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  • gene expression  (83)
  • maize  (82)
  • Springer  (164)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Institute of Physics
  • 1995-1999  (72)
  • 1990-1994  (92)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1998  (72)
  • 1992  (92)
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  • Springer  (164)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Institute of Physics
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (13)
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  • 1995-1999  (72)
  • 1990-1994  (92)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A gene controlling biosynthesis of isoorientin, a compound in corn silks antibiotic to the corn earworm (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: maize ; Zea mays ; Helicoverpa zea ; antibiosis ; flavonoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) is an important pest of corn (Zea mays L.), and its larvae sometimes cause severe ear damage to hybrids grown in the southeastern United States. The antibiotic compound isoorientin is present in silks of some corn inbreds at a concentration that is harmful to corn earworm larvae. The inbred T218, which produces biologically active levels of this compound (〈2.0% dry weight), was evaluated in hybrid combination with two other non-isoorientin producing inbreds to determine the mode of isoorientin inheritance in corn silks. Silk masses from individual ears of each parent, the F1, F2, first backcrosses, F3 families and selfed BC1 families were evaluated in 1994 and 1995 for isoorientin concentration. Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to make chemical determinations. Segregation ratios in the F2, first backcross to T218, F3 families and selfed BC1 families were tested. The tests were conclusive in the identification of a single recessive gene controlling high isoorientin concentration in the silks of inbred T218. Some evidence for modifiers exists, in that there was a statistically nonsignificant trend for more plants than expected to occur in the low isoorientin concentration classes. Development of inbreds with a high concentration of the simply inherited isoorientin in their silks will add to the arsenal of compounds available in corn silks to combat damage to corn by corn earworm larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003436113444
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geographical variation in pheromone response of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, in North Carolina (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insecta ; Ostrina nubilalis ; pheromone trapping ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The response of male European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) to synthetic pheromone lures containing various isomeric blends of the sex pheromone 11-tetradecenyl acetate was measured in 13 counties in North Carolina. The blends consisted of either 3% Z (‘E strain’), 97% Z (‘Z strain’), or 35% Z (‘hybrid’) 11-tetradecenyl acetate. Response to E strain lures predominated in those counties located in the Coastal Plain (east) of the state, while response to the Z strain pheromone was dominant in the west. A zone of overlap of these broad strain distributions appears to occur in the eastern Piedmont. Within this zone there was substantial response to both E and Z blends. The proportion of these responses changed considerably between generations within years as well as between years. Significantly higher capture rates in hybrid baited traps in parts of the overlap zone may be indicative of increased rates of hybridization between the E and Z strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00162990
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel flight periodicity of Chilo partellus (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; stem borer ; suction trap ; behaviour ; maize ; dispersal ; pheromones ; activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diel flight periodicity of the nocturnal moth Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera;Pyralidae) was measured in the laboratory using an actograph and in the field with suction traps. Females showed almost no flight activity on the night of eclosion. Flight activity of mated females peaked before midnight, the period of peak oviposition activity. Male peak activity occurred after midnight coinciding with female eclosion. Presence or absence of females did not affect when or how long males were active. Data on flight activity and reproductive behaviour are discussed in relation to the use of pheromones to protect maize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221367
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Irrigation effects on European corn borer — maize water relations (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: European corn borer ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; maize ; water ; drought ; stress ; development ; models ; microenvironment ; irrigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study examined the impact of irrigation water on certain aspects of an insect-plant relationship in the field including the assessment of plant-mediated water effects on an herbivore's development, survival, and behavior, and plant damage parameters and host tissue water status. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were arranged in a randomized complete block design in the field over two years in North Carolina (NC). Four blocks were subjected to three different irrigation treatments initiated ca. one week before anthesis: optimal, intermediate, deficit water supply. Each plant was infested with one (1986) or two (1987) black head stage, E-race European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübn.)] (ECB) egg masses at tasselling. ECB development, tunnelling site, and survival as well as plant tissue water status (tissue % water contents [θ] & leaf water potentials [Ψ]) were recorded through July. The irrigation effect on ECB parameters was slight and variable. Internal stalk temperatures of optimal plants were consistently cooler than their deficit counterparts (1 day-degree/day). With degree-days included as an explanatory variable in the analyses, there were no significant irrigation effects on the ECB parameters, except for total proportion of ECB's bored into maize plant parts. More ECB's bored into drier plants than in optimal plants; however, this trend was not significant in 1987. Plant water indices showed that though Ψ responded to irrigation, there were only minor changes in tissue θ, particularly in view of the larger diurnal tissue changes observed and the relatively high, sustained stalk θ levels seen over all treatments. Examination of ECB pupal θ confirmed that dietary water changes were minor or non-limiting to the insects' developmental physiology, because pupal θ was not sensitive to the irrigation treatments. Though water supply changes have drastic developmental and agronomic consequences for the maize plant, little or no changes were seen in the ECB feeding environment. Furthermore, a plant damage model was developed whereby the total % of ECB's tunnelled into maize was related to the mean larval age. The implications of this model on the understanding of ECB tunnelling behavior, damage potential, and pest management is noted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688989
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear calcium: a key regulator of gene expression (1998)
    Springer
    BioMetals 11 (1998), S. 345-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: calcium ; CREB ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Through the evolution of multicellular organisms, calcium has emerged as the preferred ion for intracel-lular signalling. It now occupies a pivotal role in many cell types and nowhere is it more important than in neurons, where it mediates both the relaying and long-term storage of information. The latter is a process that enables learning and memory to be formed and requires the activation of gene expression by calcium signals. Evidence from a number of diverse organisms shows that transcription mediated by the transcrip-tion factor CREB is critical for learning and memory. Here we review the features of CREB activation by calcium signals in mammalian cells. In contrast to other transcription factors, its regulation is dependent on an elevation of nuclear calcium concentration, potentially placing this spatially distinct pool of calcium as an important mediator of information storage.© Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009257909785
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity and anticholinesterase activity of the fungal metabolites territrems to the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 57-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heliothis ; corn ; maize ; insecticide ; Aspergillus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The toxicity and anticholinesterase activity of tremorgenic fungal metabolites, territrems, to the corn earworm, Helioverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) were examined. In oral toxicity studies, territrem A significantly inhibited growth by 40% at 25 ppm and by 89% at 250 ppm. Territrem B and an epoxy-derivative significantly inhibited growth by ca. 45% at 250 ppm. Piperonyl butoxide administered orally synergized the toxicity of the territrems tested. In topical toxicity studies, the epoxy-derivative caused 26% mortality and 25% growth retardation at 10 mg/gm insects. Territrem A and B were not significantly lethal, but did reduce growth by 15–20% at 10 mg/gm insect. Paraoxon tested in the same way caused 100% mortality at 25 ppm orally and 10 mg/gm topically. However, all territrems tested in vitro as inhibitors of H. zea head acetylcholinesterase were at least comparable to or were more active than paraoxon. Topically administered epoxy-territrem B also inhibited H. zea head acetylcholinesterase. The potential for development of new insecticides from a territrem lead structure is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189717
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiplex Titration RT-PCR: Rapid Determination of Gene Expression Patterns for a Large Number of Genes (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 323-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: Aux/IAA genes ; gene expression ; gene families ; RT-PCR ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have developed an improved method for determination of gene expression levels with RT-PCR. The procedure is rapid and does not require extensive optimization or densitometric analysis. Since the detection of individual transcripts is PCR-based, small amounts of tissue samples are sufficient for the analysis of expression patterns in large gene families. Using this method, we were able to rapidly screen nine members of the Aux/IAA family of auxin- responsive genes and identify those genes which vary in message abundance in a tissue- and light-specific manner. While not offering the accuracy of conventional semi-quantitative or competitive RT-PCR, our method allows quick screening of large numbers of genes in a wide range of RNA samples with just a thermal cycler and standard gel analysis equipment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007523305132
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A survey on the occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat and maize from western Romania (1998)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 143 (1998), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: deoxynivalenol ; enzyme immunoassay ; feed ; maize ; mycotoxins ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Samples of wheat (n = 25) and maize (n = 30) for animal consumption, collected in 1997 after harvest from western Romania, were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays for mycotoxin contamination. Toxins analyses included deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetylDON, 15- acetylDON, fusarenone X (FX), T-2 Toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OA), and citrinin (CT). DON and acetylDONs were the major contaminants in wheat (100%) and maize (46%). Median values for DON, 3-acetylDON, and 15-acetylDON were 880 μg kg-1, 66 μg kg- 1, and 150 μg kg-1 in wheat, and 890 μg kg-1, 180 μg kg-1, and 620 μg kg- 1 in maize, respectively. Additionally, 3,15-diacetylDON was detected in some samples by HPLC-EIA analysis. All samples were negative for FX (〈150 μg kg-1). T-2 was found in wheat (n = 6) and maize (n = 1) at levels between 13 and 63 μg kg- 1. DAS (2.6 μg kg-1) was found in one maize sample. ZEA occurred in all wheat and in four maize samples, median values were 10 μg kg-1 and 250 μg kg-1, respectively. One maize sample contained FB1 (140 μg kg-1). All samples were AFB1-negative (〈4 μg kg-1). OA was found in one wheat sample (37 μg kg- 1), CT was found in one maize sample (580 μg kg- 1). This first reported natural occurrence of a range of mycotoxins in Romanian feeding stuff shows that DON and acetyl DONs may be present at levels which may affect animal production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006987205986
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foliar urea fertilization of cereals: A review (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 209-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Wheat ; maize ; barley ; rice ; foliar urea ; grain yield ; breadmaking quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that there are several potential benefits of providing nitrogen to cereals via the foliage as urea solution. These include: reduced nitrogen losses through denitrification and leaching compared with nitrogen fertilizer applications to the soil; the ability to provide nitrogen when root activity is impaired e.g., in saline or dry conditions, and uptake late in the season to increase grain nitrogen concentration. Factors that influence the degree of foliar absorption in field conditions have not, however, been clearly defined and losses to the atmosphere and soil can occur. Foliar urea applications may also hinder crop productivity although the explanations for this vary, and include desiccation of leaf cells, aqueous ammonia and urea toxicity, biuret contamination and the disruption of carbohydrate metabolism. It has not yet been determined which one, or combinations, of these mechanisms are most important in field situations. When damage has not been severe, foliar urea applications have increased grain yield, particularly when applied before flag leaf emergence and when nitrogen availability is limiting. Increases in grain nitrogen content are often larger when applications of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil are reduced, and when the urea solution is sprayed either at anthesis or during the following two weeks. It is during this period that foliar urea sprays can be of greater benefit than soil applications with regard to nitrogen utilization by the crop. Increases in wheat grain nitrogen concentration following urea application can improve breadmaking quality. Responses in loaf quality may, however, be variable particularly when increases in grain nitrogen content have been large, and/or when the nitrogen: sulphur ratio in the grain is increased. These circumstances have lead to alterations in the proportions of the different protein fractions which influence breadmaking potential. To exploit the full potential benefits of foliar urea application to cereals, more needs to be known about the mechanisms, and thus how to prevent losses of nitrogen from the foliage, and to reduce the phytotoxic influences of sprays. More information is also required to exploit the reported effects that urea may have on limiting the development of cereal diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048783
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The potential of alley cropping im improvement of cultivation systems in the high rainfall areas of Zambia II. Maize production (1992)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 17 (1992), S. 241-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: alley cropping ; maize ; soybean ; soil fertility ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Sesbania sesban ; Albizia falcataria ; Flemingia congesta ; Gliricidia sepium ; Cassia spectabilis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Theee trials to evaluat the potential of alley cropping in maize production on the low fertility, acidic soils in Northern Zambia are described. Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania sesban, Albizia falcataria, Fleminga congesta, and Cassia spectabilis, were grown in alley crops with hybrid maize and soybean. All trials received recommended rates of P and K fertiliser; N fertiliser was applied at three rates as a subplot treatment. One trial received lime before establishment. Only in the limed trial was there a significant improvement in maize yields through alley cropping; when no N fertiliser was applied, incorporation of Leucaena leucocephala prunings resulted in an increase of up to 95% in yields, with a smaller improvement being produced by Flemingia congesta. There was a significant correlation between the quantity of prunings biomass applied and the proportional increase in maize yields over the control treatment. It is suggested that the lack of effect of most of the tree species on crop yields was due to low biomass production. An economic analysis showed that alley cropping with limed Leucaena was only profitable when fertiliser costs were high in relation to maize prices. However, lime is both expensive and difficult to obtain and transport for most small scale farmers in the region, and is therefore not a practical recommendation. It is suggested that future alley cropping research should focus on screening a wider range of tree species, including other species of Leucaena, for acid tolerance and higher biomass production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00054150
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Napier grass strips and livestock: a bioeconomic analysis (1998)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 40 (1998), S. 41-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: hedgerow ; maize ; mulch ; Pennisetum purpureum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Napier grass strips are gaining some acceptance in Southeast Asia as a vegetative means of soil erosion control, due to the relative ease of establishment and management. In addition, the napier grass strips aid productivity of agroforestry systems by providing mulch or by being fed to livestock. In this paper, a bioeconomic comparison of different ways of utilising the napier grass cuttings is undertaken. The three uses examined for the cuttings were: as mulch in the alley areas, sold as fodder, and fed to animals with manure applied back to the system. The analysis linked the soils-oriented SCUAF model with economic and animal component models. SCUAF was parameterized using field data based on farmer interviews and field visits. Farmer interviews and field visits were conducted at Claveria, Misamis Oriental to gather additional data regarding costs and returns associated with animal production, and also to obtain the farm gate price of napier. Predicted biophysical results produced by the SCUAF model showed that application of napier grass cuttings, back into the system, directly as mulch or indirectly as animal manure resulted in higher maize and napier yields, lower soil erosion rates, and less of a reduction in soil mineral nitrogen and soil labile carbon levels. The comparison was made with the case where napier was sold off-farm as fodder. Cost-benefit analysis showed that higher economic returns were gained when napier grass cuttings were fed to animals, rather than applied directly as mulch. This economic benefit was attributed to the draught and transport services rendered by the animal and to a change in the value of the animals. This analysis highlights the value of utilizing animals within a napier grass strip system for control of erosion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006065626800
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic approaches to the study of mitochondrial biogenesis in yeast (1992)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 62 (1992), S. 131-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA ; mutational analysis ; nucleo-mitochondrial interactions ; gene expression ; membrane assembly ; respiratory deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to most other organisms, the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae can survive without functional mitochondria. This ability has been exploited in genetic approaches to the study of mitochondrial biogenesis. In the last two decades, mitochondrial genetics have made major contributions to the identification of genes on the mitochondrial genome, the mapping of these genes and the establishment of structure-function relationships in the products they encode. In parallel, more than 200 complementation groups, corresponding to as many nuclear genes necessary for mitochondrial function or biogenesis have been described. Many of the latter are required for post-transcriptional events in mitochondrial gene expression, including the processing of mitochondrial pre-RNAs, the translation of mitochondrial mRNAs, or the assembly of mitochondrial translation products into the membrane. The aim of this review is to describe the genetic approaches used to unravel the intricacies of mitochondrial biogenesis and to summarize recent insights gained from their application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584467
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integrated Management Practices for the Control of Maize Grey Leaf Spot (1998)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 3 (1998), S. 177-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: Cercospora zeae-maydis ; control ; grey leaf spot ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Grey leaf spot of maize, (Zea maydis L.) (Cercospora zeae-maydis) Tehon and Daniels, is one of the most destructive leaf diseases of maize. The distribution and severity of grey leaf spot has increased over the past 10 to 15 years. The United States and South Africa are main areas where research on the disease has been concentrated. The research results have provided valuable and significant insight into pathogen epidemiology and allowed an integrated management system to be developed. However, management options are a result of the agricultural system under which maize is produced. The pathogen survives only on maize, so crop rotation and stubble management are major factors in disease management, but resistant hybrids offer the best option for economic control. Many other factors, such as soil fertility, plant density, irrigation and chemical control, can significantly influence a grey leaf spot epidemic, although a single management practice will not control the pathogen effectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009694632036
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulatory effect of calcium administration on regucalcin mRNA expression is attenuated in the kidney cortex of rats ingested with saline (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 178 (1998), S. 275-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: regucalcin ; calcium-binding protein ; gene expression ; calmodulin ; spontaneous hypertensive rats ; rat kidney cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in the kidney cortex of rats ingested with saline was investigated. The alteration in regucalcin mRNA levels was analyzed by Northern blotting using liver regucalcin complementary DNA (0.9 kb of open reading frame). Rats were freely given saline as drinking water for 7 days. Regucalcin mRNA levels in the kidney cortex were suppressed by saline ingestion. When calcium chloride (10 mg Ca/100 g body weight) was intraperitoneally administered to rats ingested with saline for 7 days, the effect of calcium administration to increase regucalcin mRNA levels was weakened by saline ingestion. Such effect was also seen by the administration of 2.5 and 5 mg Ca/100 g. Regucalcin mRNA levels in the kidney cortex of spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) were not appreciably increased by the administration of calcium (10 mg/100 g). Meanwhile, calcium content in the kidney cortex was significantly elevated by the administration of calcium (10 mg/100 g) to normal rats. This increase was weakened in saline-ingested rats. Moreover, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity in the cytosol of kidney cortex was significantly decreased by saline ingestion. These results suggest the possibility that saline ingestion-induced suppression of regucalcin mRNA expression in the kidney cortex is partly involved in the attenuation of Ca2+ signalling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006898910955
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression of a cDNA encoding an intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTPase-2, from mouse testis and T-cells (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 118 (1992), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mouse ; protein tyrosine phosphatase ; cDNA cloning ; nucleotide sequence ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The PTP-2 cDNA encoding an intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase-2) was isolated and sequenced from mouse testis and T-cell cDNA libraries. This PTP-2 cDNA was found to be homologous to human PTP-TC and rat PTP-S, and contained 1,551 nucleotides, including 1,146 nucleotides encoding 382 amino acids as well as 5′ (61 nucleotides) and 3′ (344 nucleotides) non-coding regions. Northern blot analysis indicated that PTP-2 mRNA of 1.9 Kb was most abundant in testis and kidney, although it was also present in spleen, muscle, liver, heart and brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249698
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Protein tyrosine phosphatase gene expression analysis in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 178 (1998), S. 157-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: protein tyrosine phosphatases ; gene expression ; degenerate deoxyoligonucleotides ; RT-PCR ; Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to identify protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) expressed in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts and to examine their expression levels as well as to characterize quantitative aspects of RT-PCR based on degenerate deoxyoligonucleotides. By using an RT-PCR assay based on degenerate deoxyoligonucleotide primers, expression of mRNAs for two cytoplasmic- and six transmembrane-type PTPs in Swiss 3T3 cells was detected. The sequences of two of them are new. Among nine analyzed PTPs expressed to widely varied extends, only three have mRNA levels high enough to be seen on Northern blots with 10 µg of total RNA per lane. The frequencies with which the examined PTPs are represented among the PCR amplification products, correlate stronger with the primer fidelity, defined as the number of mismatches between the primer- and the cDNA target-sequences, rather than with the PTP expression levels. In conclusion, an RT-PCR assay based on degenerate primers can be successfully used to sample the expressed PTPs and to identify new members of this gene family. However, reliable quantification of their mRNA levels can only be achieved using the classical approaches, like Northern, RNase protection assay or non-degenerate quantitative RT-PCR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006897629337
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene expression after short periods of coronary occlusion (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 186 (1998), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: myocardial ischemia ; gene expression ; growth factors ; phospholamban ; calsequestrin heat shock proteins ; preconditioning ; stunning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Brief periods of coronary occlusion render the affected myocardium more tolarant to the otherwise devastating effects of long coronary occlusion. Besides this phenomena, called ischemic preconditioning, short periods of ischemia cause a regional dysfunction, namely myocardial stunning. The molecular mechanisms of both syndromes are not very well understood. We therefore investigated the expression of genes which may be involved in cardioprotection or repair processes.Using our porcine model of ischemia and reperfusion we were able to show an induction of genes coding for transcription factors (proto-oncogenes), for proteins involved in repair processes (heat shock genes), for proteins implicated in the calcium homeostasis (calcium-handling genes) and for growth factors. We could show that the increased mRNA levels are due to an enhanced transcriptional activity and not to a prolonged half-life of the transcripts. The angiogenic growth factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) represents an exception. It exhibits - in addition to a HIF-motif (Hypoxia Inducible Factor) in its promoter/enhancer - a protein binding region in its 3′ UTR which when occupied renders the mRNA more stable. However to what extent the expression of the distinct genes contributes to the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning or myocardial stunning can only be presumed. Increased mRNA stability can be confered via adenosine which is produced during ischemia by ATP-breakdown. The demasking of unknown genes - via differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) - should provide a more comprehensive view of the mechanisms underlying both processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006853432678
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    Expression of calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in fetal rat liver is stimulated by calcium administration (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 178 (1998), S. 283-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: regucalcin ; calcium-binding protein ; gene expression ; fetal development ; rat liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of hepatic calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in fetal rats was investigated. The alteration in regucalcin mRNA levels was analyzed by Northern blotting using liver regucalcin cDNA (0.9 kb with complete open reading frame). Hepatic regucalcin mRNA levels were progressively increased with fetal development; the mRNA was clearly expressed at 15 and 21 days of pregnancy but only slightly at the 8 days. Meanwhile, β-actin mRNA levels in the fetal liver were remarkable at 8 and 15 days of pregnancy. The fetal liver regucalcin mRNA levels at 15 days of pregnancy were significantly decreased by overnight-fasting of maternal rats. The oral administration of calcium chloride (50 mg Ca/100 g body weight) to maternal rats at 15 days of pregnancy caused a remarkable elevation (about 2 fold) of regucalcin mRNA levels in the fetal liver; this increase was seen 60 and 180 min after the calcium administration. After birth, regucalcin mRNA was increasingly expressed in the livers of newborn and weanling rats, while hepatic β-actin mRNA expression was not appreciably altered with increasing ages. These findings demonstrate that the expression of hepatic regucalcin mRNA is increased with fetal development, and that the gene expression may be stimulated by the ingestion of dietary calcium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006803211864
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  • 19
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    Enhanced NOR-1 gene expression by exposure of Chinese hamster cells to high-density 50 Hz magnetic fields (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 181 (1998), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: extremely low frequency magnetic fields ; gene expression ; neuron derived orphan receptor-1 ; signal transduction ; Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Enhanced expression of neuron derived orphan receptor (NOR-1) gene was observed by exposure of Chinese hamster ovary K1 (CHO-K1) cells to an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELFMF) of 50 Hz at 400 mT, but not at 5 mT. The enhanced expression, reaching the maximum at 6 h, was transient and reduced to the control level after exposure to 400 mT ELFMF for 24 h. The NOR-1 expression induced by treatment with forskolin and TPA was further enhanced by the simultaneous treatment with 400 mT ELFMF, in which the maximum response was at 3 h. The NOR-1 expression by these treatments was induced more earlier than that by 400 mT ELFMF alone. When cells were treated with an inhibitor of the protein kinase C (calphostin C or crocetin) and Ca2+ entry blockers (nifedipin and dantrolen) during the 400 mT ELFMF exposure, the enhanced NOR-1 expression was not observed. Exposure of CHO-K1 cells to the high-density 400 mT ELFMF may affect the signal transduction in the cells, resulting in the enhanced NOR-1 gene expression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006828400868
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    The molecular basis for the role of zinc in developmental biology (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 188 (1998), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: zinc ; transcription factors ; gene expression ; organogenesis ; Xenopus laevis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Zinc regulates the gene expression machinery. It affects the structure of chromatin, the template function of its DNA, the activity of numerous transcription factors and of RNA polymerases. Hence, it determines both the types of mRNA transcripts synthesized and the rate of transcription itself. Alterations in one or more of these zinc dependent processes have been proposed to account for the proliferative arrest and teratology induced by zinc deficiency. To examine this proposal, studies of zinc during X. laevis development have been initiated. The kinetics of X. laevis oocyte zinc uptake and storage and of zinc utilization during embryogenesis have been examined first. Vitellogenin carries zinc into the oocyte. Ten % of the total zinc (10 ng/egg) remains within the cytosol while 90% (90 ng/egg) is stored in the yolk platelets associated with lipovitellin. The cytosolic pool is the source of the zinc for all newly formed metalloproteins involved in embryo development. The yolk platelet zinc pool is stored for later use during early metamorphosis. It is now possible to examine zinc transfer to molecules, such as e.g. transcription factors, and the role of the metal in their function in development and organogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006808119862
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    Effect of 60 Hz magnetic field exposure on c-fos expression in stimulated PC12 cells (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 189 (1998), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: gene expression ; electromagnetic fields ; superinduction ; anisomycin ; immediate early gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells have been treated with nerve growth factor (NGF) at final concentrations of 2, 4, 8, and 16 ng/ml, and then were exposed to 60-Hz, sinusoidal magnetic fields (MF) of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μT (rms) for 30 min. Transcript levels for both c-fos and glyceraldehyde-3 -phosphate dehydrogenase were determined by Northern blot analysis using 32P-labeled cDNA probes. No change in c-fos expression was measured at any condition employed. Treatment of PC12 cells with a combination of agents (NGF, forskolin, and tetradecanoylphorbol acetate [TPA]) increased c-fos expression over that detected with NGF alone. MF exposure of cells treated with the three-agent regimen produced two outcomes, either no change or a doubling of c-fos expression. In subsequent experiments, cells were treated with NGF, NGF + forskolin + TPA, or pre-treated with anisomycin and then treated with NGF + forskolin + TPA. It was determined that MF exposure, like superinduction with anisomycin, increased c-fos expression only in cultures which were not yet exhibiting maximal c-fos expression. It is hypothesized that MF exposure, like anisomycin, may alter the activity of key intracellular protein kinases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006872309385
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    Nuclear matrix associated DNA-binding proteins of ocular lens epithelial cells (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 25 (1998), S. 13-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: gene expression ; nuclear matrix proteins ; ocular lens epithelial cells ; transcription factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Association of transcription factors with the nuclear matrix represents a mechanism by which nuclear architecture may influence transcriptional control of gene expression. This investigation examines nuclear matrix associated proteins (NMP's) isolated from ocular lens epithelial cells by monitoring DNA binding activities using consensus oligonucleotides recognized by the transcription factors YY1, AML-1, AP-1, SP-1 and ATF. The nuclear matrix fractions tested included an immortilized human lens epithelial cell line containing the SV40 large T-antigen, and two mouse lens epithelial cell lines derived from either a normal mouse or a cataract mouse. A rabbit epidermal epithelial cell line and HeLa cells were also included in this study for comparison. The data from these experiments reveal that ubiquitously represented and tissue restricted regulatory proteins are associated with nuclear matrix of lens epithelial cells. The functional significance of the nuclear matrix association of these transcription factors remains to be determined. However, our findings raise the possibility that the transcription factors associated with the nuclear matrix could have specific roles in gene regulation and eye tissue development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006886110771
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    Effect of deletions 5′ to the translation initiation sequence on the expression of an mRNA in animal cells (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 16 (1992), S. 277-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: translational initiation ; 18S rRNA ; mRNA secondary structure ; gene expression ; initiation mutants ; β-galactosidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To learn if an mRNA·18S rRNA interaction or a special secondary structure in the mRNA start region is essential for translation in eukaryotic cells, we constructed recombinant plasmids with the SV40 early promoter 5′ to part of the Escherichia coli tuf B-lacZ gene. Deletion of bases potentially complementary to the 18S rRNA highly increased the transient β-galactosidase expressed in transfected CHO cells. Deletion of bases that fostered formation of potential hairpins with the mRNA 5′-terminus or altered the structure of the coding region reduced β-galactosidase activity suggesting that these features of the mRNA secondary structure may be essential for initiation of translation. Computer aided analysis of the potential structure of 290 mRNAs suggests these are conserved features of the initiation region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419668
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    Isolation and characterization of a cDNA that encodes ECP31, an embryogenic-cell protein from carrot (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 239-249 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABA ; Daucus carota ; ECP31 ; gene expression ; LEA clone ; somatic embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA for ECP31, an embryogenic cell protein from carrot (Daucus carota L.) with a M r of 31000 (Kiyosue T, Satoh S, Kamada H, Harada H (1991) Plant Physiol 95: 1077–1083), was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from embryogenic cells using PCR-amplified DNA as a probe. The genomic Southern blot analysis revealed that there are two or three genes for ECP31 in the carrot genome. The transcripts of ECP31 accumulated in the peripheral regions of clusters of embryogenic cells and disappeared in the course of somatic embryogenesis that was induced by transfer of the embryogenic cells to auxin-free media. The cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 256 amino acids, and the calculated molecular weight of this polypeptide is 26 111. The deduced amino acid sequence shows a high degree (62.2%) of similarity to that of a protein that is abundant during late embryogenesis of cotton (LEA D34; Baker JC, Steele C, Dure III (1988) Plant Mol Biol 11: 227–291). The mRNAs for ECP31 started to accumulate in zygotic embryos at a late stage of embryogenesis but were undetectable in mature embryos within 24 h after imbibition of seeds. In dry fruits (seeds), the transcripts were detected only in zygotic embryos by in situ hybridization. The level of ECP31 transcripts increased after treatment with abscisic acid (ABA) in torpedo-shaped somatic embryos but not in seven-day-old seedlings. These results suggest that both embryo-specific factor(s) and ABA are involved in the expression of the gene for ECP31.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027345
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    Construction and characterisation of a yeast artificial chromosome library containing three haploid maize genome equivalents (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 299-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cloning in YACs ; genome mapping ; maize ; PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have constructed a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) library using high-molecular-weight DNA prepared from agarose-embedded leaf protoplasts of the maize inbred line UE95. This library contains 79 000 clones with an average insert size of 145 kb and should therefore represent approximately three haploid genome equivalents. The library is organised as an ordered array in duplicate microtitre plates. Forty-one pools of DNA from 1920 individual clones have been prepared for rapid screening of the library by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using this approach, together with conventional colony hybridisation, we have been able to identify between one and eight positive clones for every probe used.
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    MNF1, a leaf tissue-specific DNA-binding protein of maize, interacts with the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter as well as the C4 photosynthetic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene promoter (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 545-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: CaMV 35S promoter ; leaf-specific DNA-binding protein ; maize ; PEP carboxylase gene promoter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When gel shift assays were performed with maize nuclear extract and a DNA fragment containing the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, three DNA-protein complexes were observed. Analyses with nuclear extracts prepared from green leaves, etiolated leaves, stems and roots showed that the complexes resulted from the existence of at least two nuclear factors. One of them is presumably a constitutive nuclear factor found in all tissues tested, and another is a leaf-specific factor present both in green and etiolated leaves. This leaf-specific nuclear factor seemed to be identical to MNF1, previously identified as a factor interacting with the promoter of the maize gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase involved in the C4 photosynthesis. Deletion analysis revealed that MNF1 binds to the sequence from −281 to −235 relative to the transcription start site of the CaMV 35S promoter. MNF1-like nuclear protein was also found in tobacco nuclear extracts. The possibility that MNF1 participates as a positive trans-acting factor in the expression of genes in maize leaves is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026781
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    Iron induces ferritin synthesis in maize plantlets (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 563-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; ferritin ; iron stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The iron-storage protein ferritin has been purified to homogeneity from maize seeds, allowing to determine the sequence of the first 29 NH2-terminal amino acids of its subunit and to raise specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies. Addition of 500 μM Fe-EDTA/75 μM Fe-citrate to hydroponic culture solutions of maize plantlets, previously starved for iron, led to a significant increase of the iron concentration of roots and leaves, albeit root iron was mainly found associated with the apoplast. Immunodetection of ferritin by western blots indicated that this iron treatment induced ferritin protein accumulation in roots and leaves over a period of 3 days. In order to investigate this induction at the ferritin mRNA level, various ferritin cDNA clones were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from roots 48 h after iron treatment. These cDNAs were classified into two groups called FM1 and FM2. Upstream of the sequence encoding the mature ferritin subunit, both of these cDNAs contained an in-frame coding sequence with the characteristics of a transit peptide for plastid targeting. Two members of the FM1 subfamily, both partial at their 5′ extremity, were characterized. They are identical, except in their 3′ untranslated region: FM1A extends 162 nucleotides beyond the 3′ terminus of FM1B. These two mRNAs could arise from the use of two different polyadenylation signals. FM2 is 96% identical to FM1 and contains 45 nucleotides of 5′ untranslated region. Northern analyses of root and leaf RNAs, at different times after iron treatment, revealed ferritin mRNA accumulation in response to iron. Ferritin mRNA accumulation was transient and particularly abundant in leaves, reaching a maximum at 24 h. The level of ferritin mRNA in roots was affected to a lesser extent than in leaves.
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    The heat shock response of pollen and other tissues of maize (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 623-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; heat shock ; intron ; maize ; pollen ; RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract While a heat shock treatment of 40 °C or 45 °C induced the vegetative tissues of maize to produce the typical heat shock proteins (HSPs), germinating maize pollen exposed to the same temperatures did not synthesize these characteristic HSPs. Comparison of RNA accumulation in shoot and tassel tissue showed that mRNAs for HSP70 and HSP18 increased several-fold, reaching high levels within 1 or 2 hours. At the higher temperature of 45 °C these vegetative tissues were blocked in removal of an intron from the HSP70 mRNA precursor, which accumulated to a high level in tassel tissue. In germinating pollen exposed to heat shock, mRNAs for these HSPs were induced but accumulated only to low levels. The stressed pollen maintained high levels of RNA for α-tubulin, a representative normal transcript. It is likely that the defective heat shock response of maize pollen is due to inefficient induction of heat shock gene transcription.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026788
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    Developmental and environmental concurrent expression of sunflower dry-seed-stored low-molecular-weight heat-shock protein and Lea mRNAs (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 781-792 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: sunflower ; gene expression ; zygotic embryogenesis ; Lea proteins ; heat-shock proteins ; abscisic acid ; osmotic stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have cloned and sequenced three different cDNAs from sunflower seed-stored mRNA. Sequence similarities and response to heat-shock identified one of the cDNAs as a low-molecular-weight heat-shock protein (lmw-HSP). The other two clones showed significant sequence similarity to the cotton and carrot late-embryogenesis-abundant (Lea) proteins D-113 and Emb-1, respectively. The three cDNAs showed similar expression patterns during zygotic embryo development, as well as in vegetative tissues of 3-day-old seedlings in response to stress. Maximal accumulation of all three mRNAs was detected in dry seeds and during embryo mid-maturation stage, in the absence of exogenous stress. In seedlings, mRNAs accumulated to lower levels in response to osmotic stress and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. A differential time course of response to osmotic stress was observed: lmw-HSP mRNA accumulation was induced earlier than that of Lea mRNAs. The coordinate accumulation of Lea and lmw-HSP transcripts during embryo development and in response to stress and ABA suggests the existence of common regulatory elements for Lea and lmw-HSP genes, and supports the notion that HSPs might have alternative functions in the plant cell.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027074
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    Molecular analysis of a cruciferin storage protein gene family of Brassica napus (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 1049-1055 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; rapeseed ; gene expression ; nucleotide sequence ; storage proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated a five-member gene subfamily which encodes cruciferin, a legumin-like 12S storage protein of Brassica napus L., and have analyzed the structure and expression of the family members in developing embryos. Sequence analysis has shown that the coding regions of all five genes are highly similar, with the two most divergent members of the family retaining 89% sequence identity. The analysis of this cruciferin gene family's expression indicates that the developmental pattern of expression of each gene is similar, and the steady-state mRNA levels of each gene are approximately equivalent to each other at all developmental stages.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040536
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    Isolation and characterization of a tobacco gene with homology to pectate lyase which is specifically expressed during microsporogenesis (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 493-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; microsporogenesis ; Nicotiana tabacum ; pectate lyase ; pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genomic clone has been isolated which contains an open reading frame of 1191 bp interrupted by two small introns. The ORF has been sequenced and the transcriptional start determined. The predicted amino acid sequence shows homology to the deduced amino acid sequences of two pollen-specific pectate lyase genes identified in tomato. The genomic clone was isolated using a partial cDNA clone, TP10, which had been isolated from a Nicotiana tabacum pollen cDNA library by means of differential screening. TP10 has been fully sequenced and contains an open reading frame of 792 bp which shows 96% homology to the ORF in the genomic clone. The transcript corresponding to TP10 is maximally expressed late in pollen development, and has not been detected in vegetative tissues.
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    Regulation of the maize HRGP gene expression by ethylene and wounding. mRNA accumulation and qualitative expression analysis of the promoter by microprojectile bombardment (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 529-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell wall ; ethylene ; genetic transformation ; HRGP ; maize ; wounding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression of the maize gene coding for a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) has been studied by measuring the mRNA accumulation after wounding or ethylene treatment. RNA blot and in situ hybridization techniques have been used. The temporal and tissue-specific expression has been observed: the cells related to the vascular system show the more intense HRGP mRNA accumulation. Transcriptional constructions of the maize HRGP promoter have been tested on different maize tissues by microbombarding. A 582 bp promoter is able to direct the expression of the gus gene on calli and young leaves. Constructions having shorter promoter sequences lose this ability. The 582 bp construction retains the general specificity of expression observed for the HRGP gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040611
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    Differential accumulation of mRNAs encoding extracellular and intracellular PR proteins in tomato induced by virulent and avirulent races of Cladosporium fulvum (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 513-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: β-1,3-glucanase ; gene expression ; pathogenesis-related proteins ; plant-fungus interaction ; protein P14
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tomato leaves infected by the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum contain several types of intracellular and extracellular pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Previously, we reported the purification and serological characterization of five extracellular PR proteins: P2, P4, P6, a chitinase and a β-1,3-glucanase [22, 23]. Here we describe the purification of a basic intracellular 33 kDa β-1,3-glucanase and the isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding the two extracellular P14 isomers P4 and P6, the extracellular acidic β-1,3-glucanase and a basic 35 kDa β-1,3-glucanase, different from the purified 33 kDa protein. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that tomato PR proteins are not encoded by large gene families, as is the case in tobacco. The number of genes corresponding to each protein was estimated to vary between one and three. A northern blot analysis indicated that the mRNAs for the extracellular PR proteins (P4, P6 and acidic β-1,3-glucanase) accumulate to similar levels in compatible and incompatible tomato-C. fulvum interactions, although the maximum level of expression is reached much faster in the incompatible interaction. On the other hand, the mRNA for the basic 35 kDa β-1,3-glucanase is induced rapidly to high levels in both interactions, but declines in time to background levels only in the incompatible interaction. The relevance of this difference in relation to plant defence is discussed.
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    Nucleotide sequence and expression of two cDNA coding for two histone H2B variants of maize (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 581-588 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: histone variants ; cDNA ; expression ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The complete amino acid sequences of two variants of histone H2B of maize were deduced from the cDNAs isolated from a maize cDNA library. The two encoded proteins are 150 (H2B(1)) and 149 (H2B(2)) amino acids long and shows the classical organization of H2B histones. The hydrophobic C-terminal region is highly conserved as compared to that of the animal counterparts with only 21 changes (13 conservative) among the 90 residues. Between the N-terminal part and the C-terminal region we note the presence of a basic cluster (9 residues) characteristic of histones H2B. The N-terminal third is extended as compared to the animal consensus H2B and has the same size as the H2B histone of wheat. Up to 9 acidic residues and a five time repeated pentapeptide PA/KXE/KK are present in this region. Southern-blot hybrization showed that the H2B histones are encoded by a multigenic family like the other core histones (H3 and H4) of plants. The general expression pattern of these genes was not significantly different from that of the H3 and H4 genes neither in germinating seeds nor in different tissues of adult maize.
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    cDNA cloning of a tetraubiquitin gene, and expression of ubiquitin-containing transcripts, in aleurone layers of Avena fatua (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 753-758 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: aleurone ; Avena fatua ; cDNA nucleotide sequence ; gene expression ; gibberellin ; polyubiquitin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A λgt11 cDNA library, constructed from poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from Avena fatua aleurone layers incubated with 1 μM gibberellin A1 (GA1) for 4 days, was screened with an anti-idiotypic antiserum raised against the GA-specific monoclonal antibody MAC 182. One positive clone was isolated, sequenced and shown to encode a tetraubiquitin based on the deduced amino acid sequence. This polyubiquitin cDNA exhibited a high degree of homology to a cloned wheat hexaubiquitin in its 3′-non-coding region. Analysis of total RNA isolated from A. fatua aleurone layers, treated without or with a range of concentrations of GA1 from 10-11 to 10-6 M, by northern blotting using the cDNA probe revealed 8 different ubiquitin-containing transcript classes all of which are constitutively expressed in aleurone and are regulated by GA1.
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    Structure and expression of the lignin O-methyltransferase gene from Zea mays L. (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 857-867 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; differential screening ; genomic cloning ; lignin ; maize ; O-methyltransferase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The isolation and characterization of cDNA and homologous genomic clones encoding the lignin O-methyltransferase (OMT) from maize is reported. The cDNA clone has been isolated by differential screening of maize root cDNA library. Southern analysis indicates that a single gene codes for this protein. The genomic sequence contains a single 916 bp intron. The deduced protein sequence from DNA shares significant homology with the recently reported lignin-bispecific caffeic acid/5-hydroxyferulic OMTs from alfalfa and aspen. It also shares homology with OMTs from bovine pineal glands and a purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium. The mRNA of this gene is present at different levels in distinct organs of the plant with the highest accumulation detected in the elongation zone of roots. Bacterial extracts from clones containing the maize OMT cDNA show an activity in methylation of caffeic acid to ferulic acid comparable to that existing in the plant extracts. These results indicate that the described gene encodes the caffeic acid 3-O-methyltransferase (COMT) involved in the lignin biosynthesis of maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027157
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    Ubiquitin genes are differentially regulated in protoplast-derived cultures of Nicotiana sylvestris and in response to various stresses (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 897-910 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Cell division ; gene expression ; Nicotiana sylvestris ; protoplast ; stress ; ubiquitin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four ubiquitin mRNA size classes were found to be differentially regulated in mesophyll protoplast-derived cultures of Nicotiana sylvestris. Three mRNA families of 1.9, 1.6 and 1.35 kb were expressed as soon as protoplasts were isolated. The 1.9 and 1.6 kb size classes were transiently expressed during the first hours of culture, whereas the level of expression of the 1.35 kb size class was maintained as long as cells kept dividing. A 0.7 kb mRNA size class started to be expressed just before the first divisions were observed. cDNAs corresponding to each of these families were isolated from a 6-h-old protoplast cDNA library and characterized. The 1.9, 1.6 and 1.35 kb mRNAs thus encode 7- or more, 6- and 5- mers, respectively, of ubiquitin whereas the 0.7 kb mRNAs encode a monomer of ubiquitin fused to a carboxyl extension protein of 52 amino acids. The expression of ubiquitin genes was studied, using probes specific for each of these transcript families, during protoplast culture and, for comparison, after various stresses including heat shock, HgCl2 treatment, a viral infection giving rise to a hypersensitive reaction, and an Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection which resulted in tumour formation. The 1.9 and 1.6 kb mRNA size classes were found to be stress-regulated, the 0.7 kb mRNA size class developmentally regulated and the 1.35 kb size class both stress- and developmentally regulated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027161
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    Translation controls the expression level of a chimaeric reporter gene (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 921-938 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: β-D-glucuronidase ; mannopine synthase promoter ; Agrobacterium ; gene expression ; initiation of translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transcriptional and translational fusions between the reading frame of the β-D-glucuronidase gene (gusA) and the 2′ as well as the 1′ promoter of mannopine synthase (mas), a TR locus of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, were made. The expression of these constructs was studied in the transgenic F1 offspring of independent tobacco transformants at the protein level by assaying for GUS activity and western blot analysis of the GUS protein and at the steady-state mRNA level. In leaves, stems and roots no correlation was found between steady-state levels of GUS mRNA and enzyme activity. In older tissues significantly higher GUS activities were found. This is explained by the stable character of the GUS protein together with an accumulation of protein upon ageing. Three to ten times higher GUS activities were found for in vitro grown plants than for greenhouse-grown plants of the same offspring, despite similar levels of GUS mRNA. Roots from in vitro grown plants display three to ten times higher GUS activities than stems and leaves. In transgenic plants grown in vitro, containing a translational fusion with two AUGs in phase, the initiation of translation in leaf material occurred at both AUGs. Initiation of translation at the first AUG, however, was ten times more frequent. In contrast, initiation in roots from in vitro grown plants occurred exclusively at the second AUG.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027163
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    A versatile binary vector system with a T-DNA organisational structure conducive to efficient integration of cloned DNA into the plant genome (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 1203-1207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; binary vector ; CaMV 35S ; gene expression ; β-glucuronidase ; Nicotiana plumbaginifolia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A versatile gene expression cartridge and binary vector system was constructed for use in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. The expression cartridge of the primary cloning vector, pART7, comprises of cauliflower mosaic virus Cabb B-JI isolate 35S promoter, a multiple cloning site and the transcriptional termination region of the octopine synthase gene. The entire cartridge can be removed from pART7 as a Not I fragment and introduced directly into the binary vector, pART27, recombinants being selected by blue/white screening for β-galactosidase. pART27 carries the RK2 minimal replicon for maintenance in Agrobacterium, the ColE1 origin of replication for high-copy maintenance in Escherichia coli and the Tn7 spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance gene as a bacterial selectable marker. The organisational structure of the T-DNA of pART27 has been constructed taking into account the right to left border, 5′ to 3′ model of T-DNA transfer. The T-DNA carries the chimaeric kanamycin resistance gene (nopaline synthase promoter-neomycin phosphotransferase-nopaline synthase terminator) distal to the right border relative to the lacZ′ region. Utilisation of these vectors in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco demonstrated efficient T-DNA transfer to the plant genome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028910
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    Expression and distribution of cytosolic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isozymes in maize (1992)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 30 (1992), S. 233-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: phosphogluconate dehydrogenase ; isozymes ; maize ; gene dosage ; tissue-specific expression ; null alleles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) cytosolic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isozymes (EC 1.1.1.44; 6-PGD) are encoded by unlinked lociPgd1 andPgd2. Two families from a Robertson's Mutator line were isolated which have no detectable expression ofPgd2. ThesePgd2-null mutants and aPgd1-null line were used to generate plants homozygous for null alleles at both cytosolic 6-PGD loci. The specific activity of 6-PGD in the double-null mutant was between 20 and 30% of wild-type levels in root extracts. The double-null mutant was reproductively viable in a moderate environment, suggesting that wild-type levels of cytosolic 6-PGD activity are not essential for growth. Isozyme dimer ratios in roots, leaves, and scutellum were binomial and reflected the wild-type gene copy number. 6-PGD isozymes showed tissue- and cell type-specific expression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00553752
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    Expression and distribution of cytosolic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isozymes in maize (1992)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 30 (1992), S. 233-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: phosphogluconate dehydrogenase ; isozymes ; maize ; gene dosage ; tissue-specific expression ; null alleles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) cytosolic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isozymes (EC 1.1.1.44; 6-PGD) are encoded by unlinked lociPgd1 andPgd2. Two families from a Robertson's Mutator line were isolated which have no detectable expression ofPgd2. ThesePgd2-null mutants and aPgd1-null line were used to generate plants homozygous for null alleles at both cytosolic 6-PGD loci. The specific activity of 6-PGD in the double-null mutant was between 20 and 30% of wild-type levels in root extracts. The double-null mutant was reproductively viable in a moderate environment, suggesting that wild-type levels of cytosolic 6-PGD activity are not essential for growth. Isozyme dimer ratios in roots, leaves, and scutellum were binomial and reflected the wild-type gene copy number. 6-PGD isozymes showed tissue- and cell type-specific expression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02396214
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    Transformation and inheritance of a hygromycin phosphotransferase gene in maize plants (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 189-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: hygromycin ; inheritance ; maize ; tissue culture ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Embryogenic maize (Zea mays L.) callus cultures were transformed by microprojectile bombardment with a chimeric hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) gene and three transformed lines were obtained by selecting for hygromycin resistance. All lines contained one or a few copies of the intact HPT coding sequence. Fertile, transgenic plants were regenerated and the transmission of the chimeric gene was demonstrated through two complete generations. One line inherited the gene in the manner expected for a single, dominant locus, whereas two did not.
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    Segregation of transgenes in maize (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 201-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; transformation ; inheritance ; phosphinothricin acetyltransferase ; cotransformation ; microprojectile bombardment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Progeny recovered from backcrossed transgenic maize tissue culture regenerants (R0) were analyzed to determine the segregation, expression, and stability of the introduced genes. Transgenic A188×B73 R0 plants (regenerated from embryogenic suspension culture cells transformed by microprojectile bombardment; see [9]) were pollinated with nontransformed B73 pollen. Inheritance of a selectable marker gene, bar, and a nonselectable marker gene, uidA, was analyzed in progeny (R1) representing four independent transformation events. Activity of the bar gene product, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT), was assessed in plants comprising the four R1 populations. The number of R1 plants containing PAT activity per total number of R1 plants recovered for each population was 2/7, 19/34, 3/14 and 73/73. Molecular analysis confirmed the segregation of bar in three R1 populations and the lack of segregation in one R1 population. Cosegregation analysis indicated genetic linkage of bar and uidA in all four R1 populations. Analysis of numerous R2 plants derived from crossing transformed R1 plants with nontransformed inbreds revealed 1:1 segregation of PAT activity in three of four lines, including the line that failed to segregate in the R1 generation. Integrated copies of bar in one line appeared to be unstable or poorly transmitted.
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    The early genetic response to light in the green unicellular alga Chlamydomonas eugametos grown under light/dark cycles involves genes that represent direct responses to light and photosynthesis (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 429-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas eugametos ; chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins ; circadian oscillator ; gene expression ; light-regulated genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the green unicellular alga Chlamydomonas eugametos, cellular division is readily synchronized by light/dark cycles. Under these conditions, light initiates photosynthetic growth in daughter cells and begins the G1 phase. Genes whose expression is regulated upon illumination are likely to be important mechanisms controlling cell proliferation. To identify some of those genes, two cDNA libraries were prepared with poly(A)+ extracted from cells either stimulated with light for 1 h or held in darkness (quiescent cells) during the same period. To restrict our analysis to those genes that are part of the primary response, cells were incubated in presence of cycloheximide. Differential screening of approximately 40 000 clones in each library revealed 44 clones which hybridize preferentially with a [32P] cDNA probe derived from RNA of light-stimulated cells and 15 clones which react selectively with a [32P] cDNA probe synthesized from poly(A)+ RNA of quiescent cells. Cross-hybridization of these clones identified 4 independent sequences in the light-induced (LI) collection and 2 in the uninduced (LR) library. Four of these cDNAs correspond to mRNAs that are positively or negatively regulated upon activation of photosynthesis. One clone represents a mRNA that accumulates transitorily at both transitions. Finally, LI818 cDNA identifies a new chlorophyll a/b-binding (cab) gene family whose mRNA accumulation is controlled by light and a circadian oscillator. The endogenous timing system controls LI818 mRNA accumulation so that it precedes the onset of illumination by a few hours. On the other hand, light affects LI818 mRNA levels independently of active photosynthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040659
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    Accumulation of wound-inducible ACC synthase transcript in tomato fruit is inhibited by salicylic acid and polyamines (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 477-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Tomato ; gene expression ; wounding ; ethylene ; glycine-rich protein ; rRNA ; polyamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regulation of wound-inducible 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase expression was studied in tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pik-Red). A 70 base oligonucleotide probe homologous to published ACC synthase cDNA sequences was successfully used to identify and analyze regulation of a wound-inducible transcript. The 1.8 kb ACC synthase transcript increased upon wounding the fruit as well as during fruit ripening. Salicylic acid, an inhibitor of wound-responsive genes in tomato, inhibited the wound-induced accumulation of the ACC synthase transcript. Further, polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) that have anti-senescence properties and have been shown to inhibit the development of ACC synthase activity, inhibited the accumulation of the wound-inducible ACC synthase transcript. The inhibition by spermine was greater than that caused by putrescine or spermidine. The transcript level of a wound-repressible glycine-rich protein gene and that of the constitutively expressed rRNA were not affected as markedly by either salicylic acid or polyamines. These data suggest that salicylic acid and polyamines may specifically regulate ethylene biosynthesis at the level of ACC synthase transcript accumulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040664
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    Differential gene expression during germination and after the induction of adventitious bud formation in Norway spruce embryos (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 713-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: adventitious buds ; cDNA cloning ; cytokinin ; gene expression ; germination ; Norway spruce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A pulse treatment of embryos of Norway spruce with cytokinin suppresses germinative development and induces the coordinate formation of adventitious buds from subepidermal cell layers. To analyse the patterns of gene expression associated with germination and the alterations induced by the bud induction treatment, we have isolated cDNA clones corresponding to genes that are differentially expressed in cytokinin-treated and untreatedin vitro germinating embryos. One category of 14 clones hybridized to transcripts that were abundant specifically during germination. The expression of 8 of these genes was reduced by the bud induction treatment. Four clones, including one identified as a histone H2A gene, recognized transcripts that showed an increased abundance in bud-induced versusin vitro germinating embryos. A second category of 13 clones hybridized to transcripts that increased in abundance during post-germinative development of the seedling. Among these a subset of 8 clones, including an α-tubulin clone, corresponds to genes suppressed by the bud induction treatment, whereas 5 clones, including a gene with sequence similarity to polyubiquitin, were unaffected by the treatment. One clone hybridized to a message abundant in the seed, during early germination as well as in the vegetative bud, and showed 60% partial sequence identity to a barley (1→3)-β-glucanase gene. Genes expressed exclusively in bud-induced orin vitro germinating embryos were not found. The results show that a major difference in gene expression between treated and untreated embryos is related to the shift from extensive cell proliferation to elongation and differentiation that occurs at the transition from germination to post-germinative development, and which is suppressed in the bud-induced embryos.
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    A probable lipid transfer protein gene is induced by NaCl in stems of tomato plants (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 749-757 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: salt stress ; stem-specific expression ; lipid transfer protein ; cDNA sequence ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length tomato cDNA clone, TSW12, which is developmentally and environmentally regulated, has been isolated and characterized. TSW12 mRNA is accumulated during tomato seed germination and its level increases after NaCl treatment or heat shock. In mature plants, TSW12 mRNA is only detected upon treatment with NaCl, mannitol or ABA and its expression mainly occurs in stems. The nucleotide sequence of TSW12 includes an open reading frame coding for a basic protein of 114 amino acids; the first 23 amino acids exhibit the sequence characteristic of a signal peptide. The high similarity between the TSW12-deduced amino acid sequence and reported lipid transfer proteins suggests that TSW12 encodes a lipid transfer protein.
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    Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone that encodes the maize inhibitor of trypsin and activated Hageman factor (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 813-814 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; protease inhibitor ; trypsin ; activated Hageman factor ; cDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020026
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    Effect of two consensus sequences preceding the translation initiator codon on gene expression in plant protoplasts (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 815-818 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: expression cassette ; gene expression ; protoplasts ; translation initiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Expression cassettes containing a duplicated cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter fused to a polylinker preceded by the CCACCATGG and AACAATGG sequences were constructed. These two sequences correspond to the consensus sequences around the translation start codons in vertebrates and plants respectively. Translational fusions were made with the β-glucuronidase-coding sequence and transient expression was recorded in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts. Approximately three times more GUS activity was found in protoplasts incubated with the constructs harbouring translational fusions as compared to a control harbouring a transcriptional fusion. No significant difference was observed between GUS activities obtained with the two consensus sequences.
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  • 50
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    Structure of a rice β-glucanase gene regulated by ethylene, cytokinin, wounding, salicylic acid and fungal elicitors (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 33-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: glucanase ; gene expression ; pathogenesis response ; stress response ; plant growth regulators ; gene family
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A rice β-glucanase gene was sequenced and its expression analyzed at the level of mRNA accumulation. This gene (Gns1) is expressed at relatively low levels in germinating seeds, shoots, leaves, panicles and callus, but it is expressed at higher levels in roots. Expression in the roots appears to be constitutive. Shoots expressGns1 at much higher levels when treated with ethylene, cytokinin, salicylic acid, and fungal elicitors derived from the pathogenSclerotium oryzae or from the non-pathogenSaccharomyces cereviseae. Shoots also expressGns1 at higher levels in response to wounding. Expression in the shoots is not significantly affected by auxin, gibberellic acid or abscisic acid. The β-glucanase shows 82% amino acid similarity to the barley 1,3;1,4-β-D-glucanases, and from hybridization studies it is the β-glucanase gene in the rice genome closest to the barley 1,3;1,4-β-glucanase EI gene. The mature peptide has a calculated molecular mass of 32 kDa. The gene has a large 3145 bp intron in the codon for the 25th amino acid of the signal peptide. The gene exhibits a very strong codon bias of 99% G+C in the third position of the codon in the mature peptide coding region, but only 61% G+C in the signal peptide region.
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    Chemical detection of Z-DNA within the maize Adh1 promoter (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 1181-1184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: alcohol dehydrogenase-1 ; maize ; plant ; promoter ; Z-DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Z-DNA is a left-handed helix which can form within tracts of alternating purines and pyrimidines. Tracts of potential Z-DNA identified by sequence inspection are often noted within regulatory portions of genes, but evidence that these tracts of sequence actually exist as Z-DNA is very limited, and not available for any plant gene. In this study, the chemical probes osmium tetroxide, diethylpyrocarbonate and hydroxylamine were used to show that a tract of alternating purines and pyrimidines in the Adh1 promoter (from -311 to -325) actually assumes a Z-DNA conformation under superhelical stress in vitro.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047722
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    Nucleotide sequence of a tobacco cDNA encoding plastidic glutamine synthetase and light inducibility, organ specificity and diurnal rhythmicity in the expression of the corresponding genes of tobacco and tomato (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 367-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA sequence ; gene expression ; glutamine synthetase ; phytochrome ; Solanaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA encoding glutamine synthetase (GS) was cloned from a λgt10 library of tobacco leaf RNA, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. An open reading frame accounting for a primary translation product consisting of 432 amino acids has been localized on the cDNA. The calculated molecular mass of the encoded protein is 47.2 kDa. The predicted amino acid sequence of this precursor shows higher homology to GS-2 protein sequences from other species than to a leaf GS-1 polypeptide sequence, indicating that the cDNA isolated encodes the chloroplastic isoform (GS-2) of tobacco GS. The presence of C-and N-terminal extensions which are characteristic of GS-2 proteins supports this conclusion. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicated that GS-2 is encoded by a single gene in the diploid genomes of both tomato and Nicotiana sylvestris, while two GS-2 genes are very likely present in the amphidiploid tobacco genome. Western blot analysis indicated that in etiolated and in green tomato cotyledons GS-2 subunits are represented by polypeptides of similar size, while in green tomato leaves an additional GS-2 polypeptide of higher apparent molecular weight is detectable. In contrast, tobacco GS-2 is composed of subunits of identical size in all organs examined. GS-2 transcripts and GS-2 proteins could be detected at high levels in the leaves of both tobacco or tomato. Lower amounts of GS-2 mRNA were detected in stems, corolla, and roots of tomato, but not in non-green organs of tobacco. The GS-2 transcript abundance exhibited a diurnal fluctuation in tomato leaves but not in tobacco leaves. White or red light stimulated the accumulation of GS-2 transcripts and GS-2 protein in etiolated tomato cotyledons. Far-red light cancelled this stimulation. The red light response of the GS-2 gene was reduced in etiolated seedlings of the phytochrome-deficient aurea mutant of tomato. These results indicate a phytochrome-mediated light stimulation of GS-2 gene expression during greening in tomato.
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    Structure of the pine (Pinus thunbergii) chlorophyll a/b-binding protein gene expressed in the absence of light (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 405-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cab gene ; chlorophyll a/b-binding protein ; gymnosperm ; gene expression ; pine (Pinus thunbergii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A gene for chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (cab) of pine (Pinus thunbergii) was isolated and sequenced. The gene (cab-6) contains an intron at a position equivalent to the type II cab genes of angiosperms. Transcript mapping analyses show that the amount of the mRNA in the dark is about half of that in the light. The cab-6 gene is expressed in dark-grown seedlings at a very high level, differing from angiosperm cab genes which are induced by light. The cab-6 gene typifies the coniferous plant cab genes in light-independent gene expression.
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    Isolation of a gene from maize encoding a chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 533-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chlorophyll a/b-binding protein ; CAB gene ; nucleotide sequence ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023407
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    Pea dehydrins: identification, characterisation and expression (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 1031-1044 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABA ; dehydrin ; gene expression ; pea (Pisum sativum L.) ; seed development ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An antiserum raised against dehydrin from maize (Zea mays) recognised several polypeptides in extracts of pea (Pisum sativum) cotyledons. A cDNA expression library was prepared from mRNA of developing cotyledons, screened with the antiserum and positive clones were purified and characterised. The nucleotide sequence of one such clone, pPsB12, contained an open reading frame which would encode a polypeptide with regions of significant amino acid sequence similarity to dehydrins from other plant species. The deduced amino acid sequence of the pea dehydrin encoded by B12 is 197 amino acids in length, has a high glycine content (25.9%), lacks tryptophan and is highly hydrophilic. The polypeptide has an estimated molecular mass of 20.4 kDa and pI=6.4. An in vitro synthesised product from the clone comigrates with one of the in vivo proteins recognised by the antiserum. A comparison of the pea dehydrin sequence with sequences from other species revealed conserved amino acid regions: an N-terminal DEYGNP and a lysine-rich block (KIKEKLPG), both of which are present in two copies. Unexpectedly, pea dehydrin lacks a stretch of serine residues which is conserved in other dehydrins. B12 mRNA and dehydrin proteins accumulated in dehydration-stressed seedlings, associated with elevated levels of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Applied ABA induced expression of dehydrins in unstressed seedlings. Dehydrin expression was rapidly reversed when seedlings were removed from the stress or from treatment with ABA and placed in water. During pea cotyledon development, dehydrin mRNA and proteins accumulated in mid to late embryogenesis. Dehydrin proteins were some of the most actively synthesised at about the time of maximum fresh weight and represent about 2% of protein in mature cotyledons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040534
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    Salt-inducible betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from sugar beet: cDNA cloning and expression (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase ; gene expression ; glycine betaine ; osmotic stress ; salt tolerance ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Members of the Chenopodiaceae, such as sugar beet and spinach, accumulate glycine betaine in response to salinity or drought stress. The last enzyme in the glycine betaine biosynthetic pathway is betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH). In sugar beet the activity of BADH was found to increase two- to four-fold in both leaves and roots as the NaCl level in the irrigation solution was raised from 0 to 500 mM. This increase in BADH activity was paralleled by an increase in level of translatable BADH mRNA. Several cDNAs encoding BADH were cloned from a λgt10 libary representing poly(A)+ RNA from salinized leaves of sugar beet plants, by hybridization with a spinach BADH cDNA. Three nearly full-length cDNA clones were confirmed to encode BADH by their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence identity to spinach BADH; these clones showed minor nucleotide sequence differences consistent with their being of two different BADH alleles. The clones averaged 1.7 kb and contained an open reading frame predicting a polypeptide of 500 amino acids with 83% identity to spinach BADH. RNA gel blot analysis of total RNA showed that salinization to 500 mM NaCl increased BADH mRNA levels four-fold in leaves and three-fold in the taproot. DNA gel blot analyses indicated the presence of at least two copies of BADH in the haploid sugar beet genome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018451
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    Maize polyubiquitin genes: structure, thermal perturbation of expression and transcript splicing, and promoter activity following transfer to protoplasts by electroporation (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 675-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: electroporation ; heat shock ; maize ; promoter ; splicing ; ubiquitin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two genomic clones (λUbi-1 and λUbi-2) encoding the highly conserved 76 amino acid protein ubiquitin have been isolated from maize. Sequence analysis shows that both genes contain seven contiguous direct repeats of the protein coding region in a polyprotein conformation. The deduced amino acid sequence of all 14 repeats is identical and is the same as for other plant ubiquitins. The use of transcript-specific oligonucleotide probes shows that Ubi-1 and Ubi-2 are expressed constitutively at 25°C but are inducible to higher levels at elevated temperatures in maize seedlings. Both genes contain an intron in the 5′ untranslated region which is inefficiently processed following a brief, severe heat shock. The transcription start site of Ubi-1 has been determined and a transcriptional fusion of 0.9 kb of the 5′ flanking region and the entire 5′ untranslated sequence of Ubi-1 with the coding sequence of the gene encoding the reporter molecule chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) has been constructed (pUBI-CAT). CAT assays of extracts of protoplasts electroporated with this construct show that the ubiquitin gene fragment confers a high level of CAT expression in maize and other monocot protoplasts but not in protoplasts of the dicot tobacco. Expression from the Ubi-1 promoter of pUBI-CAT yields more than a 10-fold higher level of CAT activity in maize protoplasts than expression from the widely used cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter of a 35S-CAT construct. Conversely, in tobacco protoplasts CAT activity from transcription of pUBI-CAT is less than one tenth of the level from p35S-CAT.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020010
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    Cytoplasmic ribosomal protein S15a from Brassica napus: Molecular cloning and developmental expression in mitotically active tissues (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 909-919 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ribosomal protein S15a ; cDNA clones ; rapessed ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated two cDNA clones which appear to encode the 40S ribosomal subunit protein S15a from Brassica napus (oilseed rape). The open reading frame in both clones contains 390 bases, encoding a deduced polypeptide sequence of 130 amino acids (100% homology between clones) with 76% sequence identity to the N-terminal 37 amino acids of the rat ribosomal protein S15a and 80% identity to the S24 polypeptide of yeast. Both the yeast and rapeseed proteins have a net positive charge of +9 and the rapeseed S15a protein has a molecular mass of 14778 Da compared to 14762 Da for the yeast protein. The rapeseed ribosomal protein S15a is encoded by a small multi-gene family with at least two actively transcribed members. A single transcript of ca. 1.0 kb, corresponding to ribosomal protein S15a, is abundant in actively dividing tissues such as apical meristem, flower buds and young leaves and less abundant in mature stem and fully expanded leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019205
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    Identification and characterization of a hypoxically induced maize lactate dehydrogenase gene (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 693-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; hypoxia ; lactate dehydrogenase ; anaerobic regulatory element
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In cereal root tissue, hypoxia induces the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); (S)-lactate:NADH oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27). In barley, both biochemical and genetic data indicate that five isozymes are induced under hypoxia. These isozymes are tetramers and arise from the random association of the products of two Ldh genes. The induction of LDH activity in root tissue has been shown to be correlated to an increase in LDH protein and Ldh mRNA. In order to more fully characterize the hypoxic induction of LDH, we have isolated a maize Ldh genemic clone which has strong homology at both the amino acid and nucleotide level to the barley LDH cDNA clones. The Ldh1 gene consists of two exons separated by a 296 bp intron, has the expected eukaryotic regulatory signals and a sequence that has strong homology to the maize anaerobic regulatory element.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026795
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    Characterization and expression of U1snRNA genes from potato (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 959-971 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; gene variants ; pre-mRNA splicing ; pseudogenes ; U1 small nuclear RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract U1 small nuclear RNAs (U1snRNAs) occur in the nucleus of plants and animals where, complexed with several proteins in the form of U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (U1snRNPs), they play an important role in precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing. Ten potato U1snRNA genes have been isolated on two genomic clones illustrating the clustering of this multigene family on the potato genome. Based on both the sequence of their coding regions and upstream regulatory elements, seven of the genes are potentially functional. The other three genes were pseudogenes with defective promoter or coding region sequences. Analysis of expression of individual cloned U1snRNA genes in transfected tobacco protoplasts was impossible due to the similarity of U1snRNA sequences in tobacco. However, by marking the coding regions with oligonucleotides or constructing chimaeric genes consisting of a potato U1snRNA promoter region and maize U5snRNA coding region, three of the U1 promoter regions were shown to be transcriptionally active.
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    Characterization of the U3 and U6 snRNA genes from wheat: U3 snRNA genes in monocot plants are transcribed by RNa polymerase III (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 973-983 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; promoter specificity ; snRNA gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have demonstrated recently that the genes encoding the U3 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) in dicot plants are transcribed by RNA polymerase III (pol III), and not RNA polymerase II (pol II) as in all other organisms studied to date. The U3 gene was the first example of a gene transcribed by different polymerases in different organisms. Based on phylogenetic arguments we proposed that a polymerase specificity change of the U3 snRNA gene promoter occurred during plant evolution. To map such an event we are examining the U3 gene polymerase specificity in other plant species. We report here the characterization of a U3 gene from wheat, a monocot plant. This gene contains the conserved promoter elements, USE and TATA, in a pol III-specific spacing seen also in a wheat U6 snRNA gene characterized in this report. Both the U3 and the U6 genes possess typical pol III termination signals but lack the cis element, responsible for 3′-end formation, found in all plant pol II-specific snRNA genes. In addition, expression of the U3 gene in transfected maize protoplasts is less sensitive to α-amanitin than a pol II-transcribed U2 gene. Based on these data we conclude that the wheat U3 gene is transcribed by pol III. This observation suggests that the postulated RNA polymerase specificity switch of the U3 gene took place prior to the divergence of angiosperm plants into monocots and dicots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040529
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    Molecular cloning and expression of the gene encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from the cyanobacteriumAnabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 37-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; Anabaena 7120 ; Escherichia coli ; gene cloning ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have indicated that ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGlc PPase) from the cyanobacteriumAnabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 is more similar to higher-plant than to enteric bacterial enzymes in antigenicity and allosteric properties. In this paper, we report the isolation of theAnabaena ADPGlc PPase gene and its expression inEscherichia coli. The gene we isolated from a genomic library utilizes GTG as the start codon and codes for a protein of 48347 Da which is in agreement with the molecular mass determined by SDS-PAGE for theAnabaena enzyme. The deduced amino acid sequence is 63, 54, and 33% identical to the rice endosperm small subunit, maize endosperm large subunit, and theE. coli sequences, respectively. Southern analysis indicated that there is only one copy of this gene in theAnabaena genome. The cloned gene encodes an active ADPGlc PPase when expressed in anE. coli mutant strain AC70R1-504 which lacks endogenous activity of the enzyme. The recombinant enzyme is activated and inhibited primarily by 3-phosphoglycerate and Pi, respectively, as is the nativeAnabaena ADPGlc PPase. Immunological and other biochemical studies further confirmed the recombinant enzyme to be theAnabaena enzyme.
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    Nucleotide sequence and temporal regulation of a seed-specificBrassica napus cDNA encoding a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturase (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; desaturation ; oil synthesis ; embryogenesis ; stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nucleotide sequence is reported for a cDNA containing the entire coding region of a stearoyl-ACP desaturase (EC 1.14.99.6) fromBrassica napus L. cv. Jet neuf. The cDNA was obtained from a library constructed from poly(A)+ RNA purified from embryo tissue. The derived amino acid sequence demonstrates substantial similarity with those from other plant Δ9-desaturases. Comparative RNA-dot blot analyses using the Δ9-desaturase cDNA and a rapessed oleosin cDNA as probes showed that although both these transcripts were seed-specific, they exhibited distinct patterns of temporal regulation. The desaturase message was induced by 25 days after anthesis (DAA), peaking at 45 DAA but decreasing considerably thereafter. In contrast, the oleosin transcript did not increase until 45–50 DAA, reaching a peak much later at about 70 DAA.
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    Temporal and spatial regulation of a novel gene in barley embryos (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 255-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: barley (Hordeum vulgare) ; zygotic embryogenesis ; plant development ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The temporal and spatial pattern of expression of a novel barley gene is described. The gene has been identified through the differential screening of a cDNA library constructed to poly(A)+ RNA of zygotic embryos. Transcripts corresponding to the cDNA, pZE40, become abundant in the non-axial tissues of the developing embryo within 8–10 days after anthesis, when steady-state levels are high in the scutellum, coleoptile and coleorhiza, with the exception of the scutellar epithelium. This expression pattern is maintained throughout maturation of the embryo until levels eventually decline as the grain desiccates. On germination, there is a transient re-appearance of mRNA to pZE40, with accumulation specifically restricted to the scutellum of the seedling. In situ hybridization has enabled the detection of transcripts elsewhere in the barley plant, in highly localized groups of cells. The timing and cell specificity of expression suggests the gene product is involved in the synthesis and/or transport of metabolites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014493
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    Sequence analysis of three members of the maize polygalacturonase gene family expressed during pollen development (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 343-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; microsporogenesis ; pollen ; polygalacturonase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014505
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    Expression and sequence analysis of cDNAs induced during the early stages of tuberisation in different organs of the potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 641-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase ; differential screening ; gene expression ; Solanum tuberosum ; tuberisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract cDNA clones of two genes (TUB8 and TUB13) which show a 25–30-fold increase in transcript in the stolon tip during the early stages of tuberisation, have been isolated by differential screening. These genes are also expressed in leaves, stems and roots and the expression pattern in these organs changes on tuberisation. Southern analysis shows homologous sequences in the non-tuberising wild type potato species Solanum brevidens and in Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato). Sequence analysis reveals a high degree of similarity between the TUB13 cDNA, and a human S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene. The predicted TUB8 peptide sequence shows several repeats of alanine, glutamate and proline which suggests a structural role for the encoded protein.
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    Structure and expression of a sugarcane gene encoding a housekeeping phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 663-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: PEP carboxylase ; housekeeping gene ; gene expression ; gene structure ; light-mediated activation ; Saccharum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A gene (SCPEPCD1) encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was isolated from the C-4 monocot sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid var. H32-8560). SCPEPCD1 is ca. 6800 bp long, with 10 exons. The entire gene sequence from −1561 to 262 bp downstream of the putative poly(A) addition signal is reported. A low-level, essentially constitutive pattern of expression, amino acid sequence similarities to other ‘housekeeping’ PEPC enzymes, and the absence of DNA sequence elements conserved in the upstream region of maize and sorghum C-4-specific PEPC genes indicate that SCPEPCD1 encodes a housekeeping PEPC. Despite this, a motif proposed to act as a phosphorylation site in light-mediated activation of photosynthetic PEPC enzymes [10] is present in the SCPEPCD1 protein; evidence is presented for the presence of this site in other housekeeping PEPC proteins.
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    Molecular cloning of an alanine aminotransferase from NAD-malic enzyme type C4 plant Panicum miliaceum (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 705-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: alanine aminotransferase ; C4 photosynthesis ; gene expression ; nucleotide sequencing ; Panicum miliaceum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding AlaAT-2, which is believed to function in the C4-pathway of Panicum miliaceum. An open reading frame (1446 bp) encodes a protein of 482 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of AlaAT-2 shows 44.2 and 44.8% homology with the amino acid sequences of AlaATs from rat and human livers, respectively. Northern blot analysis showed that the gene encoding AlaAT-2 in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells was the same and transcribed similarly in the cells. The level of translatable mRNA for AlaAT-2 increased dramatically during greening.
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    Dynamical behavior of psb gene transcripts in greening wheat seedlings. I. Time course of accumulation of the psbA through psbN gene transcripts during light-induced greening (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 695-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; gene expression ; photosystem 2 ; transcription ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The time course of the accumulation of the transcripts from 13 psb genes encoding a major part of the proteins composing photosystem II during light-induced greening of dark-grown wheat seedlings was examined focusing on early stages of plastid development (0.5 h through 72 h). The 13 genes can be divided into three groups. (1) The psbA gene is transcribed as a single transcript of 1.3 kb in the dark-grown seedlings, but its level increases 5- to 7-fold in response to light due to selective increase in RNA stability as well as in transcription activity. (2) The psbE-F-L-J operon, psbM and psbN genes are transcribed as a single transcript of 1.1 kb, two transcripts of 0.5 and 0.7 kb and a single transcript of 0.3 kb, respectively, in the dark-grown seedlings. The levels of accumulation of every transcript remain unchanged or rather decrease during plastid development under illumination. (3) The psbK-I-D-C gene cluster and psbB-H operon exhibit fairly complicated northern hybridization patterns during the greening process. When a psbC or psbD gene probe was used for northern hybridization, five transcripts differing in length were detected in the etioplasts from 5-day old dark-grown seedlings. After 2 h illumination, two new transcripts of different length appeared. Light induction of new transcripts was also observed in the psbB-H operon.
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    Allelic mutations in acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase confer herbicide tolerance in maize (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 83 (1992), S. 435-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Tissue culture mutant selection ; Herbicide tolerance ; Fatty acid biosynthesis ; Acetyl-CoA carboxylase ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The genetic relationship between acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase; EC 6.4.1.2.) activity and herbicide tolerance was determined for five maize (Zea mays L.) mutants regenerated from tissue cultures selected for tolerance to the ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, sethoxydim and haloxyfop. Herbicide tolerance in each mutant was inherited as a partially dominant, nuclear mutation. Allelism tests indicated that the five mutations were allelic. Three distinguishable herbicide tolerance phenotypes were differentiated among the five mutants. Seedling tolerance to herbicide treatments cosegregated with reduced inhibition of seedling leaf ACCase activity by sethoxydim and haloxyfop demonstrating that alterations of ACCase conferred herbicide tolerance. Therefore, we propose that at least three, and possible five, new alleles of the maize ACCase structural gene (Acc1) were identified based on their differential response to sethoxydim and haloxyfop. The group represented by Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2 and Acc1-S3 alleles, which had similar phenotypes, exhibited tolerance to high rates of sethoxydim and haloxyfop. The Acc1-H1 allele lacked sethoxydim tolerance but was tolerant to haloxyfop, whereas the Acc1-H2 allele had intermediate tolerance to sethoxydim but was tolerant to haloxyfop. Differences in tolerance to the two herbicides among mutants homozygous for different Acc1 alleles suggested that sites on ACCase that interact with the different herbicides do not completely overlap. These mutations in maize ACCase should prove useful in characterization of the regulatory role of ACCase in fatty acid biosynthesis and in development of herbicide-tolerant maize germplasm.
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    Rescue of an MMTV transgene by co-integration reveals novel locus control properties of the ovine β-lactoglobulin gene that confer locus commitment to heterogeneous tissues (1998)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 7 (1998), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: transgenic mice ; gene expression ; mammary gland ; co-injection ; milk protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to enhance the frequency and level of expression of a poor-performing MMTV-driven transgene, we co-integrated this construct with the ovine β-lactoglobulin (BLG) gene in transgenic mice. Seven lines of transgenic mice possessing co-integrated BLG and MMTV-RZ5 transgenes were compared with 12 lines of mice that possessed only the MMTV-RZ5 construct. Co-integration enhanced the frequency of expression in the mammary gland from two out of 12 lines for the MMTV-RZ5 transgene alone, to five out of seven when co-integrated with BLG. Surprisingly, co-integration also resulted in co-expression of the two transgenes in the salivary gland, lung and spleen in addition to the mammary gland. Furthermore, both transgenes were expressed in virgin animals, and throughout pregnancy and lactation, suggesting that the developmental regulation of the locus follows that of the MMTV-promoter. These findings represent a novel locus control property of the ovine BLG gene that confer s commitment of the locus to the mammary gland, but also to a range of heterogeneous tissues possibly defined by the second promoter at the locus
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008893030461
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    Expression of Human Erythropoietin Transgenes and of the Endogenous Wap Gene in the Mammary Gland of Transgenic Rabbits during Gestation and Lactation (1998)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 7 (1998), S. 311-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: transgenic rabbits ; gene expression ; mammary gland ; erythropoietin ; WAP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An understanding of the expression of transgenes in the mammary gland during gestation and lactation is crucial for the use of transgenic mammals as bioreactors. Here we describe the temporal pattern of expression of the endogenous rabbit WAP gene and human erythropoietin (hEPO) transgenes under the control of rabbit WAP promoter and 3′ flanking sequences. The endogenous rabbit WAP gene was expressed throughout gestation including the day of mating, as well as during lactation in transgenic rabbits bearing a minigene construct. In non-pregnant cycling females, WAP expression was found independent of transgenic status; however, WAP expression was not detected in non-cycling females. The significance of this new finding is not clear at present. hEPO mRNA was detected in mammary gland biopsies from pregnant transgenic rabbits only on day 28 of gestation. During lactation, transcripts were present in mammary gland biopsy samples taken on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. A sharp decline in the levels ...
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    Relationships of differential gene expression in leaves with heterosis and heterozygosity in a rice diallel cross (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 129-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: differential display ; gene expression ; hybrid vigor ; molecular marker heterozygosity ; Oryza sativa L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using differential display analysis, we assessed the patterns of differential gene expression in hybrids relative to their parents in a diallel cross involving 8 elite rice lines. The analysis revealed several patterns of differential expression including: (1) bands present in one parent and F1 but absent in the other parent, (2) bands observed in both parents but not in the F1, (3) bands occurring in only one parent but not in the F1 or the other parent, and, (4) bands detected only in the F1 but in neither of the parents. Relationships between differential gene expression and heterosis and marker heterozygosity were evaluated using data for RFLPs, SSRs and a number of agronomic characters. The analysis showed that there was very little correlation between patterns of differential expression and the F1 means for all six agronomic traits. Differentially expressed fragments that occurred only in one parent but not in the other parent or in F1 in each of the respective crosses were positively correlated with heterosis and heterozygosity. And conversely, fragments that were detected in F1s but in neither of the respective parents were negatively correlated with heterosis and heterozygosity. The remaining patterns of differential expression were not correlated with heterosis or heterozygosity. The relationships between the patterns of differential expression and heterosis observed in this study were not consistent with expectations based on dominance or overdominance hypotheses.
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    Stable production of an analog of human tissue plasminogen activator from culturedDrosophila cells (1992)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 10 (1992), S. 157-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: Drosophila cell culture ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the expression of an analog of human tissue plasminogen activator, FK2P, inDrosophila Schneider 2 cells. A number of promoters were tested, including theDrosophila metallothionein promoter (MTd), baculovirus immediate early promoter (IE),Drosophila copia promoter, mouse metallothionein promoter, cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter with or without intron, SV40 immediate early promoter, and human elongation factor 1α promoter. Two of these promoters drove significant expression of FK2P. The MTd promoter is tightly regulated and upon induction with copper or cadmium expression of FK2P increases as much as 180-fold, accumulating in the culture medium to about 7 μg FK2P/106 cells/day as determined by ELISA. The IE promoter can direct the constitutive expression to yield about 0.4 μg FK2P/106 cells/day. The production of FK2P in these cell lines remains at about the same level after repeated passages, even in the absence of selective pressure. The FK2P accumulated in the culture medium is fully active in an assay using a chromogenic substrate for serine proteases. Western immunoblot analysis shows that the product remains predominately as single-chain molecules in serum-free medium, while in serum-containing medium two-chain material occurs as expected due to the presence of plasmin in serum. Judged from the size in Western immunoblots, the FK2P produced is glycosylated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00570892
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    Genetic and physiological evidence for the production of N-acyl homoserine lactones by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and other fluorescent plant pathogenic Pseudomonas species (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 569-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: quorum-sensing ; gene expression ; autoinducer ; secondary metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) function as cell density (quorum) sensing signals and regulate diverse metabolic processes in several gram negative bacteria. We report that strains of Pseudomonas syringae pvs. syringae (Pss), tabaci and tomato as well as P. corrugata and P. savastanoi produce difussible AHLs that activate the lux operons of Vibrio fischeri or the tra::lacZ fusion of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In Pss strain B3A, AHL production occurs in cell density dependent manner. Nucleotide sequence and genetic complementation data revealed the presence of ahlIPss, a luxI homolog within the Ahl+ DNA of Pss strain B3A. The $$ahlI_{Pss}^ + $$ DNA expresses in AHL-deficient strains of P. fluorescens and E. carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc), and restores extracellular enzyme production and pathogenicity in the Ecc strain. The derivatives of Pss strains B3A and 301D carrying chromosomal ahlI::lacZ do not produce AHL, but like their wild type parents, produce extracellular protease and the phytotoxin syringomycin as well as elicit the hypersensitive reaction in tobacco leaves. While these strains also produce a basal level of β-galactosidase activity, the expression of ahlI::lacZ is substantially stimulated in the presence of multiple copies of the $$ahlI_{Pss}^ + $$ DNA or by the addition of cell-free spent cultures containing AHL. The activation of β-galactosidase production occurs with spent cultures of some, but not all Pseudomonas strains which produce AHL as indicated by the Lux and tra::lacZ assays. Pss strains deficient in the global regulatory genes, gacA or lemA, produce very low levels of AHL. Since inactivation of ahlIPss eliminates AHL production and since Ahl+ Pseudomonas strains carry the homolog of ahlIPss, we conclude that ahlIPss specifies a key step in AHL biosynthesis and it has been conserved in many plant pathogenic pseudomonads.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008651300599
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    Analysis ofl-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase isozymes in maize (1992)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 30 (1992), S. 371-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: alanine aminotransferase ; maize ; isozymes ; allozymes ; glutamate dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Isozyme analysis ofl-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (ALT) in maize indicates that there are three genes encoding this enzyme activity. Two of the gene products interact with each other to form heterodimers, while the third gene product does not interact with the other two. Another isozyme that appears after gel electrophoresis and ALT staining is shown to be glutamate dehydrogenase-1. Anaerobic treatment does not result in increased ALT levels, indicating that the previously reported increase in alanine levels caused by this treatment may be due to increases in the level of pyruvate, a substrate of ALT.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00569328
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    Senescence-induced RNases in tomato (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 439-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ethylene ; gene expression ; leaf senescence ; RNase ; tomato ; wounding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A main feature of leaf senescence is the hydrolysis of macromolecules by hydrolases of various types, and redistribution of released materials. We have initiated a study for the characterization of RNases involved in nucleic acid catabolism during senescence. Using a PCR-based cloning approach we isolated from tomato two senescence-induced RNase cDNA clones. Each of these cDNAs hybridized to a senescence-induced transcript in northern analysis. One RNase cDNA was identical to the tomato LX RNase while the second corresponded to the LE RNase. Both LX and LE RNase genes had originally been demonstrated to be induced after phosphate starvation of tomato cell culture but nothing was known about their expression or function in plants. We observed that the expression of the LX and LE genes is induced in leaves during an advanced stage of senescence with the LX transcript level being much more induced than that of LE. Low-level expression of the RNase genes was observed in flowers and artificially senescing detached leaves while no expression could be detected in stems, roots, or fruits at different ripening stages. Ethylene activated the LX gene expression in detached young leaves while LE gene expression, which could be transiently induced by wounding, appeared to be activated by abscisic acid. We suggest that the LX RNase has a role in RNA catabolism in the final stage of senescence, and LE may function during wounding as a plant defense protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005993024161
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    Functional analysis of the promoter region of a maize (Zea mays L.) H3 histone gene in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 275-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell cycle ; cis-elements ; histone promoter ; maize ; meristems ; transgenic Arabidopsis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 1023 bp fragment and truncated derivatives of the maize (Zea mays L.) histone H3C4 gene promoter were fused to the ß-glucuronidase (GUS) gene and introduced via Agrobacterium tumefaciens into the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana. GUS activity was found in various meristems of transgenic plants as for other plant histone promoters, but unexplained activity also occurred at branching points of both stems and roots. Deletion of the upstream 558 bp of the promoter reduced its activity to an almost basal expression. Internal deletion of a downstream fragment containing plant histone-specific sequence motifs reduced the promoter activity in all tissues and abolished the expression in meristems. Thus, both the proximal and distal regions of the promoter appear necessary to achieve the final expression pattern in dicotyledonous plant tissues. In mesophyll protoplasts isolated from the transformed Arabidopsis plants, the full-length promoter showed both S phase-dependent and -independent activity, like other plant histone gene promoters. Neither of the 5′-truncated nor the internal-deleted promoters were able to direct S phase-dependent activity, thus revealing necessary cooperation between the proximal and distal parts of the promoter to achieve cell cycle-regulated expression. The involvement of the different regions of the promoter in the different types of expression is discussed.
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    The ltk gene family encodes novel receptor-like kinases with temporal expression in developing maize endosperm (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 749-761 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: development ; disease ; endosperm ; kinase ; maize ; receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We describe the isolation and characterization of maize cDNAs that are transcribed from a small gene family and encode a novel group of receptor-like kinases (RLKs). The distinctive extracellular domain of these novel RLKs includes a unique number and arrangement of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs), a proline-rich region (PRR), a putative protein degradation target sequence (PEST), and a serine-rich region (SRR). The intracellular domain contains a putative serine/threonine protein kinase. To distinguish them from other reported RLKs, these novel RLKs were termed leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein kinases (LTKs). Based on analysis of available deduced protein sequences, LTK1 and LTK2 were predicted to be 92.1% identical, while LTK2 and LTK3 were predicted to be 97.5% identical. Though the three LTK proteins showed high homology, the region that most distinguished LTK1 from LTK2 and LTK3 was found in the extracellular domain, in the SRR. To differentiate between expression of the individual ltk genes, we used the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in combination with restriction enzyme analysis. While ltk1 transcripts were constantly present in all tissues tested, ltk2 and ltk3 transcripts were only detected in the endosperm. Furthermore, transcript levels for both ltk1 and ltk2 showed modulation during endosperm development, peaking at 20 days after pollination. These results suggest that members of the ltk gene family mediate signals associated with seed development and maturation.
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    Development patterns of telomerase activity in barley and maize (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 621-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: barley ; development ; maize ; telomerase ; TRAP assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eukaryotic chromosomes terminate with specialized structures called telomeres. Maintenance of chromosomal ends in most eukaryotes studied to date requires a specialized enzyme, telomerase. Telomerase has been shown to be developmentally regulated in man and a few other multicellular organisms, while it is constitutively expressed in unicellular eukaryotes. Recently, we demonstrated telomerase activity in plant extracts using the PCR-based TRAP (Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol) assay developed for human cells. Here we report telomerase activities in two grass species, barley and maize, using a modified, semi-quantitative TRAP assay. Telomerase was highly active in very young immature embryos and gradually declined during embryo development. The endosperm telomerase activity was detectable, but significantly lower than in the embryo and declined during kernel development with no detectable activity in later stages. Telomerase activity in dissected maize embryo axis was several orders of magnitude higher than in the scutellum. Telomerase activity was not detected in a range of differentiated tissues including those with active meristems such as root tips as well as the internode and leaf base. The role of telomerase repression during differentiation and the relationship between chromosome healing and telomerase activity is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005994629814
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    Transcripts of maize RbcS genes accumulate differentially in C3 and C4 tissues (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 593-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: C4 photosynthesis ; gene family ; maize ; RbcS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RbcS genes exist as multigene families in most plant species examined. In this paper, we report an investigation into the expression patterns of two maize RbcS genes, designated in this report as RbcS1and RbcS2. We present the sequence of RbcS2 and show that the structure of the gene has several features in common with other monocot RbcS genes. To determine whether RbcS1 and RbcS2 fulfil different functional roles with respect to the C3 and C4 carbon fixation pathways, we have investigated the expression patterns of the two genes in different maize tissue types. Transcripts of both genes are found at high levels specifically in bundle-sheath cells of maize seedling leaves, indicating that both genes are expressed in the C4-type pattern. However, we show that RbcS1 transcripts are relatively more abundant than RbcS2 transcripts in C3 tissues such as husk leaves. These results are discussed with respect to the evolution of C4 carbon fixation and the mechanisms required for the cell-specific expression of RbcS genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005947306667
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    Molecular cloning and mRNA localization of tomato pollen profilin (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 699-707 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: actin cytoskeleton ; in situ hybridization ; gene expression ; profilin ; RT-PCR ; tomato pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in the growth of pollen tube. The actin-binding protein profilin could play a role in regulating the organization of the actin filaments. Using the RT-PCR technique, we isolated a cDNA clone (designated LePro1) encoding profilin from pollen grains of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Moneymaker). Sequence analysis of the insert shows 87% similarity to tobacco ntPro2, 78% to timothy grass profilin, 77% to Arabidopsis AthPRF4, 77% to maize ZmPro3, and 73% to birch profilin. Both quantitative PCR and RNA gel blot analyses demonstrated that LePro1 is expressed in a tissue- or cell-type specific manner in the tomato plant. In situ hybridization of 2 µm thick anther sections using a non-radioactive labeling method reveals that LePro1 is expressed only in pollen grains, with undetectable transcription in other parts of the anther or other organs. Phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences of 18 plant profilins indicates that two distinct profilin gene classes are present in higher plants. One is pollen-specific, another is constitutive. LePro1 belongs to the former class.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005971327353
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    Isolation and characterization of a functional A-type cyclin from maize (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cell cycle ; complementation ; cyclins ; maize ; root meristem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyclins are involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression in eukaryotes. We have isolated a cyclin cDNA clone, cycZm2w, from maize root tip cells, which fits best into group A2 of current plant cyclin gene classification schemes. The cDNA encodes a protein with a domain homologous to the cyclin box of mitotic cyclins. Complementation studies revealed that cycZm2w was able to rescue a budding yeast cyclin-deficient mutant (BF305–15d#21). As expected, cycZm2w is expressed in organs of the maize plant that possess meristematic activity, but is especially prominent in the proliferating regions of the root apex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005968901298
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    Induction of AGAMOUS gene expression plays a key role in ripening of tomato sepals in vitro (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 733-739 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: AGAMOUS ; tomato ; ripening ; calyx ; gene expression ; sepals ; in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In vitro culture of VFNT Cherry tomato sepals (calyx) at 16–21 °C results in developmental changes that are similar to those that occur in fruit tissue [10]. Sepals become swollen, red, and succulent, produce ethylene, and have increased levels of polygalacturonase RNA. They also produce many flavor volatiles characteristic of ripe tomato fruit and undergo similar changes in sugar content [11]. We examined the expression of the tomato AGAMOUS gene, TAG1, in ripening, in vitro sepal cultures and other tissues from the plant and found that TAG1 RNA accumulates to higher levels than expected from data from other plants. Contrary to reports on the absence of AGAMOUS in sepals, TAG1 RNA levels in green sepals from greenhouse-grown plants is detectable, its concentration increasing with in vitro ripening to levels that were even higher than in red, ripe fruit. Sepals of fruit on transgenic tomato plants that expressed TAG1 ectopically were induced by low temperature to ripen in vivo, producing lycopene and undergoing cell wall softening as is characteristic of pericarpic tissue. We therefore propose that the induction of elevated TAG1 gene expression plays a key role in developmental changes that result in sepal ripening.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005941330004
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    SNF1-related protein kinases: global regulators of carbon metabolism in plants? (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 735-748 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: AMP-activated protein kinase ; carbohydrates ; gene expression ; gene family ; HMG-CoA reductase ; intracellular signalling ; isoprenoids ; nitrate reductase ; phosphorylation ; SNF1 ; starch ; sucrose phosphate synthase ; sucrose synthase ; sugar sensing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006024231305
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    Molecular marker analysis of European Setosphaeria turcica populations (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 611-617 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Exserohilum turcicum ; Johnson grass ; maize ; northern corn leaf blight ; population genetic structure ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Setosphaeria turcica is the causal agent of northern corn leaf blight, a foliar maize disease of worldwide economic importance. In Europe, its severity increases. To investigate the pathogen's population-genetic structure in central Europe, a total of 80 isolates was sampled in Germany, Switzerland, France, Austria, and Hungary and investigated with 52 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The mating type of the isolates was determined in testcrosses. Among the 73 isolates from maize there were 26 different RAPD haplotypes. All isolates with identical haplotype are considered clonemates. The haplotype shared by most members was represented by 22 isolates from Germany, Switzerland, and France, indicating high fitness and substantial migration. Only a single clone had members in both southeastern Austria and southwestern Switzerland, suggesting that the Alps constitute a major barrier for this pathogen. Several haplotypes differed by only one or two RAPD bands from the predominant haplotype and may have arisen by mutation. Few other clonal lineages were detected. The evolution of some haplotypes could not be explained by mutation alone. Sexual recombination may rarely occur. In population samples from Germany, Switzerland, and France, mating type MAT2 was predominating, while most isolates from Austria and Hungary had MAT1. Seven isolates from Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), an alternative host of S. turcica, were clonemates and very different in RAPD haplotypes from all isolates collected from maize.
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    Expression of psbA genes produces prominent 5′ psbA mRNA fragments in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 1023-1033 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; psbA gene ; truncated psbA messages ; DNA-binding protein ; D1 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Expression of the psbA genes, which in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 encode two different forms of the reaction centre D1 protein of photosystem II (D1:1 and D1:2), was studied under different light and temperature conditions. In addition to the mature 1200 nt psbA messages, three shorter mRNA fragments of 220, 320 and 900 nt were also found. All three mRNA fragments could be recognized by using different gene probes from the coding region of the psbAI gene, whereas the corresponding psbAII/III gene probes recognized only the 220 nt mRNA fragment. The 5' 320 nt mRNA fragment from the psbAI gene probably represents a degradation product, since the corresponding 3' 900 nt psbAI mRNA fragment was also detected. By contrast, the 5' 220 nt mRNA fragment of all psbA messages is suggested to be a truncated psbA transcript, since no corresponding 3' fragment was ever found. Inhibition of translation either by a protein synthesis inhibitor or by a shift of cells to lower temperature, increased the number of 1200 nt psbAII/III messages but the number of 5' 220 nt psbAII/III mRNA fragment increased even more dramatically. The first 66 bp after ATG, where the psbAI and psbAII/III genes mostly differ from each other, also appeared important in determining the amount of produced truncated psbA transcripts, as evidenced by the expression of different tac-psbA constructs in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitor. We suggest that both the psbAI and the psbAII/III genes have a latent intragenic termination site and truncated psbA transcripts are produced at high levels under stress conditions when transcription becomes uncoupled from translation.This is to prevent wasting metabolic energy in the production of unused transcripts.
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    Construction of a new vector conferring methotrexate resistance in Nicotiana tabacum plants (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 1079-1084 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; Candida albicans ; dihydrofolate reductase ; dominant selectable marker ; Nicotiana tabacum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new binary vector encoding for Candida albicans dihydrofolate reductase (DFR1) has been constructed and used as a dominant selectable marker for plant transformation. Transgenic tobacco plants with an increased resistance to methotrexate (Mtx) were obtained by co-transformation of tobacco leaf discs with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains carrying two new binary vectors: pTI20 and pTI18. Co-transformants of Nicotiana tabacum were directly selected for and rooted on medium containing both kanamycin (kan) and Mtx. Leaf discs of transgenic plants were assayed for capacity of regeneration at different Mtx concentrations. Analysis of transcripts was performed on total RNA extracted from two Mtx-resistant plants. The transgenic plants increased resistance to Mtx can be explained by the exceptionally low capacity of Mtx to bind C. albicans dihydrofolate reductase, accountable by the presence of two amino acid residues strategically important in Mtx binding.
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    Use of alternate splice sites in granule-bound starch synthase mRNA from low-amylose rice varieties (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 38 (1998), S. 407-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rice ; waxy ; splicing ; gene expression ; intron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rice Waxy gene encodes a granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) necessary for the synthesis of amylose in endosperm tissue. We have previously shown that a CT microsatellite near the transcriptional start site of the GBSS gene can distinguish 7 alleles that accounted for more than 80% of the variation in apparent amylose content in an extended pedigree of 89 US rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.). Furthermore, all the cultivars with 18% or less amylose were shown to have the sequence AGTTATA at the putative leader intron 5′ splice site, while all cultivars with a higher proportion of amylose had AGGTATA. Here we demonstrate that this single-base mutation reduces the efficiency of GBSS pre-mRNA processing and results in alternate splicing at three cryptic sites. The predominant 5′ splice site in CT18 low-amylose varieties is 93 bp upstream of the splice site used in intermediate and high amylose varieties and is immediately 5′ to the CT microsatellite that we previously demonstrated to be tightly correlated with amylose content. Use of the leader intron 5′ splice site at either -93 or -1 in conjunction with the predominant 3′ splice site results in formation of a small open reading frame 38 bp upstream of the normal ATG and out of frame with it. This open reading frame is not produced when any of the 5′ leader intron splice sites are used in conjunction with an alternate 3′ splice site five bases further downstream which was observed in all rice varieties tested.
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    A ca. 40 kDa maize (Zea mays L.) embryo dehydrin is encoded by the dhn2 locus on chromosome 9 (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 38 (1998), S. 417-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Dehydrin ; LEA D11 ; maize ; dhn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dehydrins (LEA D11 proteins) are the products of multigene families in a number of higher plants [5]. To date, however, only one dehydrin locus, dhn1 (a major embryo and drought-induced protein of ca. 18 kDa) has been placed on chromosome 6L of the genetic linkage map of maize. The presence of a larger, ca. 40 kDa embryo protein that is also specifically detected by anti-dehydrin antibodies had been observed in some maize inbreds, including B73, suggesting that other dhn loci may exist. The ca. 22 kDa and ca. 40 kDa immunopositive proteins were purified from B73 and their amino acid compositions determined. The two proteins' amino acid compositions are typical of dehydrins, yet they differ from each other, indicating that they are distinct dhn gene products. Different size alleles for both proteins, or presence/absence in the case of the ca. 40 kDa protein, were evident from comparisons of embryo proteins of various maize inbreds. Analysis of segregating F2 progeny derived from self-pollination of F1 hybrids from four crosses (B73 × OH43, Mo17 × A632, AHO × A632, Latente × A632) revealed that alleles of the two genes assort independently. Map positions of the two dhn loci were then determined using two maize recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping populations. The predicted map position of the gene controlling production of the ca. 22 kDa protein confirmed that this protein is the product of the dhn1 gene. The gene encoding the ca. 40 kDa dehydrin-like protein maps to a new locus on chromosome 9S near wx1, which we have named dhn2.
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    Expression of antisense chalcone synthase RNA in transgenic hybrid walnut microcuttings. Effect on flavonoid content and rooting ability (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 38 (1998), S. 467-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: antisense RNA ; chalcone synthase ; flavonoid ; gene expression ; rooting ; walnut
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Walnut somatic embryos (Juglans nigra × Juglans regia) were transformed with a vector containing a neomycin phosphotransferase II, a β-glucuronidase and an antisense chalcone synthase (chs) gene. This antisense construct included a 400 bp cDNA fragment of a walnut chs gene under the control of the duplicated CaMV-35S promoter. Molecular, biochemical and biological characterizations were performed both on transformed embryos propagated by secondary somatic embryogenesis and on microshoots developed by in vitro culture of embryonic epicotyls from somatic embryos. Thirteen transformed lines with the vector containing the antisense chs gene, one line with only the gus and nptII genes and one untransformed line were maintained in tissue culture. Six of the antisense lines were shown to be flavonoid-deficient. They exhibited a strongly reduced expression of chs genes, very low chalcone synthase activity and no detectable amounts of quercitrin, myricitrin, flavane-3-ols and proanthocyanidins in stems. Rooting tests showed that decreased flavonoid content in stems of antisense chs transformed lines was associated with enhanced adventitious root formation. Free auxin and conjugated auxin contents were determined during the latter phase of the micropropagation, and no variations were detected between control and antisense chs transformed lines. The in vitro plants developed a large basal callus and apical necrosis upon auxinic induction and the transformed lines highly deficient in flavonoids were more sensitive to exogenous application of indolebutyric acid (IBA).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006034709501
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  • 92
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    Cloning and characterization of two maize cDNAs encoding Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase (CCR) and differential expression of the corresponding genes (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 38 (1998), S. 671-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase ; cDNA sequences ; lignins ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase (CCR, EC 1.2.1.44) catalyses the first step of the lignin pathway. Two full-length cDNAs identified by sequence analysis as CCR-encoding cDNAs were isolated from a maize root cDNA library. These two cDNAs designated ZmCCR1 and ZmCCR2 exhibit 73% sequence conservation at the nucleotide level for their coding regions and are relatively divergent at their 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions. They both contain a common signature which is thought to be involved in the catalytic site of CCR. Northern blot analysis indicated that ZmCCR2 was expressed at very low levels in roots whereas ZmCCR1 was widely expressed in different organs. The high level of ZmCCR1 gene expression along the stalk suggests that the corresponding enzyme is probably involved in constitutive lignification.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006060101866
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  • 93
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    Molecular characterization of tobacco ribonucleotide reductase RNR1 and RNR2 cDNAs and cell cycle-regulated expression in synchronized plant cells (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 38 (1998), S. 797-806 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ribonucleotide reductase ; gene expression ; cell cycle ; S-phase ; tobacco BY2 cell suspension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eukaryotic ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the enzyme involved in the synthesis of the deoxyribonucleotides, consists of two R1 and R2 subunits whose activities and gene expression are differentially regulated during the cell cycle and are preferentially induced at the G1/S transition. We have isolated three cDNA clones from a tobacco S phase library, two encoding the large R1 subunit, the first cloned in plants, and one encoding the small R2 subunit. From Southern blot hybridization we deduce that RNR2 is encoded by a single-copy gene whereas RNR1 is encoded by a small multigene family. The level of RNR mRNA is cell-cycle regulated showing a maximum in S phase. In mid-S phase, RNR2 transcripts show a higher maximum level than RNR1 transcripts. Analysis of the effects of various cell cycle inhibitors added to freshly subcultured stationary phase cells leads to the conclusion that RNR gene induction at the entry of the cells into the cell cycle takes place in late G1-early S phase. Addition of DNA synthesis-blocking agents to cycling cells synchronized in mid-S phase resulted in an enhancement of RNR transcript level, thus suggesting that RNR gene expression may be linked to the DNA synthesis rate by a feedback-like regulatory mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006083318906
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  • 94
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    Differential induction by methyl jasmonate of genes encoding ornithine decarboxylase and other enzymes involved in nicotine biosynthesis in tobacco cell cultures (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 38 (1998), S. 1101-1111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Nicotiana tabacum ; tobacco BY-2 cells ; gene expression ; jasmonic acid ; methyl jasmonate ; ornithine decarboxylase ; polyamine ; nicotine ; SAM synthase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA of tobacco BY-2 cells corresponding to an mRNA species which was rapidly induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in the presence of cycloheximide (CHX) was found to encode ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). Another cDNA from a MeJA-inducible mRNA encoded S-adenosylmethionine synthase (SAMS). Although these enzymes could be involved in the biosynthesis of polyamines, the level of putrescine, a reaction product of ODC, increased slowly and while the levels of spermidine and spermine did not change following treatment of cells with MeJA. However, N-methylputrescine, which is a precursor of pyrrolidine ring of nicotine, started to increase shortly after MeJA-treatment of cells and the production of nicotine occured thereafter. The levels of mRNA for arginine decarboxylase (ADC), an alternative enzyme for putrescine synthesis, and that for S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC), required for polyamine synthesis, were not affected by MeJA. In addition to mRNAs for ODC and SAMS, mRNA for putrescine N-methyltransferase (PMT) was also induced by MeJA. Unlike the MeJA-induction of ODC mRNA, MeJA-induction of SAMS and PMT mRNAs were blocked by CHX. The level of ODC mRNA declined after 1 to 4 h following MeJA treatment, while the levels of mRNAs for SAMS and PMT continued to increase. Auxin significantly reduced the MeJA-inducible accumulation of mRNAs for ODC, SAMS and PMT. These results indicate that MeJA sequentially induces expression of a series of genes involved in nicotine biosynthesis by multiple regulatory mechanisms.p〉
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006058700949
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  • 95
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    Effect of VAM inoculum carry-over on the successive cropping of maize and mungbean (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 303-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cropping pattern ; Glomus mosseae ; inoculum ; maize ; mungbean ; VAM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study to determine the endomycorrhizal inoculum carry-over effect of the first crop [maize inoculated with Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe] on the succeeding crop (mungbean) was carried out in fumigated and nonfumigated acidic soil (pH 5.3) with moderate extractable P (Olsen 23 ppm). G. mosseae inoculation increased maize dry matter and grain yield over the uninoculated control in the nonfumigated soil. The maize inoculation failed to carry the effective inoculum over to the mungbean crop planted immediately after maize harvest and thus did not increase root colonization and grain yield of the succeeding crop. Fresh inoculation of the mungbean with G. mosseae increased grain yield over the uninoculated control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010607
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  • 96
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    Potential errors caused by roots in analyses of rhizosphere soil (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 143 (1992), S. 223-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: exchangeable cations ; macronutrients ; maize ; micronutrients ; rhizosphere ; root composition ; soluble ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Roots contain high concentrations of many elements, and have the potential to interfere with measurements of chemical change in rhizosphere soil. To assess potential interferences, maize (Zea mays L.) roots (free of soil) and soil (free of roots) were extracted separately with several extractants commonly used to assess the status of soil nutrients. The maize roots were grown within filter envelopes which prevented direct contact with soil, but permitted passage of mineral nutrients and water from the adjacent soil. Water, ammonium acetate (pH 7), DTPA (pH 7.3), Morgan's solution (pH 4.8), and dilute HCl were used as extractants. Most elements were released readily into soluble forms from roots killed by freezing to lyse the cells. Significantly lower amounts were extracted from fresh roots, with the greatest differences between fresh and killed roots for the extractants H2O and DTPA, which were the mildest in terms of acidity and salt concentration. Extraction of P from the fresh roots by H2O and HCL was particularly low. Contamination of rhizosphere samples with root materials would almost certainly prevent the accurate measurement of water-soluble P, K, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Na in the slightly alkaline soil used in this experiment. Large errors would be likely also for P, Mn, and Cu extracted by ammonium acetate. The DTPA extractant is normally used only for micronutrient metals or heavy metals, and the small amounts of these elements released by roots should not contribute to significant error. With Morgan's solution, errors would likely be large only for P. Dilute HCl is a reasonably strong extractant for many elements in soil, and major errors from roots contained in rhizosphere samples are unlikely. The relatively high probability of errors in extractions of soluble elements from rhizosphere soil is unfortunate, because these elements are among the most readily available to plants and the most likely to be altered by the normal activities of roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007877
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  • 97
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    Re-sorption of organic components by roots of Zea mays L. and its consequences in the rhizosphere (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 143 (1992), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; organic components ; re-sorption ; rhizosphere ; root
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The re-sorption of carbon compounds from the rhizosphere was investigated using 14C-labelled glucose, mannose and citric acid. Uptake in roots of 5-day-old, intact Zea mays plants in sterile solution culture was determined over a period of 48 hours. Under optimal growth conditions significant re-absorption of glucose and mannose occurred with the uptake rates being 70.5 and 40.2 μg compound g-1 root DW h-1, respectively. For glucose and mannose approximately 25% of the 14C label taken up by the root was recovered inside the plant as low-MW compounds and 33% polymerized into high MW compounds. 42% was respired as 14C-CO2. Citric acid by comparison showed little accumulation within plant tissues (11.4%) with most being respired and recovered as 14C-CO2 in KOH traps (88%). The uptake rate for citric acid was 34.8 μg g-1 root DW h-1. Over the 48-hour period a net efflux (i.e. exudation) of labelled plus unlabelled C was observed at a rate of 608 μg C g-1 root DW h-1 (equivalent to 1520 μg glucose/mannose). Of the C released as root exudates, a minimum estimate of the amount of C taken back into the plant was therefore 9.5%. The two main C fluxes within the rhizosphere, namely release of C by the root and uptake by the microorganisms, have been well documented in recent years. It is now apparent however that a third flux term, re-sorption of C by roots, can also be identified. This may play an important but previously overlooked role within the rhizosphere, and further work is needed to determine its significance. A comparison between exudate release in static (permitting accumulation of C) and flowing culture (C removed as it is released) was also made with the respective rates being 15.36 and 45.18 mg C g-1 root DW in 2 days. The relative important of re-sorption in natural environments and laboratory experiments is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007881
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  • 98
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    Rapid methods for quantifying VAM fungal infections in maize roots (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 147 (1992), S. 317-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bioassay ; maize ; root pigmentation ; vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Roots of maize (Zea mays cv W64A × W182E) infected by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi (Glomus versiforme (Karst) Berch or a Glomus species isolated from an alfalfa soil) exhibit a bright yellow pigmentation. The percentage of pigmented roots can be quantified by a rapid visual estimate or by a grid intersect method. Both methods gave similar estimates of VAM infection to those obtained using a grid intersect count on cleared roots stained with chlorazol black E. Thus for experimental or field evaluation where speed and quantity are important, the rapid visual estimate (less than one minute for each washed root system) yields reliable results. The yellow root intersect method takes longer (5–15 minutes per root system) but gives more reproducible results. The yellow root pigmentation is light sensitive However, root systems can be reliably assayed after 1 week when stored at 5°C in the dark or after 1 year if dried.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029083
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  • 99
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    Changes in mycorrhiza development in maize induced by crop management practices (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 198 (1998), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: colonization ; crop-rotation ; maize ; mycorrhiza ; phosphorus ; tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We selected three crop production practices; crop rotation, tillage and phosphorus fertilization, all known to affect arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) development, to study early AM intraradical colonization in maize. Half of the plots were planted during the first year with either a host (maize, Zea mays L.) or a non-host (canola, Brassica napus L.) crop, and all of them with maize for the second year. Tillage and P fertilization treatments were applied to the plots in the second year. Mycorrhiza development in maize was measured in pot culture bioassays conducted before planting and after harvest of the previous and the subsequent crops, and in the field during the second crop season. Previous cropping of a soil with canola (Brassica napus L.), a non-host plant species, delayed mycorrhiza development of maize in a bioassay conducted with that soil in comparison with a previous cropping cycle with maize (Zea mays L.) or with the original plant species in the field site, bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leys.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The delay in mycorrhiza development after cropping with canola was also observed in samples taken from the field and in a bioassay, both conducted at the beginning of the subsequent cropping cycle. Tillage had, on average, little effect on intraradical colonization either in the field or in the bioassays. Phosphorus fertilization also had little effect on mycorrhiza development in the field. Crop rotation with a non-host had the strongest effect on intraradical mycorrhiza development of the three practices studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004314406653
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  • 100
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    Modelling competition for water in intercrops: theory and comparison with field experiments (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 204 (1998), S. 183-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: intercrops ; maize ; model ; roots ; sorghum ; water transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A knowledge of plant interactions above and below ground with respect to water is essential to understand the performance of intercrop systems. In this study, a physically based framework is proposed to analyse the competition for soil water in the case of intercropped plants. A radiative transfer model, associated with a transpiration-partitioning model based on a modified form of the Penman-Monteith equation, was used to estimate the evaporative demand of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum ( Sorghum vulgare R.) intercrops. In order to model soil–root water transport, the root water potential of each species was calculated so as to minimise the difference between the evaporative demand and the amount of water taken up by each species. A characterisation of the micrometeorological conditions (net radiation, photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature and humidity, rain), plant water relations (leaf area index, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, sap flow measurements), as well as the two-component root systems and water balance (soil–root impacts, soil evaporation) was carried out during a 7-day experiment with densities of about 4.2 plant m-2 for both maize and sorghum. Comparison of the measured and calculated transpiration values shows that the slopes of the measured versus predicted regression lines for hourly transpiration were 0.823 and 0.778 for maize and sorghum, respectively. Overall trends in the variation of volumetric water content profiles are also reasonably well described. This model could be useful for analysing competition where several root systems are present under various environmental conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004399508452
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