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  • maize  (37)
  • Springer  (37)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
  • 1990-1994  (37)
  • 1991  (37)
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  • Springer  (37)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science
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  • 1990-1994  (37)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition by the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides, in a crop environment in South Africa (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 169-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: African migratory locust ; crop environment ; oviposition behaviour ; oviposition sites ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition by the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Orthoptera: Acrididae), was studied in maize and wheat crops on the Orange Free State Highveld. Maize was shown to be the most important oviposition habitat with peak laying taking place in autumn and early winter when highest pod densities were recorded. Laying was mainly concentrated along the middle of the crop interrows in maize and within clearings in the wheat crop. Despite the uniform layout of these crops, the distribution of egg pods was found to be aggregated. Non-reproductive behaviour, such as locust aggregation, basking and feeding, as well as environmental factors appeared to influence the distribution of egg pods in these crops. Secondary selection for optinum soil moisture and compaction on the laying site enhanced the aggregation of pods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191747
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycotoxin production by Fusarium species isolated from New Zealand maize fields (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 113 (1991), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fusarium ; maize ; moniliformin ; mycotoxins ; trichothecenes ; zearalenone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Forty Fusarium isolates obtained from maize fields were screened for moniliformin production on maize kernels. Twelve isolates, including seven of F. subglutinans, were found to produce moniliformin at levels ranging from 0.4 to 64 ppm. Twenty six isolates were also screened for production of deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin and zearalenone. Of these, 22, including all 11 isolates of F. graminearum, produced zearalenone at levels ranging from 0.1 to 96.0 ppm, while 13 produced T-2 toxin at low levels, (〈1.1 ppm). Deoxynivalenol and diacetoxyscirpenol were each produced by six isolates, also at low levels (〈1.0 ppm). Three isolates of F. graminearum and one of F. sambucinum produced four toxins simultaneously.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436385
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A maize gene expressed during embryogenesis is abscisic acid-inducible and highly conserved (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 919-923 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; embryogenesis ; abscisic acid ; seed maturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated by differential hybridization a cDNA, termed Emb564, which is complementary to an 800 nt embryo-specific transcript in Zea mays. The expression of Emb564 can be enhanced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and the effect of ABA on the accumulation of Emb564 transcript appears to be confined to embryos at the early and mid embryonic stages. In addition, Emb564 is expressed at low levels in ABA-deficient but not in ABA non-responsive embryos. Genomic analysis suggested that the Emb564 mRNA is encoded by a single gene. Sequence analysis showed that Emb564 exhibits extensive similarities with several known ABA-inducible genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015086
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide sequence of ‘repeat-2’ of the mitochondrial DNA from the maize N-cytoplasm (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 935-936 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: maize ; mitochondrial DNA ; repeated sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015089
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of the maize pyruvate decarboxylase gene (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1259-1261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anaerobic genes ; maize ; pyruvate decarboxylase ; DNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028743
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of a maize cDNA that complements an enolase-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 787-795 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anaerobic stress ; enolase ; gene regulation ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA encoding maize enolase (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolase) was purified by functional genetic complementation using an enolase deficient mutant of Escherichia coli, DF261. This cDNA, pZM245, was characterized by restriction mapping and DNA sequence analysis. The cDNA contained an open reading frame encoding a protein of 446 amino acids with a high degree of similarity to enolase sequences from other organisms (72% identity to yeast enolase and 82% identity to human enolase). The pZM245 contains a correctly positioned consensus prokaryotic translation initiation sequence. The specific activity of enolase in maize increases to about twice its initial level after 48 hours of anaerobiosis. Northern-blot analysis showed a five-fold anaerobic induction in enolase mRNA, while heat shock or cold shock increased enolase mRNA levels only slightly. Southern-blot analysis of maize genomic DNA indicated that there is one copy of the pZM245 hybridizing sequence per haploid genome in maize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015071
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of pollen polygalacturonase encoded by several cDNA clones in maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 1155-1164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA family ; maize ; pollen-expressed genes ; polygalacturonase ; signal peptide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A full-length cDNA clone, named PG1, abundantly expressed in late stages of pollen development, has been isolated from a cDNA library using a differential screening method with cDNA probes representative of microspores at early or late developmental stages. The encoded 410 amino acid polypeptide has significant homology with various polygalacturonases (PG) described elsewhere. Two polypeptides, of 49 and 53 kDa respectively, have been identified in the active PG fraction, isolated from mature pollen by immuno-cross-reaction with tomato PG antibodies. According to their N-terminal sequence, they can be identified as being mature peptides encoded by the PG1 cDNA clone. We propose that these two proteins derive from a unique precursor through several post-translational events, including the excision of a 22 amino-terminal signal peptide and glycosylation. PG-encoding genes form a small genomic family. Sequence analysis of three PG cDNA clones shows that they are closely related. The divergence of nucleotides between these three cDNA clones is 1%. They encode the same product.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028732
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organ-specific expression of different histone H3 and H4 gene subfamilies in developing and adult maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 935-940 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: expression ; germination ; histone genes ; maize ; subfamilies ; tissues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The steady-state levels of H3 and H4 mRNAs transcribed from three H3 and two H4 multigene subfamilies were studied during germination and in different organs of maize. During germination the five subfamilies are expressed in parallel to DNA synthesis, but a 5-fold difference in the quantity of mRNAs transcribed per gene copy was found from our subfamily to another. In adult plants H3 and H4 mRNA levels are highest in organs containing meristematic tissues but also high in non-proliferating tissues. No strict tissue specificity expression could be detected but some subfamilies show preferential expression in some tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037077
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A gene coding for a basic pathogenesis-related (PR-like) protein from Zea mays. Molecular cloning and induction by a fungus (Fusarium moniliforme) in germinating maize seeds (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 527-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: germination ; fungi ; maize ; pathogenesis-related ; seed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) are plant proteins produced in leaves in response to infection by pathogens including viruses, viroids, fungi and bacteria. Information on the presence and/or expression of PRs in monocotyledonous plants is scarce. Here we report the identification of cDNA and genomic clones coding for a basic form of a protein from germinating maize seeds having a high homology with the group of PR-1 from tobacco. A cDNA library enriched in aleurone-specific sequences was prepared from maize seeds two days after germination. One clone was found to contain an open reading frame encoding a protein homologous to PR proteins from tomato (p14) and tobacco (PR-1 group). Sequence analysis of the corresponding genomic clone revealed that it was encoded by a single exon. Besides, DNA blot hybridization indicates that this PR-like protein is encoded by a single-copy gene in maize. The accumulation of its mRNA increases after rehydration of desiccated seeds. Furthermore, a relationship was found between its expression and infection by a natural pathogen of maize, the fungus Fusarium moniliforme. The possible role of this protein as a response mechanism following fungal infection in cereal seeds is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023419
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sequence, identification and characterization of cDNAs encoding two different members of the 18 kDa heat shock family of Zea mays L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 699-711 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: heat shock ; heat shock cDNAs ; maize ; small heat shock proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Heat-shocked maize seedlings (cv. Oh43) synthesize a characteristic set of heat-shock proteins (hsps) which include an 18 kDa family containing at least six major isoelectric variants. A cDNA library was constructed from poly(A)+ RNAs isolated from the radicles of heat-shocked maize seedlings and screened with a DNA fragment from the theoretical open reading frame of a putative Black Mexican Sweet maize hsp 18 genomic clone. Two clones, cMHSP18-3 and cMHSP18-9, were isolated, and the RNA transcripts generated from them were translated into proteins which immunoreact with antibodies directed against the maize 18 kDa hsps and exhibit the same electrophoretic characteristics as two different members of the 18 kDa hsp family. Nucleotide sequence analyses of the cDNAs in these clones reveal that their 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions exhibit 33–34% identity and that their protein encoding regions share 93% identity. The deduced amino acid sequences of these clones show 90% identity, and the apparent molecular masses and isoelectric points of these proteins agree with those established for two different 18 kDa hsps, numbered 3 and 6. This report substantiates that at least two of the 18 kDa hsps in maize are products of different but related genes. Moreover, it establishes that transcripts for these proteins accumulate during heat shock and that both their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences share extensive similarities with the class VI small hsps in soybean and with transcripts expressed during meiosis in Lilium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023434
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The combination of a novel stimulatory element in the first exon of the maize Shrunken-1 gene with the following intron 1 enhances reporter gene expression up to 1000-fold (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: enhanced gene expression ; exon ; intron ; maize ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Both exon 1 and intron 1 of the maize Shrunken-1 (Sh1) gene individually stimulate expression of reporter genes in transient gene expression experiments if present within the transcription unit. The Sh1 exon 1 mediates a 10-fold increase in activity when inserted at the 5′ end of the bacterial chloramphenicol transacetylase (CAT) marker gene in both monocot and dicot protoplasts. The Sh1 intron 1 enhances chimeric gene expression in rice and maize protoplasts approximately 100-fold but inhibits CAT expression in tobacco protoplasts. In combination, the stimulatory effects of Sh1 exon 1 and intron 1 are multiplicative in monocot protoplasts resulting in a final enhancement of up to 1000-fold compared to the unmodified CAT or luciferase marker genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020552
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encodingB-Peru, a regulatory protein of the anthocyanin pathway in maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 127-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anthocyanin ; B-Peru ; maize ; transcription activator
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00036813
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Nucleotide sequence of two cDNAs encoding the adenine nucleotide translocator from Zea mays L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 305-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: adenine nucleotide translocator ; ADP/ATP translocase ; mitochondria ; maize ; inner mitochondrial membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039511
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Entire maize chloroplast genome is stably maintained in a yeast artificial chromosome (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 361-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplast genome ; cloning in YACs ; maize ; stability analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 139 kb circular maize chloroplast genome was cloned in a linear form in a single yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), and several such clones were then analyzed to study the stability of large DNA sequences in YACs. The YAC clones were isolated from a partial maize DNA YAC library. The library was constructed byBal-31 nuclease digestion of high-molecular-weight total maize genomic DNA followed by blunt-end ligation into a modified YAC vector, pYAC11. All chloroplast genome-containing YACs (cpYACs) were characterized by comparing their restriction enzyme digestion patterns with that of purified maize chloroplast DNA (MCD). Comparison of the restriction patterns of four cpYACs, MY503, MY504, MY518 and MY526, with that of MCD did not show any change in the size of the restriction fragments except at the chloroplast DNA-vector junction fragments. These altered size fragments were confirmed as junction fragments by hybridization of the pYAC11 border fragments. The end-specific T3 and T7 transcripts synthesized from MY503 also identified the same junction fragments as did the pYAC11 border fragments. Most cpYACs were completely stable through the analyzed one hundred generations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040631
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Isolation and characterization of cDNA clones for RNA species induced by substituted benzenesulfonamides in corn (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 17 (1991), S. 679-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: herbicide safener ; maize ; inducible plant genes ; differential gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A search of compounds capable of inducing specific gene expression in plants without affecting growth and development led to the examination of changes in the pattern of gene expression in corn after treatment with substituted benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners. Following hydroponic treatment of corn with the safener N-(aminocarbonyl)-2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (2-CBSU), the specific induction of new translatable mRNA species was observed. Replicate copies of a cDNA library made using RNA from 2-CBSU-treated corn roots were differentially screened with cDNA probes made from either the same mRNA fraction used for library construction or mRNA isolated from roots treated with 2-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (2-CBSA), an inactive analog of the safener. Colonies showing hybridization only with the probe made using mRNA from 2-CBSU-treated roots were further characterized to assess the specificity of the induction and decay of the corresponding induced RNA species. RNA blot analyses showed two clones, designated In2-1 and In2-2, contained plasmids that hybridized to RNAs that were induced from an undetectable background in corn roots within 30 minutes after treatment with 2-CBSU. Leaf and meristem tissues showed similar inductions of the In2-1 and In2-2 RNA species after a delay of several hours. In addition, both RNA species were induced in corn by foliar application of 2-CBSU. In contrast, neither RNA species was induced following stress treatments of plants. These results indicate a substituted benzenesulfonamide safener might be used with the promoters from the In2-1 and In2-2 genes to develop a new inducible gene expression system for plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037053
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Whole-cell and single-channel currents across the plasmalemma of corn shoot suspension cells (1991)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 121 (1991), S. 11-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: channel ; protoplast ; K+ current ; patch clamp ; corn ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Whole-cell sealed-on pipettes have been used to measure electrical properties of the plasmalemma surrounding protoplasts isolated from Black Mexican sweet corn shoot cells from suspension culture. In these protoplasts the membrane resting potential (V m ) was found to be −59±23 mV (n=23) in 1mm K o − . The meanV m became more negative as [K−] o decreased, but was more positive than the K+ equilibrium potential. There was no evidence of electrogenic pump activity. We describe four features of the current-voltage characteristic of the plasmalemma of these protoplasts which show voltagegated channel activity. Depolarization of the whole-cell membrane from the resting potential activates time- and voltage-dependent outward current through K+-selective channels. A local minimum in the outward current-voltage curve nearV m =150 mV suggests that these currents are mediated by two populations of K+-selective channels. The absence of this minimum in the presence of verapamil suggests that the activation of one channel population depends on the influx of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm. We identify unitary currents from two K+-selective channel populations (40 and 125 pS) which open when the membrane is depolarized; it is possible that these mediate the outward whole-cell current. Hyperpolarization of the membrane from the resting potential produces time- and voltage-dependent inward whole-cell current. Current activation is fast and follows an exponential time course. The current saturates and in some cases decreases at membrane potentials more negative than −175 mV. This current is conducted by poorly selective K+ channels, whereP Cl/P K=0.43±0.15. We describe a low conductance (20 pS) channel population of unknown selectivity which opens when the membrane is hyperpolarized. It is possible that these channels mediate inward whole-cell current. When the membrane is hyperpolarized to potentials more negative than −250 mV large, irregular inward current is activated. A third type of inward whole-cell current is briefly described. This activates slowly and with a U-shaped current-voltage curve over the range of membrane potentials −90〈V m 〈0 mV.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01870647
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Penetrometer resistance, root penetration resistance and root elongation rate in two sandy loam soils (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; mechanical stress ; penetrometer ; root growth ; sandy loam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root penetration resistance and elongation of maize seedling roots were measured directly in undisturbed cores of two sandy loam soils. Root elongation rate was negatively correlated with root penetration resistance, and was reduced to about 50 to 60% of that of unimpeded controls by a resistance of between 0.26 and 0.47 MPa. Resistance to a 30° semiangle, 1 mm diameter penetrometer was between about 4.5 and 7.5 times greater than the measured root penetration resistance. However, resistance to a 5° semiangle, 1 mm diameter probe was approximately the same as the resistnace to root penetration after subtracting the frictional component of resistance. The diameter of roots grown in the undisturbed cores was greater than that of roots grown in loose soil, probably as a direct result of the larger mechanical impedance in the cores.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010420
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Old tree root channels in acid soils in the humid tropics: Important for crop root penetration, water infiltration and nitrogen management (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cassava ; Guelph permeameter ; leaching ; maize ; methylene blue ; rice ; rooting depth ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Under high rainfall conditions on acid soils with shallow crop root systems the rate of N leaching is high. A simple model predicts nitrogen uptake efficiency as a function of the amount of rainfall in excess of evapotranspiration, rooting depth and degree to which N leaching is retarded in comparison with water transport. Field observations on acid soils in S.E. Nigeria and S. Sumatera (Indonesia) showed that this model should be amended to include the role of old tree root channels. Crop roots can follow these channels, which are coated with partly decayed organic matter, into the acid subsoil. Measurements of water infiltration with a Guelph permeameter and a methylene blue dye showed that such channels form the major infiltration sites during rainstorms. Implications for nitrogen use efficiency and cropping pattern are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010715
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  • 19
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    Effects of limestone and gypsum application to a Malaysian ultisol on soil solution composition and yields of maize and groundnut (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium ; groundnut ; gypsum ; limestone ; magnesium ; maize ; soil solution ; ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted on an Ultisol in Malaysia to assess changes in soil solution composition and their effects on maize and groundnut yields, resulting from limestone and gypsum application. The results showed that soil solution Ca in the lime treatment remained mainly in the zone of incorporation, but in the gypsum treatment some Ca moved into 15–30 cm zone. Al3+ and AlSO4 + were dominant Al species in the soil solution of nil treatment. Liming decreased Al3+ and AlSO4 +, but increased hydroxy-Al monomer activities. However, gypsum application resulted in an increase of AlSO4 + activity and in a decrease of Al3+ activity. Relative maize and groundnut yields were negatively correlated with Al3+, Al(OH)2+ and Alsum activities. Likewise, relative yields were negatively correlated with Al concentration and the Al concentration ratio and positively correlated with soil solution Mg concentration and Ca/Al ratio.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010716
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Mobilization of cadmium and other metals from two soils by root exudates of Zea mays L., Nicotiana tabacum L. and Nicotiana rustica L. (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cadmium ; copper ; extraction method ; iron ; maize ; manganese ; nickel ; root exudate ; tobacco ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soluble root exudates were collected from three plants (Nicotiana tabacum L., Nicotiana rustica L. and Zea mays L.), grown under axenic and hydroponic conditions, in order to study their metal-solubilizing ability for Cd and other cations (Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn). Nicotiana spp. and Zea mays L. root exudates differed markedly in C/N ratio, sugars vs. amino acids ratio and organic acids content. Metals from two soils were extracted with either root exudate solutions, containing equal amounts of organic carbon, or distilled water as control. In the presence or absence of root exudates, the solubility of Fe and Mn was much higher than of the four other metals tested. Root exudates increased the solubilities of Mn and Cu, whereas those of Ni and Zn were not affected. Root exudates of Nicotiana spp. enhanced the solubility of Cd. The extent of Cd extraction by root exudates (N. tabacum L. N. rustica L. Zea mays L.) was similar to the order of Cd bioavailability to these three plants when grown on soil. An increase in Cd solubility in the rhizosphere of apical root zones due to root exudates is likely to be an important cause of the relatively high Cd accumulation in Nicotiana spp.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010399
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  • 21
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    Variation and covariation of silage maize digestibility estimated from digestion trials with sheep (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 59 (1991), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Breeding ; heritability ; in vitro digestibility ; in vivo digestibility ; maize ; silage maize ; variation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Variation and covariation for agronomic and digestibility traits of silage maize are reported from a compilation of 22 years of experiments with standard sheep. Genotype effects of DOM and DCF were highly significant, even when genotypes were nested in earliness groups or brown-midrib hybrids discarded (Table 2). The genetic variance of crude fiber content was low, but the variance of the DCF was high. The genetic variance of DOM was about 4 times lower than genetic variance of DCF, but broad sense heritability of DOM was higher because of lower residual variance (Table 3). Genetic correlations between grain or crude fiber content and DOM had similar absolute values, 0.65, so each of these two traits was an important but not the unique determinant of silage maize quality. There was no correlation between DCF and grain or crude fiber content. Yield was not related to DOM or DCF within each group of earliness, allowing some quality improvement without agronomic drift (Table 4). Except for late hybrids, most of DOM differences between groups of earliness came from lowering of minimum value, while maximum values were similar. It was the contrary for DCF, with similar minimum values for all groups (Table 5). There was no obvious correlation between year of registration of hybrids and DOM or DCF, but extra new variation seemed obtained only for low values (Figs 1, 2; Table 6). IVDOM according to the APC process was a poor predictor of DOM, especially when brown-midrib hybrids and earliness effects were discarded; but because heritability of this trait was similar to DOM heritability, such enzymatic processes could probably be used to avoid drift towards poor DOM with hybrids bred for higher stalk strength.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025362
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    Phosphorus availability under alley cropping and mulched and unmulched sole cropping systems in Costa Rica (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 137 (1991), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alley cropping ; beans ; Erythrina ; Gliricidia ; humid tropics ; isotopically exchangeable P ; maize ; mulching ; phosphorus cycle ; P desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus availability was measured in soils under five cropping systems: alley cropping with Erythrina poeppigiana, alley cropping with Gliricidia sepium, sole cropping with Erythrina poeppigiana mulch applied, sole cropping with Gliricidia sepium mulch applied, sole cropping with no mulch. The following parameters were measured: 1) plant-available soil P assessed by P uptake of maize and bean bioassay plants; 2) phosphate desorbable by anion exchange resin; 3) adsorption of added P into isotopically exchangeable and non-exchangeable pools. In the bioassay, P uptake of beans declined in the order: mulched sole-cropped〉unmulched sole-cropped〉alley-cropped soils. For maize the relative uptake was: mulched sole-cropped〉unmulched sole-cropped = alley-cropped soils. These results suggest trees had not incorporated a significant quantity of P into the system after seven years and, probably, there was a decrease in available soil P due to the sequestration of P in the tree biomass. Potentially resin-desorbable P was higher in alley-cropped and mulched sole-cropped soils than in unmulched sole-cropped soils. The adsorption and desorption of added P into and from exchangeable and non-exchangeable pools did not differ between alley-cropped and unmulched sole-cropped soils. Crop yield and crop N, P and K uptake were all higher in the alley crops than in the unmulched sole crop. The supply of P to the crop under alley cropping seems to be dependent on P cycled and released from the mulch. The P cycle in alley cropping appears to be self-sustaining at least under conditions of moderate P fertiliser input.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011206
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    A statistical analysis of the influence of Striga hermonthica on maize yields in fertilizer trials in Southwestern Kenya (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fertilizer trials ; Kenya ; maize ; Striga hermonthica ; sunflower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The adverse effect of the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica on yield of maize was studied in a fertilizer trial in Southwestern Kenya. In two years of experimentation (1987 and 1988), the weed had a highly significant, negative impact on maize yields. The spotty incidence of Striga disturbed the fertilizer trials. Inclusion of the degree of Striga infestation in a regression model caused an increase in the fraction of experimental variation that could be explained by the model. Several methods were tested to combat Striga. Hand-pulling reduced Striga incidence and increased grain yields during the following growing season. No clear effect was obtained from the trap crop sunflower, although such an effect may have been concealed by the success of hand-pulling. Application of mineral fertilizers or farmyard manure did not significantly reduce Striga infestation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011801
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    Manganese deficiency in maize affects pollen viability (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 139-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; manganese deficiency ; pollen viability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays L. cv. G2) was grown with 0.55 mg L−1 (sufficient), or 0.0055 mg L−1 (deficient) manganese in sand. Manganese-deficient plants developed visible deficiency symptoms and showed poor tasseling and delayed anther development. Compared to Mn-sufficient plants, Mn-deficient plants produced fewer and smaller pollen grains with reduced cytoplasmic contents. Manganese deficiency reduced in vitro germination of pollen grains significantly. Ovule fertility was not significantly affected by Mn. But in Mn-deficient plants seed-setting and development was reduced significantly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011816
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    A field comparison of lime requirement indices for maize (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 127-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium and acid saturation ; exchangeable aluminium and acidity ; lime requirement indices ; maize ; relative crop yields ; seasonal effects ; soil pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Due, in part, to the relative paucity of published comparisons based on field generated data, there is still poor agreement regarding the relative merits of lime requirement indices based on exchangeable Al and those based on pH. The objective of this study was to compare such indices using results obtained from long-term field experiments. Data were obtained over 22 site-years from lime trials conducted on clay (Typic Haplorthox) and sandy loam (Plinthic Paleudult) soils differing widely in organic carbon content. Relative maize (Zea mays L.) yields were used to compare the prognostic value of soil pH with indices obtained using exchangeable Al and exchangeable acidity (Al+H). Both within and across soils, pH proved to be markedly inferior to Al based indices. Exchangeable acid saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity, a readily obtained and popular index of lime requirement in some countries, proved as effective as less easily acquired indices based on exchangeable Al per se. The findings reported are consistent with those of many glasshouse studies and support the viewpoint that indices based on Al or acid saturation should replace pH as a measure of lime requirement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010725
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    Xylem exudate yield from detopped maize plants as an estimator of root pruning (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 134 (1991), S. 277-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: bleeding rate ; maize ; root pruning ; root-study methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Current methods of studying roots are either labour intensive or require expensive equipment. In 1986 and 1987 root pruning treatments were given to maize plants grown indoors. In both years the amount of xylem exudate collected from plant stumps shortly after root pruning increased with the dry weight of roots attached to the plant. The measurement of xylem exudation is presented as an alternative for conventional laborious root-study methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012046
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    Influence of adenine, isopentyl alcohol and Azotobacter chroococcum on the vegetative growth of Zea mays (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 135 (1991), S. 213-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; plant growth-regulating substances ; plant hormones ; substrate dependend-cytokinin production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Glasshouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of pretested cytokinin precursors, adenine (ADE) and isopentyl alcohol (IA), and a cytokinin producing bacterium, Azotobacter chroococcum added to soil, on the vegetative growth of maize (Zea mays L.). The combination of 2.0 mg ADE kg-1 soil, 13 mg IA kg-1 soil, plus an inoculum of A. chroococcum was the most effective in enhancing the vegetative growth of maize compared with the application of ADE plus IA, ADE plus A. chroococcum, or ADE, IA or A. chroococcum alone. The dry weight of root and shoot tissues was increased up to 5.57- and 5.01-fold, respectively, in comparison to the controls; however, the root/shoot ratios were similar. The increases in shoot height, internodal distance, stem and leaf width over the controls under the optimum treatment were: 2.07-, 2.81-, 1.46-, and 2.11-fold, respectively. The improvement in plant yield was primarily attributed to A. chroococcum production of cytokinins in the rhizosphere.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010909
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    The effect of soil aggregate size on early growth and shoot-root ratio of maize (Zea mays L.) (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 138 (1991), S. 189-194 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aggregate size ; carbon allocation ; maize ; shoot-root ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Shoot dry mass and leaf area of 16-d old maize plants decreased as soil aggregate size in greenhouse pots increased in diameter from 0.075–0.5 to 4–8 mm. Root length was also much greater on the finer aggregate beds, due primarily to increased growth of second-order laterals. In a subsequent experiment in which shoot dry matter again decreased with increasing aggregate size, it was found that a similar change in root morphology as noted in experiment I resulted in increased root dry mass as aggregate size increased. The associated change in shoot-root ratio was significant eight days after emergence. This change was due to a change in allocation of fixed carbon rather than allocation of seed reserves. Neither transpiration rate per unit leaf area, nor net assimilation rate were affected by aggregate size. Likewise nutrition could not account for the differences in shoot or root growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012245
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    Genetic variation for traits relating to nitrogen content of maize stalks (1991)
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    Euphytica 52 (1991), S. 91-98 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; genetic variation ; nitrate accumulation ; N use efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The objective of this research was to obtain information about expression of genes controlling N concentration in the lower stalk internodes of maize at silking stages and in two other stages during the grain filling period. The inheritance of nitrate-N concentration, total N concentration, and the nitrate-N/total N ratio in the lower stalk internodes was measured in an eight-line diallel cross experiment and in an experiment involving segregating generations. The results show that the parameters examined, particularly nitrate-N concentration, are genetically controlled and that maize plants differ in this respect. Moreover, the magnitude of the general combining ability effects in relation to the size of specific combining ability obtained from the diallel analysis and the mean squares of the analysis of variance of generation means indicated additive heritability of nitrate-N concentration and other N-related traits in maize stalks. These findings suggest to us that a cyclic selection program in maize should be effective in modifying the level of N-related traits concentration in the stalks.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021320
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    Evaluation of environments for preliminary testing of maize for yield and stover digestibility (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 54 (1991), S. 19-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Zea mays ; maize ; prediction ability ; discrimination ability ; yield ; digestibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The identification of environments suitable for selection should enable plant breeders to test reliably a larger number of genotypes with given resources. This research was undertaken to evaluate discrimination ability (DA) and prediction ability (PA) of eight environments involving two locations. Eckartsweier (Eck) 1 and Voelkenrode (Voe); 2 yer. 1984 (84) and 1985 (85); and two harvests, silage harvest (I) and later (II). It was based on dry matter yield of plant (PDMY), ear (EDMY) and stover (SDMY) and on in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) of stover of 12 inbred lines and their 66 diallel crosses in maize (Zea mays L.). Linear regression coefficient of the performance of genotypes in an environment on that averaged across all environments and its degree of determination were used as measures of the DA and PA of environments, respectively. In hybrids, the DA of environments differed significantly for all traits except SDMY and ADL. Environment Eck851 showed better PA (≥0.63) than other environments for PDMY, EDMY, IVDOM, NDF, and ADF. Among the 12 two-environment combinations. EckI was a better predictor for PDMY, EDMY, IVDOM and NDF (PA≥0.80). The more productive environments showed better DA and PA for PDMY and FDMY than less productive ones. For IVDOM and NDF the first harvest provided better discrimination and prediction than the second harvest. In inbred lines the DA of environments differed significantly for EDMY only. In the present study, PA and DA seemed to be functions of the environments, PA was improved by combining two environments, and some environments seemed to be suitable for preliminary selection of genotypes for such diverse traits as yield and digestibility.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145626
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    Influence of different P sources on the efficiency of several tropical endomycorrhizal fungi in promoting the growth ofZea mays L. (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 30 (1991), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Rock phosphate ; single superphosphate ; P uptake ; VAM fungi ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of inoculation with fourteen endomycorrhizal species belonging to the generaGigaspora, Scutellospora, Glomus, Acaulospora andEntrophospora on the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) was evaluated under glasshouse conditions in an unsterilized tropical virgin soil using two P sources with different solubility. In both P treatments the population of indigenous mycorrhiza species was not affected and growth of maize was enhanced. Introducing VAM species additionally modified the growth pattern of maize. Using a low-grade rock phosphate (Patos de Minas) from Brazil all endophytes with exception ofGigaspora margarita, Scutellospora verrucosa, Scutellospora gregaria, Entrophospora colombiana andGlomus pallidum improved shoot dry weight. In the treatment with single superphosphate, dry matter production was not significantly enhanced byGigaspora margarita, Gigaspora gigantea, Scutellospora verrucosa, Scutellospora reticulata, Scutellospora gilmorei andGlomus manihotis. When rock phosphate was added root fresh weights were enhanced only by three endophytes (Gigaspora margarita, Gigaspora gigantea andAcaulospora rehmii); with single superphosphate none had a significant effect. The percentage of P in shoots was almost equal in non-inoculated and inoculated plants and yield responses did not always follow the pattern of P uptake. Mycorrhizal root infection was always highest in the treatment with single superphosphate and in most cases a correlation with plant growth was found. The present results show that introduced vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza species differently promote growth of maize according to their adaptability to the P source and to their capability to compete with native VAM endophytes.
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    Intercropping Acacia albida with maize (Zea mays) and green gram (Phaseolus aureus) at Mtwapa, Coast Province, Kenya (1991)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 14 (1991), S. 193-205 
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    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Acacia albida ; intercropping ; maize ; green gram ; coastal lowlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Long-term agroforestry demonstrations/trials using Acacia albida and other nitrogen fixing multipurpose trees/shrubs were initiated in mid-1982 to assess soil and crop productivity at a coastal lowland site characterized by low soil fertility, weed problems and consequent poor crop yields. Growth performance (height and diameter at breast height, dbh) of Acacia albida under eight densities rotationally intercropped with maize (Zea mays) and green gram (Phaseolus aureus), crop grain yields, soil fertility changes and weed control were assessed for a 5-year period (May 1982 to March 1987). A parallel-row systematic spacing field layout was used. Intercropped Acacia albida mean hight and dbh were 140 and 24% respectively higher than tree-only controls by the fifth year. Growth rate was low during the first year but increased in subsequent years to mean height and dbh of 9 m and 10 cm respectively by March 1987. While differences in dbh were significant, those between stand heights were not. Crop yields, especially under higher tree densities, declined considerably due to unexpected shade which also caused significant reductions in weed biomass. Soil fertility levels remained unchanged during the experimental period relative to the initial status, and differences between the intercropped Acacia albida plots and the tree — or crop — only control appeared not to be significant. We conclude that an understanding of the mechanism regulating leaf fall/retention phenomena of Acacia albida is crucial towards determining the intercropping potentials of the species.
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    The ethnoecology of maize variety management: A case study from Mexico (1991)
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    Human ecology 19 (1991), S. 389-418 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: maize ; indigenous knowledge ; technological change ; Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a case study of the relationship between farmers' knowledge of maize varieties and their selection and management of these varieties under conditions of technological change. Research for this paper was done among Spanish-speaking small farmers in an ejidoof central Chiapas, Mexico. This ejido is well integrated into the market, and the use of modem technologies is widespread. This research demonstrates that farmers have an extensive and widely shared knowledge of their maize varieties. This knowledge reflects objective maize characteristics. Variation occurs in the farmers' selection and management of maize varieties, but on average the variation deviates from a random pattern in the direction predicted by the farmers' knowledge base. They have incorporated the technological changes brought about by development into their knowledge base. Farmers maintain maize varieties with contrasting traits, and their knowledge base provides important information about which traits and constraints are important to them.
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    Contribution of the VA mycorrhizal hyphae in acquisition of phosphorus and zinc by maize grown in a calcareous soil (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 131 (1991), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: calcareous soil ; copper ; hyphal transport ; iron ; maize ; manganese ; phosphorus ; VA-mycorrhiza ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An investigation was carried out to test whether the mechanism of increased zinc (Zn) uptake by mycorrhizal plants is similar to that of increased phosphorus (P) acquisition. Maize (Zea mays L.) was grown in pots containing sterilised calcareous soil either inoculated with a mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappe or with a mixture of mycorrhizal fungi, or remaining non-inoculated as non-mycorrhizal control. The pots had three compartments, a central one for root growth and two outer ones for hyphal growth. The compartmentalization was done using a 30-μm nylon net. The root compartment received low or high levels of P (50 or 100 mg kg−1 soil) in combination with low or high levels of P and micronutrients (2 or 10 mg kg−1 Fe, Zn and Cu) in the hyphal compartments. Mycorrhizal fungus inoculation did not influence shoot dry weight, but reduced root dry weight when low P levels were supplied to the root compartment. Irrespective of the P levels in the root compartment, shoots and roots of mycorrhizal plants had on average 95 and 115% higher P concentrations, and 164 and 22% higher Zn concentrations, respectively, compared to non-mycorrhizal plants. These higher concentrations could be attributed to a substantial translocation of P and Zn from hyphal compartments to the plant via the mycorrhizal hyphae. Mycorrhizal inoculation also enhanced copper concentration in roots (135%) but not in shoots. In contrast, manganese (Mn) concentrations in shoots and roots of mycorrhizal plants were distinctly lower, especially in plants inoculated with the mixture of mycorrhizal fungi. The results demonstrate that VA mycorrhizal hyphae uptake and translocation to the host is an important component of increased acquisition of P and Zn by mycorrhizal plants. The minimal hyphae contribution (delivery by the hyphae from the outer compartments) to the total plant acquisition ranged from 13 to 20% for P and from 16 to 25% for Zn.
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    Nitrogen transfer from nodulating soybean to maize or to nonnodulating soybean in intercrops: the 15N dilution method (1991)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 53-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Glycine max (L.) Merr. ; intercropping ; maize ; N-depleted soil ; 15N dilution method ; N transfer ; soybean ; Zea mays L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In 1985, 1986 and 1988, maize (Zea mays L.) was monocropped or intercropped with nodulating or nonnodulating soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). In addition, nodulating soybean and nonnodulating soybean were each monocropped and grown as a mixture. In 1985 and 1986, treatments were grown at 0 and 60 kg N ha−1 and in 1988, the treatments were grown without N fertilizer, on N-depeted soil and on non-N-depleted soil. 15N enriched N was applied to soil in all the aforementioned treatments to test for N transfer from nodulating soybean to non-N2-fixing crops by the 15N dilution method. The 15N dilution method did not show the occurrence of N transfer in 1985 and 1986, but the N sparing effect was evident from the total N uptake of nonnodulating soybean, dwarf maize and tall maize, in 1986. In 1988, maize and nonnodulating soybean seed yields and seed N yields were higher on non-N-depleted soil than on N-depleted soil. On N-depleted soil, the 15N dilution method indicated N transfer from nodulating soybean to maize and to nonndulating soybean. At a population ratio of 67% nodulating soybean to 33% nonnodulating soybean, N transfer was also seen on non-N-depleted soil in 1988.
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    Phosphate stress response in hydroponically grown maize (1991)
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    Plant and soil 132 (1991), S. 85-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: maize ; phosphate ; phosphatase ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The long-term response of hydroponically grown maize plants to variations in the phosphate concentration in the growth medium was studied. There was a 5-week lag period before any differences between experimental and control groups could be seen. After this period, the plants grown without phosphate devoted a higher percentage of their total mass to roots than did the controls. The roots of the phosphate-free plants were longer and less bushy than those of the control plants. Plants grown without phosphate showed an increase in the amount of acid phosphatase extractable from the external surfaces of the roots by a high salt solution. These phosphate stress responses were induced by 5 μM phosphate but not by 25 μM phosphate.
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    Field aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus on maize kernels (1991)
    Springer
    Euphytica 61 (1991), S. 187-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: corn ; maize ; Zea mays L. ; aflatoxin ; resistance ; lfy gene ; Aspergillus flavus ; Aspergillus parasiticus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries spores are commonly used as inoculum for screening maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation on grain. Occasionally, A. parasiticus Speare is also used for this purpose. However, only limited data are available on whether one species is as effective as the other for identifying aflatoxin-resistant genotypes. Our objective was to determine relative aflatoxin accumulation on kernels of maize containing the leafy (Lfy) gene in response to A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin production by A. flavus and A. parasiticus on grain of seven maize synthetics containing the Lfy gene, viz., A619, A632, Mo17, B73, HY, Wf9, and 914, was examined in three environments in Louisiana. Ears were doubly inoculated at 14 and 21 days after mid-silk by atomizing over external silks a 2 ml suspension containing 2.0×107 spores ml-1 of either A. flavus or A. parasiticus. All genotypes responded similarly in the three environments to both the fungal species. Aflatoxin B1 and B2 production did not differ in the three environments. The seven genotypes did not differ in levels of aflatoxin accumulation in response to either A. flavus or A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin production by A. flavus was detected in maize samples from all three environments, but aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus was found only in samples from Winnsboro, where moisture stress occurred. Mean B1 and B2 production by A. flavus from the three environments was, respectively, four and one-half times and two times more than that by A. parasiticus.
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