. 119.5 µg/g). Higher values in U1 than in U2 were also obtained when total daily iodine excretion (under the assumption of an average creatinine excretion of 15 mg/kg/d for infants) was calculated and the corresponding data were related to body surface area (BSA). The results of the specimens collected during the night were (after expressing as iodine-creatinine ratio as well as after correcting for BSA) comparable with the excretion data of accurately timed 24-h urine collections obtained in a separate group of toddlers (n=23) of nearly the same age. When the iodine-creatinine ratios established by the WHO — after standardizing with BSA — were taken as criteria for iodine deficiency, then in both study groups (spontaneous urine samples at night (U2) and timed 24-h urine collections) about half of the infants would fall in the deficiency state II with an elevated risk for iodine-deficiency goiter. It is suggested that the nutritional status of iodine can be reliably monitored (in infants) by determining iodine and creatinine concentrations in overnight urine samples and relating the data to BSA.
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 1-1 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 2-18 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ernährungsverhalten in der ehemaligen DDR ; Einstellungen ; Handlungsziele ; Skalen ; nutritional behaviour in the former GDR ; attitudes ; action goals ; scales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In studying the causes of individual nutritional behaviour not only the economic, social, demographic, cultural and other determinants are of importance but also psychological processes of decision and evaluation. For recording the attitudes, value-orientations and action goals a questionnaire was developed (72 items, 13 social and nutrition-related features). It was completed by 867 subjects aged between 18 and 65 years. The statistical analysis shows that the action-determining goals investigated can be classified in 5 empirically developed, factorially validated scales (expenditure, health, enjoyment, matter of minor importance, stimulus). Besides, significant relationships were revealed between the scales and the social characteristics as e.g. sex, age, education, occupation, household size, cooking, mass catering, and self-assessment of body weight.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der Untersuchung der Ursachen des individuellen Ernährungsverhaltens sind nicht nur die ökonomischen, sozialen, demografischen, kulturellen u. a. Determinanten, sondern auch die psychischen Entscheidungs- und Bewertungsprozesse von Bedeutung. Zur Erfassung von Einstellungen, Wertorientierungen und Handlungszielen ist ein Fragebogen (72 Items, 13 soziale und ernährungsbezogene Merkmale) entwickelt worden. Er ist an 867 Probanden (berufstätige Erwachsene im Alter von 18–65 Jahren) eingesetzt worden. Die mathematisch-statistische Auswertung der Daten zeigt, daß die untersuchten handlungsbestimmenden Ziele in 5 empirisch entwickelte, faktoriell validierte Skalen (Aufwand, Gesundheit, Genuß, Nebensache, Stimulus) eingeordnet werden können. Es ergeben sich ferner signifikante Zusammenhänge zwischen den Skalen und den sozialen Merkmalen, z. B. Geschlecht, Alter, Schulbildung, Beruf, Haushaltsgröße, Kochen, Gemeinschaftsverpflegung, Selbsteinschätzung des Körpergewichts.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ausdauerbelastung ; Sportgetränke ; Kohlenhydrataufnahme ; Energieumsatz ; Stoffwechsel ; “post-exercise ketosis” ; endurance exercise ; sports beverages ; carbohydrate consumption ; energy turnover ; metabolism ; post-exercise ketosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The present study addressed the effects of carbohydrate consumption during endurance exercise on performance, energy turnover, and metabolism. Well-trained endurance runners consumed a beverage with (cho[+]) or without (cho[−]) carbohydrates during a long-distance run (46.6 km). The respiratory quotient (RQ), plasma levels of carbohydrate and fat metabolites, and of hormones (insulin, glucagon) were measured before, several times during, and after the run. The mean running speed for the entire distance was 13.6 and 13.4 km/h with the cho[+] and cho[−] beverage, respectively. The decrease in speed that was observed towards the end of the run was somewhat more pronounced with consumption of the cho[−] beverage. The RQ decreased during the run almost linearily. This decrease was independent of the consumed beverage. The changes in plasma levels of lactate, free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (DHB), glucagon and insulin that occurred during the run were not affected by intake of the cho[+] beverage. However, intake of the cho [+] beverage prevented the decrease in plasma glucose observed towards the end of the run under control conditions, and eliminated the steep postexercise increase in plasma DHB. The intake of the cho[+] beverage also caused a rapid decrease in plasma levels of FFA and glucagon after the run, and slightly increased plasma insulin. The results demonstrate that ingestion of a carbohydrate-containing beverage during a long-distance run affects metabolism only during the final phase of the run and during the subsequent recovery period. Moreover, carbohydrate consumption improves performance only during the final phase of a long-distance run.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der Einfluß der Kohlenhydrataufnahme während eines Langstreckenlaufes über 46,6 km auf Leistungsfähigkeit, Energieumsatz und Stoffwechsel untersucht. Gut trainierte Läufer erhielten während des Laufes entweder ein kohlenhydrathaltiges (KH[+]) oder ein kohlenhydratfreies (KH[−]) Getränk. Der respiratorische Quotient (RQ), die Plasmakonzentrationen von Metaboliten des Kohlenhydrat- bzw. Fettstoffwechsels und von Hormonen (Insulin, Glucagon) wurden gemessen. Die mittlere Geschwindigkeit über die gesamte Distanz betrug 13,6 (KH[+]) bzw. 13,4 (KH[−]) km/h. Dabei war der gegen Ende des Laufes allgemein feststellbare Leistungsabfall bei Aufnahme des KH[+]-Getränkes etwas schwächer ausgeprägt als bei Aufnahme des KH[−]-Getränkes. Der RQ nahm unabhängig von der Kohlenhydrataufnahme während des gesamten Laufes annähernd linear ab. Die während des Laufes feststellbaren Veränderungen der Plasmakonzentrationen von Lactat, Freien Fettsäuren (FFS), Glycerin, D-3-Hydroxybutyrat (DHB), Glucagon und Insulin wurden durch die Kohlenhydrataufnahme nicht signifikant beeinflußt. Die Aufnahme des KH[+]-Getränkes verhinderte jedoch den unter Kontrollbedingungen gegen Ende des Laufes feststellbaren Abfall der Plasmaglucosekonzentration sowie den steilen Anstieg des Plasmaspiegels von DHB nach dem Lauf. Ferner führte die Kohlenhydrataufnahme zu einem raschen Abfall der Plasmakonzentrationen von FFS und Glucagon nach dem Lauf und erhöhte die Plasmakonzentration von Insulin geringfügig. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die exogene Zufuhr von Kohlenhydraten den Stoffwechsel erst in der Endphase eines Langstreckenlaufes sowie in der anschließenden Erholungsphase beeinflußt. Ein positiver Effekt der Kohlenhydrataufnahme auf die Leistungsfähigkeit tritt ebenfalls erst in der Endphase eines so langen Laufes auf.
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  • 87
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 91-102 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: methylierte Nucleobasen in Lebensmitteln ; Hydrolyse ; Festphasenextraktion ; Ionenaustauschchromatographie ; Reversed-Phase-HPLC ; Methylatednucleobases infood ; hydrolysis ; sorbentextraction ; cation exchangechromatography ; reversed-phaseHPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The following method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of methylated purine and pyrimidine bases in food; some RNA-rich food was also investigated. The bases were liberated from nucleic acids, nucleotides, and nucleosides by acid hydrolysis with trifluoroacetic and formic acid (1/1, V/V) at 240°C in a pressure-digestion system. Purification and fractionation of hydrolysates were achieved by sorbent extraction with an RP 18 column and a cation exchange column. The major and methylated nucleobases were determined by ion-exchange chromatography and reversed-phase-HPLC.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur qualitativen und quantitativen Bestimmung der methylierten Purin- und Pyrimidinbasen in Lebensmitteln wurde eine Methode entwikkelt und exemplarisch einige RNA-reiche Lebensmittel untersucht. Die Basen aus Nucleinsäuren, Nucleotiden und Nucleosiden ließen sich durch Hydrolyse mit einem Trifluoressigsäure-Ameisensäure-Gemisch (1/1, V/V) in einem Druckaufschlußsystem bei 240°C freisetzen. Durch Festphasenextraktion mit einer Octadecyl-und einer Kationenaustauscherphase gelang die Reinigung und Fraktionierung der Hydrolysate. Die Bestimmung der Major- und methylierten Nucleobasen erfolgte mittels Ionenaustauschchromatographie und Reversed-Phase-HPLC.
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  • 88
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 155-156 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 89
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 157-163 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: pathogenicity ; epidemiology ; food as a vehicle ; prevention and control ; animal production ; food processing ; Pathogenese ; Epidemiologie ; Vorkommen in Lebensmitteln ; Prävention und Kontrolle ; Tierische Lebensmittel ; Lebensmittelverarbeitung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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  • 90
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 178-188 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Thermogenese ; Adaptation ; Energiebilanz ; Unterernährung ; Überernährung ; thermogenesis ; adaptation ; energy balance ; underfeeding ; overfeeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a model experiment eight adult sows were used to examine the effect of successive periods of under- and oversupply of energy (MÜMÜ) on thermogenesis and efficiency of energy utilization in comparison to a constant maintenance supply (NNNN). Each treatment sequence was assigned to each animal according to a change-over design over 8 weeks. Before and after the treatment periods all the animals were fed at maintenance level (N). Energy deficiency (M) was performed by use of a basal diet with 45 % of maintenance energy requirements and values for all the other nutrients sufficient for requirements. Normal (N) and excessive (Ü) intakes of energy was provided with supplements of starch. The total intake of gross energy during the periods MÜMÜ was exactly the same as during NNNN. Complete energy balances were performed for each animal and period as well as during the pre- and post-experimental phase. There was no or little response of altered energy intake on carbon and energy excretion in faeces, urine and methane. However, heat production was significantly decreased by 4.1 % on energy deficiency, and increased by 15.1 % during energy oversupply. Summed up over the total sequence the animals produced 5.4 % more heat on MÜMÜ than during NNNN. This response was associated with a mobilization of 1.1 MJ/d tissue energy and a decrease in body weight by 2.0 kg. The efficiency of utilization of ME was 88 % with energy undersupply and 75 % during overnutrition. Criteria of energy balance did not differ between the pre- and post-treatment periods. It could be demonstrated that the increase in energy expenditure at oversupply was entirely explainable by the so-called obligatory thermogenesis. At the energy deficiency periods the efficiency of energy utilization reflected both energy costs of ingestion and processing of nutrients as well as a slight reduction in metabolic rate. Finally, there were no residual effects of the treatment on the energy expenditure of the animals at the end of the experiment.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Modellversuch mit 8 nichtgraviden, nichtlaktierenden Sauen wurde eine alternierende Mangel- und Überfütterung an Energie über 8 Wochen im Vergleich zur Fütterung auf Erhaltungsniveau durchgeführt. Das Experiment war in Form eines changeover-Plans angelegt. Energiemangel wurde mit einer Basisration realisiert, die 45 % des energetischen Erhaltungsbedarfs lieferte, alle anderen Nähr- und Wirkstoffe aber bedarfsdeckend enthielt. Normalzufuhr an Energie und Energieüberschuß wurden durch Zulage von Stärke hergestellt. Die Zufuhr an Bruttoenergie war in der Summe von Energiemangel und Energieüberschuß exakt gleich der Fütterung auf Normalniveau. Von jedem Tier wurde in jeder Rationsperiode eine vollständige Messung der C-, N- und Energiebilanz durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurde der Bilanzstatus aller Sauen unter Normalfütterung vor und nach den change-over-Perioden ermittelt. Die alternierende Energiezufuhr hatte keine oder nur minimale Effekte auf die C- und Energieausscheidung in Kot, Harn und CH4. Dagegen war die Wärmeproduktion bei Energiemangel signifikant um 4,1 % erniedrigt und bei Energieüberschuß um 15,1 % erhöht. In der Summe lag die Wärmebildung bei alternierender Versorgung um 5,4 % höher als bei Normalfütterung. Dies hatte eine Mobilisation von täglich 1,1 MJ Körperenergie zur Folge und erklärte auch die Abnahme der Lebendmasse der Tiere um 2,0 kg. Die Wirkungsgrade der ME beliefen sich auf 88 % bei Energiemangel und auf 75 % bei Energieüberversorgung. Die Bilanzdaten nach der Versuchsbehandlung waren gegenüber den vor Versuch ermittelten Werten nicht verändert. Unter den vorliegenden Bedingungen des Energieüberschusses konnte kein Hinweis auf eine diätinduzierte regulatorische Komponente der Thermogenese gefunden werden. Die beobachteten Effekte ließen sich vollständig durch die Theorie der obligatorischen Wärmebildung bei Nährstofftransformation erklären. Im Energiemangel war dagegen eine Adaptation der Stoffwechselrate festzustellen.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Selen/Vitamin-E-Versorgung ; Selenstatus ; GSH-Px ; Blutbild ; Selenium/vitamin E supply ; Se status ; GSH-Px ; blood count
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The aim of the both experiments was to determine whether selenium or selenium/vitamin E supply of rats significantly influences the most important hematological criteria. With experiment 1 the influence of Se deficiency should be determined at two different times of growing. So 36 weaned rats were divided into 2 groups of 18 animals each, the half of them being decapitated at day 22, the rest on day 45. In experiment 2 with the aim to investigate a combination of deficient, adequate and excessive Se and vitamin E supply 90 weaned rats in 9 groups were decapitated at day 44. The basic diet contained 0.04 mg Se and 8 mg vitamin E per kg dry matter and was supplemented in exp. 1 with 0 mg or 0.2 mg Se and 30 mg vitamin E and in exp. 2 with 0 mg, 0.2 mg or 1.0 mg Se and 0 mg, 30 mg or 200 mg vitamin E. With Se deficiency Se concentration and GSH-Px activity in serum and liver were significantly reduced. With excessive Se supply Se concentration in serum was higher; there was no effect on GSH-Px activity. Vitamin E supply had no influence neither on Se content nor on GSH-Px activity in serum or in liver. In exp. 1 Se deficiency caused no clear changes of the analysed hematological criteria although the increase of MCV (+3%) and hematocrit (+7%) on day 22 and the increase of leucocytes (+43%) and the decrease of MCH (−3%) and MCHC (−6%) on day 45 were statistically significant. In exp. 2 these results could not be repeated. The vitamin E supply was without significant effects on the examined hematological parameters.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Untersuchung war es zu prüfen, ob sich die Selenbzw. die Selen- und Vitamin-E-Versorgung bei Ratten auf das Blutbild auswirken. In Versuch 1 sollte der Einfluß von Selenmangel in zwei Altersstufen untersucht werden. Dazu wurden 36 entwöhnte Laborratten in zwei Gruppen zu je 18 Tieren eingeteilt, von denen jeweils die Hälfte am 22., der Rest am 45. Versuchstag dekapitiert wurde. In Versuch 2, der Untersuchung einer Kombination von Mangel-, Normal- und Überversorgung an Se und Vitamin E, wurden 90 entwöhnte Ratten in neun Gruppen nach 44 Versuchstagen getötet. Die Grund-(Depletions-) diät enthielt je kg Trockenmasse 0,04 mg Se und 8 mg Vitamin E. Die Zulagen je kg Diät betrugen in Versuch 10 mg oder 0,2 mg Se und 30 mg Vitamin E, in Versuch 2 0 mg, 0,2 mg oder 1,0 mg Se und 0 mg, 30 mg oder 200 mg Vitamin E. Bei mangelnder Se-Versorgung waren die Selenkonzentration und die GSH-Px-Aktivität in Serum und Leber deutlich vermindert. Bei Selenüberversorgung war zwar der Selengehalt im Serum erhöht, in der GSH-Px-Aktivität zeigte sich kein Unterschied. Die Höhe der Vitamin-E-Versorgung beeinflußte weder die GSH-Px-Aktivität noch die Se-Konzentration in Serum oder Leber. Selenmangel führte in Versuch 1 zu keinen deutlichen Veränderungen im Blutbild, obwohl am Tag 22 die Erhöhung von MCV um 3% und Hämatokrit um 7%, am Tag 45 die Erhöhung der Leukozytenzahl um 43% und die Verminderung von MCH um 3% und MCHC um 6% gesichert waren. Im zweiten Versuch konnten diese Ergebnisse aber nicht reproduziert werden. Die Höhe der Vitamin-E-Zufuhr blieb ohne wesentliche Auswirkung auf die untersuchten hämatologischen Kriterien.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Diabetes ; Cu-, Zn-, Fe-metabolism ; lipidperoxidation ; Diabetes ; Cu-, Zn-, Fe- Stoffwechsel ; Lipidperoxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Diese Arbeit hatte eine Überprüfung der gegenseitigen Abhängigkeit des Ernährungsstatus von ausgewählten Spurenelementen (Cu, Zn, Fe) und der Lipidperoxidation in der Leber von Ratten mit Streptozotocin-induziertem Diabetes vor. Es wurde eine Akkumulation des Cu in Leber und eine Speicherstörung des Fe bei Diabetes-Ratten beobachtet. Der MDA-0'-Spiegel wie auch der MDAS-30'-Spiegel korrelierten statistisch bedeutsam mit dem Zuckerspiegel des Blutes. MDA 30' korrelierte positiv mit dem Fe-Spiegel in der Leber. Man kann annehmen, daß die — während des experimentell hervorgerufenen Diabetes — hormonale Labilität Änderungen im Stoffwechsel der Spurenelemente verursachte, was in der Folge einen Einfluß auf die Intensivität der Lipidperoxidation ausübte.
    Notes: Summary The aim of this experiment was to study the interrelationships between nutritional status of chosen trace elements (Cu, Zn, Fe) and hepatic lipid peroxidation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Both copper accumulation and disruption of iron storage were observed in livers of diabetic rats. MDA 0' (baseline) and MDA 30' (produced) levels measured in the liver were negatively correlated with blood glucose levels. MDA 30' levels correlated positively with iron concentration in the liver. It is supposed that the hormonal lability during experimental diabetes caused changes in metabolism of trace elements, and subsequently influenced the rate of lipid peroxidation.
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  • 93
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    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 130-137 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: fattyacids ; subcutaneousfat ; nutrition ; trans fattyacids ; atherosclerosis ; Germany ; Fettsäuren ; subkutanes Fettgewebe ; Ernährung ; trans-Fettsäuren ; Atherosklerose ; Deutschland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Fettsäurenkomposition des subkutanen Fettgewebes (SCF) von 47 deutschen Erwachsenen analysiert. Es zeigte sich kein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Alter bzw. Geschlecht der Probanden und dem Fettsäurenstatus. Monoene bildeten den Hauptanteil der Fettsäuren (FA) im SCF. Linolsäure war die wichtigste mehrfach ungesättigte Fettsäure. Linolsäuremetaboliten wurden nur in geringen Mengen gefunden. Im Vergleich zu den Ergebnissen von Studien in den USA und den Niederlanden ist die FA-Zusammensetzung des SCF bei deutschen Probanden durch geringere Anteile von Linolsäure und höhere Anteile von Palmitinsäure gekennzeichnet. Der Gehalt an trans-FA entspricht dem, der bei Frauen in den Niederlanden gefunden wurde, er ist jedoch deutlich niedriger als bei amerikanischen Männern. In der Beurteilung der Unterschiede in der Fettsäurenkomposition des SCF in verschiedenen Ländern sollte jedoch berücksichtigt werden, daß die Anteile der wichtigsten FA in allen untersuchten Populationen eine große interindividuelle Schwankungsbreite zeigten.
    Notes: Summary The fatty acid (FA) composition of subcutaneous fat (SCF) was analyzed in 47 German adults. No influences of sex or age on the FA status of the probands could be detected. SCF consisted mainly of monoenoic fatty acids. Linoleic acid was the major polyunsaturated fatty acid. Linoleic acid metabolites were found in small quantities only. In comparison to the results of studies in the USA and the Netherlands the FA composition of SCF in German probands was characterized by lower levels of linoleic acid and higher contents of palmitic acid. The trans-FA content was similar to that in Dutch women, but lower than in American male probands. However, in evaluating the differences in the FA composition of SCF in different countries, it has to be noted that there are wide ranges in the proportions of the major FA in all populations studied.
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  • 94
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    Trees 6 (1992), S. 241-244 
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Abies grandis ; Total phenolics ; Secondary metabolism ; Carbon allocation ; Nitrogen fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A significant decrease in production of total phenolics was apparent with nitrogen fertilization in three of five seed sources of grand fir [Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl.]. Subsequent extraction and identification of phenolics indicated that two compounds increased with fertilization, and when grouped by biosynthetic origin into cinnamic acids, benzoic acids, and flavonoids, no differences were apparent with fertilization. Total biomass increased with fertilization, and the relation between growth and total phenolics was similar for all seed sources. The increase in growth and decrease in total phenolics suggest that, in the carbon allocation hierarchy, as available soil nitrogen increases, phenolics represent a lower priority.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Fraxinus excelsior L. ; Compartments ; Nitrate reductase ; Nitrate ; Seasonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Nitrate reductase activity (NRA), nitrate content and biomass components of leaflets, leaf stalks, old stem, current-year stem and roots of ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior L.) growing in their natural habitats were investigated. In addition, NRA, total nitrogen and nitrate concentration were analyzed in the leaves and roots of ash trees from four different field sites. The highest NRA per gram biomass and also per total compartment biomass was found in the leaflets, even though root biomass was much higher than total leaflet biomass. The highest nitrate concentrations were found in the leaf stalks. Correlations between nitrate availability in the soil and NRA in leaves were not significant due to high variability of the actual soil nitrate concentrations. The seasonal variation in foliar NRA, nitrate concentration and total nitrogen concentration is much smaller in F. excelsior than reported for herbaceous species and is mainly caused by changes in the actual soil nitrate availability and by senescence of the leaves.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Stem diameter ; Diurnal ; Humidity ; Temperature ; Hygroscopic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Changes in the stem diameter of well-watered seedlings of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in a climate chamber were registered using laser technique. Pronounced, reversible changes in stem diameter (maximum 80 μm) occurred in connection with shifts between dark and light (280 W/m2) conditions. Diurnal variation in stem diameter (50 μm) continued unchanged, in terms of amplitude and phase, after the entire needle mass had been removed. It was found that nearly all of the diurnal variation in stem diameter was caused by changes in relative air humidity at the stem surface. The relationship between stem diameter change and relative air humidity was investigated at three temperatures (5, 15, and 25° C) over a range (40–95%) of relative humidities. In addition, the effect of altering the air temperature (range: 5–25°C) on stem diameter change at a constant relative air humidity (85%) was studied.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Amyema miquelii ; Daily carbon balance ; Daily water balance ; Eucalyptus behriana ; Photosynthesis ; Water-use efficiency ; Xylem pressure ; Heterotrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf gas exchange and xylem pressures of the xylem-tapping mistletoe, Amyema miquelii (Lehm. ex Miq.) Tiegh., and its host, Eucalyptus behriana F. Muell., both growing under permanently low plant water status, are studied under controlled and naturally fluctuating field conditions. Stomata of both plants regulate transpiration with respect to light and air humidity, but leaf conductances and total daily transpiration are up to 7.3 times higher in the host. Despite this, water-use efficiency in the mistletoe is lower than in the host. In the light of the mistletoe's low transpiration rates observed in spring, a commonly accepted pattern of higher water losses from parasites is likely to be inconsistent over a season. The role of partial parasitic carbon heterotrophy is discussed.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Amyema miquelii ; Eucalyptus behriana ; Nitrogen nutrition ; Phosphorus nutrition ; Water-use efficiency ; Carbon discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Under conditions where both plants had permanently low water status, the mistletoe, Amyema miquelii (Lehm. ex Miq.) Tiegh., had lower nitrogen contents in leaf tissue than its host, Eucalyptus behriana F. Muell. The parasite transpired less than its host which is consistent with the hypothesis that mistletoe transpiration acts as a nitrogen gathering mechanism. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents were generally low in both plants; they were positively correlated, and mistletoes reduced nutrient contents of infested hosts. The carbon discrimination ratio, δ13C (a measure of water-use efficiency) of each plant was within the range reported for other mistletoes and their hosts. Although it did not differ significantly between host and parasite it indicated lower water-use efficiency in the mistletoe. For the nitrogen content of host leaves the gradient within the pair, Δ(δ13C), is much lower compared to the correlation given by Ehleringer et al. (1985). It is concluded that at permanently low water status on nitrogen and phosphorus deficient soils a water-saving strategy accompanied with slow growth is more appropriate for both mistletoe and host.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Populus ; Protein bodies ; Vessels ; Xylem transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The seasonal changes in the pattern of 21 amino acids occurring in the xylem vessels of Populus twigs have been studied in connection to the mobilization of protein bodies in ray parenchyma cells at the electron microscopic level. Hydrolysis of protein bodies in spring and movement of amino acids into vessels are found to be closely linked. Comprising more than 75% of total amino acid content, glutamine (Gln) is by far the dominant N-constituent of the sap. Gln reaches up to 11 μmol ml-1 in the spring sap while other amino acids only show 1/20 to 1/100 of this amount. From the measured Gln accumulation rates in the vessels in nature and in the vessels of isolated shoots, a minimum flux rate for Gln of 5.6 pmol cm-2 min-1 is calculated for the ray contact cell/vessel interface. Furthermore, because Gln constitutes 75% of the amino acid content of the sap but only 1.3% of the amino acids in the 32 kDa storage protein of the ray cells in the wood (Clausen and Apel 1991), it becomes evident that most amino acids originating from protein body mobilization do not enter the vessels but are used for Gln synthesis preceding Gln release into the vessels.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; Photon flux density ; Growth ; Betula
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Small birch plants (Betula pendula Roth.) were grown in a climate chamber at different, exponentially increasing rates of nitrogen supply and at different photon flux densities. This resulted in treatments with relative growth rate equal to the relative rate of increase in nitrogen supply and with different equilibrium values of plant nitrogen concentration. Nitrogen productivity (rate of dry matter increase per plant nitrogen) was largely independent of nitrogen supply and was greater at higher photon flux density. Leaf weight ratio, average specific leaf area (and thus leaf area ratio) were all greater at better nitrogen supply and at lower values of photon flux density. The dependencies were such that the ratio of total projected leaf area to plant nitrogen at a given photon flux density was similar at all rates of nitrogen supply. The ratio was greater at lower values of photon flux density. At a given value of photon flux density, net assimilation rate and net photosynthetic rate per shoot area (measured at the growth climate) were only slightly greater at better rates of nitrogen supply. Values were greater at higher photon flux densities. Acclimation of the total leaf area to plant nitrogen ratio and of net assimilation rate was such that nitrogen productivity was largely saturated with respect to photon flux density at values greater than 230 μmol m-2 s-1. At higher photon flux densities, any potential gain in nitrogen productivity associated with higher net assimilation rates was apparently offset by lower ratios of total leaf area to plant nitrogen.
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