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  • evolution  (85)
  • gene expression  (83)
  • Springer  (168)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Institute of Physics
  • 1995-1999  (84)
  • 1990-1994  (84)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1998  (84)
  • 1992  (84)
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  • Springer  (168)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Institute of Physics
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (15)
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  • 1995-1999  (84)
  • 1990-1994  (84)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Respective Role of the Axialand Appendicular Systems in Relation to the Transition to Limblessness (1998)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 46 (1998), S. 141-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: locomotion ; Squamata ; lizards ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In lower quadrupedal vertebrates locomotor efficiency seems to result from the associate movements of the axial and appendicular systems, which are totally independent in structure and embryological origin. The curvature of the trunk, produced by a standing wave, magnifies the propulsive action of the limbs. In intermediate forms, the association of an elongate trunk with limbs reduced in size brings about functional consequences which may be noticeably diverse according to the degree of trunk elongation and limb reduction. According to environmental constraints, animals search for better locomotor efficiency, which implies the maintenance or breakage of this association of both locomotor systems. In some cases, limb action on the ground is added to the axial wave action through a perfect mutual adjustment of rhythmic activity, until mechanical inefficiency of the limbs is reached by possible loss of contact with the ground. In other cases, the limbs dragged on the ground during the stance phase act against the axial action or, on the contrary, are inhibited by the axial system. A review of available data tries to contribute to an understanding of the respective roles of both systems in the transition to limblessness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001129920394
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Presence of a partial urea cycle in the leech,Poecilobdella granulosa (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 729-731 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Urea cycle ; leech ; botryoidal tissue ; hirudineans ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) and arginase, but not arginine synthetase (AS), were detected in the body wall and gut tissues of the leech. The activities of these enzymes were not altered by starvation. The high activity of arginase in body wall is probably due to the association of the latter with botryoidal tissue. Hirudineans, which evolved from oligochaete ancestors, appear to have lost the citrulline-arginine segment of the urea cycle due to their ammonotelic mode of nitrogen excretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02124288
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Classification and evolution of EF-hand proteins (1998)
    Springer
    BioMetals 11 (1998), S. 277-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: evolution ; classification ; EF-hand ; domain ; homology ; chimera ; congruence ; gene duplication ; gene fusion ; eukaryote ; dendrogram ; calmodulin ; troponin C ; light chain of myosin ; S100 ; parvalbumin ; calcineurin ; recoverin ; calpain ; sorcin ; diacylglycerol ; calbindin ; aequorin ; phospholipase C ; BM-40
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Forty-five distinct subfamilies of EF-hand proteins have been identified. They contain from two to eight EF-hands that are recognizable by amino acid sequence as being statistically similar to other EF-hand domains. All proteins within one subfamily are congruent to one another, i.e. the dendrogram computed from one of the EF-hand domains is similar, within statistical error, to the dendrogram computed from another(s) domain. Thirteen subfamilies - including Calmodulin, Troponin C, Essential light chain, Regulatory light chain - referred to collectively as CTER, are congruent with one another. They appear to have evolved from a single ur-domain by two cycles of gene duplication and fusion. The subfamilies of CTER subsequently evolved by gene duplications and speciations. The remaining 32 subfamilies do not show such general patterns of congruence; however, some - such as S100, intestinal calcium binding protein (calbindin 9kd), and trichohylin - do not form congruent clusters of subfamilies. Nearly all of the domains 1, 3, 5, and 7 are most similar to other ODD domains. Correspondingly the EVEN numbered domains of all 45 subfamilies most closely resemble EVEN domains of other subfamilies. Many sequence and chem-ical characteristics do not show systemic trends by subfamily or species of host organisms; such homoplasy is widespread. Eighteen of the subfamilies are heterochimeric; in addition to multiple EF-hands they contain domains of other evolutionary origins.© Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009282307967
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nuclear calcium: a key regulator of gene expression (1998)
    Springer
    BioMetals 11 (1998), S. 345-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: calcium ; CREB ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Through the evolution of multicellular organisms, calcium has emerged as the preferred ion for intracel-lular signalling. It now occupies a pivotal role in many cell types and nowhere is it more important than in neurons, where it mediates both the relaying and long-term storage of information. The latter is a process that enables learning and memory to be formed and requires the activation of gene expression by calcium signals. Evidence from a number of diverse organisms shows that transcription mediated by the transcrip-tion factor CREB is critical for learning and memory. Here we review the features of CREB activation by calcium signals in mammalian cells. In contrast to other transcription factors, its regulation is dependent on an elevation of nuclear calcium concentration, potentially placing this spatially distinct pool of calcium as an important mediator of information storage.© Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009257909785
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life and teleology (1992)
    Springer
    Journal for general philosophy of science 23 (1992), S. 85-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8587
    Keywords: life ; teleology ; evolution ; reality ; representation ; experience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Philosophy , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Summary A comprehensive definition of the phenomenon called “life” led to the addition of many dimensions to the natural sciences, and especially the conscious mental dimension. Historical attention is paid not only to those employing the natural philosophical paradigms, but also to evolutionary theories and to the Kantian teleological philosophy. The belief that science can solve the riddle of life is a category of purposal thinking. A revised version of critical teleology is essential for comprehension of life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01801797
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiplex Titration RT-PCR: Rapid Determination of Gene Expression Patterns for a Large Number of Genes (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 323-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: Aux/IAA genes ; gene expression ; gene families ; RT-PCR ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have developed an improved method for determination of gene expression levels with RT-PCR. The procedure is rapid and does not require extensive optimization or densitometric analysis. Since the detection of individual transcripts is PCR-based, small amounts of tissue samples are sufficient for the analysis of expression patterns in large gene families. Using this method, we were able to rapidly screen nine members of the Aux/IAA family of auxin- responsive genes and identify those genes which vary in message abundance in a tissue- and light-specific manner. While not offering the accuracy of conventional semi-quantitative or competitive RT-PCR, our method allows quick screening of large numbers of genes in a wide range of RNA samples with just a thermal cycler and standard gel analysis equipment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007523305132
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic pathways inParacoccus denitrificans and closely related bacteria in relation to the phylogeny of prokaryotes (1992)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 61 (1992), S. 1-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Paracoccus denitrificans ; denitrification ; methylotrophy ; cytochromec ; cytochrome oxidase ; phylogeny ; evolution ; lateral gene transfer ; nitrogen fixation ; Thiosphaera pantotropha
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Denitrification and methylotrophy inParacoccus denitrificans are discussed. The properties of the enzymes of denitrification: the nitrate-nitrite antiporter, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, nitric oxide reductase and nitrous oxide reductase are described. The genes for none of these proteins have yet been cloned and sequenced fromP. denitrificans. A number of sequences are available for enzymes fromEscherichia coli, Pseudomonas stutzeri andPseudomonas aeruginosa. It is concluded that pathway specificc-type cytochromes are involved in denitrification. At least 40 genes are involved in denitrification. In methanol oxidation at least 20 genes are involved. In this case too pathway specificc-type cytochromes are involved. The sequence homology between the quinoproteins methanol dehydrogenase, alcoholdehydrogenase and glucose dehydrogenase is discussed. This superfamily of proteins is believed to be derived from a common ancestor. ThemoxFJGI operon determines the structural components of methanol dehydrogenase and the associatedc-type cytochrome. Upstream of this operon 3 regulatory proteins were found. The mox Y protein shows the general features of a sensor protein and the moxX protein those of a regulatory protein. Thus a two component regulatory system is involved in both denitrification and methylotrophy. The phylogeny of prokaryotes based on 16S rRNA sequence is discussed. It is remarkable that the 16S rRNA ofThiosphaera pantotropha is identical to that ofP. denitrificans. Still these bacteria show a number of differences.T. pantotropha is able to denitrify under aerobic circumstances and it shows heterotrophic nitrification. Nitrification and heterotrophic nitrification are found in species belonging to the β-and γ-subdivisions of purple non-sulfur bacteria. Thus the occurrence of heterotrophic nitrification inT. pantotropha which belongs to the α-subdivision of purple non-sulfur bacteria is a remarkable property. FurthermoreT. pantotropha contains two nitrate reductases of which the periplasmic one is supposed to be involved in aerobic denitrification. The nitrite reductase is of the Cu-type and not of the cytochromecd 1 type as inP. denitrificans. Also the cytochromeb of theQbc complex ofT. pantotropha is highly similar to its counterpart inP. denitrificans. It is hypothesized that the differences between these two organisms which both contain large megaplasmids is due to a combination of loss of genetic information and plasmid-coded properties. The distribution of a number of complex metabolic systems in eubacteria and in a number of species belonging to the α-group of purple non sulphur bacteria is reviewed. Two possibilities to explain this haphazard distribution are considered: 1. Lateral gene transfer between distantly related micro organisms occurs frequently. 2. The eubacterial ancestors must have possessed already these properties. The distribution of these properties is due to sporadic loss during evolutionary divergence. With respect to the occurrence and frequency of lateral gene transfer two opposing views exist. According to molecular biologists lateral gene transfer occurs frequently and is very easy. Bacteria are supposed to form one large gene pool. On the other hand population geneticists have provided evidence that strong systems operate that establish reproductive isolation between diverged species and even between closely related cell lines. Data on amino acid sequences of nitrogenase proteins, cytochromesc, cytochrome oxidases, β-subunits of ATP synthase and tryptophan biosynthetic enzymes of various micro organisms were reviewed. In all these cases phylogenetic trees could be constructed based on the amino acid sequence data. In all cases this phylogenetic tree was similar to the one based on 16S rRNA homology. Only in one case evidence for the occurrence of lateral gene transfer was obtained. Therefore it is concluded that lateral gene transfer played a minor role in the distribution of complex metabolic systems among prokaryotes. It must be stressed that this does not exclude the possibility that lateral gene transfer occurred frequently in the initial stage of bacterial evolution. It is hypothesized that the appearance of nitrogen fixation, denitrification and cytochrome oxidase formation were early events in the evolution of micro organisms. Both systems are supposed to have evolved only once. Subsequently the capacity to fix nitrogen or to denitrifymust have been lost many times, just as photosynthetic capacity is supposed to have been lost many times. During evolution many systems have been lost leading to a haphazard distribution of metabolic characters among bacteria. As an example it is suggested that organisms with a respiratory chain similar to that ofEscherichia coli arose by loss of the capacity to form the Qbc complex andc-type cytochromes. The remaining systems could be controlled much better however than in the ancestral organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572119
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic approaches to the study of mitochondrial biogenesis in yeast (1992)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 62 (1992), S. 131-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: mitochondrial DNA ; mutational analysis ; nucleo-mitochondrial interactions ; gene expression ; membrane assembly ; respiratory deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to most other organisms, the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae can survive without functional mitochondria. This ability has been exploited in genetic approaches to the study of mitochondrial biogenesis. In the last two decades, mitochondrial genetics have made major contributions to the identification of genes on the mitochondrial genome, the mapping of these genes and the establishment of structure-function relationships in the products they encode. In parallel, more than 200 complementation groups, corresponding to as many nuclear genes necessary for mitochondrial function or biogenesis have been described. Many of the latter are required for post-transcriptional events in mitochondrial gene expression, including the processing of mitochondrial pre-RNAs, the translation of mitochondrial mRNAs, or the assembly of mitochondrial translation products into the membrane. The aim of this review is to describe the genetic approaches used to unravel the intricacies of mitochondrial biogenesis and to summarize recent insights gained from their application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584467
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of non-reproductive castes in the neotropical termite generaCornitermes, Embiratermes andRhynchotermes (Isoptera, Nasutitermitinae) (1992)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 313-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Isoptera ; Termitidae ; Nasutitermitinae ; caste differentiation ; phylogeny ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The developmental pattern of the neuter castes was studied in the mandibulate nasute generaCornitermes, Embiratermes andRhynchotermes. InCornitermes walkeri, all the workers and soldiers are male. There are two larval and a single worker instar. Workers can molt into presoldiers. InEmbiratermes chagresi andRhynchotermes perarmatus, both sexes are present among the neuters. A slight sexual dimorphism (males 〉 females) is discernible among both larval instars and among workers ofE. chagresi; female workers can molt into presoldiers. InR. perarmatus, the sexual dimorphism is conspicuous from the first larval instar on. Male larvae go through two instars, then give rise to workers, which do not molt. InR. perarmatus, there is no worker stage in females, but a third larval instar, preceding the presoldier. Hypotheses are proposed as to the evolution of these caste patterns, attempting to conciliate present knowledge of Nasutitermitinae phylogeny and known evolutionary trends affecting termite caste patterns, according to the species' ecology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01323951
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Social organization in some primitive Australian ants. I.Nothomyrmecia macrops Clark (1992)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 39 (1992), S. 425-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Formicidae ; Nothomyrmecia ; evolution ; sociogram ; ethogram ; recognition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Results of laboratory-based ethological studies on twoNothomyrmecia macrops colonies with individually marked workers are reported. Interactive behavioural acts constituted less than 1% of all those recorded, revealing a strong tendency by the ants not to engage in social contact. Very few workers performed queen-directed acts. They stayed near the queen, though seldom in direct contact. Division of labour was otherwise barely apparent, except that some individuals showed a propensity to guard the nest entrance. No exchange of food was observed between workers, workers and queen, or adults and larvae (apart from worker placement of prey items with larvae). A queen fed from aDrosophila carcass retrieved from the nest floor, without assistance from workers. Systematic scanned observations confirmed levels of inactivity higher than previously observed in ants (comprising almost 2/3 of recorded behavioural acts). The time budget for activities directed toward the immature stages was the same in both colonies, and fluctuated during the circadian period. Non-nestmate larvae added to worker groups were more frequently licked than nestmate larvae, but this might not involve the particular recognition of nestmateversus non-nestmate brood. These observations support the hypothesis thatNothomyrmecia is primitively eusocial, and of special significance in myrmecology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240625
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endogenous synthesis of peptidoglycan in eukaryotic cells; a novel concept involving its essential role in cell division, tumor formation and the biological clock (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 921-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Biological clock ; cell division cycle ; diaminopimelate ; evolution ; FSu ; lysine ; muramate ; muramyl dipeptide ; peptidoglycan ; sleep muropeptide ; tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Degradation products of peptidoglycan, the universal bacterial cell wall constituent, were previously found in animal tissues and urine. Reassessment and quantitative analysis of available data lead to an original concept, i.e. that eukaryotic cells synthesize peptidoglycan. We present a model in which this endogenously synthesized peptidoglycan is essential for the processes of eukaryotic cell division and sleep induction in animals. Genes for peptidoglycan metabolism, like those for lysine biosynthesis in plants, are probably inherited from endosymbiotic bacteria, the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Corollaries of this concept, i.e. roles for peptidoglycan metabolism in tumor formation and in the biological clock, are supported by abundant evidence. We propose that many interactions between bacteria and eukaryotes are conditioned by their common genetic heritage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01919139
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Light Green Cells ofLymnaea: A neuroendocrine model system for stimulus-induced expression of multiple peptide genes in a single cell type (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 464-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Molluscan insulin-related peptides ; schistosomin ; neuropeptide gene family ; generation of neuropeptide diversity ; stimulus-dependent expression ; information-handling capacity ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We review recent experiments showing that the cerebral neuroendocrine Light Green Cells (LGCs) of the freshwater snail,Lymnaea stagnalis, express a family of distinct though related molluscan insulin-related peptide (MIP) genes. The LGCs are involved in the regulation of a wide range of interrelated life processes associated with growth, (energy) metabolism and reproduction. We consider the mechanism of generation of diversity among MIPs, and present evidence that conditions with distinct effects on growth, metabolism and reproduction also can induce distinct patterns of expression of the MIP and schistosomin genes. The stimulus-dependent expression of multiple neuropeptide genes enormously increases the adaptive potential of a peptidergic neuron. We suggest that this contributes significantly to the information-handling capacity of the brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01928165
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The origin of life — A task in molecular engineering (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular engineering 1 (1992), S. 377-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8951
    Keywords: Origin of life ; molecular engineering ; biology ; evolution ; genetic code ; translation machine ; self instruction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In attempting to understand how life originated, we search for a detailed sequence of experimentally testable physico-chemical steps in an appropriately structured system. This goal is approached in two stages. First we search for the organizational structure of processes leading to systems with the basic features of living organisms. This is an engineering problem: finding a certain construct by taking care of logical requirements and restrictions from physics. Then we face this construct with the chemical and geophysical reality, and this leads to the view that systems with the essential features of early living organisms evolve following a distinct pathway. Energy supply and the presence of a particular structure in space and time are necessary to induce and drive the processes triggered by stochastic events; but if these particular conditions are given, the broad line of the evolutionary processes is determined by logical requirements and by chemical and geophysical constrains and invariants. The genetic machinery considered to evolve in this manner agrees, in its organizational structure and in many details, with the actual genetic machinery of biosystems. A surprising simplicity and transparency is observed in the logic of the basic processes involved in the origin of life. In the present view, the processes leading to the origin of life begin in a very particular, highly structured, small region where the relevant chemistry can be quite different from overall prebiotic chemistry. Energy-rich compounds are present in ample amounts and a succession of physico-chemical processes, which are per se thermodynamically allowed, takes place. This is in contrast to popular views that the origin of life is connected with fundamental thermodynamic questions related to the problem of getting order out of chaos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176808
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  • 14
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    Electronic Resource
    Stimulatory effect of calcium administration on regucalcin mRNA expression is attenuated in the kidney cortex of rats ingested with saline (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 178 (1998), S. 275-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: regucalcin ; calcium-binding protein ; gene expression ; calmodulin ; spontaneous hypertensive rats ; rat kidney cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in the kidney cortex of rats ingested with saline was investigated. The alteration in regucalcin mRNA levels was analyzed by Northern blotting using liver regucalcin complementary DNA (0.9 kb of open reading frame). Rats were freely given saline as drinking water for 7 days. Regucalcin mRNA levels in the kidney cortex were suppressed by saline ingestion. When calcium chloride (10 mg Ca/100 g body weight) was intraperitoneally administered to rats ingested with saline for 7 days, the effect of calcium administration to increase regucalcin mRNA levels was weakened by saline ingestion. Such effect was also seen by the administration of 2.5 and 5 mg Ca/100 g. Regucalcin mRNA levels in the kidney cortex of spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) were not appreciably increased by the administration of calcium (10 mg/100 g). Meanwhile, calcium content in the kidney cortex was significantly elevated by the administration of calcium (10 mg/100 g) to normal rats. This increase was weakened in saline-ingested rats. Moreover, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity in the cytosol of kidney cortex was significantly decreased by saline ingestion. These results suggest the possibility that saline ingestion-induced suppression of regucalcin mRNA expression in the kidney cortex is partly involved in the attenuation of Ca2+ signalling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006898910955
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression of a cDNA encoding an intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatase, PTPase-2, from mouse testis and T-cells (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 118 (1992), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: mouse ; protein tyrosine phosphatase ; cDNA cloning ; nucleotide sequence ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The PTP-2 cDNA encoding an intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase-2) was isolated and sequenced from mouse testis and T-cell cDNA libraries. This PTP-2 cDNA was found to be homologous to human PTP-TC and rat PTP-S, and contained 1,551 nucleotides, including 1,146 nucleotides encoding 382 amino acids as well as 5′ (61 nucleotides) and 3′ (344 nucleotides) non-coding regions. Northern blot analysis indicated that PTP-2 mRNA of 1.9 Kb was most abundant in testis and kidney, although it was also present in spleen, muscle, liver, heart and brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00249698
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Protein tyrosine phosphatase gene expression analysis in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 178 (1998), S. 157-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: protein tyrosine phosphatases ; gene expression ; degenerate deoxyoligonucleotides ; RT-PCR ; Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to identify protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) expressed in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts and to examine their expression levels as well as to characterize quantitative aspects of RT-PCR based on degenerate deoxyoligonucleotides. By using an RT-PCR assay based on degenerate deoxyoligonucleotide primers, expression of mRNAs for two cytoplasmic- and six transmembrane-type PTPs in Swiss 3T3 cells was detected. The sequences of two of them are new. Among nine analyzed PTPs expressed to widely varied extends, only three have mRNA levels high enough to be seen on Northern blots with 10 µg of total RNA per lane. The frequencies with which the examined PTPs are represented among the PCR amplification products, correlate stronger with the primer fidelity, defined as the number of mismatches between the primer- and the cDNA target-sequences, rather than with the PTP expression levels. In conclusion, an RT-PCR assay based on degenerate primers can be successfully used to sample the expressed PTPs and to identify new members of this gene family. However, reliable quantification of their mRNA levels can only be achieved using the classical approaches, like Northern, RNase protection assay or non-degenerate quantitative RT-PCR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006897629337
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gene expression after short periods of coronary occlusion (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 186 (1998), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: myocardial ischemia ; gene expression ; growth factors ; phospholamban ; calsequestrin heat shock proteins ; preconditioning ; stunning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Brief periods of coronary occlusion render the affected myocardium more tolarant to the otherwise devastating effects of long coronary occlusion. Besides this phenomena, called ischemic preconditioning, short periods of ischemia cause a regional dysfunction, namely myocardial stunning. The molecular mechanisms of both syndromes are not very well understood. We therefore investigated the expression of genes which may be involved in cardioprotection or repair processes.Using our porcine model of ischemia and reperfusion we were able to show an induction of genes coding for transcription factors (proto-oncogenes), for proteins involved in repair processes (heat shock genes), for proteins implicated in the calcium homeostasis (calcium-handling genes) and for growth factors. We could show that the increased mRNA levels are due to an enhanced transcriptional activity and not to a prolonged half-life of the transcripts. The angiogenic growth factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) represents an exception. It exhibits - in addition to a HIF-motif (Hypoxia Inducible Factor) in its promoter/enhancer - a protein binding region in its 3′ UTR which when occupied renders the mRNA more stable. However to what extent the expression of the distinct genes contributes to the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning or myocardial stunning can only be presumed. Increased mRNA stability can be confered via adenosine which is produced during ischemia by ATP-breakdown. The demasking of unknown genes - via differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (DDRT-PCR) - should provide a more comprehensive view of the mechanisms underlying both processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006853432678
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    Expression of calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in fetal rat liver is stimulated by calcium administration (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 178 (1998), S. 283-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: regucalcin ; calcium-binding protein ; gene expression ; fetal development ; rat liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of hepatic calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in fetal rats was investigated. The alteration in regucalcin mRNA levels was analyzed by Northern blotting using liver regucalcin cDNA (0.9 kb with complete open reading frame). Hepatic regucalcin mRNA levels were progressively increased with fetal development; the mRNA was clearly expressed at 15 and 21 days of pregnancy but only slightly at the 8 days. Meanwhile, β-actin mRNA levels in the fetal liver were remarkable at 8 and 15 days of pregnancy. The fetal liver regucalcin mRNA levels at 15 days of pregnancy were significantly decreased by overnight-fasting of maternal rats. The oral administration of calcium chloride (50 mg Ca/100 g body weight) to maternal rats at 15 days of pregnancy caused a remarkable elevation (about 2 fold) of regucalcin mRNA levels in the fetal liver; this increase was seen 60 and 180 min after the calcium administration. After birth, regucalcin mRNA was increasingly expressed in the livers of newborn and weanling rats, while hepatic β-actin mRNA expression was not appreciably altered with increasing ages. These findings demonstrate that the expression of hepatic regucalcin mRNA is increased with fetal development, and that the gene expression may be stimulated by the ingestion of dietary calcium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006803211864
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    Enhanced NOR-1 gene expression by exposure of Chinese hamster cells to high-density 50 Hz magnetic fields (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 181 (1998), S. 191-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: extremely low frequency magnetic fields ; gene expression ; neuron derived orphan receptor-1 ; signal transduction ; Chinese hamster ovary K1 cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Enhanced expression of neuron derived orphan receptor (NOR-1) gene was observed by exposure of Chinese hamster ovary K1 (CHO-K1) cells to an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELFMF) of 50 Hz at 400 mT, but not at 5 mT. The enhanced expression, reaching the maximum at 6 h, was transient and reduced to the control level after exposure to 400 mT ELFMF for 24 h. The NOR-1 expression induced by treatment with forskolin and TPA was further enhanced by the simultaneous treatment with 400 mT ELFMF, in which the maximum response was at 3 h. The NOR-1 expression by these treatments was induced more earlier than that by 400 mT ELFMF alone. When cells were treated with an inhibitor of the protein kinase C (calphostin C or crocetin) and Ca2+ entry blockers (nifedipin and dantrolen) during the 400 mT ELFMF exposure, the enhanced NOR-1 expression was not observed. Exposure of CHO-K1 cells to the high-density 400 mT ELFMF may affect the signal transduction in the cells, resulting in the enhanced NOR-1 gene expression.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006828400868
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    The molecular basis for the role of zinc in developmental biology (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 188 (1998), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: zinc ; transcription factors ; gene expression ; organogenesis ; Xenopus laevis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Zinc regulates the gene expression machinery. It affects the structure of chromatin, the template function of its DNA, the activity of numerous transcription factors and of RNA polymerases. Hence, it determines both the types of mRNA transcripts synthesized and the rate of transcription itself. Alterations in one or more of these zinc dependent processes have been proposed to account for the proliferative arrest and teratology induced by zinc deficiency. To examine this proposal, studies of zinc during X. laevis development have been initiated. The kinetics of X. laevis oocyte zinc uptake and storage and of zinc utilization during embryogenesis have been examined first. Vitellogenin carries zinc into the oocyte. Ten % of the total zinc (10 ng/egg) remains within the cytosol while 90% (90 ng/egg) is stored in the yolk platelets associated with lipovitellin. The cytosolic pool is the source of the zinc for all newly formed metalloproteins involved in embryo development. The yolk platelet zinc pool is stored for later use during early metamorphosis. It is now possible to examine zinc transfer to molecules, such as e.g. transcription factors, and the role of the metal in their function in development and organogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006808119862
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    Effect of 60 Hz magnetic field exposure on c-fos expression in stimulated PC12 cells (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 189 (1998), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: gene expression ; electromagnetic fields ; superinduction ; anisomycin ; immediate early gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells have been treated with nerve growth factor (NGF) at final concentrations of 2, 4, 8, and 16 ng/ml, and then were exposed to 60-Hz, sinusoidal magnetic fields (MF) of 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μT (rms) for 30 min. Transcript levels for both c-fos and glyceraldehyde-3 -phosphate dehydrogenase were determined by Northern blot analysis using 32P-labeled cDNA probes. No change in c-fos expression was measured at any condition employed. Treatment of PC12 cells with a combination of agents (NGF, forskolin, and tetradecanoylphorbol acetate [TPA]) increased c-fos expression over that detected with NGF alone. MF exposure of cells treated with the three-agent regimen produced two outcomes, either no change or a doubling of c-fos expression. In subsequent experiments, cells were treated with NGF, NGF + forskolin + TPA, or pre-treated with anisomycin and then treated with NGF + forskolin + TPA. It was determined that MF exposure, like superinduction with anisomycin, increased c-fos expression only in cultures which were not yet exhibiting maximal c-fos expression. It is hypothesized that MF exposure, like anisomycin, may alter the activity of key intracellular protein kinases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006872309385
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    Nuclear matrix associated DNA-binding proteins of ocular lens epithelial cells (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 25 (1998), S. 13-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: gene expression ; nuclear matrix proteins ; ocular lens epithelial cells ; transcription factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Association of transcription factors with the nuclear matrix represents a mechanism by which nuclear architecture may influence transcriptional control of gene expression. This investigation examines nuclear matrix associated proteins (NMP's) isolated from ocular lens epithelial cells by monitoring DNA binding activities using consensus oligonucleotides recognized by the transcription factors YY1, AML-1, AP-1, SP-1 and ATF. The nuclear matrix fractions tested included an immortilized human lens epithelial cell line containing the SV40 large T-antigen, and two mouse lens epithelial cell lines derived from either a normal mouse or a cataract mouse. A rabbit epidermal epithelial cell line and HeLa cells were also included in this study for comparison. The data from these experiments reveal that ubiquitously represented and tissue restricted regulatory proteins are associated with nuclear matrix of lens epithelial cells. The functional significance of the nuclear matrix association of these transcription factors remains to be determined. However, our findings raise the possibility that the transcription factors associated with the nuclear matrix could have specific roles in gene regulation and eye tissue development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006886110771
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    Effect of deletions 5′ to the translation initiation sequence on the expression of an mRNA in animal cells (1992)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 16 (1992), S. 277-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: translational initiation ; 18S rRNA ; mRNA secondary structure ; gene expression ; initiation mutants ; β-galactosidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To learn if an mRNA·18S rRNA interaction or a special secondary structure in the mRNA start region is essential for translation in eukaryotic cells, we constructed recombinant plasmids with the SV40 early promoter 5′ to part of the Escherichia coli tuf B-lacZ gene. Deletion of bases potentially complementary to the 18S rRNA highly increased the transient β-galactosidase expressed in transfected CHO cells. Deletion of bases that fostered formation of potential hairpins with the mRNA 5′-terminus or altered the structure of the coding region reduced β-galactosidase activity suggesting that these features of the mRNA secondary structure may be essential for initiation of translation. Computer aided analysis of the potential structure of 290 mRNAs suggests these are conserved features of the initiation region.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00419668
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    Nucleotide sequence ofatpB,rbcL,trnR,dedB andpsaI chloroplast genes from a fernAngiopteris lygodiifolia: a possible emergence of Spermatophyta lineage before the separation of Bryophyta and Pteridophyta (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 79-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Angiopteris lygodiifolia ; atpB ; chloroplast genome ; evolution ; rbcL ; trnR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To elucidate the evolutionary relationship between the Spermatophyta, Pteridophyta and Bryophyta, we cloned a fragment of chloroplast DNA from the fernAngiopteris lygodiifolia (Pteridophyta) and determined its nucleotide sequence. The fragment contained theatpB,rbcL,trnR-CCG,dedB andpsaI genes. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid and nucleotide sequences of these genes from the three plant groups indicate thatAngiopteris sequences are more closely related to those of Bryophyta species (85% identity on average) than to those of seed plants (76% identity on average), supporting a hypothesis that the Bryophyta and Pteridophyta diverged more recently from one another than their common progenitor diverged from that of the Spermatophyta.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018458
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    The activation process of Arabidopsis thaliana A1 gene encoding the translation elongation factor EF-1α is conserved among angiosperms (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 1083-1089 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: translation elongation factor genes ; promoter analysis ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Arabidopsis thaliana, the activation process of the A1 EF-1α gene depends on several elements. Using the GUS reporter gene, transient expression experiments have shown that mutations of upstream cis-acting elements of the A1 promoter, or the deletion of an intron located within the 5′ non-coding region, similarly affect expression in dicot or monocot protoplasts. The results reported here strongly suggest that this 5′ intron is properly spliced in Zea mays. We show that two trans-acting factors, specifically interacting with an upstream activating sequence (the TEF 1 box), are present in nuclear extracts prepared from A. thaliana, Brassica rapa, Nicotiana tabacum and Z. mays. In addition, a DNA sequence homologous to the TEF 1 box, found at approximately the same location within a Lycopersicon esculentum EF-1α promoter, interacts with the same trans-acting factors. Homologies found between the A. thaliana and L. esculentum TEF 1 box sequences have allowed us to define mutations of this upstream element which affect the interaction with the corresponding trans-acting factors. These results support the notion that the activation processes of A. thaliana EF-1α genes have been conserved among angiosperms and provide interesting data on the functional structure of the TEF 1 box.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047711
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    Isolation and characterization of a cDNA that encodes ECP31, an embryogenic-cell protein from carrot (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 239-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABA ; Daucus carota ; ECP31 ; gene expression ; LEA clone ; somatic embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA for ECP31, an embryogenic cell protein from carrot (Daucus carota L.) with a M r of 31000 (Kiyosue T, Satoh S, Kamada H, Harada H (1991) Plant Physiol 95: 1077–1083), was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from embryogenic cells using PCR-amplified DNA as a probe. The genomic Southern blot analysis revealed that there are two or three genes for ECP31 in the carrot genome. The transcripts of ECP31 accumulated in the peripheral regions of clusters of embryogenic cells and disappeared in the course of somatic embryogenesis that was induced by transfer of the embryogenic cells to auxin-free media. The cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 256 amino acids, and the calculated molecular weight of this polypeptide is 26 111. The deduced amino acid sequence shows a high degree (62.2%) of similarity to that of a protein that is abundant during late embryogenesis of cotton (LEA D34; Baker JC, Steele C, Dure III (1988) Plant Mol Biol 11: 227–291). The mRNAs for ECP31 started to accumulate in zygotic embryos at a late stage of embryogenesis but were undetectable in mature embryos within 24 h after imbibition of seeds. In dry fruits (seeds), the transcripts were detected only in zygotic embryos by in situ hybridization. The level of ECP31 transcripts increased after treatment with abscisic acid (ABA) in torpedo-shaped somatic embryos but not in seven-day-old seedlings. These results suggest that both embryo-specific factor(s) and ABA are involved in the expression of the gene for ECP31.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027345
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    The heat shock response of pollen and other tissues of maize (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 623-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; heat shock ; intron ; maize ; pollen ; RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract While a heat shock treatment of 40 °C or 45 °C induced the vegetative tissues of maize to produce the typical heat shock proteins (HSPs), germinating maize pollen exposed to the same temperatures did not synthesize these characteristic HSPs. Comparison of RNA accumulation in shoot and tassel tissue showed that mRNAs for HSP70 and HSP18 increased several-fold, reaching high levels within 1 or 2 hours. At the higher temperature of 45 °C these vegetative tissues were blocked in removal of an intron from the HSP70 mRNA precursor, which accumulated to a high level in tassel tissue. In germinating pollen exposed to heat shock, mRNAs for these HSPs were induced but accumulated only to low levels. The stressed pollen maintained high levels of RNA for α-tubulin, a representative normal transcript. It is likely that the defective heat shock response of maize pollen is due to inefficient induction of heat shock gene transcription.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026788
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    Developmental and environmental concurrent expression of sunflower dry-seed-stored low-molecular-weight heat-shock protein and Lea mRNAs (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 781-792 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: sunflower ; gene expression ; zygotic embryogenesis ; Lea proteins ; heat-shock proteins ; abscisic acid ; osmotic stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have cloned and sequenced three different cDNAs from sunflower seed-stored mRNA. Sequence similarities and response to heat-shock identified one of the cDNAs as a low-molecular-weight heat-shock protein (lmw-HSP). The other two clones showed significant sequence similarity to the cotton and carrot late-embryogenesis-abundant (Lea) proteins D-113 and Emb-1, respectively. The three cDNAs showed similar expression patterns during zygotic embryo development, as well as in vegetative tissues of 3-day-old seedlings in response to stress. Maximal accumulation of all three mRNAs was detected in dry seeds and during embryo mid-maturation stage, in the absence of exogenous stress. In seedlings, mRNAs accumulated to lower levels in response to osmotic stress and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. A differential time course of response to osmotic stress was observed: lmw-HSP mRNA accumulation was induced earlier than that of Lea mRNAs. The coordinate accumulation of Lea and lmw-HSP transcripts during embryo development and in response to stress and ABA suggests the existence of common regulatory elements for Lea and lmw-HSP genes, and supports the notion that HSPs might have alternative functions in the plant cell.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027074
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    A 16 kb small single-copy region separates the plastid DNA inverted repeat of the unicellular red alga Cyanidium caldarium: physical mapping of the IR-flanking regions and nucleotide sequences of the psbD-psbC, rps16, 5S rRNA and rpl21 genes (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 1001-1010 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Cyanidium caldarium Geitler ; evolution ; Galdieria sulphuraria ; inverted repeat ; plastid DNA ; psbD-psbC operon ; red algae ; 5S rRNA ; rpl21 ; rps16
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The four inverted repeat (IR) flanking regions of the Cyanidium caldarium plastid DNA were cloned. Southern blotting, transcript and sequence analyses of the border regions revealed the psbD-psbC operon and the rps16 gene within the large single-copy region upstream of the 16S rDNA gene and the rpl21 gene downstream of the 5S rDNA within the 16 kb small single-copy region. The size of the IR is ca. 5 kb. The nucleotide sequences of the psbD-psbC, rps16, rpl21 and 5S rRNA genes with the corresponding alignments and physical maps of the regions are presented. Northern analysis revealed a less complex psbD-psbC transcription pattern than has been found in higher plants. Comparisons to other red algal data point to structural diversity within red algal plastid DNA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040531
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    Molecular analysis of a cruciferin storage protein gene family of Brassica napus (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 1049-1055 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; rapeseed ; gene expression ; nucleotide sequence ; storage proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated a five-member gene subfamily which encodes cruciferin, a legumin-like 12S storage protein of Brassica napus L., and have analyzed the structure and expression of the family members in developing embryos. Sequence analysis has shown that the coding regions of all five genes are highly similar, with the two most divergent members of the family retaining 89% sequence identity. The analysis of this cruciferin gene family's expression indicates that the developmental pattern of expression of each gene is similar, and the steady-state mRNA levels of each gene are approximately equivalent to each other at all developmental stages.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040536
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    Comparison of regions coding for tRNAHis genes of mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA in sunflower: a proposal concerning the classification of ‘CP-like’ tRNA genes (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 1-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: higher plants ; sunflower ; chloroplast genome ; mitochondrial genome ; tRNAHis genes ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029143
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    Isolation and characterization of a tobacco gene with homology to pectate lyase which is specifically expressed during microsporogenesis (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 493-502 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; microsporogenesis ; Nicotiana tabacum ; pectate lyase ; pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genomic clone has been isolated which contains an open reading frame of 1191 bp interrupted by two small introns. The ORF has been sequenced and the transcriptional start determined. The predicted amino acid sequence shows homology to the deduced amino acid sequences of two pollen-specific pectate lyase genes identified in tomato. The genomic clone was isolated using a partial cDNA clone, TP10, which had been isolated from a Nicotiana tabacum pollen cDNA library by means of differential screening. TP10 has been fully sequenced and contains an open reading frame of 792 bp which shows 96% homology to the ORF in the genomic clone. The transcript corresponding to TP10 is maximally expressed late in pollen development, and has not been detected in vegetative tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040608
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    Differential accumulation of mRNAs encoding extracellular and intracellular PR proteins in tomato induced by virulent and avirulent races of Cladosporium fulvum (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 513-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: β-1,3-glucanase ; gene expression ; pathogenesis-related proteins ; plant-fungus interaction ; protein P14
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tomato leaves infected by the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum contain several types of intracellular and extracellular pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins. Previously, we reported the purification and serological characterization of five extracellular PR proteins: P2, P4, P6, a chitinase and a β-1,3-glucanase [22, 23]. Here we describe the purification of a basic intracellular 33 kDa β-1,3-glucanase and the isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding the two extracellular P14 isomers P4 and P6, the extracellular acidic β-1,3-glucanase and a basic 35 kDa β-1,3-glucanase, different from the purified 33 kDa protein. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that tomato PR proteins are not encoded by large gene families, as is the case in tobacco. The number of genes corresponding to each protein was estimated to vary between one and three. A northern blot analysis indicated that the mRNAs for the extracellular PR proteins (P4, P6 and acidic β-1,3-glucanase) accumulate to similar levels in compatible and incompatible tomato-C. fulvum interactions, although the maximum level of expression is reached much faster in the incompatible interaction. On the other hand, the mRNA for the basic 35 kDa β-1,3-glucanase is induced rapidly to high levels in both interactions, but declines in time to background levels only in the incompatible interaction. The relevance of this difference in relation to plant defence is discussed.
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    cDNA cloning of a tetraubiquitin gene, and expression of ubiquitin-containing transcripts, in aleurone layers of Avena fatua (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 753-758 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: aleurone ; Avena fatua ; cDNA nucleotide sequence ; gene expression ; gibberellin ; polyubiquitin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A λgt11 cDNA library, constructed from poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from Avena fatua aleurone layers incubated with 1 μM gibberellin A1 (GA1) for 4 days, was screened with an anti-idiotypic antiserum raised against the GA-specific monoclonal antibody MAC 182. One positive clone was isolated, sequenced and shown to encode a tetraubiquitin based on the deduced amino acid sequence. This polyubiquitin cDNA exhibited a high degree of homology to a cloned wheat hexaubiquitin in its 3′-non-coding region. Analysis of total RNA isolated from A. fatua aleurone layers, treated without or with a range of concentrations of GA1 from 10-11 to 10-6 M, by northern blotting using the cDNA probe revealed 8 different ubiquitin-containing transcript classes all of which are constitutively expressed in aleurone and are regulated by GA1.
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    Ubiquitin genes are differentially regulated in protoplast-derived cultures of Nicotiana sylvestris and in response to various stresses (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 897-910 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Cell division ; gene expression ; Nicotiana sylvestris ; protoplast ; stress ; ubiquitin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four ubiquitin mRNA size classes were found to be differentially regulated in mesophyll protoplast-derived cultures of Nicotiana sylvestris. Three mRNA families of 1.9, 1.6 and 1.35 kb were expressed as soon as protoplasts were isolated. The 1.9 and 1.6 kb size classes were transiently expressed during the first hours of culture, whereas the level of expression of the 1.35 kb size class was maintained as long as cells kept dividing. A 0.7 kb mRNA size class started to be expressed just before the first divisions were observed. cDNAs corresponding to each of these families were isolated from a 6-h-old protoplast cDNA library and characterized. The 1.9, 1.6 and 1.35 kb mRNAs thus encode 7- or more, 6- and 5- mers, respectively, of ubiquitin whereas the 0.7 kb mRNAs encode a monomer of ubiquitin fused to a carboxyl extension protein of 52 amino acids. The expression of ubiquitin genes was studied, using probes specific for each of these transcript families, during protoplast culture and, for comparison, after various stresses including heat shock, HgCl2 treatment, a viral infection giving rise to a hypersensitive reaction, and an Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection which resulted in tumour formation. The 1.9 and 1.6 kb mRNA size classes were found to be stress-regulated, the 0.7 kb mRNA size class developmentally regulated and the 1.35 kb size class both stress- and developmentally regulated.
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    Translation controls the expression level of a chimaeric reporter gene (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 921-938 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: β-D-glucuronidase ; mannopine synthase promoter ; Agrobacterium ; gene expression ; initiation of translation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transcriptional and translational fusions between the reading frame of the β-D-glucuronidase gene (gusA) and the 2′ as well as the 1′ promoter of mannopine synthase (mas), a TR locus of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, were made. The expression of these constructs was studied in the transgenic F1 offspring of independent tobacco transformants at the protein level by assaying for GUS activity and western blot analysis of the GUS protein and at the steady-state mRNA level. In leaves, stems and roots no correlation was found between steady-state levels of GUS mRNA and enzyme activity. In older tissues significantly higher GUS activities were found. This is explained by the stable character of the GUS protein together with an accumulation of protein upon ageing. Three to ten times higher GUS activities were found for in vitro grown plants than for greenhouse-grown plants of the same offspring, despite similar levels of GUS mRNA. Roots from in vitro grown plants display three to ten times higher GUS activities than stems and leaves. In transgenic plants grown in vitro, containing a translational fusion with two AUGs in phase, the initiation of translation in leaf material occurred at both AUGs. Initiation of translation at the first AUG, however, was ten times more frequent. In contrast, initiation in roots from in vitro grown plants occurred exclusively at the second AUG.
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    A versatile binary vector system with a T-DNA organisational structure conducive to efficient integration of cloned DNA into the plant genome (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 1203-1207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; binary vector ; CaMV 35S ; gene expression ; β-glucuronidase ; Nicotiana plumbaginifolia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A versatile gene expression cartridge and binary vector system was constructed for use in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. The expression cartridge of the primary cloning vector, pART7, comprises of cauliflower mosaic virus Cabb B-JI isolate 35S promoter, a multiple cloning site and the transcriptional termination region of the octopine synthase gene. The entire cartridge can be removed from pART7 as a Not I fragment and introduced directly into the binary vector, pART27, recombinants being selected by blue/white screening for β-galactosidase. pART27 carries the RK2 minimal replicon for maintenance in Agrobacterium, the ColE1 origin of replication for high-copy maintenance in Escherichia coli and the Tn7 spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance gene as a bacterial selectable marker. The organisational structure of the T-DNA of pART27 has been constructed taking into account the right to left border, 5′ to 3′ model of T-DNA transfer. The T-DNA carries the chimaeric kanamycin resistance gene (nopaline synthase promoter-neomycin phosphotransferase-nopaline synthase terminator) distal to the right border relative to the lacZ′ region. Utilisation of these vectors in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco demonstrated efficient T-DNA transfer to the plant genome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028910
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    The early genetic response to light in the green unicellular alga Chlamydomonas eugametos grown under light/dark cycles involves genes that represent direct responses to light and photosynthesis (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 429-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas eugametos ; chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins ; circadian oscillator ; gene expression ; light-regulated genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the green unicellular alga Chlamydomonas eugametos, cellular division is readily synchronized by light/dark cycles. Under these conditions, light initiates photosynthetic growth in daughter cells and begins the G1 phase. Genes whose expression is regulated upon illumination are likely to be important mechanisms controlling cell proliferation. To identify some of those genes, two cDNA libraries were prepared with poly(A)+ extracted from cells either stimulated with light for 1 h or held in darkness (quiescent cells) during the same period. To restrict our analysis to those genes that are part of the primary response, cells were incubated in presence of cycloheximide. Differential screening of approximately 40 000 clones in each library revealed 44 clones which hybridize preferentially with a [32P] cDNA probe derived from RNA of light-stimulated cells and 15 clones which react selectively with a [32P] cDNA probe synthesized from poly(A)+ RNA of quiescent cells. Cross-hybridization of these clones identified 4 independent sequences in the light-induced (LI) collection and 2 in the uninduced (LR) library. Four of these cDNAs correspond to mRNAs that are positively or negatively regulated upon activation of photosynthesis. One clone represents a mRNA that accumulates transitorily at both transitions. Finally, LI818 cDNA identifies a new chlorophyll a/b-binding (cab) gene family whose mRNA accumulation is controlled by light and a circadian oscillator. The endogenous timing system controls LI818 mRNA accumulation so that it precedes the onset of illumination by a few hours. On the other hand, light affects LI818 mRNA levels independently of active photosynthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040659
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    Accumulation of wound-inducible ACC synthase transcript in tomato fruit is inhibited by salicylic acid and polyamines (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 477-487 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Tomato ; gene expression ; wounding ; ethylene ; glycine-rich protein ; rRNA ; polyamines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Regulation of wound-inducible 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase expression was studied in tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Pik-Red). A 70 base oligonucleotide probe homologous to published ACC synthase cDNA sequences was successfully used to identify and analyze regulation of a wound-inducible transcript. The 1.8 kb ACC synthase transcript increased upon wounding the fruit as well as during fruit ripening. Salicylic acid, an inhibitor of wound-responsive genes in tomato, inhibited the wound-induced accumulation of the ACC synthase transcript. Further, polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) that have anti-senescence properties and have been shown to inhibit the development of ACC synthase activity, inhibited the accumulation of the wound-inducible ACC synthase transcript. The inhibition by spermine was greater than that caused by putrescine or spermidine. The transcript level of a wound-repressible glycine-rich protein gene and that of the constitutively expressed rRNA were not affected as markedly by either salicylic acid or polyamines. These data suggest that salicylic acid and polyamines may specifically regulate ethylene biosynthesis at the level of ACC synthase transcript accumulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040664
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    Differential gene expression during germination and after the induction of adventitious bud formation in Norway spruce embryos (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 713-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: adventitious buds ; cDNA cloning ; cytokinin ; gene expression ; germination ; Norway spruce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A pulse treatment of embryos of Norway spruce with cytokinin suppresses germinative development and induces the coordinate formation of adventitious buds from subepidermal cell layers. To analyse the patterns of gene expression associated with germination and the alterations induced by the bud induction treatment, we have isolated cDNA clones corresponding to genes that are differentially expressed in cytokinin-treated and untreatedin vitro germinating embryos. One category of 14 clones hybridized to transcripts that were abundant specifically during germination. The expression of 8 of these genes was reduced by the bud induction treatment. Four clones, including one identified as a histone H2A gene, recognized transcripts that showed an increased abundance in bud-induced versusin vitro germinating embryos. A second category of 13 clones hybridized to transcripts that increased in abundance during post-germinative development of the seedling. Among these a subset of 8 clones, including an α-tubulin clone, corresponds to genes suppressed by the bud induction treatment, whereas 5 clones, including a gene with sequence similarity to polyubiquitin, were unaffected by the treatment. One clone hybridized to a message abundant in the seed, during early germination as well as in the vegetative bud, and showed 60% partial sequence identity to a barley (1→3)-β-glucanase gene. Genes expressed exclusively in bud-induced orin vitro germinating embryos were not found. The results show that a major difference in gene expression between treated and untreated embryos is related to the shift from extensive cell proliferation to elongation and differentiation that occurs at the transition from germination to post-germinative development, and which is suppressed in the bud-induced embryos.
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    A probable lipid transfer protein gene is induced by NaCl in stems of tomato plants (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 749-757 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: salt stress ; stem-specific expression ; lipid transfer protein ; cDNA sequence ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length tomato cDNA clone, TSW12, which is developmentally and environmentally regulated, has been isolated and characterized. TSW12 mRNA is accumulated during tomato seed germination and its level increases after NaCl treatment or heat shock. In mature plants, TSW12 mRNA is only detected upon treatment with NaCl, mannitol or ABA and its expression mainly occurs in stems. The nucleotide sequence of TSW12 includes an open reading frame coding for a basic protein of 114 amino acids; the first 23 amino acids exhibit the sequence characteristic of a signal peptide. The high similarity between the TSW12-deduced amino acid sequence and reported lipid transfer proteins suggests that TSW12 encodes a lipid transfer protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020016
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    An equivalent to bacterialompR genes is encoded on the plastid genome of red algae (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 777-780 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Cyanidium caldarium ; evolution ; Galdieria sulphuraria ; rRNA operon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020019
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    Effect of two consensus sequences preceding the translation initiator codon on gene expression in plant protoplasts (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 815-818 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: expression cassette ; gene expression ; protoplasts ; translation initiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Expression cassettes containing a duplicated cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter fused to a polylinker preceded by the CCACCATGG and AACAATGG sequences were constructed. These two sequences correspond to the consensus sequences around the translation start codons in vertebrates and plants respectively. Translational fusions were made with the β-glucuronidase-coding sequence and transient expression was recorded in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts. Approximately three times more GUS activity was found in protoplasts incubated with the constructs harbouring translational fusions as compared to a control harbouring a transcriptional fusion. No significant difference was observed between GUS activities obtained with the two consensus sequences.
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    Structure of a rice β-glucanase gene regulated by ethylene, cytokinin, wounding, salicylic acid and fungal elicitors (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 33-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: glucanase ; gene expression ; pathogenesis response ; stress response ; plant growth regulators ; gene family
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A rice β-glucanase gene was sequenced and its expression analyzed at the level of mRNA accumulation. This gene (Gns1) is expressed at relatively low levels in germinating seeds, shoots, leaves, panicles and callus, but it is expressed at higher levels in roots. Expression in the roots appears to be constitutive. Shoots expressGns1 at much higher levels when treated with ethylene, cytokinin, salicylic acid, and fungal elicitors derived from the pathogenSclerotium oryzae or from the non-pathogenSaccharomyces cereviseae. Shoots also expressGns1 at higher levels in response to wounding. Expression in the shoots is not significantly affected by auxin, gibberellic acid or abscisic acid. The β-glucanase shows 82% amino acid similarity to the barley 1,3;1,4-β-D-glucanases, and from hybridization studies it is the β-glucanase gene in the rice genome closest to the barley 1,3;1,4-β-glucanase EI gene. The mature peptide has a calculated molecular mass of 32 kDa. The gene has a large 3145 bp intron in the codon for the 25th amino acid of the signal peptide. The gene exhibits a very strong codon bias of 99% G+C in the third position of the codon in the mature peptide coding region, but only 61% G+C in the signal peptide region.
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    Nucleotide sequence of a tobacco cDNA encoding plastidic glutamine synthetase and light inducibility, organ specificity and diurnal rhythmicity in the expression of the corresponding genes of tobacco and tomato (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 367-379 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA sequence ; gene expression ; glutamine synthetase ; phytochrome ; Solanaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA encoding glutamine synthetase (GS) was cloned from a λgt10 library of tobacco leaf RNA, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. An open reading frame accounting for a primary translation product consisting of 432 amino acids has been localized on the cDNA. The calculated molecular mass of the encoded protein is 47.2 kDa. The predicted amino acid sequence of this precursor shows higher homology to GS-2 protein sequences from other species than to a leaf GS-1 polypeptide sequence, indicating that the cDNA isolated encodes the chloroplastic isoform (GS-2) of tobacco GS. The presence of C-and N-terminal extensions which are characteristic of GS-2 proteins supports this conclusion. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicated that GS-2 is encoded by a single gene in the diploid genomes of both tomato and Nicotiana sylvestris, while two GS-2 genes are very likely present in the amphidiploid tobacco genome. Western blot analysis indicated that in etiolated and in green tomato cotyledons GS-2 subunits are represented by polypeptides of similar size, while in green tomato leaves an additional GS-2 polypeptide of higher apparent molecular weight is detectable. In contrast, tobacco GS-2 is composed of subunits of identical size in all organs examined. GS-2 transcripts and GS-2 proteins could be detected at high levels in the leaves of both tobacco or tomato. Lower amounts of GS-2 mRNA were detected in stems, corolla, and roots of tomato, but not in non-green organs of tobacco. The GS-2 transcript abundance exhibited a diurnal fluctuation in tomato leaves but not in tobacco leaves. White or red light stimulated the accumulation of GS-2 transcripts and GS-2 protein in etiolated tomato cotyledons. Far-red light cancelled this stimulation. The red light response of the GS-2 gene was reduced in etiolated seedlings of the phytochrome-deficient aurea mutant of tomato. These results indicate a phytochrome-mediated light stimulation of GS-2 gene expression during greening in tomato.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023384
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    Structure of the pine (Pinus thunbergii) chlorophyll a/b-binding protein gene expressed in the absence of light (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 405-410 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cab gene ; chlorophyll a/b-binding protein ; gymnosperm ; gene expression ; pine (Pinus thunbergii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A gene for chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (cab) of pine (Pinus thunbergii) was isolated and sequenced. The gene (cab-6) contains an intron at a position equivalent to the type II cab genes of angiosperms. Transcript mapping analyses show that the amount of the mRNA in the dark is about half of that in the light. The cab-6 gene is expressed in dark-grown seedlings at a very high level, differing from angiosperm cab genes which are induced by light. The cab-6 gene typifies the coniferous plant cab genes in light-independent gene expression.
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    Pea dehydrins: identification, characterisation and expression (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 1031-1044 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABA ; dehydrin ; gene expression ; pea (Pisum sativum L.) ; seed development ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An antiserum raised against dehydrin from maize (Zea mays) recognised several polypeptides in extracts of pea (Pisum sativum) cotyledons. A cDNA expression library was prepared from mRNA of developing cotyledons, screened with the antiserum and positive clones were purified and characterised. The nucleotide sequence of one such clone, pPsB12, contained an open reading frame which would encode a polypeptide with regions of significant amino acid sequence similarity to dehydrins from other plant species. The deduced amino acid sequence of the pea dehydrin encoded by B12 is 197 amino acids in length, has a high glycine content (25.9%), lacks tryptophan and is highly hydrophilic. The polypeptide has an estimated molecular mass of 20.4 kDa and pI=6.4. An in vitro synthesised product from the clone comigrates with one of the in vivo proteins recognised by the antiserum. A comparison of the pea dehydrin sequence with sequences from other species revealed conserved amino acid regions: an N-terminal DEYGNP and a lysine-rich block (KIKEKLPG), both of which are present in two copies. Unexpectedly, pea dehydrin lacks a stretch of serine residues which is conserved in other dehydrins. B12 mRNA and dehydrin proteins accumulated in dehydration-stressed seedlings, associated with elevated levels of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA). Applied ABA induced expression of dehydrins in unstressed seedlings. Dehydrin expression was rapidly reversed when seedlings were removed from the stress or from treatment with ABA and placed in water. During pea cotyledon development, dehydrin mRNA and proteins accumulated in mid to late embryogenesis. Dehydrin proteins were some of the most actively synthesised at about the time of maximum fresh weight and represent about 2% of protein in mature cotyledons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040534
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    Salt-inducible betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from sugar beet: cDNA cloning and expression (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase ; gene expression ; glycine betaine ; osmotic stress ; salt tolerance ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Members of the Chenopodiaceae, such as sugar beet and spinach, accumulate glycine betaine in response to salinity or drought stress. The last enzyme in the glycine betaine biosynthetic pathway is betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH). In sugar beet the activity of BADH was found to increase two- to four-fold in both leaves and roots as the NaCl level in the irrigation solution was raised from 0 to 500 mM. This increase in BADH activity was paralleled by an increase in level of translatable BADH mRNA. Several cDNAs encoding BADH were cloned from a λgt10 libary representing poly(A)+ RNA from salinized leaves of sugar beet plants, by hybridization with a spinach BADH cDNA. Three nearly full-length cDNA clones were confirmed to encode BADH by their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence identity to spinach BADH; these clones showed minor nucleotide sequence differences consistent with their being of two different BADH alleles. The clones averaged 1.7 kb and contained an open reading frame predicting a polypeptide of 500 amino acids with 83% identity to spinach BADH. RNA gel blot analysis of total RNA showed that salinization to 500 mM NaCl increased BADH mRNA levels four-fold in leaves and three-fold in the taproot. DNA gel blot analyses indicated the presence of at least two copies of BADH in the haploid sugar beet genome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018451
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    Cytoplasmic ribosomal protein S15a from Brassica napus: Molecular cloning and developmental expression in mitotically active tissues (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 909-919 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ribosomal protein S15a ; cDNA clones ; rapessed ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated two cDNA clones which appear to encode the 40S ribosomal subunit protein S15a from Brassica napus (oilseed rape). The open reading frame in both clones contains 390 bases, encoding a deduced polypeptide sequence of 130 amino acids (100% homology between clones) with 76% sequence identity to the N-terminal 37 amino acids of the rat ribosomal protein S15a and 80% identity to the S24 polypeptide of yeast. Both the yeast and rapeseed proteins have a net positive charge of +9 and the rapeseed S15a protein has a molecular mass of 14778 Da compared to 14762 Da for the yeast protein. The rapeseed ribosomal protein S15a is encoded by a small multi-gene family with at least two actively transcribed members. A single transcript of ca. 1.0 kb, corresponding to ribosomal protein S15a, is abundant in actively dividing tissues such as apical meristem, flower buds and young leaves and less abundant in mature stem and fully expanded leaves.
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    Characterization and expression of U1snRNA genes from potato (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 959-971 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; gene variants ; pre-mRNA splicing ; pseudogenes ; U1 small nuclear RNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract U1 small nuclear RNAs (U1snRNAs) occur in the nucleus of plants and animals where, complexed with several proteins in the form of U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (U1snRNPs), they play an important role in precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing. Ten potato U1snRNA genes have been isolated on two genomic clones illustrating the clustering of this multigene family on the potato genome. Based on both the sequence of their coding regions and upstream regulatory elements, seven of the genes are potentially functional. The other three genes were pseudogenes with defective promoter or coding region sequences. Analysis of expression of individual cloned U1snRNA genes in transfected tobacco protoplasts was impossible due to the similarity of U1snRNA sequences in tobacco. However, by marking the coding regions with oligonucleotides or constructing chimaeric genes consisting of a potato U1snRNA promoter region and maize U5snRNA coding region, three of the U1 promoter regions were shown to be transcriptionally active.
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    Characterization of the U3 and U6 snRNA genes from wheat: U3 snRNA genes in monocot plants are transcribed by RNa polymerase III (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 19 (1992), S. 973-983 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; promoter specificity ; snRNA gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have demonstrated recently that the genes encoding the U3 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) in dicot plants are transcribed by RNA polymerase III (pol III), and not RNA polymerase II (pol II) as in all other organisms studied to date. The U3 gene was the first example of a gene transcribed by different polymerases in different organisms. Based on phylogenetic arguments we proposed that a polymerase specificity change of the U3 snRNA gene promoter occurred during plant evolution. To map such an event we are examining the U3 gene polymerase specificity in other plant species. We report here the characterization of a U3 gene from wheat, a monocot plant. This gene contains the conserved promoter elements, USE and TATA, in a pol III-specific spacing seen also in a wheat U6 snRNA gene characterized in this report. Both the U3 and the U6 genes possess typical pol III termination signals but lack the cis element, responsible for 3′-end formation, found in all plant pol II-specific snRNA genes. In addition, expression of the U3 gene in transfected maize protoplasts is less sensitive to α-amanitin than a pol II-transcribed U2 gene. Based on these data we conclude that the wheat U3 gene is transcribed by pol III. This observation suggests that the postulated RNA polymerase specificity switch of the U3 gene took place prior to the divergence of angiosperm plants into monocots and dicots.
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    Molecular cloning and expression of the gene encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from the cyanobacteriumAnabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 37-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ; Anabaena 7120 ; Escherichia coli ; gene cloning ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies have indicated that ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPGlc PPase) from the cyanobacteriumAnabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 is more similar to higher-plant than to enteric bacterial enzymes in antigenicity and allosteric properties. In this paper, we report the isolation of theAnabaena ADPGlc PPase gene and its expression inEscherichia coli. The gene we isolated from a genomic library utilizes GTG as the start codon and codes for a protein of 48347 Da which is in agreement with the molecular mass determined by SDS-PAGE for theAnabaena enzyme. The deduced amino acid sequence is 63, 54, and 33% identical to the rice endosperm small subunit, maize endosperm large subunit, and theE. coli sequences, respectively. Southern analysis indicated that there is only one copy of this gene in theAnabaena genome. The cloned gene encodes an active ADPGlc PPase when expressed in anE. coli mutant strain AC70R1-504 which lacks endogenous activity of the enzyme. The recombinant enzyme is activated and inhibited primarily by 3-phosphoglycerate and Pi, respectively, as is the nativeAnabaena ADPGlc PPase. Immunological and other biochemical studies further confirmed the recombinant enzyme to be theAnabaena enzyme.
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    Nucleotide sequence and temporal regulation of a seed-specificBrassica napus cDNA encoding a stearoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturase (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; desaturation ; oil synthesis ; embryogenesis ; stearoyl-acyl carrier protein desaturase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nucleotide sequence is reported for a cDNA containing the entire coding region of a stearoyl-ACP desaturase (EC 1.14.99.6) fromBrassica napus L. cv. Jet neuf. The cDNA was obtained from a library constructed from poly(A)+ RNA purified from embryo tissue. The derived amino acid sequence demonstrates substantial similarity with those from other plant Δ9-desaturases. Comparative RNA-dot blot analyses using the Δ9-desaturase cDNA and a rapessed oleosin cDNA as probes showed that although both these transcripts were seed-specific, they exhibited distinct patterns of temporal regulation. The desaturase message was induced by 25 days after anthesis (DAA), peaking at 45 DAA but decreasing considerably thereafter. In contrast, the oleosin transcript did not increase until 45–50 DAA, reaching a peak much later at about 70 DAA.
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    Temporal and spatial regulation of a novel gene in barley embryos (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 255-266 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: barley (Hordeum vulgare) ; zygotic embryogenesis ; plant development ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The temporal and spatial pattern of expression of a novel barley gene is described. The gene has been identified through the differential screening of a cDNA library constructed to poly(A)+ RNA of zygotic embryos. Transcripts corresponding to the cDNA, pZE40, become abundant in the non-axial tissues of the developing embryo within 8–10 days after anthesis, when steady-state levels are high in the scutellum, coleoptile and coleorhiza, with the exception of the scutellar epithelium. This expression pattern is maintained throughout maturation of the embryo until levels eventually decline as the grain desiccates. On germination, there is a transient re-appearance of mRNA to pZE40, with accumulation specifically restricted to the scutellum of the seedling. In situ hybridization has enabled the detection of transcripts elsewhere in the barley plant, in highly localized groups of cells. The timing and cell specificity of expression suggests the gene product is involved in the synthesis and/or transport of metabolites.
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    Expression and sequence analysis of cDNAs induced during the early stages of tuberisation in different organs of the potato plant (Solanum tuberosum L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 641-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase ; differential screening ; gene expression ; Solanum tuberosum ; tuberisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract cDNA clones of two genes (TUB8 and TUB13) which show a 25–30-fold increase in transcript in the stolon tip during the early stages of tuberisation, have been isolated by differential screening. These genes are also expressed in leaves, stems and roots and the expression pattern in these organs changes on tuberisation. Southern analysis shows homologous sequences in the non-tuberising wild type potato species Solanum brevidens and in Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato). Sequence analysis reveals a high degree of similarity between the TUB13 cDNA, and a human S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase gene. The predicted TUB8 peptide sequence shows several repeats of alanine, glutamate and proline which suggests a structural role for the encoded protein.
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    Structure and expression of a sugarcane gene encoding a housekeeping phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 663-671 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: PEP carboxylase ; housekeeping gene ; gene expression ; gene structure ; light-mediated activation ; Saccharum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A gene (SCPEPCD1) encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was isolated from the C-4 monocot sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid var. H32-8560). SCPEPCD1 is ca. 6800 bp long, with 10 exons. The entire gene sequence from −1561 to 262 bp downstream of the putative poly(A) addition signal is reported. A low-level, essentially constitutive pattern of expression, amino acid sequence similarities to other ‘housekeeping’ PEPC enzymes, and the absence of DNA sequence elements conserved in the upstream region of maize and sorghum C-4-specific PEPC genes indicate that SCPEPCD1 encodes a housekeeping PEPC. Despite this, a motif proposed to act as a phosphorylation site in light-mediated activation of photosynthetic PEPC enzymes [10] is present in the SCPEPCD1 protein; evidence is presented for the presence of this site in other housekeeping PEPC proteins.
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    Molecular cloning of an alanine aminotransferase from NAD-malic enzyme type C4 plant Panicum miliaceum (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 705-713 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: alanine aminotransferase ; C4 photosynthesis ; gene expression ; nucleotide sequencing ; Panicum miliaceum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding AlaAT-2, which is believed to function in the C4-pathway of Panicum miliaceum. An open reading frame (1446 bp) encodes a protein of 482 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of AlaAT-2 shows 44.2 and 44.8% homology with the amino acid sequences of AlaATs from rat and human livers, respectively. Northern blot analysis showed that the gene encoding AlaAT-2 in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells was the same and transcribed similarly in the cells. The level of translatable mRNA for AlaAT-2 increased dramatically during greening.
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    Dynamical behavior of psb gene transcripts in greening wheat seedlings. I. Time course of accumulation of the psbA through psbN gene transcripts during light-induced greening (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 20 (1992), S. 695-704 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast ; gene expression ; photosystem 2 ; transcription ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The time course of the accumulation of the transcripts from 13 psb genes encoding a major part of the proteins composing photosystem II during light-induced greening of dark-grown wheat seedlings was examined focusing on early stages of plastid development (0.5 h through 72 h). The 13 genes can be divided into three groups. (1) The psbA gene is transcribed as a single transcript of 1.3 kb in the dark-grown seedlings, but its level increases 5- to 7-fold in response to light due to selective increase in RNA stability as well as in transcription activity. (2) The psbE-F-L-J operon, psbM and psbN genes are transcribed as a single transcript of 1.1 kb, two transcripts of 0.5 and 0.7 kb and a single transcript of 0.3 kb, respectively, in the dark-grown seedlings. The levels of accumulation of every transcript remain unchanged or rather decrease during plastid development under illumination. (3) The psbK-I-D-C gene cluster and psbB-H operon exhibit fairly complicated northern hybridization patterns during the greening process. When a psbC or psbD gene probe was used for northern hybridization, five transcripts differing in length were detected in the etioplasts from 5-day old dark-grown seedlings. After 2 h illumination, two new transcripts of different length appeared. Light induction of new transcripts was also observed in the psbB-H operon.
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    Rescue of an MMTV transgene by co-integration reveals novel locus control properties of the ovine β-lactoglobulin gene that confer locus commitment to heterogeneous tissues (1998)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 7 (1998), S. 205-212 
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    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: transgenic mice ; gene expression ; mammary gland ; co-injection ; milk protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to enhance the frequency and level of expression of a poor-performing MMTV-driven transgene, we co-integrated this construct with the ovine β-lactoglobulin (BLG) gene in transgenic mice. Seven lines of transgenic mice possessing co-integrated BLG and MMTV-RZ5 transgenes were compared with 12 lines of mice that possessed only the MMTV-RZ5 construct. Co-integration enhanced the frequency of expression in the mammary gland from two out of 12 lines for the MMTV-RZ5 transgene alone, to five out of seven when co-integrated with BLG. Surprisingly, co-integration also resulted in co-expression of the two transgenes in the salivary gland, lung and spleen in addition to the mammary gland. Furthermore, both transgenes were expressed in virgin animals, and throughout pregnancy and lactation, suggesting that the developmental regulation of the locus follows that of the MMTV-promoter. These findings represent a novel locus control property of the ovine BLG gene that confer s commitment of the locus to the mammary gland, but also to a range of heterogeneous tissues possibly defined by the second promoter at the locus
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008893030461
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    Expression of Human Erythropoietin Transgenes and of the Endogenous Wap Gene in the Mammary Gland of Transgenic Rabbits during Gestation and Lactation (1998)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 7 (1998), S. 311-317 
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    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: transgenic rabbits ; gene expression ; mammary gland ; erythropoietin ; WAP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An understanding of the expression of transgenes in the mammary gland during gestation and lactation is crucial for the use of transgenic mammals as bioreactors. Here we describe the temporal pattern of expression of the endogenous rabbit WAP gene and human erythropoietin (hEPO) transgenes under the control of rabbit WAP promoter and 3′ flanking sequences. The endogenous rabbit WAP gene was expressed throughout gestation including the day of mating, as well as during lactation in transgenic rabbits bearing a minigene construct. In non-pregnant cycling females, WAP expression was found independent of transgenic status; however, WAP expression was not detected in non-cycling females. The significance of this new finding is not clear at present. hEPO mRNA was detected in mammary gland biopsies from pregnant transgenic rabbits only on day 28 of gestation. During lactation, transcripts were present in mammary gland biopsy samples taken on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. A sharp decline in the levels ...
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    Domatia as most important adaptations in the evolution of myrmecophytes in the paleotropical tree genusMacaranga (Euphorbiaceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 180 (1992), S. 53-64 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Euphorbiaceae ; Macaranga ; Ant-plant interactions ; domatia ; evolution ; myrmecophytism ; Flora of Malaysia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The paleotropical tree genusMacaranga (Euphorbiaceae) comprises all stages of interaction with ants, from facultative associations to obligate myrmecophytes. In SE.-Asia food availability does not seem to be the limiting factor for the development of a close relationship since all species provide food for ants in form of extrafloral nectar and/or food bodies. Only myrmecophyticMacaranga species offer nesting space for ants (domatia) inside internodes which become hollow due to degeneration of the pith. Non-myrmecophytic species have a solid stem with a compact and wet pith and many resin ducts. The stem interior of some transitional species remains solid, but the soft pith can be excavated. The role of different ant-attracting attributes for the development of obligate ant-plant interactions is discussed. In the genusMacaranga, the provision of nesting space seems to be the most important factor for the evolution of obligate myrmecophytism.
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    Phylogenetic evidence for the herbaceous origin of angiosperms (1992)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 180 (1992), S. 137-156 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; evolution ; origin ; ancestral angiosperm ; morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ancestral angiosperm is commonly interpreted as an arborescent to shrubby magnolialean with large, multiparted, complex flowers. We examined this hypothesis using a phylogenetic analysis of new and reevaluated characters polarizabled with outgroup comparison. Our cladistic analysis of basal angiosperms placed the nonmagnolialeanChloranthaceae andPiperaceae at the bottom of the tree. We further inferred the probable ancestral states of characters not polarizable with outgroup comparison by examining their distribution among taxa at the base of our cladogram. The sum of ancestral character states suggests that the protoangiosperm was a diminutive, rhizomatous to scrambling perennial herb, with small, simple flowers.
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    Isozyme variation and alleged progenitor-derivative relationships in theMedicago murex complex (Fabaceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 181 (1992), S. 33-43 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; Medicago murex ; M. lesinsii ; Systematics ; evolution ; isozymes ; chromosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosomal studies ofMedicago lesinsii (n = 8) and its close relativeM. murex (n = 7) have led to the competing hypotheses that the latter is derived directly from the former, or that both originated from a common ancestor. In contrast to the relatively variableM. murex, M. lesinsii proved to be almost uniform isozymically, except that most populations of Greece differed by one allele from plants of the remainder of the range. This Greek variant ofM. lesinsii was indistinguishable from one of the isozyme variants ofM. murex. The greater level of allozyme variation inM. murex was consistent with its greater ecological amplitude and competitive ability. Also, this suggests thatM. murex is unlikely to have originated directly from the less variableM. lesinsii. The data suggest that either both species originated from a common ancestor, or that the n = 8 species evolved from the n = 7 species, a mode of chromosome evolution not previously hypothesized for the genus.
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    Phenetic, biogeographical, and evolutionary study ofOrnithogalum subg.Heliocharmos (Hyacinthaceae) in the western Mediterranean basin (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 181 (1992), S. 179-202 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Hyacinthaceae ; Ornithogalum ; Heliocharmos ; O. algeriense ; O. kochii ; O. orthophyllum ; O. umbellatum ; Numerical taxonomy ; phenetics ; systematics ; biogeography ; evolution ; Flora of North Africa ; Mediterranean ; Morocco ; Spain ; France
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A macromorphological study is made on taxa of the genusOrnithogalum subg.Heliocharmos in North Africa, Spain, and France. The results obtained are consistent with data from cytogenetics, reproductive biology and strategies of reproduction. They allow the retention of two species:O. algeriense andO. umbellatum. A biogeographical and phylogenetic interpretation of the subgenus is proposed for the western Mediterranean. Theoretical views on phenetics are discussed.
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    The 5S DNA units ofAcacia species (Mimosaceae) (1992)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 183 (1992), S. 235-247 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Mimosaceae ; Acacia ; 5S DNA ; evolution ; phylogeny ; chromosomal lineages
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The DNA sequence structure of 5S DNA units inAcacia species, including representatives from the three subgenera ofAcacia, have been determined. The data was interpreted to suggest that at least three lineages of 5S DNA sequences exist inAcacia and the proposal was made that the lineages be named5S Dna-1, 5S Dna-2, and5S Dna-3. The5S Dna-1 lineage was represented by units fromA. boliviana andA. bidwilli, the5S Dna-2 lineage by units fromA. melanoxylon, A. pycnantha, A. ulicifolia, A. boliviana, A. bidwillii, andA. albida, and the5S Dna-3 lineage by units fromA. bidwillii, A. boliviana, andA. senegal. Based on this interpretation of the sequence data, the Australian species of subg.Phyllodineae grouped together as a cluster, quite separate from the subgeneraAculeiferum andAcacia. As expected from the analyses of morphological characters, the 5S DNA units fromAcacia albida (syn.Faidherbia albida) were quite separate from the otherAcacia spp.
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    Relationships betweenOryza species (Poaceae) based on 5S DNA sequences (1992)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 183 (1992), S. 249-264 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Poaceae ; Oryza ; 5S DNA ; phylogeny ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Relationships between 9Oryza species, covering 6 different genomes, have been studied using hybridization and nucleotide sequence information from the5S Dna locus. Four to five units of the major size class of 5S DNA in each species, 55 units in all, were cloned and sequenced. Both hybridization and sequence data confirmed the basic differences between the A and B, C, D genome species suggested by morphological and cytological data. The 5S DNA units of the A genome species were very similar, as were the ones from the B, C, and D genome-containing species. The 5S DNA ofO. australiensis (E genome) grouped with the B, C, D cluster, while the units ofO. brachyantha (F genome) were quite different and grouped away from all other species. 5S DNA units fromO. minuta, O. latifolia, O. australiensis, andO. brachyantha hybridized strongly, and preferentially, to the genomic DNA from which the units were isolated and hence could be useful as species/genome specific probes. The 5S DNA units fromO. sativa, O. nivara, andO. rufipogon provided A genome-specific probes as they hybridized preferentially to A genome DNA. The units fromO. punctata andO. officinalis displayed weaker preferential hybridization toO. punctata DNA, possibly reflecting their shared genome (C genome).
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    Evolution of genome size inAllium (Alliaceae) (1998)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 210 (1998), S. 57-86 
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    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Alliaceae ; Allium ; Nuclear DNA amount ; adaptation ; evolution ; infrageneric classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 4C DNA amounts of 86 species fromAllium subgg.Allium, Rhizirideum, Bromatorrhiza, Melanocrommyum, Caloscordum andAmerallium show a 8.35-fold difference ranging from 35.60 pg (A. ledebourianum, 2n = 16) to 297.13 pg (A. validum 2n = 56). At diploid level the difference is 3.57-fold betweenA. ledebourianum (35.60 pg) andA. ursinum (127.14 pg). This shows that a significant loss and/or gain of DNA has occurred during evolution. On average subgg.Rhizirideum andAllium have less DNA amount than subgg.Melanocrommyum andAmerallium. The distribution of nuclear DNA amounts does not show discontinuous pattern and regular groups. The evolution of genome size has been discussed in relation to polyploidy and genomes, heterochromatin, adaptive changes in morphological characteristics, phenology and ecological factors, and infrageneric classification.
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    Genetic markers, genealogies and biogeographic patterns in the cladocera (1998)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 32 (1998), S. 37-51 
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    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: microcrustaceans ; Daphnia ; evolution ; interspecific hybridization ; molecular systematics ; aquatic ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cladoceran crustaceans are an important component of zooplankton in a wide range of freshwater habitats. Although the ecological characteristics of several cladoceran species have been well studied, biogeographical studies have been hampered by problematic taxonomic affiliations. However, recently developed molecular techniques, provide a powerful tool to subject aquatic taxa to comparative analyses. Here we highlight recent molecular approaches in aquatic ecology by presenting a simple method of DNA preparation and PCR amplification of the mitochondrial DNA (16S rDNA) in species from nine different families within the cladocera. On a broad taxonomic scale, sequence analysis of this mtDNA fragment has been used to produce the first molecular based phylogeny of the cladocera. This analysis clustered the cladoceran families in a fashion similar to that suggested by previous systematic classifications. In a more detailed analysis of the family Daphniidae, nuclear randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), mitochondrial restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and morphological analyses were combined to identify species and interspecific hybrids within the Daphnia galeata species complex across 50 lakes in 13 European countries and one lake in Africa. The study revealed interspecific hybridization and backcrossing between some taxa (D. cucullata and D. galeata) to be widespread, and species and hybrids to frequently occur in sympatry. Genetic, as well as morphological information, suggests the occurrence of D. hyalina outside the Holarctic.
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    Relationships of differential gene expression in leaves with heterosis and heterozygosity in a rice diallel cross (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 129-136 
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    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: differential display ; gene expression ; hybrid vigor ; molecular marker heterozygosity ; Oryza sativa L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using differential display analysis, we assessed the patterns of differential gene expression in hybrids relative to their parents in a diallel cross involving 8 elite rice lines. The analysis revealed several patterns of differential expression including: (1) bands present in one parent and F1 but absent in the other parent, (2) bands observed in both parents but not in the F1, (3) bands occurring in only one parent but not in the F1 or the other parent, and, (4) bands detected only in the F1 but in neither of the parents. Relationships between differential gene expression and heterosis and marker heterozygosity were evaluated using data for RFLPs, SSRs and a number of agronomic characters. The analysis showed that there was very little correlation between patterns of differential expression and the F1 means for all six agronomic traits. Differentially expressed fragments that occurred only in one parent but not in the other parent or in F1 in each of the respective crosses were positively correlated with heterosis and heterozygosity. And conversely, fragments that were detected in F1s but in neither of the respective parents were negatively correlated with heterosis and heterozygosity. The remaining patterns of differential expression were not correlated with heterosis or heterozygosity. The relationships between the patterns of differential expression and heterosis observed in this study were not consistent with expectations based on dominance or overdominance hypotheses.
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    Mental content and evolutionary explanation (1992)
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    Biology and philosophy 7 (1992), S. 1-12 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Cognitive ethology ; mental content ; mental representations ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Cognitive ethology is the comparative study of animal cognition from an evolutionary perspective. As a sub-discipline of biology it shares interest in questions concerning the immediate causes and development of behavior. As a part of ethology it is also concerned with questions about the function and evolution of behavior. I examine some recent work in cognitive ethology, and I argue that the notions of mental content and representation are important to enable researchers to answer questions and state generalizations about the function and volution of behavior.
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    What is hierarchical selection? (1992)
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    Biology and philosophy 7 (1992), S. 27-33 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Additivity ; ANOVA ; evolution ; hierarchical selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract It has been proposed that natural selection occurs on a hierarchy of levels, of which the organismic level is neither the top nor the bottom. This hypothesis leads to the following practical problem: in general, how does one tell if a given phenomenon is a result of selection on level X or level Y. How does one tell what the units of selection actually are? It is convenient to assume that a unit of selection may be defined as a type of entity for which there exists, among all entities on the same “level” as that entity, an additive component of variance for some specific component F of fitness which does not appear as an additive component of variance in any decomposition of this F among entities at any lower level. But such a definition implicitly assumes that if f(x, y) depends nonadditively on its arguments, there must be interaction between the quantities which x and y represent. This assumption is incorrect. And one cannot avoid this error by speaking of “transformability to additivity” instead of merely “additivity”. A general mathematical formulation of the concepts of interaction and non-interaction is proposed, followed by a correspondingly modified approach to the definition of a unit of selection. The practical difficulty of verifying the presence of hierarchical selection is discussed.
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    An ecological approach to biosystem thermodynamics (1992)
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    Biology and philosophy 7 (1992), S. 35-60 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Action principles ; ecosystem structure ; evolution ; information ; natural selection ; non-equilibrium thermodynamics ; teleology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The general attributes of ecosystems are examined and a naturally occurring “reference ecosystem” is established, comparable with the “isolated” system of classical thermodynamics. Such an autonomous system with a stable, periodic input of energy is shown to assume certain structural characteristics that have an identifiable thermodynamic basis. Individual species tend to assume a state of “least dissipation”; this is most clearly evident in the dominant species (the species with the best integration of energy acquisition and conservation). It is concluded that ecosystem structure results from the antagonistic interaction of two nearly equal forces. These forces have their origin in the Principle of Most Action (“least dissipation” or “least entropy production”) and the universal Principle of Least Action. “Most action” is contingent on the equipartitioning of the energy available, through uniform interaction of similar individuals. The trend to “Least action” is contingent on increased dissipation attained through increasing diversity and increasing complexity. These principles exhibit a basic asymmetry. Given the operation of these opposing principles over evolutionary time, it is argued that ecosystems originated in the vicinity of thermodynamic equilibrium through the resonant amplification of reversible fluctuations. On account of the basic asymmetry the system was able to evolve away from thermodynamic equilibrium provided that it remained within the vicinity of “ergodynamic equilibrium” (equilibrium maintained by internal work, where the opposing forces are equal and opposite). At the highest level of generalization there appear to be three principles operating: i) maximum association of free-energy and materials; ii) energy conservation (deceleration of the energy flow) through symmetric interaction and increased homogeneity; and iii) the principle of least action which induces acceleration of the energy flow through asymmetrical interaction. The opposition and asymmetry of the two forces give rise to natural selection and evolution.
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    On the relationship between evolutionary and psychological definitions of altruism and selfishness (1992)
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    Biology and philosophy 7 (1992), S. 61-68 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Altruism ; evolution ; group selection ; selfishness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract I examine the relationship between evolutionary definitions of altruism that are based on fitness effects and psychological definitions that are based on the motives of the actor. I show that evolutionary altruism can be motivated by proximate mechanisms that are psychologically either altruistic or selfish. I also show that evolutionary definitions do rely upon motives as a metaphor in which the outcome of natural selection is compared to the decisions of a psychologically selfish (or altruistic) individual. Ignoring the precise nature of both psychological and evolutionary definitions has obscured many important issues, including the biological roots of psychological altruism.
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    Evolution, altruism, and the prisoner's dilemma (1992)
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    Biology and philosophy 7 (1992), S. 161-175 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Altruism ; evolution ; Prisoner's Dilemma ; sociobiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract I first argue against Peter Singer's exciting thesis that the Prisoner's Dilemma explains why there could be an evolutionary advantage in making reciprocal exchanges that are ultimately motivated by genuine altruism over making such exchanges on the basis of enlightened long-term self-interest. I then show that an alternative to Singer's thesis — one that is also meant to corroborate the view that natural selection favors genuine altruism, recently defended by Gregory Kavka, fails as well. Finally, I show that even granting Singer's and Kavka's claim about the selective advantage of altruism proper, it is doubtful whether that type of claim can be used in a particular sort of sociobiological argument against psychological egoism.
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    The evolution of altruism: Correlation, cost, and benefit (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 7 (1992), S. 177-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Altruism ; evolution ; game theory ; group selection ; kin selection ; prisoner's dilemma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract A simple and general criterion is derived for the evolution of altruism when individuals interact in pairs. It is argued that the treatment of this problem in kin selection theory and in game theory are special cases of this general criterion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129882
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    Phylogenetic definitions and taxonomic philosophy (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 7 (1992), S. 295-313 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Clade ; class ; composite whole ; definition ; defining property ; essentialism ; evolution ; individual ; intension ; name ; ostensive definition ; phylogeny ; population ; set ; species ; taxon ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract An examination of the post-Darwinian history of biological taxonomy reveals an implicit assumption that the definitions of taxon names consist of lists of organismal traits. That assumption represents a failure to grant the concept of evolution a central role in taxonomy, and it causes conflicts between traditional methods of defining taxon names and evolutionary concepts of taxa. Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names (de Queiroz and Gauthier 1990) grant the concept of common ancestry a central role in the definitions of taxon names and thus constitute an important step in the development of phylogenetic taxonomy. By treating phylogenetic relationships rather than organismal traits as necessary and sufficient properties, phylogenetic definitions remove conflicts between the definitions of taxon names and evolutionary concepts of taxa. The general method of definition represented by phylogenetic definitions of clade names can be applied to the names of other kinds of composite wholes, including populations and biological species. That the names of individuals (composite wholes) can be defined in terms of necessary and sufficient properties provides the foundation for a synthesis of seemingly incompatible positions held by contemporary individualists and essentialists concerning the nature of taxa and the definitions of taxon names.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00129972
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    Buffon, Darwin, and the Non-Individuality of Species – A Reply to Jean Gayon (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 443-470 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: Buffon ; Darwin ; Gayon ; species ; individuality ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Gayon's recent claim that Buffon developed a concept of species as physical individuals is critically examined and rejected. Also critically examined and rejected is Gayon's more central thesis that as a consequence of his analysis of Buffon's species concept, and also of Darwin's species concept, it is clear that modern evolutionary theory does not require species to be physical individuals. While I agree with Gayon's conclusion that modern evolutionary theory does not require species to be physical individuals, I disagree with his reasons and instead provide logical rather than historical reasons for the same conclusion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006587726855
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    Evolution Without Change in Gene Frequencies (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 255-261 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: evolution ; speciation ; levels of selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Biologists often define evolution as a change in allele frequencies. Consideration of the evolution of the pocket mouse will show that it is possible to have evolution without any change in the allele frequencies in a population (through change in the genotype frequencies). The implications of this for genic selectionism are then discussed. Sober and Lewontin (1982) have constructed an example to demonstrate the “blindness” of genic selectionism in certain cases. Sterelny and Kitcher (1988) offer a defense against these arguments which assumes a conventionalist approach to populations. The example considered here will be shown to offer a more plausible and far-reaching argument against the view that alleles can always be seen as the units of selection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006541028421
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    Taxonomy and Philosophy of Names (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 233-244 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: reference ; meaning ; individual ; class ; definition ; clade ; evolution ; phylogeny ; phylogenetic taxonomy ; systematics ; tree-thinking ; cladistics ; intention ; extension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Although naming biological clades is a major activity in taxonomy, little attention has been paid to what these names actually refer to. In philosophy, definite descriptions have long been considered equivalent to the meaning of names and biological taxonomy is a scientific application of these ideas. One problem with definite descriptions as the meanings of names is that the name will refer to whatever fits the description rather than the intended individual (clade). Recent proposals for explicit phylogenetic definitions of clade names suffer from similar problems and we argue that clade names cannot be defined since they lack intension. Furthermore we stress the importance of “tree-thinking” for phylogenetic reference to work properly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006583910214
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    On the Relationship Between Memes and Genes: A Critique of Dennett (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 187-204 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: evolution ; meme ; gene ; morality ; culture ; psychological predisposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Dennett (1995) argues that memes or cultural replicators are largely autonomous of genes, and that they are fairly efficacious in determining who we are and what we do. I argue that Dennett's arguments are wrong in several aspects, which we can see by analyzing processes at appropriate levels. Specifically, I argue that it is not true that we as persons are created largely by memes, that our memes are not largely independent of our genes, and that we can use the universality of memes to make inferences about genetic predispositions. Finally, by suggesting an innate psychological mechanism for morality, I argue that morality may be largely the effect of genetic predispositions rather than autonomous.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006529312488
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    The Tragedy of a priori Selectionism: Dennett and Gould on Adaptationism (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and philosophy 13 (1998), S. 359-391 
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    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: adaptation ; algorithm ; atavism ; contingency ; deep homology ; Dennett ; development ; disparity ; epicurean selectionism ; evolution ; exaptation ; Gould ; metaphors ; punctuated equilibrium ; selectionism ; spandrels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In his recent book on Darwinism, Daniel Dennett has offered up a species of a priori selectionism that he calls algorithmic. He used this view to challenge a number of positions advocated by Stephen J. Gould. I examine his algorithmic conception, review his unqualified enthusiasm for the a priori selectionist position, challenge Dennett's main metaphors (cranes vs. skyhooks and a design space), examine ways in which his position has lead him to misunderstand or misrepresent Gould (spandrels, exaptation, punctuated equilibrium, contingency and disparity), and discuss recent results in developmental biology that suggest that an a priori position does not fill the demands of an evolutionary biology. I conclude by insisting that evolutionary biology is many leveled, complicated, and is carried on an ever shifting and expanding empirical base that when disregarded results in caricature.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006508719300
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    Stable production of an analog of human tissue plasminogen activator from culturedDrosophila cells (1992)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 10 (1992), S. 157-167 
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    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: Drosophila cell culture ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract We have studied the expression of an analog of human tissue plasminogen activator, FK2P, inDrosophila Schneider 2 cells. A number of promoters were tested, including theDrosophila metallothionein promoter (MTd), baculovirus immediate early promoter (IE),Drosophila copia promoter, mouse metallothionein promoter, cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter with or without intron, SV40 immediate early promoter, and human elongation factor 1α promoter. Two of these promoters drove significant expression of FK2P. The MTd promoter is tightly regulated and upon induction with copper or cadmium expression of FK2P increases as much as 180-fold, accumulating in the culture medium to about 7 μg FK2P/106 cells/day as determined by ELISA. The IE promoter can direct the constitutive expression to yield about 0.4 μg FK2P/106 cells/day. The production of FK2P in these cell lines remains at about the same level after repeated passages, even in the absence of selective pressure. The FK2P accumulated in the culture medium is fully active in an assay using a chromogenic substrate for serine proteases. Western immunoblot analysis shows that the product remains predominately as single-chain molecules in serum-free medium, while in serum-containing medium two-chain material occurs as expected due to the presence of plasmin in serum. Judged from the size in Western immunoblots, the FK2P produced is glycosylated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00570892
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    Speciation of endemic Lake Tana barbs (Cyprinidae, Ethiopia) driven by trophic resource partitioning; a molecular and ecomorphological approach (1998)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 32 (1998), S. 217-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: ecomorphology ; evolution ; feeding ; fish stocks ; major histocompatibility complex ; molecular genetics ; species flock
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A unique species flock of large barbs (Barbus spp.) from Lake Tana is presented, from the level of fish stocks to molecules. Evidence is given for the species status of 14 morphotypes of large barbs. They distinctly differ in: (1) head and body morphometrics, (2) food preferences, (3) distribution patterns, (4) maximal body size, (5) spawning area and period, and (6) molecular genetic characters. Most types show early morphological divergence at small size. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes, encoding cell membrane proteins involved in defence against pathogens, were found to be diagnostic for the species' genetic identity. A strong selective pressure on particular amino acid positions in the MHC protein sequence most probably arose in response to different pathogen loads from the newly invaded ecological niches after formation of Lake Tana, ca. two million years ago. Arguments for a sympatric origin of this species flock are discussed. An evolutionary scenario suggests a riverine ancestral Barbus intermedius invading Lake Tana after its formation by volcanic blocking of the Blue Nile river and its isolation by waterfalls. Specialisation for particular food types and disruptive selection on many feeding structures are hypothesized as the evolutionary drive in speciation. The causal relationship between the diversity in feeding structures and food types is explained from experiments and models. As an example, the potential food niche of three barb species is predicted from parameter values measured from a large set of feeding structures and tested against the actual gut contents. The co-occurrence of eight piscivorous barb species is unique for cyprinid fish, which lack oral jaw teeth and a stomach. The significance of this aquatic ecosystem as a multidisciplinary evolutionary laboratory and the need for a wise balance between exploitation and conservation is stressed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009920522235
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    Amalthaea: An Evolving Multi-Agent Information Filtering and Discovery System for the WWW (1998)
    Springer
    Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems 1 (1998), S. 59-88 
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    ISSN: 1573-7454
    Keywords: agents ; evolution ; information filtering ; world wide web
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Amalthaea is an evolving, multi-agent ecosystem for personalized filtering, discovery, and monitoring of information sites. Amalthaea's primary application domain is the World Wide Web and its main purpose is to assist its users in finding interesting information. Two different categories of agents are introduced in the system: filtering agents that model and monitor the interests of the user and discovery agents that model the information sources.A market-like ecosystem where the agents evolve, compete, and collaborate is presented: agents that are useful to the user or other agents reproduce, while low-performing agents are destroyed. Results from various experiments with different system configurations and varying ratios of user interests versus agents in the system are presented. Finally issues like fine-tuning the initial parameters of the system and establishing and maintaining equilibria in the ecosystem are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010094506174
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    Genetic and physiological evidence for the production of N-acyl homoserine lactones by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and other fluorescent plant pathogenic Pseudomonas species (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 569-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: quorum-sensing ; gene expression ; autoinducer ; secondary metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) function as cell density (quorum) sensing signals and regulate diverse metabolic processes in several gram negative bacteria. We report that strains of Pseudomonas syringae pvs. syringae (Pss), tabaci and tomato as well as P. corrugata and P. savastanoi produce difussible AHLs that activate the lux operons of Vibrio fischeri or the tra::lacZ fusion of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In Pss strain B3A, AHL production occurs in cell density dependent manner. Nucleotide sequence and genetic complementation data revealed the presence of ahlIPss, a luxI homolog within the Ahl+ DNA of Pss strain B3A. The $$ahlI_{Pss}^ + $$ DNA expresses in AHL-deficient strains of P. fluorescens and E. carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc), and restores extracellular enzyme production and pathogenicity in the Ecc strain. The derivatives of Pss strains B3A and 301D carrying chromosomal ahlI::lacZ do not produce AHL, but like their wild type parents, produce extracellular protease and the phytotoxin syringomycin as well as elicit the hypersensitive reaction in tobacco leaves. While these strains also produce a basal level of β-galactosidase activity, the expression of ahlI::lacZ is substantially stimulated in the presence of multiple copies of the $$ahlI_{Pss}^ + $$ DNA or by the addition of cell-free spent cultures containing AHL. The activation of β-galactosidase production occurs with spent cultures of some, but not all Pseudomonas strains which produce AHL as indicated by the Lux and tra::lacZ assays. Pss strains deficient in the global regulatory genes, gacA or lemA, produce very low levels of AHL. Since inactivation of ahlIPss eliminates AHL production and since Ahl+ Pseudomonas strains carry the homolog of ahlIPss, we conclude that ahlIPss specifies a key step in AHL biosynthesis and it has been conserved in many plant pathogenic pseudomonads.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008651300599
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    Senescence-induced RNases in tomato (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 439-449 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ethylene ; gene expression ; leaf senescence ; RNase ; tomato ; wounding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A main feature of leaf senescence is the hydrolysis of macromolecules by hydrolases of various types, and redistribution of released materials. We have initiated a study for the characterization of RNases involved in nucleic acid catabolism during senescence. Using a PCR-based cloning approach we isolated from tomato two senescence-induced RNase cDNA clones. Each of these cDNAs hybridized to a senescence-induced transcript in northern analysis. One RNase cDNA was identical to the tomato LX RNase while the second corresponded to the LE RNase. Both LX and LE RNase genes had originally been demonstrated to be induced after phosphate starvation of tomato cell culture but nothing was known about their expression or function in plants. We observed that the expression of the LX and LE genes is induced in leaves during an advanced stage of senescence with the LX transcript level being much more induced than that of LE. Low-level expression of the RNase genes was observed in flowers and artificially senescing detached leaves while no expression could be detected in stems, roots, or fruits at different ripening stages. Ethylene activated the LX gene expression in detached young leaves while LE gene expression, which could be transiently induced by wounding, appeared to be activated by abscisic acid. We suggest that the LX RNase has a role in RNA catabolism in the final stage of senescence, and LE may function during wounding as a plant defense protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005993024161
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    Complete sequence of the mitochondrial DNA of Chlamydomonas eugametos (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Chlamydomonas eugametos ; evolution ; genome sequence ; green algae ; group I introns ; mitochondrial DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The complete nucleotide sequence of the Chlamydomonas eugametos (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyceae, sensu Mattox and Stewart) mitochondrial genome has been determined (22 897 bp, 34.6% G + C). The genes identified in this circular-mapping genome include those for apocytochrome b, subunit 1 of the cytochrome oxidase complex, subunits 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 of the NADH dehydrogenase complex, discontinuous large and small subunit ribosomal rRNAs and three tRNAs whose anticodons CAU, CCA and UUG are specific for methionine, tryptophan and glutamine, respectively. The C. eugametos mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), therefore, shares almost the same reduced set of coding functions and similar unusual features of rRNA gene organization with the linear 15.8 kb mtDNA of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the only other completely sequenced chlamydomonadalean mtDNA. However, sequence analysis of the C. eugametos mtDNA has revealed the following distinguishing features relative to those of C. reinhardtii: (1) the absence of a reverse transcriptase-like gene homologue, (2) the presence of an additional gene for tRNAmet that may be a pseudogene, (3) a completely different gene order, (4) transcription of all genes from the same mtDNA strand, (5) a lower G + C content, (6) less pronounced bias in codon usage, and (7) nine group I introns, several of which contain open reading frames coding for potential maturases/endonucleases and two have a nucleotide at the 5′ or 3′ splice site of the deduced precursor RNAs that deviates from highly conserved nucleotides reported in other group I introns. The features of mitochondrial genome organization and gene content shared by C. eugametos and C. reinhardtii contrast with those of other green algal mtDNAs that have been characterized in detail. The deep evolutionary divergence between these two Chlamydomonas taxa within the Chlamydomonadales suggests that their shared features of mitochondrial genome organization evolved prior to the origin of this group.
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    Molecular cloning and mRNA localization of tomato pollen profilin (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 699-707 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: actin cytoskeleton ; in situ hybridization ; gene expression ; profilin ; RT-PCR ; tomato pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in the growth of pollen tube. The actin-binding protein profilin could play a role in regulating the organization of the actin filaments. Using the RT-PCR technique, we isolated a cDNA clone (designated LePro1) encoding profilin from pollen grains of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Moneymaker). Sequence analysis of the insert shows 87% similarity to tobacco ntPro2, 78% to timothy grass profilin, 77% to Arabidopsis AthPRF4, 77% to maize ZmPro3, and 73% to birch profilin. Both quantitative PCR and RNA gel blot analyses demonstrated that LePro1 is expressed in a tissue- or cell-type specific manner in the tomato plant. In situ hybridization of 2 µm thick anther sections using a non-radioactive labeling method reveals that LePro1 is expressed only in pollen grains, with undetectable transcription in other parts of the anther or other organs. Phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences of 18 plant profilins indicates that two distinct profilin gene classes are present in higher plants. One is pollen-specific, another is constitutive. LePro1 belongs to the former class.
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    Induction of AGAMOUS gene expression plays a key role in ripening of tomato sepals in vitro (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 36 (1998), S. 733-739 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: AGAMOUS ; tomato ; ripening ; calyx ; gene expression ; sepals ; in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In vitro culture of VFNT Cherry tomato sepals (calyx) at 16–21 °C results in developmental changes that are similar to those that occur in fruit tissue [10]. Sepals become swollen, red, and succulent, produce ethylene, and have increased levels of polygalacturonase RNA. They also produce many flavor volatiles characteristic of ripe tomato fruit and undergo similar changes in sugar content [11]. We examined the expression of the tomato AGAMOUS gene, TAG1, in ripening, in vitro sepal cultures and other tissues from the plant and found that TAG1 RNA accumulates to higher levels than expected from data from other plants. Contrary to reports on the absence of AGAMOUS in sepals, TAG1 RNA levels in green sepals from greenhouse-grown plants is detectable, its concentration increasing with in vitro ripening to levels that were even higher than in red, ripe fruit. Sepals of fruit on transgenic tomato plants that expressed TAG1 ectopically were induced by low temperature to ripen in vivo, producing lycopene and undergoing cell wall softening as is characteristic of pericarpic tissue. We therefore propose that the induction of elevated TAG1 gene expression plays a key role in developmental changes that result in sepal ripening.
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    SNF1-related protein kinases: global regulators of carbon metabolism in plants? (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 735-748 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: AMP-activated protein kinase ; carbohydrates ; gene expression ; gene family ; HMG-CoA reductase ; intracellular signalling ; isoprenoids ; nitrate reductase ; phosphorylation ; SNF1 ; starch ; sucrose phosphate synthase ; sucrose synthase ; sugar sensing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    Phagotrophy by a flagellate selects for colonial prey: A possible origin of multicellularity (1998)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 12 (1998), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: algae ; anti-predator adaptations ; arms race ; Chlorella vulgaris ; chrysophytes ; continuous culture ; evolution ; flagellates ; multicellularity ; Ochromonas vallescia ; phagocyte ; predator–prey interactions ; selective pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Predation was a powerful selective force promoting increased morphological complexity in a unicellular prey held in constant environmental conditions. The green alga, Chlorella vulgaris, is a well-studied eukaryote, which has retained its normal unicellular form in cultures in our laboratories for thousands of generations. For the experiments reported here, steady-state unicellular C. vulgaris continuous cultures were inoculated with the predator Ochromonas vallescia, a phagotrophic flagellated protist (‘flagellate’). Within less than 100 generations of the prey, a multicellular Chlorella growth form became dominant in the culture (subsequently repeated in other cultures). The prey Chlorella first formed globose clusters of tens to hundreds of cells. After about 10–20 generations in the presence of the phagotroph, eight-celled colonies predominated. These colonies retained the eight-celled form indefinitely in continuous culture and when plated onto agar. These self-replicating, stable colonies were virtually immune to predation by the flagellate, but small enough that each Chlorella cell was exposed directly to the nutrient medium.
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    Nest-site philopatry and selection for environmental sex determination (1998)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 12 (1998), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: environmental sex determination ; evolution ; nest-site philopatry ; reptiles ; sex ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The reason for the frequent occurrence of environmental sex determination (ESD) in reptiles is still not well understood, although much effort has been devoted to solving the issue. Stimulated by the occurrence of nest-site philopatry in some species, this paper examines a diploid model of the influence of nest-site philopatry on the evolution of ESD. Analysis shows that nest-site philopatry can lead to ESD because the fitnesses of sons and daughters are not influenced in the same way by nest-site quality. Daughters inherit the nest site and thus benefit more than sons from a high-quality nest site. Conversely, the fitness of daughters at low-quality nest sites is lower compared to the fitness of sons. Therefore, genes causing ESD can spread by causing the production of more sons at low-quality nest sites and more daughters at high-quality nest sites. Suggestions are made to test empirically whether nest-site philopatry led to the evolution of ESD.
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    Parental care and the allocation of resources across generations (1992)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 6 (1992), S. 187-197 
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    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: parental care ; resource allocation ; ESS ; inclusive fitness ; menopause ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary To understand the evolution of parental care behaviour, the cost of care must be evaluated in terms of lost reproductive potential. Using population genetics theory, a quantitative model of parental care is presented here to evaluate the allocation of resources between production and care of offspring, and care of grandoffspring. The results show that the evolutionarily stable investment ratio of resources to offspring versus grandoffspring is equal to 2∶1. The expected investment in grandoffspring will decrease when there is a lower probability of survival of the parents to a late stage of the life cycle. These results are discussed in the context of general life history theory, inclusive fitness models, animal behaviour field studies, and the evolution of human menopause.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02214161
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    Phylogenetic analysis of pines using ribosomal DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (1992)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 179 (1992), S. 141-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gymnosperms ; Conifers ; Pinaceae ; Pinus ; rDNA ; restriction fragments ; molecular systematics ; evolution ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among 30 species of the genusPinus were studied using restriction site polymorphism in the large subunit of nuclear rDNA. Of the 58 restriction sites scored, 48 were phylogenetically informative, and the 30 species reduced to ten taxa when species with identical restriction site patterns were combined. These ten taxa corresponded to the currently recognized subsections of the genus, with the sole exception ofP. leiophylla, which was identical in its pattern of restriction sites to all three species included from subsect.Oocarpae despite its being in a different section of subg.Pinus (Pinea instead ofPinus). A measure of the proportion of phylogenetic information contained within the data set (Homoplasy Excess Ratio, or HER) revealed that the character states were significantly non-randomly distributed among the ten taxa (HER = 0.71, p 〈 0.01). Branchand-bound searches using either Wagner or Dollo parsimony as the optimization criterion were carried out using PAUP in order to estimate phylogenetic relationships among the ten taxa. Three taxa (Picea pungens, Tsuga canadensis, andLarix decidua) were used independently as outgroups for purposes of rooting the trees. Despite the extreme differences in the assumptions underlying the Wagner and Dollo parsimony, the two gave surprisingly similar estimates of phylogeny, with both analyses supporting the monophyly of the two major subgeneraPinus andStrobus and differing in topology only in the placement of subsect.Ponderosae within subg.Pinus. The likelihood for the Wagner tree was only slightly higher than that computed for the Dollo tree.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00937592
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  • 95
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    Ecogeographical differentiation patterns inAdonis sect.Consiligo (Ranunculaceae) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 211 (1998), S. 43-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Ranunculaceae ; Adonis ; Morphology ; growth pattern ; taxonomy ; ecology ; climatic requirements ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adonis sect.Consiligo is split into three subsections based on morphology, growth pattern, pollen and fruit morphology. For all species distribution maps are provided and discussed with regard to their ecology and climatic requirements. These data reveal additional characters that support the classification of the taxa. Most species of the section grow in continental Eurasiatic steppes and mountain steppe habitats. Only the species of subsect.Amurenses grow in Far Eastern temperate forests and prefer a more oceanic climate. The taxonomic position of these strongly divergent species is supported by the distributional and ecological data. The evolution ofAdonis sect.Consiligo occurred under strong climatic control. During evolution the taxa could only slightly widen their ecological amplitude and, thus, ecology remained rather stable except that of the subsect.Amurenses. Ecological and distributional data can be used to validate taxonomy and phylogeny and reveal additional informations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984911
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  • 96
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    Genome size variation and C-band polymorphism inAlstroemeria aurea, A. ligtu andA. magnifica (Alstroemeriaceae) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 212 (1998), S. 87-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Alstroemeriaceae ; Alstroemeria aurea ; A. ligtu ; A. magnifica ; C-band polymorphism ; evolution ; flow cytometry ; genome size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Among a total of 43 accessions ofAlstroemeria aurea, A. ligtu andA. magnifica nuclear DNA amounts (2C-values) showed significant intraspecific variation, 1.09, 1.21 and 1.15 fold, respectively, when determined through flow cytometric measurements of fluorescence of propidium iodide (PI) stained nuclei. After staining with another fluorochrome, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), an intraspecific variation of 1.10, 1.11 and 1.12 fold, respectively, was found. C-band polymorphisms were present among and within the accessions of all three species. In some cases only very small differences in C-banding pattern were observed. In other cases, however, differences were more prominent. Besides C-band polymorphism, there were also instances of chromosome length polymorphism, which concerned the total chromosome complement or single chromosomes. The variation in nuclear DNA amount inA. aurea andA. ligtu was more or less continuous, except for one accession ofA. ligtu subsp.simsii. Artificial selection and possibly introgression of chromosomes from other species may have moulded the karyotypes of some of the accessions ofA. aurea, a species that has been under cultivation for more than 160 years. The variation as observed inA. magnifica subsp.magnifica was discontinuous and could be due to a broad species concept.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985223
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  • 97
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    The behaviour of the autonomous maize transposable element En/Spm in Arabidopsis thaliana allows efficient mutagenesis (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 989-999 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; transposable element ; En-1 ; mutagenesis ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of the autonomous maize transposable element En/Spm of maize was studied in Arabidopsis. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants carrying En-1 elements were propagated for 12 generations using a single seed descent procedure. The distribution and activity of the En-1 element was monitored using Southern DNA hybridisations in generations 1, 6 and 12. In the first generation the highest number of En-1 insertions per line was 7, which increased to 20 in generation 12. The average number of En-1 insertions increased only slightly in the population, due to a gradual accumulation of segregants that lost the transposable element. During the development of the En-1 mutagenised population the element remained active even in the high-copy lines. In situ hybridisation demonstrated that multiple En-1 insertions were distributed over all Arabidopsis chromosomes. From the initial En-1 mutagenised populations many unstable gene mutations were recovered, indicating that En-1 can be used as a efficient tool for gene tagging in Arabidopsis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006082009151
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  • 98
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    Expression of psbA genes produces prominent 5′ psbA mRNA fragments in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 1023-1033 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; psbA gene ; truncated psbA messages ; DNA-binding protein ; D1 protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Expression of the psbA genes, which in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 encode two different forms of the reaction centre D1 protein of photosystem II (D1:1 and D1:2), was studied under different light and temperature conditions. In addition to the mature 1200 nt psbA messages, three shorter mRNA fragments of 220, 320 and 900 nt were also found. All three mRNA fragments could be recognized by using different gene probes from the coding region of the psbAI gene, whereas the corresponding psbAII/III gene probes recognized only the 220 nt mRNA fragment. The 5' 320 nt mRNA fragment from the psbAI gene probably represents a degradation product, since the corresponding 3' 900 nt psbAI mRNA fragment was also detected. By contrast, the 5' 220 nt mRNA fragment of all psbA messages is suggested to be a truncated psbA transcript, since no corresponding 3' fragment was ever found. Inhibition of translation either by a protein synthesis inhibitor or by a shift of cells to lower temperature, increased the number of 1200 nt psbAII/III messages but the number of 5' 220 nt psbAII/III mRNA fragment increased even more dramatically. The first 66 bp after ATG, where the psbAI and psbAII/III genes mostly differ from each other, also appeared important in determining the amount of produced truncated psbA transcripts, as evidenced by the expression of different tac-psbA constructs in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitor. We suggest that both the psbAI and the psbAII/III genes have a latent intragenic termination site and truncated psbA transcripts are produced at high levels under stress conditions when transcription becomes uncoupled from translation.This is to prevent wasting metabolic energy in the production of unused transcripts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006077824075
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  • 99
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    Construction of a new vector conferring methotrexate resistance in Nicotiana tabacum plants (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 37 (1998), S. 1079-1084 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; Candida albicans ; dihydrofolate reductase ; dominant selectable marker ; Nicotiana tabacum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new binary vector encoding for Candida albicans dihydrofolate reductase (DFR1) has been constructed and used as a dominant selectable marker for plant transformation. Transgenic tobacco plants with an increased resistance to methotrexate (Mtx) were obtained by co-transformation of tobacco leaf discs with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains carrying two new binary vectors: pTI20 and pTI18. Co-transformants of Nicotiana tabacum were directly selected for and rooted on medium containing both kanamycin (kan) and Mtx. Leaf discs of transgenic plants were assayed for capacity of regeneration at different Mtx concentrations. Analysis of transcripts was performed on total RNA extracted from two Mtx-resistant plants. The transgenic plants increased resistance to Mtx can be explained by the exceptionally low capacity of Mtx to bind C. albicans dihydrofolate reductase, accountable by the presence of two amino acid residues strategically important in Mtx binding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006082815434
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  • 100
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    Use of alternate splice sites in granule-bound starch synthase mRNA from low-amylose rice varieties (1998)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 38 (1998), S. 407-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: rice ; waxy ; splicing ; gene expression ; intron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rice Waxy gene encodes a granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) necessary for the synthesis of amylose in endosperm tissue. We have previously shown that a CT microsatellite near the transcriptional start site of the GBSS gene can distinguish 7 alleles that accounted for more than 80% of the variation in apparent amylose content in an extended pedigree of 89 US rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.). Furthermore, all the cultivars with 18% or less amylose were shown to have the sequence AGTTATA at the putative leader intron 5′ splice site, while all cultivars with a higher proportion of amylose had AGGTATA. Here we demonstrate that this single-base mutation reduces the efficiency of GBSS pre-mRNA processing and results in alternate splicing at three cryptic sites. The predominant 5′ splice site in CT18 low-amylose varieties is 93 bp upstream of the splice site used in intermediate and high amylose varieties and is immediately 5′ to the CT microsatellite that we previously demonstrated to be tightly correlated with amylose content. Use of the leader intron 5′ splice site at either -93 or -1 in conjunction with the predominant 3′ splice site results in formation of a small open reading frame 38 bp upstream of the normal ATG and out of frame with it. This open reading frame is not produced when any of the 5′ leader intron splice sites are used in conjunction with an alternate 3′ splice site five bases further downstream which was observed in all rice varieties tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006021807799
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