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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (1,821)
  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (1,076)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (732)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (700)
  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994  (4,329)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1992  (4,329)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 2015-2019
  • 1990-1994  (4,329)
  • 1975-1979
Year
  • 1
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    Longitudinal vortex control - Techniques and applications (The 32nd Lanchester Lecture) (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A summary is presented of vortex control applications and current techniques for the control of longitudinal vortices produced by bodies, leading edges, tips and intersections. Vortex control has up till now been performed by many approaches in an empirical fashion, assisted by the essentially inviscid nature of much of longitudinal vortex behavior. Attention is given to Reynolds number sensitivities, vortex breakdown and interactions, vortex control on highly swept wings, and vortex control in juncture flows.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Aeronautical Journal (ISSN 0001-9240); 96; 958; p. 293-312.
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  • 2
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    Unsteady two- and three-dimensional Navier-Stokes simulations of multistage turbomachinery flows (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The flow-field within an axial flow turbomachine, such as a turbine or compressor, is extremely complex because of three-dimensional features such as hub-corner stall, tip-leakage flows, and airfoil wakes. These flow features interact with each other and with rotor and stator airfoils inducing time-varying forces on the airfoils. These complicated rotor-stator interactions must be understood in order to design turbomachines that are light and compact as well as reliable and efficient. Two codes, STAGE-2 and STAGE-3, have been developed to compute these unsteady rotor-stator interaction flows in multistage turbomachines. An implicit, thin-layer Euler/Navier-Stokes zonal algorithm is used to compute the unsteady flow-field within both turbine and compressor configurations. Results include surface pressures and wake profiles for two-dimensional turbine and compressor configurations and surface pressures for a three-dimensional single-stage turbine configuration. The results compare well with experimental data and other unsteady computations.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Computing Systems in Engineering (ISSN 0956-0521); 3; 1-4; p. 231-240.
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  • 3
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    A spatial domain Stokes flow model for the gravity and topography of the middle latitudes of Venus (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A novel modeling technique is developed and applied to the long-wavelength gravity, topography, and internal density structure of Venus. The focus of this study is to employ data on the gravity and topography of Venus, which are obtained from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter mission, to enhance understanding some key aspects of the internal structure of the planet. A modeling strategy utilizing 'stokeslets' or basic units of slow viscous flow (governed by the Stokes equations) to duplicate the observed gravity and topography is implemented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; E11; p. 18,285-18,294.
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  • 4
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    Numerical simulation of jet noise (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Jet noise and jet-induced structural loads have become key issues in the design of commercial and military aircraft. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can be of use in predicting the underlying jet shear-layer instabilities and, in conjunction with classical acoustic theory, jet noise. The computational issues involved in the resolution of high Reynolds number unsteady jet flows are addressed in this paper. Once these jet flows can be accurately resolved, it should be possible to use acoustic theory to extract, for example, the far-field jet noise. An assessment of future work and computational resources required for directly computing far-field jet noise is also presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Computing Systems in Engineering (ISSN 0956-0521); 3; 1-4; p. 169-179.
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  • 5
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    An analysis of the focusing performance of Magellan SAR image data (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) focusing can be achieved either based on accurate ephemeris data or on an autofocusing process. For the Magellan project, such a decision must be made in the early phase of Magellan SAR system design. The analysis of the emphemeris requirement is complicated. The analysis given by the author leads to the conclusion that empheris data obtained from the Magellan navigation system provide sufficient accuracy to meet the Magellan image resolution requirement.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 1 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 610-613.
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  • 6
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    Supersonic laminar flow control (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A development status evaluation is presented for the theoretical understanding and design conceptualization of boundary layer control (BLC) systems applicable to supersonic transports, such as the currently envisioned NASA High Speed Civil Transport. By reducing fuel burned, supersonic BLC techniques could expand ranges to Pacific-crossing scales, while lowering sonic boom effects and upper-atmosphere pollution and even reducing skin friction temperature. The critical consideration for supersonic BLC is the presence of wave effects.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: Natural laminar flow and laminar flow control (A93-41776 17-02); p. 233-245.
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  • 7
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    Wave interaction theory and LFC (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Attention is drawn to the influence of preexisting finite-amplitude instabilities on the growth of other disturbances; current design tools for LFC take no notice of this kind of interaction. When a rational accounting is accomplished for the evolution of incoming disturbances in finite-amplitude solutions of the equations of motion, future transition-prediction methods will need to take these wave interactions into account. Attention is given here to interactions in the presence of crossflow vortices and interactions involving Goertler vortices.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: Natural laminar flow and laminar flow control (A93-41776 17-02); p. 223-232.
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  • 8
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    Laminar flow control - Introduction and overview (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A development history and a development-trends evaluation are presented for laminar flow controlled airfoil technologies and design concepts, including the search for 'natural' laminar flow and actively controlled flow via suction through small pores on the airfoil surface. While most NASA activities in this field have been concerned with subsonic aircraft, it has been projected that the control of boundary layer turbulence may be even more critical to the aerodynamic efficiency of supersonic aircraft. Developmental programs for these techniques have been conducted with several modified conventional aircraft.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: Natural laminar flow and laminar flow control (A93-41776 17-02); p. 1-21.
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  • 9
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    Subsonic natural-laminar-flow airfoils (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An account is given of the development history of natural laminar-flow (NLF) airfoil profiles under guidance of an experimentally well-verified theoretical method for the design of airfoils suited to virtually all subcritical applications. This method, the Eppler Airfoil Design and Analysis Program, contains a conformal-mapping method for airfoils having prescribed velocity-distribution characteristics, as well as a panel method for the analysis of potential flow about given airfoils and a boundary-layer method. Several of the NLF airfoils thus obtained are discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: Natural laminar flow and laminar flow control (A93-41776 17-02); p. 143-176.
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  • 10
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    Origin and use of Martian nomenclature (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The history and construction of Martian place names are examined. The 24 specific descriptor terms in use for Mars are defined. Informal names of individual rocks are discussed: the human fondness for informality is evident in the names attached to individual rocks at the Viking Lander sites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 1305-1314.
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  • 11
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    SAR data processing for the Magellan prime mission (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Magellan prime mission involves mapping the planet of Venus once around its rotational axis. The Magellan synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data processing facility processes all SAR data collected by the Magellan spacecraft into image data on an orbit-by-orbit basis. About 1700 million bits of radar data were collected. A complete description of the Magellan SAR Data Processing Facility is provided with emphasis on key design features of the data processors that satisfied the project data processing requirements. A summary of the attained data processing performance is included, as well as a brief discussion of some of the constraints and considerations regarding the applicability of the processors to meeting the data processing goals anticipated for the follow-on mission phases (i.e., cycles II, III, and beyond).
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 1 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 606-609.
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  • 12
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    Energetics of gas-surface interactions in transitional flows at entry velocities (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 29; 6; p. 786-793.
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  • 13
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    Shock interference prediction using direct simulation Monte Carlo (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 29; 6; p. 780-785.
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  • 14
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    Hover performance analysis of advanced rotor blades (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This is an effort aimed at validating recent hover prediction methods. The experimental basis for this validation work is an extensive set of loads, wake and performance data, which were obtained from a pressure instrumented model UH-60 rotor tested at the Sikorsky hover test facility and at Duits-Nederlandse Windtunnel (DNW). This model was equipped with replaceable tips - including a tapered and a BERP-type tip - which permitted studies of the effects of rotor geometry. The central prediction method studied is a free-wake, vortex embedded, full-potential CFD method - called HELIX-I. It is found that the HELIX-I code produces very good comparisons with the data including wake, surface pressure and performance. Comparisons with the measured radial load distributions have permitted an improved understanding of the wake resolution modelling requirements of CFD methods. Since HELIX-I is a combined Eulerian/Lagrangian method, limited comparisons are also made with a Lagrangian boundary element code (called EHPIC) and an Eulerian Navier-Stokes code (called TURNS). In most cases all methods produce good comparisons with the data. It is found that the HELIX-I code provides a good compromise between the speed of boundary integral methods and the comprehensive nature of Navier-Stokes methods.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: AHS, Annual Forum, 48th, Washington, June 3-5, 1992, Proceedings. Vol. 2 (A93-35901 14-01); p. 1367-1384.
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  • 15
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    Shadowgraph flow visualization of isolated tiltrotor and rotor/wing wakes (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Shadowgraph flow visualization images were acquired from a 0.184-scale tiltrotor and wing in hover. Measurements and details of the vortex core structure were examined as a function of thrust condition and wake age. Experimental data for the isolated rotor wake geometry and rotor wake interactions with a semi-span wing and image plane were acquired. Quantitative measurements and comparisons of wake geometry and distortion were made for three configurations: the isolated rotor, rotor/wing, and rotor/wing/image plane. Comparisons between tiltrotor and helicopter rotor wake geometry measurements were made. Experimental wake geometry data were also compared with two wake models. Suggestions for improvements to existing prescribed-wake and free-wake models are proposed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: AHS, Annual Forum, 48th, Washington, June 3-5, 1992, Proceedings. Vol. 2 (A93-35901 14-01); p. 1323-1344.
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  • 16
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    A study of the rotor wake of a small-scale rotor model in forward flight using laser light sheet flow visualization with comparisons to analytical models (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An experimental investigation was conducted in the 14 by 22 ft subsonic tunnel at NASA Langley Research Center to quantify the rotor wake behind a scale model helicopter rotor in forward flight (mu = 0.15 and 0.23) at one thrust level (C sub T = 0.0064). The rotor system used in the present test consisted of a four-bladed, fully articulated hub and utilized blades of rectangular planform with a NACA-0012 airfoil section. A laser light sheet, seeded with propylene glycol smoke, was used to visualize the flow in planes parallel and perpendicular to the freestream flow. Quantitative measurements of vortex location, vertical skew angle, and vortex particle void radius were obtained for vortices in the flow; convective velocities were obtained for blade tip vortices. Comparisons were made between the experimental results and the wake geometry generated by computational predictions. The results of these comparisons show that the interaction between wake vortex structures is an important consideration for correctly predicting the wake geometry.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: AHS, Annual Forum, 48th, Washington, June 3-5, 1992, Proceedings. Vol. 1 (A93-35901 14-01); p. 697-719.
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  • 17
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    Numerical simulation of a hovering rotor using embedded grids (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The flow field for a rotor blade in hover was computed by numerically solving the compressible thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations on embedded grids. In this work, three embedded grids were used to discretize the flow field - one for the rotor blade and two to convect the rotor wake. The computations were performed at two hovering test conditions, for a two-bladed rectangular rotor of aspect ratio six. The results compare fairly with experiment and illustrates the use of embedded grids in solving helicopter type flow fields.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: AHS, Annual Forum, 48th, Washington, June 3-5, 1992, Proceedings. Vol. 1 (A93-35901 14-01); p. 429-445.
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  • 18
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    A finite-volume Euler solver for computing rotary-wing aerodynamics on unstructured meshes (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An unstructured-grid solver for the unsteady Euler equations has been developed for predicting the aerodynamics of helicopter rotor blades. This flow solver is a finite-volume scheme that computes flow quantities at the vertices of the mesh. Special treatments are used for the flux differencing and boundary conditions in order to compute rotary-wing flowfields, and these are detailed in the paper. The unstructured-grid solver permits adaptive grid refinement in order to improve the resolution of flow features such as shocks, rotor wakes and acoustic waves. These capabilities are demonstrated in the paper. Example calculations are presented for two hovering rotors. In both cases, adaptive-grid refinement is used to resolve high gradients near the rotor surface and also to capture the vortical regions in the rotor wake. The computed results show good agreement with experimental results for surface airloads and wake geometry.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: AHS, Annual Forum, 48th, Washington, June 3-5, 1992, Proceedings. Vol. 1 (A93-35901 14-01); p. 419-428.
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  • 19
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    Geodesy and cartography of the Martian satellites (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The difficulties connected with conventional maps of Phobos and Deimos are largely overcome by producing maps in digital forms, i.e., by projecting Viking Orbiter images onto a global topographic model made from collections of radii derived by photogrammetry. The resulting digital mosaics are then formatted as arrays of body-centered latitudes, longitudes, radii, and brightness values of Viking Orbiter images. The Phobos mapping described was done with Viking Orbiter data. Significant new coverage was obtained by the Soviet Phobos mission. The mapping of Deimos is in progress, using the techniques developed for Phobos.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 1249-1256.
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  • 20
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    Physical and chemical weathering (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Physical and chemical weathering processes that might be important on Mars are reviewed, and the limited observations, including relevant Viking results and laboratory simulations, are summarized. Physical weathering may have included rock splitting through growth of ice, salt or secondary silicate crystals in voids. Chemical weathering probably involved reactions of minerals with water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, although predicted products vary sensitively with the abundance and physical form postulated for the water. On the basis of kinetics data for hydration of rock glass on earth, the fate of weathering-rind formation on glass-bearing Martian volcanic rocks is tentatively estimated to have been on the order of 0.1 to 4.5 cm/Gyr; lower rates would be expected for crystalline rocks.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 626-651.
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  • 21
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    Long-term orbital and spin dynamics of Mars (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This review of the long-term dynamical behavior of Mars covers secular variations of the orbit, oscillations of the obliquity, and polar wandering. Calculations of the large-scale obliquity oscillations of Mars are updated using the most recent orbit theory and contrasted with the earth. The motion for Mars is characterized by about 100,000-yr oscillations driven by differential spin axis and orbit plane precession rates during which the obliquity may change by as much as about 20 deg. The possible role of spin-orbit secular resonances to the spin axis histories of the earth and Mars is also considered. Numerical integrations of the equations of motion indicate that Mars may have passed through resonance as little as 5 Myr ago and that obliquities approaching about 45 deg could have been achieved during such an event.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 298-320.
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  • 22
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    Stress and tectonics on Mars (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Deformation of the Martian lithosphere and the various theoretical formulations used to model its behavior on local, regional, and global scales are studied. An overview of the various classes of tectonic features found on Mars is presented. The tectonic record on Mars, which provides the basic framework for interpreting theoretical thermomechanical models in terms of major tectonic events and provinces is summarized. The thickness of the elastic lithosphere is estimated using its response to local surface loads, and significant spatial variability is found, with values ranging from 20 to 300 km. A comparison of the major radial graben systems with theoretical stress models shows that more than one mechanism of lithospheric deformation is required to produce its enormous extent.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 249-297.
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  • 23
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    Gravity and topography (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The paper summarizes the fundamental gravity field constants for Mars and a brief historical review of early determinations and current-day accurate estimates. These include the planetary gravitational constant, global figure, dynamical oblateness, mean density, and rotational period. Topographic results from data acquired from the 1967 opposition to the most recent, 1988, opposition are presented. Both global and selected local topographic variations and features are discussed. The inertia tensor and the nonhydrostatic component of Mars are examined in detail. The dimensionless moment of inertia about the rotational axis is 0.4 for a body of uniform density and 0.37621 if Mars were in hydrostatic equilibrium. By comparing models of both gravity and topography, inferences are made about the degree and depth of compensation in the interior and stresses in the lithosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 209-248.
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  • 24
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    Spacecraft exploration of Mars (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Soviet and American spacecraft exploration of Mars over the past quarter century is reviewed. Data on the earliest Soviet attempts to send spacecraft to observe the planet are presented. Of the series of spacecraft that were announced (designated Mars 1 to Mars 7), none fulfilled all its scientific goals, but some good photographs and other important data were obtained. Of the six spacecraft in the Mariner series, two failed, but Mariner 4 first revealed the cratered surface of Mars, and Mariner 9 discovered all the major geologic features. The Viking mission, with its two Orbiters, two Landers, and its 6-yr duration, surpassed in quantity and variety of data all other missions combined. The Phobos mission ended in two failures, but the second of the two spacecraft acquired significant new data about Mars and Phobos. An appendix listing special issues of journals containing collections of papers about Mars is provided.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 71-119.
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  • 25
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    The planet Mars - From antiquity to the present (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Telescopic observations of Mars, from those of Galileo in 1610 to the late 19th century, were summarized by Flammarion (1892, 1909). Major compilations of knowledge of Mars were produced by Antoniadi (1930) and de Vaucouleurs (1954). Polar cap composition was debated until the discovery by the Viking mission that the north and south perennial polar caps are composed of different materials. Spacecraft data indicate a rich and diverse geologic history as well as many unsolved puzzles. An annotated list of books about Mars is provided. Basic physical and chemical data on Mars are summarized in tabular form, and a guide to the Martian seasons is given.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 1-33.
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  • 26
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    SAR data processing adaptation for Magellan Cycle II (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The authors describe the effort made at the Magellan SAR Data Processing Facility in adapting existing data processors to handle data collected from various imaging experiments. The different data processing requirements imposed by the various types of data are discussed, the tradeoffs and compromises made to work within the constraint of the existing systems are explained, and summary processing results obtained to date are given.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 1 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 100-103.
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  • 27
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    Remote radio observations of solar wind parameters upstream of planetary bow shocks (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Radio emission is frequently produced at twice the electron plasma frequency 2fp in the foreshock region upstream of the terrestrial bow shock. Observations of this emission provide a remote diagnostic of solar wind parameters in the foreshock. Using ISEE-3 radio data, we present the first evidence that the radio intensity is proportional to the kinetic energy flux and to other parameters correlated with solar wind density. We provide a qualitative explanation of this intensity behavior and predict the detection of similar emission at Jupiter by the Ulysses spacecraft.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Solar Wind Seven; Proceedings of the 3rd COSPAR Colloquium, Goslar, Germany, Sept. 16-20, 1991 (A93-33554 13-92); p. 647-650.
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  • 28
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    Development of the wake of an airfoil with riblets (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 12; p. 2817, 2818. Abrid
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  • 29
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    Quasi-periodic climate change on Mars (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The paper examines evidence that the Martian climate undergoes quasi-periodic variations, including the polar layered terrain, differences between the residual polar caps, and the current net southward flow of H2O. The driving functions for these variations are oscillations in the elements of the Martian orbit coupled with precession of the Martian spin axis. These 'astronomic variations' control the distribution of the insolation, which in turn influences the partition of volatiles between atmospheric and surface reservoirs. The major effects anticipated at low obliquity are growth of the polar caps, substantial decrease in surface pressure, cessation of duststorms, release of CO2 from the regolith, and poleward migration of H2O ground ice. At high obliquity, the mass of the perennial polar caps decreases and permanent CO2 frost disappears, CO2 desorbs from the regolith at high latitudes, the surface pressure may increase to several times its current value, and the atmospheric dust load increases.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 1180-1218.
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    Comparative aspects of the climate of Mars - An introduction to the current atmosphere (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The study reviews the historical perspective of the Martian climate, beginning with the early view of inexorable climate change on an older, but otherwise very earthlike, planet and continuing through the period when earth-based spectroscopy and the Mariner 4, 6, and 7 flyby missions portrayed a moonlike body, heavily cratered and almost airless by comparison with earth. The most general features of the earth and Mars are discussed and compared, with consideration given to the standard atmospheres, atmospheric circulation, seasonal cycles of carbon dioxide, water, and dust, and coupling between cycles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 799-817.
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    Radar determination of Mars surface properties (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Radar studies of Mars have provided measurements of surface texture on scales of centimeters to hundreds of meters and measurements of surface material properties. Texture (rms surface tilts and estimates of small-scale roughness) may be inferred from dispersion and/or polarization of the radar echo; material properties (reflectivity of dielectric constant) are derived from echo strength. Mars is a diverse target; depending on location, rms surface tilts have been found to vary over the range 0.25 to 10 deg while reflectivity covers at least 3 to 13 percent. Plains units are the most variable, having both the smoothest and roughest surfaces, cratered terrain can be considered predictable and 'average' by comparison. Recent data identify scattering by small structures (perhaps rocks on or near the surface) as playing a more important role than previously recognized. Scattering by the residual ice cap near Mars' south pole is particularly unusual. The present state of radar surface studies is summarized.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 652-685.
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    Implementation and performance of the Magellan digital correlator subsystem (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Magellan synthetic aperture radar (SAR) produces Venus surface images from data collected by the SAR carried on board the Magellan spacecraft. The core of the primary Magellan SAR processor is the digital correlator subsystem (DCS). The pipeline DSC architecture enables the Magellan primary SAR processor (PSP) to achieve real-time data processing capability. The implementation and performance of the DSC are described. Hardware (H/W) constraints that influenced the processing algorithm design are highlighted.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 1301-1304.
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    Refinement of Magellan radiometric correction using range centroid estimation (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Magellan (MGN) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing radiometric compensation algorithm is described, and the effective pointing error caused by the terrain is examined. It is shown how the range centroid can be computed from spacecraft ancillary data with an accurate topographic model. In cases where such data are not available, a technique is presented to estimate the range centroid from the coherent radar echoes. This technique is demonstrated using MGN SAR data.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: IGARSS '92; Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Houston, TX, May 26-29, 1992. Vol. 2 (A93-47551 20-43); p. 1167-1170.
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    Unsteady simulation of viscous flowfield around F-18 aircraft at large incidence (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 29; 6; p. 986-992.
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    Radar mapping of Mercury - Full-disk images and polar anomalies (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A random-code technique has been used at Arecibo to obtain delay-Doppler radar images of the full disk of Mercury. Anomalously bright features were found at the north and south poles. The north polar feature is oblong (4 by 8 deg) and offset from the pole. The smaller south polar feature is mostly confined to the floor of the crater Chao Meng-Fu. The polar locations and radar properties of these features indicate that they may be produced by volume scattering in ice. The images also reveal a variety of more subdued reflectivity features ranging in size from hundreds to thousands of kilometers; some of these appear to have an impact origin.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 258; 5082; p. 640-643.
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    Surface chemistry and mineralogy (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The accumulated knowledge on the chemistry and mineralogy of Martian surface materials is reviewed. Pertinent information obtained by direct analyses of the soil on Mars by the Viking Landers, by remote sensing of Mars from flyby and orbiting spacecraft, by telescopic observations from earth, and through detailed analyses of the SNC meteorites presumed to be Martian rocks are summarized and analyzed. A compositional model for Mars soil, giving selected average elemental concentrations of major and trace elements, is suggested. It is proposed that the fine surface materials on Mars are a multicomponent mixture of weathered and nonweathered minerals. Smectite clays, silicate mineraloids similar to palagonite, and scapolite are suggested as possible major candidate components among the weathered minerals.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: In: Mars (A93-27852 09-91); p. 594-625.
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    Study on vortex flow control of inlet distortion (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 8; 6; p. 1266-1272.
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    Cosmogenic nuclides in core samples of the Chico L6 chondrite - Evidence for irradiation under high shielding (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results are presented from an analysis of core samples obtained from different depths of the Chico (New Mexico) L6 chondrite for various cosmogenic nuclides (Be-10, Al-26, and stable isotopes of He, Ne, and Ar). The relationships between the measured abundances of cosmogenic nuclides and cosmogenic Ne-22/Ne-21 ratio were compared with predictions of recent semiempirical models of Graf et al. (1990) and Reedy (1991), and it was found that both models closely reproduce the observed trends and absolute values of the data obtained. Noble gas data indicate that Chico experienced shielding similar to that of Jilin and greater than those of the Knyahinya or the Keyes chondrites. The exposure history for Chico is discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114); 27; 4; p. 371-381.
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    Dissemination and fractionation of projectile materials in the impact melts from Wabar Crater, Saudi Arabia (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results are presented from the analyses of small ballistically dispersed melt samples (occurring in the form of aerodynamically shaped spheres, dumbbells, and teardrops) from the Wabar Crater (Saudi Arabia) and of melts from the Wabar and Nejed meteorites. On the basis of the data obtained and of models for crater forming processes it is concluded that the ballistically-dispersed glasses were formed from material at shallow levels in the target zone where temperatures were higher and where intimate physical contact with the disrupting impactor was achieved. Siderophile element fractionation was completed early, while the impactor was undergoing decompression and prior to mixing with the target glasses.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114); 27; 4; p. 361-370.
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    Navier-Stokes simulation of a close-coupled canard-wing-body configuration (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 29; 5, Se; 830-838
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    Aeroelastic effects of spoiler surfaces on a low-aspect-ratio rectangular wing (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 29; 5, Se; 768-773
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  • 42
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    Assessment of compressibility corrections to the k-epsilon model in high-speed shear layers (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 10, O; 2369
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    Maintenance of strong rotational winds in Venus' middle atmosphere by thermal tides (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The cloud-level atmosphere of Venus takes little more than four days to complete one rotation, whereas the solid planet below has a 243-day period. Computer simulations of the circulation of the Venus middle atmosphere between 40 and 85 kilometers, as driven by solar radiation absorbed in the clouds, reproduce (1) the observed cloud-level rotation rate, (2) strong vertical shears above and below the cloud tops, and (3) midlatitude jets and strong poleward flow on the day side. Simulated circulations converge to yield nearly the same zonal winds when initialized with both stronger or weaker rotation rates. These results support the hypothesis that the observed cloud-top rotation rate is maintained by statistical balance between fluxes of momentum by thermal tides and momentum advection by mean meridional circulation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 257; 5070,; 647-650
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    Asteroid 951 Gaspra - Pre-Galileo physical model (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: An effort is made to derive from Galileo's 1991 encounter of the S-type asteroid 951 Gaspra general lessons that will be applicable to prospective earth-based observations of other asteroids. Attention is accordingly given to the derivation of spin-vector and shape parameters en route to more detailed physical characterization of a given asteroid. A future encounter of Gaspra by Galileo will be required to verify the present model.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 97; 1, Ma; 124-129
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    Scintillations of the Uranian kilometric radiation - Implications for the downstream magnetopause (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results are presented of the planetary radio astronomy observations conducted on board Voyager 2, with emphasis placed on the characteristics of the strong (3 to 6 dB) modulations of the broadband smooth Uranian radio emissions recorded from January 27-30, 1986, when the spacecraft was outbound from Uranus. The modulations were characterized by two superposed periods of about 100 sec and about 10 sec. It is suggested that the long-period modulation is due to the magnetopause surface waves, while the short-period modulations are due to the signature of ion cyclotron turbulence above the proton gyrofrequency, related to the magnetopause boundary layer.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; A6, J
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    Plasmadynamic effects in thermochemical nonequilibrium aerobrake flows (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 29; 3, Ma; 319-326
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    Computation of saddle point of attachment (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 6, Ju; 1561-156
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    Transonic Navier-Stokes computations for an oscillating wing using zonal grids (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 29; 3, Ma; 326-335
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    A compositional classification scheme for meteoritic chondrules (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A compositionally based classification scheme for chondrules is proposed that will help in systematizing the wealth of data available and disentangling the effects of nebular and subsequent processes. The classification is not by texture or the composition of a single phase, or a mixture of these two, but rather is a comprehensive, systematic approach which uses the composition of the two main chondrule components. This scheme is applicable to over 95 percent of the chondrules and is easily applied using an electron microprobe. It stresses the original diversity of the chondrules and the complex yet facile way in which they respond to parent-body metamorphism. Results using this classification scheme suggest that arguments against an important role of chondrules in determining the compositional trends of the chondrites have been premature.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 357; 6375,
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    Tangential, semisubmerged, and internal store carriage and separation (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Accounts are presented of tangential, semisubmerged, and internal store carriage drag, as well as of the results to date of stores-separation investigations employing both computational and experimental methods. It is demonstrated that CFD can contribute to the data base needed for internal stores carriage design and trade studies. Attention is given to the case of an internally carried store separating from its bay at supersonic speeds, where various kinds of interference are encountered. A code is developed for the simulation of these unsteady flows through time-accurate computations; computation results are noted to closely reproduce experiment data.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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    Bodies with noncircular cross sections and bank-to-turn missiles (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A development status evaluation is presented for the aerodynamics of missile configurations with noncircular cross-sections and bank-to-turn maneuvering systems, giving attention to cases with elliptical and square cross-sections, as well as bodies with variable cross-sections. The assessment of bank-to-turn missile performance notes inherent stability/control problems. A summary and index are provided for aerodynamic data on monoplanar configurations, including those which incorporate airbreathing propulsion systems.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
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    Low aspect ratio wings at high angles of attack (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A survey is conducted of the results of investigations into the flowfields and aerodynamic forces associated with low aspect ratio wings at high angles of attack. Attention is given to criteria for the cataloging of these flowfields, the phenomenon of vortex breakdown, with varying wing incidence and Mach number, and the effects of aspect ratio and compressibility. The planforms treated are of rectangular, clipped-delta, and strake-wing combination geometries. Extensive graphic representations of performance trends with varying parameters are furnished.
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    Numerical study of the effects of reverse sweep on scramjet inlet performance (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 8; 3, Ma; 714-719
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    Evaluation of a finite volume method for compressible shear layers (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 5, Ma; 1214-121
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    Ulysses observations of escaping VLF emissions from Jupiter (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Ulysses URAP experiment has detected Jovian radio emissions in the VLF range at distances from Jupiter in excess of 1.5 AU. The URAP observations represent the first synoptic observations of Jupiter in the VLF band, from 3 to 30 kHz. In this band lie the low-frequency extent of the bKOM emission, the escaping continuum emission, and the Jovian type IIIs. Initial results indicate that the continuum varies in frequency with the solar wind ram pressure at Jupiter, whereas, the Jovian type IIIs appear to be controlled to some extent by the planetary rotation, often appearing when system III longitude 100 deg faces the spacecraft.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 19; 649-652
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    On the detectability of Jovian oscillations with infrared heterodyne measurements (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A method is proposed for detecting Jovian global oscillations using IR heterodyne measurements in the lower stratosphere of the planet. Measurements of the S(0) and S(1) lines over a period of a few nights permitted the detection of modes with periods of 5 to 20 min and of Doppler shifts corresponding to velocities as low as 1 m/sec (which is less than the value reported by Schmider and Mosser, 1990 from observations of the Jovian troposphere in the visible range. Possible limitations of the method are pointed out.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 96; 15-26
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    Analysis of Voyager 2 images of Jovian lightning (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Magalhaes and Borucki (1991) reported that Voyager-2 images of Jupiter contained bright spots due to lightning activity that was confined to two narrow altitude bands centered at 49 deg N and 13.5 deg N latitude and to a single region near 60 deg N latitude. This paper describes the Voyager 2 imaging observations in detail and associates the positions of the lightning features in the images with particular cloud features. The energetics of the lightning storms on Jupiter is examined. It is found that the ratio of the energy dissipated by Jovian lightning to the thermal flux available to drive convection motions is about 3 decades larger than the terrestrial ratio.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 96; 1-14
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    Fall days of the SNC meteorites - Evidence for an SNC meteoroid stream, and a common site of origin (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Four of the SNC meteorites of putative Martian origin are falls. Two of these fell on October 3: Chassigny in 1815 and Zagami in 1962. The probability of this coincidence arising from random fall days is approximately 1 in 60. If this coincidence is not the result of chance, it suggests that some of the SNC meteorites are derived from a meteoroid stream. In that Chassigny and Zagami span nearly the full range of SNC lithologies and histories, the coincidence of fall days is consistent with suggestions that all of the SNCs came from a single site (impact crater) on their parent planet.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114); 27; 93-95
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    Impact-generated atmospheres over Titan, Ganymede, and Callisto (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The current distribution of atmospheres among Ganymede, Titan, and Callisto are presently accounted for by a process of competition between impact erosion and impact-furnished supply of atmosphile-laden late veneers. Titan's lower impact velocities have allowed it to accommodate an atmosphere, while Callisto and Ganymede remain barren. The model applied entails that the threshold impact velocity for atmospheric cratering by icy impactors be in the 10-14 km/sec range, consistent with the implications of the Schmidt and Housen (1987) crater-energy scaling for nonporous targets.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 95; 1-23
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    Application of the LAURA code for slender-vehicle aerothermodynamics (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 29; 16-23
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    Implicit Navier-Stokes solver for three-dimensional compressible flows (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 11; p. 2653-2659.
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    Comparison of algebraic turbulence models for afterbody flows with jet exhaust (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Three-dimensional Navier-Stokes simulations have been done for transonic and low supersonic flow past a nonaxisymmetric nozzle typical of those advocated for advanced fighter airplanes. The jet exhaust is included in the calculations. The investigation compares the performance of the unmodified Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model with its performance when enhanced by the Degani-Schiff and the Goldberg modifications. Solutions are presented for Mach numbers of 0.80, 0.94, and 1.20 at 0-deg angle of attack and a Reynolds number of 20 x 10 to the 6th. The numerical results, which are compared to the wind-tunnel data, show that the three turbulence models predict considerably different shock locations, separated-flow regions, and flowfields.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 11; p. 2716-2722.
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    Ulysses radio and plasma wave observations in the Jupiter environment (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Unified Radio and Plasma Wave (URAP) experiment has produced new observations of the Jupiter environment, owing to the unique capabilities of the instrument and the traversal of high Jovian latitudes. Broad-band continuum radio emission from Jupiter and in situ plasma waves have proved valuable in delineating the magnetospheric boundaries. Simultaneous measurements of electric and magnetic wave fields have yielded new evidence of whistler-mode radiation within the magnetosphere. Observations of auroral-like hiss provided evidence of a Jovian cusp. The source direction and polarization capabilities of URAP have demonstrated that the outer region of the Io plasma torus supported at least five separate radio sources that reoccurred during successive rotations with a measurable corotation lag. Thermal noise measurements of the Io torus densities yielded values in the densest portion that are similar to models suggested on the basis of Voyager observations of 13 years ago. The URAP measurements also suggest complex beaming and polarization characteristics of Jovian radio components. In addition, a new class of kilometer-wavelength striated Jovian bursts has been observed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 257; 5076,; 1524-153
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    Ulysses dust measurements near Jupiter (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Submicrometer- to micrometer-sized particles were recorded by the Ulysses dust detector within 40 days of the Jupiter flyby. Nine impacts were recorded within 50 Jupiter radii with most of them recorded after closest approach. Three of these impacts are consistent with particles on prograde orbits around Jupiter and the rest are believed to have resulted from gravitationally focused interplanetary dust. From the ratio of the impact rate before the Jupiter flyby to the impact rate after the Jupiter flyby it is concluded that interplanetary dust particles at the distance of Jupiter move on mostly retrograde orbits. On 10 March 1992, Ulysses passed through an intense dust stream. The dust detector recorded 126 impacts within 26 hours. The stream particles were moving on highly inclined and apparently hyperbolic orbits with perihelion distances of greater than 5 astronomical units. Interplanetary dust is lost rather quickly from the solar system through collisions and other mechanisms and must be almost continuously replenished to maintain observed abundances. Dust flux measurements, therefore, give evidence of the recent rates of production from sources such as comets, asteroids, and moons, as well as the possible presence of interstellar grains.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 257; 5076,; 1550-155
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  • 65
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    Application of an unsteady Navier-Stokes solver to transonic turbine design (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 8; 5, Se; 1079-108
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  • 66
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    On the inclusion of the hydrogen dimer in the analysis of Voyager IRIS spectra (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Empirical formulas are fitted to existing theoretical absorption spectra of H2-H2 pairs in the far-infrared allowing the inclusion of dimer absorption, parameterized with the height dependence of the para-hydrogen profile, in the calculations. Comparison between synthetic and Voyager IRIS spectra shows that once the dimer absorption is included it is now possible to reproduce the hydrogen portion of the IRIS spectrum to within the precision of the measurements.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters (ISSN 0004-637X); 394; 1, Ju; L29-L32
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  • 67
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    In ecliptic observations of Jovian radio emissions by Ulysses - Comparison with Voyager results (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: During the Ulysses inbound cruise to Jupiter the Unified Radio and Plasma Wave (URAP) experiment observed a variety of the planet's radio components in the frequency range below 1 MHz. Most of these emissions were already detected by the Voyager Radio Astronomy and Plasma Wave experiments, however, with much less sensitivity and different spectral coverage. These different radio components within the URAP dynamic spectra are identified, and their appearance with the previous Voyager observations are compared.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 19; 12, J; 1307-131
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  • 68
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    Gortler instability and supersonic quiet nozzle design (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 8, Au; 2093
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  • 69
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    Predicted pressure distribution on a prop-fan blade through Euler analysis (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 29; 4, Ju; 627-631
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  • 70
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    Navier-Stokes computations on swept-tapered wings, including flexibility (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 29; 4, Ju; 588-597
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  • 71
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    Navier-Stokes predictions for the F-18 wing and fuselage at large incidence (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 29; 4, Ju; 565-574
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  • 72
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    Mechanism of Muong Nong-type tektite formation and speculation on the source of Australasian tektites (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The source crater of the youngest and largest of the tektite strewnfields, the Australasian strewnfield, has not been located. A number of lines of evidence indicate that the Muong Nong-type tektites, primarily found in Indochina, are more primitive than the much more abundant and widespread splash-form tektites, and are proximal to the source. In this study the spatial distribution of Muong Nong-type tektite sites and chemical character have been used to indicate the approximate location of the source. The variation of Muong Nong-type tektite chemical composition appears to be caused by mixing of two silicate rock end-members and a small amount of limestone, and not by vapor fractionation. The variation in composition is not random, and does not support in situ melting or multiple impact theories. The distribution of both Muong Nong and splash-form tektite sites suggest the source is in a limited area near the southern part of the Thailand-Laos border.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114); 27; 2, Ju
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  • 73
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    Aerothermodynamics of a 1.6-meter-diameter sphere in hypersonic rarefied flow (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 7, Ju; 1789-179
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  • 74
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    Neptune's polar cusp region - Observations and magnetic field analysis (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper confirms and extends the results of Szabo et al. (1991) (which demonstrated some similarities of the Neptune's polar cusp region to the earth's cusp), but uses a different approach requiring plasma and vector magnetic field quantities. In addition, various MHD properties of the cusp-magnetopause boundary, which separates the cusp from the magnetosheath allowing thermal anisotropy, are obtained, including the magnetopause (MP) normal, mass, and normal momentum flux, the boundary speed (and thickness), and their relationships. Results demonstrate that the MP velocity is composed of two components: a propagation speed and the other component consistent with the rotational motion of the magnetosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; A6, J
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  • 75
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    Titan's greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Thermal mechanisms active in Titan's atmosphere are discussed in a brief review of data obtained during the Voyager I flyby in 1980. Particular attention is given to the greenhouse effect (GHE) produced by atmospheric H2, N2, and CH4; this GHE is stronger than that on earth, with CH4 and H2 playing roles similar to those of H2O and CO2 on earth. Also active on Titan is an antigreenhouse effect, in which dark-brown and orange organic aerosols block incoming solar light while allowing IR radiation from the Titan surface to escape. The combination of GHE and anti-GHE leads to a surface temperature about 12 C higher than it would be if Titan had no atmosphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Planetary Report (ISSN 0736-3680); 12; 3, Ma
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  • 76
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    The masses of Uranus and its major satellites from Voyager tracking data and earth-based Uranian satellite data (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Improved values for the masses of the Uranian system and the satellites Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, Oberon, and Miranda are obtained on the basis of an analysis of the Doppler-tracking data and star-satellite imaging from the Voyager 2 spacecraft combined with earth-based astrometric satellite observations. Masses are expressed as the product, the universal gravitational constant times the mass of the body, in units of (cu km/sq s). The satellite masses are (4.4 +/- 0.5) for Miranda, (90.3 +/- 8.0) for Ariel, (78.2 +/- 9.0) for Umbriel, (235.3 +/- 6.0) for Titania, and (201.1 +/- 5.0) for Oberon. Quoted errors are standard errors and are the present assessment of the true rather than the formal errors. The Uranus rotational pole orientation angles and gravity harmonic coefficients were fixed at the values determined by French et al. (1988) from stellar occultations of the Uranian rings observed from both the earth and Voyager 2 and from the occultation of the spacecraft radio signal.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256); 103; 6, Ju
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  • 77
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    Domain-decomposition algorithm applied to multielement airfoil grids (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 6, Ju; 1457-146
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  • 78
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    Effect of acoustic excitation on stalled flows over an airfoil (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 6, Ju; 1492-149
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  • 79
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    Asteroid families - An initial search (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A stereo examination was conducted for clusters in three-dimensional proper element space within a sample of both numbered and faint Palomar-Leiden Survey (PLS) asteroids. The clusters were then objectively filtered for small Poisson probability of chance occurrence; 104 were accepted as families with 4- to 12-member populations, and are interpreted as impact-generated. Structure is common in the well-populated families: the better-sampled families are accordingly discussed in terms of their geometry and taxonomy. Some families are very rich in faint PLS members.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus (ISSN 0019-1035); 96; 2, Ap
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  • 80
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    Two- and three-dimensional grid generation by an algebraic homotopy procedure (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 5, Ma; 1433
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  • 81
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    Navier-Stokes solution of transonic cascade flows using nonperiodic C-type grids (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A new kind of C-type grid is proposed, this grid is non-periodic on the wake and allows minimum skewness for cascades with high turning and large camber. Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved on this type of grid using a finite volume discretization and a full multigrid method which uses Runge-Kutta stepping as the driving scheme. The Baldwin-Lomax eddy-viscosity model is used for turbulence closure. A detailed numerical study is proposed for a highly loaded transonic blade. A grid independence analysis is presented in terms of pressure distribution, exit flow angles, and loss coefficient. Comparison with experiments clearly demonstrates the capability of the proposed procedure.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Propulsion and Power (ISSN 0748-4658); 8; 410-417
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  • 82
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    Navier-Stokes simulation of flow through a highly contoured subsonic diffuser (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The flow through a highly offset subsonic diffuser with cross-sectional profiles that varied from rectangular at the duct entrance to circular at the engine face was numerically simulated. A multizonal approach combined with a two-grid topology was used to represent both the internal and external flowfields, and an implicit, approximately-factored, partially flux-split finite-difference algorithm was used to solve the three-dimensional thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations. The computed static pressures along the inlet wall and total pressures on the engine face were compared with experimental data. In addition, the overall flowfield within the duct was examined in detail. Good agreement is shown between experiment and computations, with the limiting factor being the lack of a reliable turbulence model for internal flow problems.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering (ISSN 0029-5981); 34; 473-483
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  • 83
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    Mars secular obliquity change due to the seasonal polar caps (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: There is a weak positive feedback mechanism between the astronomy and meteorology of Mars. The mechanism is this: the seasonal waxing and waning polar caps cause small changes in Mars' dynamical flattening. Because the changes in flattening are out of phase with the sun, there is a net annual solar torque on the planet which increases the angle between the equatorial and orbital phanes. On the basis of Viking observations of the present climate and simple atmospheric models of past climates, these seasonal shifts of mass between the atmosphere and polar caps are capable of secularly increasing Mars' obliquity by about 1 or 2 deg since the origin of the solar system. Thus, the climate, driven largely by the axial tilt, reacts back on the planet and slightly enhances the seasons on Mars as time progresses. More sophisticated models will probably not change this result much; therefore this mechanism probably produced only minor changes in Mars' climate. It causes negligible changes in the axial tilt and climate of the earth.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; E2, F
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  • 84
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    Enthalpy damping for high Mach number Euler solutions (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 300
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  • 85
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    Lunar impact basins and crustal heterogeneity - New western limb and far side data from Galileo (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Multispectral images of the lunar western limb and far side obtained from Galileo reveal the compositional nature of several prominent lunar features and provide new information on lunar evolution. The data reveal that the ejecta from the Orientale impact basin (900 kilometers in diameter) lying outside the Cordillera Mountains was excavated from the crust, not the mantle, and covers pre-Orientale terrain that consisted of both highland materials and relatively large expanses of ancient mare basalts. The inside of the far side South Pole-Aitken basin (greater than 2000 kilometers in diameter) has low albedo, red color, and a relatively high abundance of iron- and magnesium-rich materials. These features suggest that the impact may have penetrated into the deep crust or lunar mantle or that the basin contains ancient mare basalts that were later covered by highlands ejecta.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 255; 570-576
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  • 86
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    Flow over an all-body hypersonic aircraft - Experiment and computation (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 29; 7-15
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  • 87
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    The new challenge of computational aeroscience (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper discusses NASA's Computational Aerosciences (CAS) Project of the High Performance Computing and Communications Program (HPCCP). The project is aimed at developing advanced, multidisciplinary simulation capabilities for aerospace vehicle and propulsion system design. It is also aimed at overcoming computational performance barriers by accelerating the development of parallel computer technology. The goals and approach of the CAS Project are described and the challenges to its implementation are addressed. Specific vehicle class simulations to be demonstrated and the principal mutidisciplinary modeling approaches to be emphasized are described. The computational speed and memory requirements for representative multidisciplinary applications are estimated. Finally, the state of parallel computer technology including programming issues and the results of performance measurements are explored.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: In: ICAS, Congress, 18th, Beijing, China, Sept. 20-25, 1992, Proceedings. Vol. 1 (A93-14151 03-01); p. 83-96.
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    The age of the meteorite recovery surfaces of Roosevelt County, New Mexico, USA (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: We have obtained minimum age estimates for the sand units underlying the two largest meteorite deflation surfaces in Roosevelt County, New Mexico, USA, using thermoluminescence dating techniques. The dates obtained ranged from 53.5 (+/- 5.4) to 95.2 (+/- 9.5) ka, and must be considered lower limits for the terrestrial ages of the meteorites found within these specific deflation surfaces. These ages greatly exceed previous measurements from adjacent meteorite-producing deflation basins. We find that Roosevelt County meteorites are probably terrestrial contemporaries of the meteorites found at most accumulation zones in Antarctica. The apparent high meteorite accumulation rate reported for Roosevelt County by Zolensky et al. (1990) is incorrect, as it used an age of 16 ka for all Roosevelt County recovery surfaces. We conclude that the extreme variability of terrestrial ages of the Roosevelt County deflation surfaces effectively precludes their use for calculations of the meteorite accumulation rate at the Earth's surface.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics (ISSN 0026-1114); 27; 4; p. 460-462.
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  • 89
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    Magnetic field observations during the Ulysses flyby of Jupiter (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The Ulysses magnetic field measurements confirmed the general structure of the dayside magnetosphere and showed that the importance of the current sheet dynamics extends well into the middle and outer magnetosphere. On the dusk side, the magnetic field was found to be swept back significantly toward the magnetotail. It is pointed out that the external current densities need to be modified with respect to previous observations on the inbound pass which shows that Jovian magnetic and magnetospheric models are highly sensitive to both the intensity and the structure assumed for the current sheet. Data obtained revealed that all boundaries and boundary layers in the magnetosphere have a very complex microstructure.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 257; 5076,
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  • 90
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    Application of computational fluid dynamics to sonic boom near- and mid-field prediction (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 29; 5, Se; 920-926
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  • 91
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    Two-fence concept for efficient trapping of vortices on airfoils (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Previous work on the use of a vortex trapped above a wing in order to produce high lift at low angles of attack is extended here. It is first postulated that the optimum way to trap a vortex is to design the airfoil section and wing so that the flow along the vortex core is minimized. It is then shown that a vertical fence both in front of and behind the separation bubble generated by the trapped vortex is an effective way to reduce the mass flow removal and its associated drag to a negligible amount. In order to show that vertical surfaces upstream and downstream of the vortex separation bubble have an opposite effect on the source requirements for vortex trapping, conformal mapping methods are used to obtain the solutions for a variety of simple two-dimensional, inviscid, incompressible flow configurations. Trapped-vortex flowfield solutions for the flow over flat plate and Clark-Y airfoils are then used to demonstrate that the heights of the fences can be tailored to make the required mass withdrawal (and therefore, the drag due to trapping) to be vanishingly small.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 29; 5, Se
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  • 92
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    Euler/experiment correlation of a generic fighter (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 29; 5, Se; 839-846
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  • 93
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    Unsteady shock-vortex interaction on a flexible delta wing (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 29; 5, Se; 790-798
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  • 94
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    Application of a parallel direct simulation Monte Carlo method to hypersonic rarefied flows (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 10, O; 2447-245
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  • 95
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    Crossflow vortex and transition measurements by use of multielement hot films (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 9, Se; 2212-221
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  • 96
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    Modern developments in shear flow control with swirl (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 6, Ju; 1482
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  • 97
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    Hypersonic shock-wave turbulent-boundary-layer interaction flows (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 6, Ju; 1480
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  • 98
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    Nonadiabatic and three-dimensional effects in compressible turbulent boundary layers (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 897-904
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  • 99
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    Calculation of real-gas effects on blunt-body trim angles (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 999-1007
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  • 100
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    Two- and three-dimensional effects in the supersonic mixing layer (1992)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 30; 973-981
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